2016考研英语阅读解题技巧大揭密(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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2016考研英语阅读解题技巧大揭密

2016考研英语阅读解题技巧大揭密试读:

考研英语真题阅读理解分类索引表(2003—2014年)

使用说明:1. 本索引将全书12年的所有文章按照新旧顺序依次列出,方便考生按照顺序查找所需文章。2. 本索引将每篇文章分别按照内容题材(4类)、文章体裁(2类)进行了分类,并在各栏中用“★”表示其所属类别,便于考生针对某一专项类别进行集中训练。具体用法举例:(1)要专门训练“科普类”方面的文章,可从“内容题材分类”栏中查找“科普类”一栏依次向下,可查到属于此类别的文章。(2)要专门训练说明文,可从“文章体裁分类”栏中查找“说明文”一栏依次向下,可查到属于说明文的文章。

2014年考研英语阅读理解解题技巧大揭密

Text 1

In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency”,George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the“upfront work search”scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV,register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on,”he claimed.“We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.”Help?Really?On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,complete with“reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work,and subsidises laziness. What motivated him,we were to understand,was his zeal for“fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer,controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is hurting:you don't skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying,psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse,the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.

But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase“jobseeker's allowance”is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead,the claimant receives a time-limited“allowance”,conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance,at £ 71.70 a week,one of the least generous in the EU.

21. George Osborne's scheme was intended to______.

[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits

[B]encourage jobseekers' active engagement in job seeking

[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily

[D]guarantee jobseekers' legitimate right to benefits

22. The phrase,“to sign on”(Line 3,Para. 2) most probably means______.

[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the job centre

[B]to accept the government's restrictions on the allowance

[C]to register for an allowance from the government

[D]to attend a governmental job-training program

23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.

[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.

[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

24. According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel______.

[A]uneasy

[B]enraged

[C]insulted

[D]guilty

25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers' laziness.

[B]Osborne's reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.

[C]The jobseekers' allowance has met their actual needs.

[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.核心词汇超纲词汇难句剖析

1. On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,complete with“reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work,and subsidizes laziness.【解析】本句的主句是“this was the socially concerned chancellor”,前面的“on first hearing”,是时间状语,意思是“一……就……”,后面的“trying to…”是现在分词短语作伴随状语,“complete with…”是形容词短语作伴随状语,在该状语当中,又包含一个“that”引导的定语从句,先行词是“system”。【译文】听到这个计划,人们第一感觉是这位财政大臣很关注社会,正努力让生活变得更好,因为当今慷慨的社会福利体系,鼓励懒惰,新近失业人士几乎不费什么力气就可以领到救济金。财政大臣的计划与社会福利体系改革交相辉映。

2. Even the very phrase“jobseeker's allowance”is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.【解析】本句的主干部分是“the very phrase‘jobseeker's allowance’is about redefining the unemployed as a‘jobseeker’”,后接“who”引导的定语从句,在该定语从句中,又包含一个省略关系词的定语从句“a benefit he or she earned…”。【译文】即使“求职者津贴”这种说法也被重新界定:虽然失业者以前通过国民保险缴纳过费用,理应领取失业津贴,但作为“求职者”,他已经没有这种特权了。文章类型

社会科学——经济类

文章主要针对英国财政大臣颁布的一项失业保障计划展开讨论,指出了该计划的不合理性。本文选自2013年6月29日英国《观察家报》(New Brutalism at Westminster),题材属于经济类。试题解析

21. 乔治·奥斯本的计划旨在______。

[A]方便失业人群获得福利

[B]鼓励失业者更积极地找工作

[C]激励失业者主动上报

[D]保证失业者享受福利的合法权利

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 本题主要考察对奥斯本计划核心内容的理解。文章第一段就详细介绍了这一计划。In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency”,从这个目的短语可知奥斯本计划的初衷是为了“改善失业者的生活”,降低“他们对失业保险的依赖性”。如果这个表达还不够明显的话,那么后面的Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV,register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit,则清楚地告诉我们,失业者现在在申请失业保险的时候必须带上自己的简历,在网上找工作,因此奥斯本计划的目的旨在鼓励失业者更积极地找工作。故[B]答案为正确选项。

干扰项排除 本题三个干扰项均从细节方面反向干扰,因此解题时要注意选项中的关键词,如easier,voluntarily和guarantee等,[A]选项不对,错在easier access to benefits,实际上“减少依赖”就是增加获得津贴的难度。[C]选项不对,错在report voluntarily,因为如果实施这项Osborne计划的话,那些失业者将被迫去就业中心报道。[D]选项不对,该计划并没有guarantee(确保)求职者获得津贴,反而提出享受津贴的条件:要求他们拿上自己的简历,并在网上注册找工作。

22. 第二段第三行的短语“sign on”最有可能的含义是______。

[A]检验招聘市场上的工作可获得性

[B]接受政府对于失业津贴的限制

[C]注册向政府申请津贴

[D]参加政府举办的就业培训

词汇题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 首先在文章第二段的第三行找到这个短语所在的句子“Those first few days should be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on”。首先,联系第一段的内容,我们知道奥斯本计划的核心旨在增加申请失业救济的难度,从而鼓励人们尽快找到工作。第二段第二句话指出在申请津贴之前有一个星期的等待时间,这段时间里申请人必须去寻找工作,而不是sign on,很明显,这里的“sign on”指的就是申请救济款,故[C]选项答案为正确答案。

干扰项排除 [A]选项不对,该选项意义和词组所在句子的前半句spend looking for work,意思相同,所以排除。[B]选项和[D]选项不对。签字(sign)的目的是接受政府津贴,而不是接受政府对津贴的限制,或者参加政府工作培训计划。

23. 是什么促使英国财政大臣推出他的计划?

[A]希望所有人都能过上更好的生活。

[B]急于想要保护失业人群。

[C]想要对申请失业保险的人慷慨解囊。

[D]迫切从纳税人的公平角度出发。

细节事实题【正确答案】D

解题技巧 本题主要考察对文章第二段内容的理解。在第二段中,做这些详细阐述了奥斯本提出该项计划的真实初衷。作者首先指出表面上看来奥斯本的计划合情合理,“We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster”,但实际上,作者很快否定了这一看法。奥斯本真正关心的不是困难群体的利益,而是他所要追求的“fundamental fairness”想要保护的其实是taxpayer(纳税人)的利益,据此判断,[D]选项答案为正确选项。

干扰项排除 [A]选项不对,虽然文章开头提到,财政大臣的计划可以帮助失业者过上更好的生活,但不可能让所有人(all)都过上更好的生活。[B]选项“渴望保护失业者”在原文中没有提到,原文提到要保护“纳税人(taxpayer)”,因此排除。[C]选项推理过度,让最符合条件的人领取津贴,只是满足部分申请者的要求,并不意味对申请者都慷慨。

24. 根据第三段的内容,失业会让一个人觉得______。

[A]不安

[B]愤怒

[C]被侮辱

[D]有罪

细节事实题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 本题主要考察对文章第三段内容的理解,第三段中作者主要从失业者的角度出发,剖析了他们真正的内心世界。“Losing a job is hurting;It is financially terrifying,psychologically embarrassing”,失业对任何人来说都是痛苦的经历,失去了生活的保障,无力养活家庭会让失业者感到不安恐慌,[A]答案为正确答案。

干扰项排除 [B]选项推理过度,原文指出,失业让失业者不快,令人尴尬,但不能说失业会让失业者“勃然大怒(enraged)”。[C]选项和[D]选项,还有强烈贬义色彩,失业虽然让人不快,但不是一定是被他人侮辱,更谈不上是犯罪。

25. 下列哪个观点作者最有可能同意?

[A]英国的福利系统滋生了求职者的懒惰。

[B]奥斯本的改革会降低失业风险。

[C]失业津贴真正满足了失业者的需求。

[D]失业福利的获取不应该有附加条件。

中心主旨题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 本题主要考察对作者观点的把握。整篇文章读完之后,不难发现,作者对奥斯本的计划嗤之以鼻。作者的意见在最后一段得到最集中的体现。在最后一段中,作者明确指出,The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. 现在的失业制度使得人们很难正大光明地享受他们本应该享受的福利。本来失业津贴就是一种救济保障制度,是任何人都应该无条件享受的权利,在奥斯本计划中却变成了必须在一定附加条件下从能够申请到的福利,因此,[D]选项答案的描述Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional符合作者观点,为正确选项。

干扰项排除 [A]选项错误,The British welfare system indulges jobseekers' laziness,这是奥斯本的观点,也恰恰是作者批驳的观点。Osborne的改革主要就是要求失业者积极找工作,并不能减少失业的风险,因此排除[B]选项。原文提到,失业者领取失业津贴有条件限制,而这种条件限制就意味着津贴不可能满足实际需要。因此排除[C]选项。全文精译

为了让“生活变得更好”,并减少“依赖”,财政大臣乔治·奥斯本提出了“提前寻找工作”方案。失业者只有到就业中心递交简历,在求职网上注册并开始寻找工作之后,才有资格获得救济金,而且他们还应每周到就业中心报到,而不是每两周报到一次。还有比这计划更合理的吗?

看上去更合理的结果是:求职者领取津贴将要等待七天。“他们前几天应该花在找工作上,而不是花在填表签字上,”他说。“因为我们知道,新的就业计划会让他们远离福利,并帮助已领取救济金的人更快地找到工作。”真的能帮到求职者吗?听到这个计划,人们第一感觉是这位财政大臣很关注社会,正努力让生活变得更好,因为当今慷慨的社会福利体系,鼓励懒惰,新近失业人士几乎不费什么力气就可以领到救济金。财政大臣的计划与社会福利体系改革交相辉映。我们认为,他改革的动力是他对“最根本的公平”的热心追求,因为这种公平能够保护纳税人,控制开支,并确保只有那些最有资格的人才能领到津贴。

失业很痛苦:没有人会心里唱着歌蹦蹦跳跳地跑到就业中心,憧憬着会从慷慨的政府那儿领到双份工资。失业让人经济上窘迫,心理上尴尬,大家都知道失业津贴很少,而且很难申请到。没有老板给你工作,以前这种工作环境让你生活有规律而且充实,现在,你失去了这个环境。更糟的是,用来养活自己和家人,并支付账单的关键收入也没有了。如果问刚失业的人最想要什么,答案永远是:一份工作。

但在乔治·奥斯本的国度,失业之后第一反应是依赖失业救济——如果能领到,那就是永久的依赖——因为这个国家很愿意相信你的谎言。好像20年来一次比一次强硬的求职和福利管理制度的改革从来没有发生过。以前英国福利的原则是,遇到灾难时,它可以确保你应对失业的风险,并接受没有附加条件的资助,但现在一起都改变了。即使“求职者津贴”这种说法也被重新界定:虽然失业者以前通过国民保险缴纳过费用,理应领取失业津贴,但作为“求职者”,他已经没有这种特权了。相反,申请津贴的人只能得到有时间限制和其他条件的“补贴”(条件是他要积极求职)。每周71.70英镑,没有权利,也没有保险,这在欧盟是最吝啬的津贴。第一段:具体介绍了英国财政大臣乔治·奥斯本提出的失业者救助计划。①句提出了该计划的名称,以及对外所宣传的计划目标。②具体介绍了奥斯本计划的操作办法。③句用一个反问句,看似认同奥斯本计划,实是引出下文的分析。第二段:作者就提出了自己对这一计划的看法。①句承接第一段最后的反问句。②~④句作者运用欲抑先扬的手法,站在财政大臣的立场上,分析他提出这一计划的初衷。“为了防止失业者不劳而获”是这一计划背后的潜台词。一切看似合情合理,但是否真正能如此呢?⑤⑥句作者接着发表了自己真正的观点,揭露了奥斯本隐秘的动机,他的所作所为并不是真正为失业者考虑,而是为了促进所谓的“社会公平”,但这种公平恰恰侵害了困难人群的利益,保障的是既得利益者的利益。第三段:作者站在失业者的角度,仔细剖析了失业者的心理,并以此批驳奥斯本计划的不合理性。失业是一种痛苦的经历,领取失业救济金对任何人来说都是一种耻辱,没有人会因为可以领取微薄的救济而变得不思进取。第四段:紧接着第三段的内容,批判奥斯本计划的不合理性。②③句作者采用对比论证的手段,将奥斯本计划和英国以往的福利制度进行对比,指出作为福利保障制度的失业保险应该是无偿并且无条件向失业者提供的,而奥斯本计划让这一切变了味。④句指出失业救济金领取人变成了“jobseeker”,这一名字变换的背后是失业保障制度的不人性化。Text 2

All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance—lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school graduate with MYM100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession,but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency. After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to______.

[A]the growing demand from clients

[B]the increasing pressure of inflation

[C]the prospect of working in big firms

[D]the attraction of financial rewards

27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.

[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.

[C]Pursuing a bachelor's degree in another major.

[D]Receiving training by professional associations.

28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from______.

[A]lawyers' and clients' strong resistance

[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession

[C]the stern exam for would-be lawyers

[D]non-professionals' sharp criticism.

29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered“restrictive”partly because it______.

[A]bans outsiders' involvement in the profession

[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares

[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade

[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits

30. In this text,the author mainly discusses______.

[A]flawed ownership of America's law firms and its causes

[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America

[C]a problem in America's legal profession and solutions to it

[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America's legal education核心词汇超纲词汇难句剖析

1. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.【解析】本句的主干部分是The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,后面的tempting ever more students to pile into law school是现在分词短语作结果状语。【译文】资深律师收入不菲,因而吸引更多的学生读法学院。

2. In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency.【解析】本句的主语由动名词短语充当allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms,谓语部分有两个并列的谓语动词,reduce(costs)和improve(services)。后面的by encouraging…是方式状语,表示“通过……”。【译文】实上,允许非律师拥有律师事务所股份将鼓励律师事务所走技术路线,聘请专业管理人员,把重点放在提高企业效率上,这样就会降低成本并提高服务质量。文章类型

社会科学——法律类——美国法律服务费用高高企这一问题

本文选自2013年2月2日《经济学人》的一篇文章Guilty as Charged,题材属于社会类时文。作者的论述清晰,遵循提出问题,分析原因和解决问题的写作模式。开篇提出美国法律服务费用高涨这一问题,接着分析了产生这一问题的原因:法律教育成本高,要成为一名律师,需要跨越本科和研究生两个学习阶段,还要参加律师资格考试培训。此外,律师行业的准入制度,缺乏竞争也导致了法律服务费用高涨的原因。针对这些原因作者分别提出了解决方案:一个是降低考律师资格的教育背景要求;二是开放法律行业,让非法律行业的人也能进入管理。但由于管理部门思想保守,这些措施并没有得到执行。试题解析

26. 许多学生选择法律专业是因为______。

[A]客户需求增加

[B]通货膨胀压力增加

[C]在大公司工作的前景

[D]丰厚的物质回报

细节事实题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 文章第二段提到“The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools”(最好的律师收入丰厚,这使得很多学生一窝蜂地报考法律学院)。由此可见,许多学生选择法律专业的原因是出去物质回报方面的考虑,[D]答案为正确答案。

干扰项排除 [A]选项,“客户需求增加”,原文并未出现相关内容,属无中生有。[B]答案,利用原文inflation一词设置干扰。[C]答案,虽然文章提到了big-firm job,但原文说的是许多法律专业毕业生进不了大公司工作,但我们这里需要辨析,进大公司工作的目的也是为了获得更好的物质报酬,因此,[C]答案排除,选[D]答案。

27. 下列哪一项增加了在美国读法律专业的成本?

[A]本科阶段学习学费高企。

[B]律师协会的准入。

[C]本科阶段学习另外一门专业。

[D]接受专业协会的培训。

细节事实题【正确答案】C

解题技巧 根据题干中的cost,legal education等词锁定文章第三段的内容。文章第三段中,作者具体分析了在美国学习法律费用很高的原因,主要有两个原因。一个是学制方面的原因“There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association”。在美国学习法律,首先必须在本科阶段专攻一门和法律无关的专业,毕业后才有资格申请三年的法律专业学习。这样一来,相当于七年学制,学费当然昂贵,根据这一点,我们就可判断[C]答案为正确答案。

干扰项排除 [A]答案很容易误选,undergraduate study是干扰词,原问提到了本科阶段的学习,但说的意思是本科阶段学习另外一门学科然后再学法律,学制过长,费用过高,并不是说本科阶段学习本身收费高。[B]答案利用bar association设置障碍,原文出现了这个短语,但是并没有提到律师协会的准入导致法律专业成本昂贵,而是说想要在美国从事律师行业,必须得到律师协会批准。[D]答案receiving training by professional association,原文只提到an expensive preparation for the bar exam,但是并没有说学生必须参加专业协会提供的法律培训课程。

28. 法律系统改革的障碍主要源自______。

[A]律师和客户的强烈反对

[B]管理法律行业的有关机构的僵化

[C]对未来律师的严格的考试

[D]非专业人士的严厉批评

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 根据题干中的reform,legal system等关键词锁定文章第四段的内容。第四段中明确指出“Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them”,改革的合理建议早就有了,只是管理律师行业的机构太保守,不敢于实施这些方案。故,正确答案应该选[B]答案。

干扰项排除 [A]选项原文没有提及,原文只是说这些改造措施没有得到思想保守的政府管理部门的支持,并没有说律师和客户的态度,更不要说反抗了。[C]选项不对,严格的考试要求想成为律师的人参加考前培训,增加了学习成本,但不能由此推断说严格的考试是改革的阻力。文章提到美国律师事务所的准入制度,非专业人士不得拥有律师事务所的股份,但并没有说这种做法是否遭到行业之外人的尖锐批评,更不可能由此推断说,这些批评成为改革的阻力。[D]答案错误。

29. 行业准入制的企业所有权结构被认为有一定的限制作用是因为______。

[A]禁止法律行业之外的人进入法律行业

[B]不让律师拥有公司股份

[C]恶化了法律行业的道德现状

[D]阻碍律师得到他们应有的利益

细节事实题【正确答案】A

解题技巧 根据题干中关键词“the restrictive guild-like ownership structure”,精确定位到倒数第二段第二句。该句说“Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm”,此外,该段最后一句又提到“… keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money”,因此,选[A]。

干扰项排除 干扰项主要通过原文词汇拼凑无关或相反内容进行干扰。[B]选项不对,原文只是提到不让非律师持股,没有说不让律师持股。[C]选项不对,行业协会般的股权结构只是导致律师服务收费高,并没有说律师操守变坏,更不用说“加剧(aggravates)律师行业道德败坏”。原文只是说行业协会般的股权结构让律师免受挣钱的压力,不能推出不让律师挣应该(due)挣的钱,因此[D]选项也不对。

30. 行业准入制的企业所有权结构被认为有一定的限制作用是因为______。

[A]美国律师行所有制的缺陷以及影响

[B]在美国成为一名成功律师的影响因素

[C]美国法律行业的问题以及解决办法

[D]美国本科教育在法律教育中所起的作用

中心主旨题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 本文属于问题解决型文章,原文前两段指明美国法律行业存在费用高的问题,接着从第三段开始,作者分析导致这个问题的三个原因,最后一段作者提出了解决方案。因此,选[C]。

干扰项排除 [A]选项以偏概全,律师事务所有权的问题,仅仅是美国法律行业收费高的第三个原因;[B]选项推理过度,解决收费高的问题并非一定导致律师成功;[D]选项以偏概全,本科教育是美国法律教育的一个组成部分,它直接导致了这个行业费用高。但这不是原文论述的中心。全文精译

在全世界,律师比其他任何行业(新闻业可能除外)的人更容易招人恨。但在美国,客户更有理由投诉律师。

经济危机爆发之前的十年中,美国人支付法律服务的费用增长速度是通货膨胀速度的两倍。资深律师收入不菲,因而吸引更多的学生读法学院。但大多数法律毕业生并没有找到大的律师事务所。许多人反而成为一些恶意诉讼的案件档案管理员,这使民事诉讼案件成本贵得惊人。

造成这种现象原因很多。一是法律教育成本过高。美国大多数州规定:成为律师只有一条路:在某些与法律无关的专业读一个四年本科学位,接着在全美200个得到律师协会授权的法学研究生院再读一个三年的法律学位,最后还要参加一个收费昂贵律师资格考试辅导班。因此,今天法学院毕业生本科生之后的债务平均达到100 000美元。读法学院的巨大债务意味着他们必须非常努力地工作。

改革法律体制既有利于律师也有利于客户。人们早就提出了一些明智的方案,但管理法律的州级机构太过保守,不愿意实施。其中之一就是开设法律本科学位。另一个方案就是让法学院学生学习两年之后就可以从事法律工作。如果法律考试对未来的律师来说真的很严格,那么,那些有能力提前参加法律考试的学生就应该被允许参加考试,不需要额外培训的学生就可以省下三分之一的巨额债务。

律师费用高的另一个原因是律师业具有行业准入制的企业所有权结构。除了哥伦比亚特区,其他州只有律师才能拥有律师行的股份。这导致律师费用高,而且创新缓慢。虽然行业内部也有要求改革的压力,但监管机构中反对改革者坚持认为,不让局外人加入法律事务所,可以让律师没有赚钱的压力,为客户提供的服务也符合道德规范。

事实上,允许非律师拥有律师事务所股份将鼓励律师事务所走技术路线,聘请专业管理人员,把重点放在提高企业效率上,这样就会降低成本并提高服务质量。毕竟,其他国家,如澳大利亚和英国,已经开始放开法律专业准入。美国也应遵循。第一段:作者开门见山,指出在美国,律师并不是一个名声很好的职业。第二段:作者分析了律师行业遭人记恨的原因,主要原因是高居不下的律师资费。①句作者将法律资费的增长速度和通货膨胀速度对比,凸显法律费用上升和快。②~④句,作者具体分析了法律费用居高不下的原因。律师收入高,使得越来越多的人选择法律院校,大批毕业生充斥在司法体系中,使得司法体系臃肿低效,增加诉讼成本。第三段至第六段:作者具体分析了美国律师费用昂贵的原因。第三段作者从法律教育的角度分析了原因。作者在第③句中指出,法律专业漫长的学制,法学院昂贵的学费都使得法律毕业生身上的经济压力过重。④句中作者给出了一个数据,法学院毕业生毕业之后的债务平均达到了100 000美元。第四段:作者提出了具体的改革措施,以及阻碍这些措施实施的具体原因。②句中作者明确指出,政府的保守思维往往成为阻碍改革的最大障碍。③~⑥句作者提出了改革的具体措施,更加灵活的学制安排,更加人性化的法律考试方法都有利于改善情况。第五段和第六段:作者从律师行业的行业机构角度分析了法律行业的弊端。第五段:①句明确指出造成法律费用居高不下的另外一个原因是行业准入制的企业所有权结构。②③句具体分析了这个问题,律师行业以外的人不能拥有律师行的股份,这使得法律行业费用高且创新慢。④句指出改革迫在眉睫。但监管机构内部仍然存有争议。第六段:作者再次提出了自己的改革建议,改革律师行股份所有制,允许外部人员进入律师行业,能够降低行业费用,并且提高服务质量。Text 3

The US $ 3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment,as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many,like the Fundamental Physics Prize,are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields,they say,and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What's not to like?Quite a lot,according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class,as the old saying goes,and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock,others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,launched this year,takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize,each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were,of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time,rather than intention,has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards,two things seem clear. First,most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second,it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research,after all—but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.

31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as______.

[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth

[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes

[C]an example of bankers' investments

[D]a handsome reward for researchers

32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit______.

[A]the profit-oriented scientists.

[B]the founders of the new awards.

[C]the achievement-based system.

[D]peer-review-led research.

33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves______.

[A]controversies over the recipients' status

[B]the joint effort of modern researchers

[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes

[D]the demonstration of research findings

34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?

[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.

[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.

[C]They are the most representative honor.

[D]History has never cast doubt on them.

35. The author believes that the new awards are______.

[A]acceptable despite the criticism

[B]harmful to the culture of research

[C]subject to undesirable changes

[D]unworthy of public attention核心词汇超纲词汇难句剖析

1. You cannot buy class,as the old saying goes,and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.【解析】本句的难点在于as the old saying goes这样一个插入语,除去插入语部分,剩下的句子是并列句,由and连接,两个并列分句采用完全一样的句型,表示两个事物之间的比较。【译文】俗话说,你不能买到上层社会的身份,新贵企业家也不能为这些新的奖项买到诺贝尔奖带来的声誉。

2. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize,each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.【解析】本句句型结构比较复杂。主干部分是The Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipient per prize …has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research。主语后接一个定语从句,each of whom must be living,先行词是recipient。主干部分之后,as will be demonstrated by …,这是as引导的非限制性定语从句,其中when it comes to…又是一个时间状语从句。【译文】但诺贝尔基金会限制每个奖项目最多三人,并且不能授予已去世的人。这样的限制早已不适应现代科学研究协同性的要求。希格斯粒子是众人共同发现,如果要奖励这项发现,决定谁获奖,谁不获奖,争吵将不可避免。文章类型

社会科学——经济类——科学界新奖项的利弊

本文选自2013年6月12日的《自然》杂志上一篇题为Young Upstarts的文章,文章讨论的是与科技相关的问题,但实质上仍然是一篇社会问题类的议论文。文章讨论目前一些科学界新奖项的利弊。随着经济的发展,科学的进步,原先的科技奖项设置已无法满足科技日新月异的要求,因此许多新的科技奖项应运而生。和所有新生事物一样,新的科技奖项的利弊还有待时间的检验。作者的论述方式主要是摆事实,将正反两派观点客观呈现,而个人观点并不十分明显。试题解析

31. 基础物理学奖被看作是______。

[A]企业家财富的象征

[B]有望取代诺贝尔奖的新奖项

[C]银行家投资的案例

[D]对研究者的丰厚奖励

细节事实题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 根据题干中的关键词The Fundamental Physics Prize 锁定文章第一段的内容。文章第一段提到了基础物理学家和其他很多新设立的奖项一样,为研究者提供了丰厚的物质奖励(lucrative rewards),据此判断,正确选项应该选[D]。

干扰项排除 [A]答案利用entrepreneur一词设置干扰,第一段提到了这些新奖项是由企业家设立的,这些企业家往往家财万贯(telephone-number-sized bank accounts),但并没有直接说设立这些奖项是为了显示他们的财富。[B]答案错误,第一段有这样一句话a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years,这些新的奖项和诺贝尔奖一起,为科学家提供了物质鼓励。并没有说这些奖项会取代诺贝尔奖。[C]答案利用bank一词设置干扰,原文出现的bank account一词和这里的investment of bankers完全没有关联,属于无中生有。

32. 批评家认为新的奖项会使谁获益?

[A]被利益驱使的科学家。

[B]新的奖项的成立者。

[C]以成就为基础的科研体系。

[D]以同行评审为引导的研究体系。

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 本题主要考察批评家对这些新设立的奖项的看法,文章第二段集中论述了这一点。其中有这样一句话The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. 意思就是说这些奖项的设立本身一种营销手段,获利的是创立这些奖项的企业家。

干扰项排除 [A]选项无中生有,原文没有提到“向钱看”的科学家,所以,我们无从得知,他们是否得益。[C]选项正反颠倒,第二段第四句明确指出,这些奖项可能歪曲以成绩为基础的科研体系。[D]选项也是正反颠倒,第二段最后两句指出,这些奖项并不支持那些需要同行评审的研究,它们鼓励单身只手的研究者。

33. 希格斯粒子的发现是一个典型的案例,它的发现______。

[A]引发了人们对获奖人地位的争议

[B]是现代研究者通力合作的成果

[C]引发了人们对新设立的奖项的合理的担忧

[D]展示了新研究成果

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 根据题干中的希格斯粒子锁定文章的第四段。首先通过上下文,我们知道第四段主要讨论的内容是新设立奖项的一些可取之处。作者其中提到了诺贝尔奖项的一些弊端,比如诺贝尔奖项规定了获奖人不超过3人,而且奖项不能颁发给已经过世的人。在现代社会,科学研究的发现往往是团队合作的结果,那么谁该获奖就变成了一个有争议的问题。正如希格斯粒子的发现(as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. )由此我们知道希格斯粒子的发现是典型的现代科研团队合作的结果,[B]答案为正确答案。

干扰项排除 [A]答案很容易误选,controversy是对原文row的同义改写,recipient是原文直接出现的词。但是原文所说的争议是一个科研团队中谁应该获奖的争议,并不是对获奖人地位的争议。[C]选项中的legitimate(合法性)在第四段段首出现,指的是人们对科学家有些合理的担忧,与本题的例子没有直接联系。[D]选项是利用demonstrate这个不同词义设置的干扰项。原文中出现了demonstrate 一词,as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson,意思是说希格斯粒子可以很好地说明诺贝尔奖的弊端,和这里的demonstration of research finding没有什么直接联系。

34. 根据第四段的内容,下列哪种关于诺贝尔奖项的说法是正确的?

[A]诺贝尔奖成立已久,威望很高。

[B]诺贝尔奖的合理性一直存在争议。

[C]诺贝尔奖是最有代表性的荣誉。

[D]历史上从来没有人怀疑诺贝尔奖。

推理题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 文中多次出现了Nobel Prize的描述。在文章第二段,作者分析新设立的奖项的弊端的时候就将它们与诺贝尔奖项进行对比,并且指出these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. 这些新设立的奖项是无法在权威性上和诺贝尔奖项相提并论的。在文章第四段的最后,作者又提到Time,rather than intention,has given them(Nobels)legitimacy. 时间证明了诺贝尔奖项的合理性。据此判断,[A]答案为正确选项。

干扰项排除 [B]答案错误,如上所述,诺贝尔奖项权威性很高,很少有人怀疑它的合理性。[C]答案的描述虽然符合我们很多人的共识,但文中并没有提到这样的观点。[D]答案过于绝对,事实上文章第四段作者就指出了诺贝尔奖的弊端,规定领奖人不能超过3名已经是不符合现代科技发展潮流的规定。

35. 作者相信新的奖项______。

[A]尽管备受争议,但是是可以接受的

[B]对研究文化是有害的

[C]将会变坏

[D]不值得公众关注

中心主旨题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 本题主要考查作者的态度,因为作者从正反两面论证了新奖项的利弊,因此他的态度显得有点模棱两可。但在最后一段作者提到,尽管科学家对新设立的奖项有批评,但是大部分研究人员还是愿意接受这些奖的,而且通过奖励让资金和公众的注意力转移到科学研究方面毕竟是件好事。因此,作者认为带着感恩的心接受这些奖是明智的。这与[A]选项意思相同,因此选[A]选项。

干扰项排除 [B]选项是命题人利用原文词汇the culture of research设置的干扰项,原文指“批评和质疑是科学研究的文化特征”,并没有说明是否有害。[C]和[D]两选项无中生有,原文只是提到这些新设立的奖项受到了批评,但让公众关注科学研究,并没有提及这些奖项是否会变坏,也没有说这些奖项是否值得关注。全文精译

基础物理学奖奖金高达300万美元,的确是一个有趣的实验,这是亚历山大·波利亚科夫今年3月领奖时说的话。基础物理学奖远不是这类科学奖中的唯一的类型。《自然》杂志一篇新闻特写文章说,近年来,一系列丰厚的奖项已经加入诺贝尔奖。像基础物理学奖一样,这些奖的资金很多来自数以百万计的互联网企业家银行账户。据说,这些赞助人在自己选择的领域已经获得成功,他们想利用自己的财富来吸引在科学上获得成功的人士的关注。

这奖有什么不同?新闻特写中提到的科学家认为,基础物理学奖在很多方面都不同。俗话说,你不能买到上层社会的身份,新贵企业家也不能为这些新的奖项买到诺贝尔奖带来的声誉。科学家说,新奖是那些设奖人的自我宣传。他们可能会扭曲以成就为基础,以同行评审为导向的研究体系。他们可能强化目前同行评审研究的现状。他们不用资助同行评审的研究。他们固化孤独天才的神话。

对基础物理学奖的批评杂乱无章,而颁奖者的目标似乎也很散乱。一些人想吸引眼球,其他人则想吸引人们从事科学研究,或者去重奖那些为科学研究做出成就的科学家。

正如《自然》先前指出的那样,无论是新设立的科学奖还是已有的科学奖,人们对其获奖的方式担忧都是合理的。今年推出的生命科学突破奖,别出心裁,重新定义生命科学的内容。但诺贝尔基金会限制每个奖项目最多3人,并且不能授予已去世的人。这样的限制早已不适应现代科学研究协同性的要求。希格斯粒子是众人共同发现,如果要奖励这项发现,决定谁获奖,谁不获奖,争吵将不可避免。当然,诺贝尔奖是一个富豪设立的奖,他可随心所欲决定钱怎么用。决定其合法性的是时间,而不是意图。

正如科学家可能会抱怨新设立的科学奖一样,两件事情可能也会变得清晰。第一,如果授予研究人员这样的科学奖,大多数人将会接受。第二,奖金和关注都朝向科学,而不是朝向别处就是一件好事。批判和质疑其机制,毕竟是研究工作的特点,所以是公平的。他们是用颁奖的钱来做他们喜欢的事。怀着感激和感恩之心接受这样的礼物才是智圆行方。第一段:①句作者以一个例子,引出话题。基础物理学奖项奖金丰厚,是现在科学界新出现的众多奖项中的一个。②句正式提出话题。③④句话作者介绍了设立这些科学奖项的人以及他们的动机。第二段:作者指出了新设立的奖项存在的一些弊端。②句中,作者用对比论证法,指出新设立的奖项在声誉上还无法和有着悠久历史的奖项相提并论。③~⑦句,作者指出新设立的奖项在奖项设立的目标上缺乏高瞻远瞩的规划,对现有的科研体系的帮助可能有限。第三段:接着第二段的内容,讨论新设立的奖项在设奖目的上比较杂乱。在客观分析了新设立奖项的弊端之后,作者笔锋一转,在第四段中又指出新设立的奖项并非一无是处,它能够弥补现有奖项的一些不足。①句作者提出,现有奖项和新设奖项都存在一定的问题。③句话具体分析了目前最权威的奖项诺贝尔奖的弊端。④⑤句作者态度又变得有所保留,提出虽然诺贝尔奖存在一定的问题,但是时间证明了这个奖项的含金量。第五段:作者总得概括了自己的观点。结构非常清晰,①句总述,②③句指出新设立奖项纵然有弊端,但是无论如何鼓励科学发展的事情就值得鼓励。④⑤句作者希望人们能够公正客观地看待这些奖项。Text 4

The Heart of the Matter,the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably,however,the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

In 2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education”. In response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and business executives,as well as prominent figures from diplomacy,filmmaking,music and journalism.

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry,the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government,particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition,the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unfortunately,despite 2.5 years in the making,The Heart of the Matter never gets to the heart of the matter:the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing“progressive”,or left-liberal propaganda.

Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

36. According to Paragraph 1,what is the author's attitude toward the AAAS's report?

[A]Critical.

[B]Appreciative.

[C]Contemptuous.

[D]Tolerant.

37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to______.

[A]retain people's interest in liberal education

[B]define the government's role in education

[C]keep a leading position in liberal education

[D]safeguard individuals' rights to education

38. According to Paragraph 3,the report suggests______.

[A]an exclusive study of American history

[B]a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects

[C]the application of emerging technologies

[D]funding for the study of foreign languages

39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are______.

[A]supportive of free markets

[B]cautious about intellectual investigation

[C]conservative about public policy

[D]biased against classical liberal ideas

40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A]Ways to Grasp The Heart of the Matter.

[B]Illiberal Education and The Heart of the Matter.

[C]The AAAS's Contribution to Liberal Education.

[D]Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education.核心词汇超纲词汇难句剖析

1. In 2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education”.【解析】这句话非常长,主干部分是Leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS,后面的asking…是现在分词短语作伴随状语,ask后接that宾语从句,actions后接that定语从句,最后的to…是不定式作目的状语。【译文】2010年,国会的民主党人和共和党重要议员致函美国艺术和科学院,要求它制定措施,让联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者,及个人捐助者和其他人执行,以保证美国“在人文和社会科学学术研究和教育”方面的优势。

2. Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.【解析】这句话的结构最主要的是使用了转折连词while,前后进行对比。前一个并列分句的主语是professor,谓语动词是treat,progressive interpretation…是宾语,后面as…是宾语补足语;while后面的结构基本一致,portraying是谓语,conservative or classical liberal ideas是宾语,as后面的内容是宾语补足语。【译文】今天,大学教授认为合适的研究是从不断进步的角度阐释历史或者分析公共政策不断进步;同时他们认为研究保守的或者古典自由主义思想,如自由市场和自立等不是常规研究的内容,有时甚至是非法的或者没有知识价值的研究。文章类型

社会科学——教育类——关于美国文科教育问题

本篇选自2013年6月27日美国《华尔街日报》的一篇,题材属于社会科学类。主要介绍美国艺术和科学院(AAAS)刚刚公布《问题的核心》报告,该报告是受美国国会要求编写的,内容是关于美国文科教育问题。报告中提出文科教育的目标和措施,令人钦佩。但作者认为,这个报告没有看到美国文科教育存在的问题,特别是长期以来忽视文科教育产生问题的深度和广度。试题解析

36. 根据第一段的内容,作者对于AAAS报告内容的态度是怎样的?

[A]批判性的。

[B]欣赏的。

[C]蔑视的。

[D]宽容的。

态度题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 这一题有一定的难度,因为作者的态度在第一段出现了一个转折。第一段对报告评价有两个方面:deserves praise 和failure to address,两个评价用转折副词however连接。又根据句末的“may cause more harm than good”(可能弊大于利),选择答案[A]。

干扰项排除 做观点态度题,首先要注意选项的褒贬色彩,选[B]和[D]选项的考生,大多没有注意到转折副词however;有些考生看到deserves praise后立即就选了[B]选项appreciative。在确定褒贬色彩之后,要推敲语义上的差异,对比原文的词汇选择正确选项,通常情况下,考研阅读理解文章的作者对事物的褒贬都比较含蓄,不用一些极端的词汇表明态度,确定正确答案时也要注意,本题选择[C]选项的考生大多是因为没有注意到语气的强烈程度。

37. 议会中的重要任务要求AAAS报告______。

[A]留住人们对于文科教育的兴趣

[B]定义政府在教育中的作用

[C]分析如何能在文科教育上继续保持领先优势

[D]捍卫人们接受教育的权利

细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 根据题干的关键词Influential figures in the Congress和第二段中leading congressional Democrats and Republicans呼应,因此定位到第三段。第二段说,这些民主党和共和党的议员要求AAAS找到美国可能采取的行动,来保证美国在人文和社会科学教育中的领先地位(“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education”)。这与[C]选项的意思重复,因此,[C]选项是正确答案。

干扰项排除 [A]选项皆无中生有,原文没有提到让人民保持对文科教学的兴趣。[B]选项利用原文中的federal. state. local government 设置干扰,政府要求报告解释政府能够采取哪些措施来保证文科教育的领先性。选项错在education一词,它扩大了原文liberal education的概念。[D]选项的内容在原文中没有提到,这是命题人利用生活常识设计的干扰。

38. 根据第三段的内容,报告建议______。

[A]单独研究美国历史

[B]更加重视理论知识的学习

[C]运用新兴技术

[D]为写生们学习外语提供资金

细节事实题【正确答案】C

解题技巧 根据题干关键词the report定位整个第三段。第三段指出,AAAS报告提出三个目标:支持全民教育(supports full literacy);重视研究历史和政府(stresses the study of history and government);并且鼓励应用新技术(encourages the use of new digital technologies)。为了鼓励创新和竞争,报告号召增加研究资金投入(calls for increased investment in research);修改课程以提高在新世纪的解决问题能力和交际能力(crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively);增加教师的收入(increased funding for teachers);并鼓励学者研究当今社会的问题。报告还提倡学者通过他们的研究来应对当今巨大的挑战(the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day),研究国际关系,扩大与外国的交流项目(greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs)。[C]选项中的 the application of emerging technologies和报告的第三个目标encourages the use of new digital technologies 意思一致,因此正确答案选[C]。

干扰项排除 三个干扰选项均从细节干扰,做题时要注意词语(特别是修饰语)之间的细微差别。[A]选项错在exclusive(独家的)一词,原文强调了学习美国历史的重要性,但是并没有说单单只学习美国历史。[B]选项中的theoretical subjects(理论学科)在原文中没有提及,相反,报告还鼓励学校研究当今社会面对的实际问题。[D]选项的funding(资助)原文中出现了,但原文说的是增加教师的收入(increase funding for teachers),并没有说为外语学习提供资助。

39. 作者在第五段中暗示教授们______。

[A]支持自由市场

[B]对人文研究持谨慎态度

[C]对公共政策非常保守

[D]对古典自由主义思想有偏见

细节事实题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 题干中已经明确指出了第五段,锁定这一段,我们看到这一题主要是对于这样一个难句的理解,Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation. 教授们现在往往喜欢研究一些比较前卫的公共政策,而将保守的或者是古典的自由主义思想(如自由市场,或者自立精神)排除在研究领域之外,甚至还认为这些研究不合法,也没有知识含量。这明显是一种偏见,所以与[D]选项的内容一致,因此选[D]。

干扰项排除 原文说,教授们不研究free markets,认为这样的研究不合法,也没有知识含量,因此不可能支持free markets,因此排除[A]选项。原文没有提及教授们对intellectual investigation的态度,只是说某些研究不具备intellectual investigation的特点,[B]选项是命题人利用intellectual investigation这个原文词汇拼凑的干扰项。[C]选项错误,因为原文只是说教授们不研究保守的或者自由主义思想,并没有说教授们对公共政策持保守态度。

40. 下列哪个选项最本文的标题最合适?

[A]把握“问题的核心”捷径。

[B]不开明的教育与“问题的核心”。

[C]美国科学促进会对文科教育的贡献。

[D]进步政策与文科教育。

中心主旨题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 作者首先表扬AAAS报告(The Heart of the Matter)对文科教育的重视,同时又对报告没有找到原因提出批评,接着作者指出报告出台的背景,第三段,作者转述了报告中提到的文科教育的好处;第四段和第五段,作者分析了报告的问题:对目前美国文科教育落后的原因分析不够,没有达到国会的要求。最后一段总结全文。综上所述,本文围绕的The Heart of the Matter这个报告讨论文科教育存在的问题。因此,正确答案选[B]。

干扰项排除 [A]选项不对,全文并没有讲如何理解The Heart of the Matte这个报告的各个方法(ways)。原文讨论了AAAS报告的内容,并没有介绍AAAS对文科教育的贡献,因此[C]选项也不对。[D]选项的内容仅仅是第5段介绍教授们的研究方向提及的术语,并没有展开讨论,因此也不是全文最好的标题。全文精译“问题的核心”是美国艺术和科学院(AAAS)刚刚公布的报告,值得表扬,因为它肯定了人文科学和社会科学在美国的繁荣和保障自由民主中的重要性。然而,报告未能解决面临的人文教育危机的本质,结果可能弊大于利,这令人遗憾。

2010年,国会的民主党人和共和党重要议员致函美国艺术和科学院,要求它制定措施,让联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者及个人捐助者和其他人执行。保证美国“在人文和社会科学学术研究和教育”方面的优势。对此,美国科学院成立了由51名成员组成的人文科学和社会科学委员会。委员为美国顶级大学校长、学者、律师、法官、和企业高管,以及来自外交界、电影界、音乐和新闻界的显赫人物。

总的来说,报告中所确定的目标令人钦佩。因为代表人民的政府前提是公民的知情权,该报告支持全民教育;重视研究历史和政府,特别是美国历史和美国政府;鼓励使用新的数字技术。为了鼓励创新和竞争,报告还呼吁增加研究资金投入,精心打造连贯的课程,提高学生在21世纪解决问题和有效沟通的能力;报告还要求增加对老师的资助,并鼓励学者把自己的学问能够面对当今的巨大挑战。此外,报告还提倡学习外语,了解国际事务并扩展国外学习项目。

不幸的是,《问题的核心》虽然花了两年半时间编写,但并未抓住问题的核心:在一流高校中人文教育非常狭隘。委员会没有意识到,几十年来美国的学院和大学培养的毕业生并不知道什么是人文教育,因此也无法享受其好处。可悲的是,在国内校园里的探究精神已经消失,取而代之的是把人文和社会科学看作是宣传“进步”或者是宣传左派自由主义的工具。

今天,大学教授认为合适的研究应是从不断进步的角度阐释历史以及分析公共政策;同时他们描绘保守的思想或者古典自由主义思想,如自由市场和自立等打破常规的研究内容,有时也会研究非法的或者没有知识价值的内容。

美国艺术和科学院对人文教育表现出极大的热情。然而,虽然国会要求阐明当今挑战的深度和广度,但它的报告可能让改革遭受挫折,因为报告遮蔽了挑战的深度和广度。文章第一段:总论段,作者明确指出了《问题的核心》这份报告的优缺点。①句中讲的是优点,②句中讲的是不足。第二段:主要介绍《问题的核心》这份报告的一些相关背景。这是一份政府领头,召集各行各业的精英精心编写的一份报告,目的是为了继续巩固美国在人文社科教育领域的领先优势。第三段:主要介绍了报告的成果。第四段:①句是一个转折句,作者接着讨论的这份报告的弊端。②③句具体阐述了这种弊端,人文教育的本质,自由的精神,独立的灵魂已经在大学校园消失。第五段:作者继续分析人文教育存在的问题。现在的大学教授喜欢钻研一些新鲜度的话题,而不再关注一些虽然古老但是仍然非常有必要的议题。第六段:作者再次点明自己的观点,一份徒有其表却没有深入问题核心的报告可能会使人文教育改革受挫。菁华箴言Awything one man can imagine,other men can make real.—Jules Verne但凡人能想象到的事物,必定有人能将它实现。——凡尔纳

2013年考研英语阅读理解解题技巧大揭密

Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her,Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn't be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed,Eliazabeth Cline's three-year indictment of“fast fashion”. In the last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent release,and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two,although they don't advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $ 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.

Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can't be knocked off.

Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford not to.

21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her______.

[A]poor bargaining skill

[B]insensitivity to fashion

[C]obsession with high fashion

[D]lack of imagination

22. According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to______.

[A]combat unnecessary waste

[B]shut out the feverish fashion world

[C]resist the influence of advertisements

[D]shop for their garments more frequently

23. The word“indictment”(Line 2,Para. 2) is closest in meaning to______.

[A]accusation

[B]enthusiasm

[C]indifference

[D]tolerance

24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

[C]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

[D]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

25. What is the subject of the text?

[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

[B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

[D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.核心词汇难句剖析

1. In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her,Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.【译文】在2006年上映的电影版《穿普拉达的女魔头》一片中,由梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普利斯特对自己那位其貌不扬的助理大加斥责,因为她妄加揣测,以为高端时尚与自己毫无干系。普利斯特解释了这位助理身上所穿的深蓝色毛衣是如何在几年之间从时装秀场委身嫁入百货商店又辗转流入廉价小店的,而这位可怜的女助理显然是从此处购得这件行头的。【解析】本段为单个长句组成的段落。句子主干为“…Miranda Priestly…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that …Priestly explains how…”句首为“in”引导的地点状语从句,“Miranda Priestly”后跟过去分词短语引导的定语短语,“scold…for…”为固定搭配,指“为某事而责备某人”,后跟imagining引导的原因状语,“that”引导宾语从句。“Priestly explains…”后跟“how”引导的宾语从句,句子结构为“how the deep blue color…descended …from…to…and to…”,“bargain bin”后跟“in which”引导的定语从句。

2. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.【译文】克莱恩指出,这些品牌以极其低廉的价格提供当下最为流行的服饰,它们劫持了时尚周期,令这个早已习惯于按季节推出新品的行业动荡不已。【解析】主干结构是“…these brands have hijacked fashion cycles…”。句首为by引导的方式状语从句,后跟现在分词shaking引导的结果状语从句,“accustomed…”为过去分词引导的后置定语。文章类型

社会科学——社会学——流行“快时尚”破坏了时尚的周期

这篇文章节选自2012年6月21日的Bloomberg Businessweek,是一篇书评,介绍了作者克莱恩(Cline)写的一本批判当下“快时尚”服装品牌的书,认为H&M、Zara和优衣库等便宜的“快时尚”品牌对时装界、消费者本身乃至环境和社会都有不良影响:破坏了时尚的周期,动摇了时尚产业,并带来了很多弊端。作者认为,人们的虚荣心是源源不断的,唯有通过调整价格来督促人们合理的消费。本文话题新颖,考生对该话题和背景还相当熟悉。试题解析

21. 米兰达·普利斯特对自己的助理大加斥责是因为她______。

[A]不会讨价还价

[B]对时尚浑然无知

[C]痴迷于高端时尚

[D]缺乏想象力

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 根据文章首段首句后半句“…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her”.意思是:“……因为她妄加揣测,以为高端时尚与自己毫无干系。”Priestly斥责(scold)她的助手,即是说认为助手对时尚不敏感。题干中criticize是对scolds的同义替换,[B]项中的“insensitivity to fashion”是“imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her.”的同义替换。所以[B]项为正确答案。[A]项在文中并未提及,[C]项和[D]项是对文章第一句的曲解。

22. 在克莱恩看来,大众市场品牌促使消费者______。

[A]反对不必要的铺张浪费

[B]对狂热的时尚世界退避三舍

[C]抵制广告的影响

[D]更加频繁地购买衣物丰富衣橱

细节事实题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 根据题干信息直接定位到第二段倒数第二句:“these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable …,and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks”. 出现“encourage”对应题干的“urge”,意思是“这些品牌鼓励那些追逐时尚的消费者将服装视为一次性商品(disposable)……,每隔几周就让衣橱大换血一次,虽然它们并未大张旗鼓地将此广而告之。”[D]选项正好是“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”的同义替换。[A]项、[B]项和[C]项均属于无中生有项。

23.“indictment”(第2段,第2行)的意思最接近______。

[A]谴责,控告

[B]热情

[C]漠不关心

[D]容忍

词汇题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 需要猜测词义的单词出现在第二段的第一句“…the feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of‘fast fashion'”。联系上下文语境,“indictment”是伊丽莎白·克莱恩对“快时尚”的态度。该段下文开始描述这本书中的细节,直到该段末句克莱恩提出,段中谈到的fast fashion品牌已经“劫持”(hijacked)了时尚圈,打击(shaking)了整个产业。由“hijack”和“shaking”可知,克莱恩对“fast fashion”持明显的负面态度,四个选项中只有“accusation(谴责)”为明确的负面态度,所以选项[A]“accusation(谴责)”是正确选项。

24. 下面哪一项可以从最后一段中推断出来?

[A]虚荣心在理想主义者身上更为常见。

[B]快时尚行业忽视了可持续性发展。

[C]人们对无力购买的服饰更感兴趣。

[D]价格是在良好的购物氛围中购买行为的关键。

推理题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 文章最后一段段首句中克莱恩指出只有消费者才能引起真正的改变,段尾句提到消费者总会有虚荣心,只有当人们承担不起“非可持续”消费(即文章所描述的便宜、过度的衣物消费)时,人们才会“可持续地”消费。即是说只有通过价格的提升才能改变现在过度的衣物消费,实现有利于环境的消费。关键词是“afford”和“shop more sustainably”对应于[D]项中的“pricing”和“environmental-friendly purchasing”。[A]项是对于本段的曲解。[B]项与文中“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment…”(一些时尚服饰公司已经做出努力减少对劳动力和环境的影响)意思相悖。[C]项文中未提及。

25. 本文的主题是?

[A]对豪奢生活方式的嘲讽。

[B]对高端时尚神话的挑战。

[C]对快时尚行业的批评。

[D]大众市场大揭秘。

中心主旨题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 从整个文章脉络来看,文章的第一段举用事例,第二段段首便引入了全文话题“快时尚”(fast-fashion)。第三、四段指出“快时尚”这种变革的弊端;最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响,可以采取的解决办法。话题词及对它的批评贯穿全文。由此可知,[C]项切合全文主题,[A]项、[B]项和[D]项都不是文章所论述的中心。全文精译

在2006年上映的电影版《穿普拉达的女魔头》一片中,由梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普利斯特对自己那位其貌不扬的助理大加斥责,因为她妄加揣测,以为高端时尚与自己毫无干系。普利斯特解释了这位助理身上所穿的深蓝色毛衣是如何在几年之间从时装秀场委身嫁入百货商店又辗转流入廉价小店的,而这位可怜的女助理显然是从此处购得这件行头的。

这种认为时装商业自上而下传播的观念早已是明日黄花,亦与狂热分子在《锦衣华服》一书中所作出的描述大相径庭,该书为伊丽莎白·克莱恩历时三年完成的对“快时尚”的一纸诉状。在过去十年左右的时间里,科技进步使得Zara、H&M、优衣库这些畅销品牌能够更快地响应流行趋势,更为精准地预估市场需求。周转更快则意味着投资浪费减少,发布频率更高,利润更丰厚。这些品牌鼓励那些追逐时尚的消费者将服装视为一次性商品,就是说,下过一两次水就扔掉,每隔几周就让衣橱大换血一次,虽然它们并未大张旗鼓地将此广而告之。克莱恩指出,这些品牌以极其低廉的价格提供当下最为流行的服饰,它们劫持了时尚周期,令这个早已习惯于按季节推出新品的行业动荡不已。

当然,这一革命的受害者远非只有设计师自己。H&M在全球2 300家门店兜售标价5.95美元的针织短裙,为此,它必须依赖于廉价的海外劳动力,大量订购原料导致自然资源紧张,并且使用大量有害药剂。《锦衣华服》是时尚界对消费者权益积极分子编著的畅销书,如出自迈克尔·波伦笔下的《杂食者的困境》的回应。克莱恩指出,“和快餐一样,大批量生产的服装能够满足人们的渴望和需求,但并不耐用,极为浪费。”她发现,美国人每年花在服饰上的钱约有200亿美元,人均约为64美元。而且,无论他们付出了多少,这种铺张过度都会造成浪费。

在《锦衣华服》一书行将结束时,克莱恩介绍了自己的偶像,一位生活在布鲁克林的名为萨拉·凯特·博蒙特的女性,自2008年开始,她就一手缝制了自己的全部服装,而且非常精美。但克莱恩率先注意到,她花费了数十年的时间才变得手艺娴熟,她的范例无法被复制。

尽管几家快时尚公司已然有所行动来控制自己对劳工和环境的影响,其中就包括H&M,该公司推出了“环保自觉行动系列”,克莱恩坚信,持续改进只能借由消费者实现。她将这种众多可持续发展的拥护者耳熟能详的理想主义展示给世人,无论是在食品方面还是在能源方面。虚荣浮华永远骚动不止,人们只有在囊中羞涩、无力购买时才会开始更加可持续地购物。文章共六段,可划分为三部分。第一段:第一部分,从读者耳熟能详的电影片段讲起,引起读者兴趣,为后文介绍《锦衣华服》一书打下铺垫。第二段到第四段为第二部分,具体介绍《锦衣华服》这部作品的主要观点。第二段:说明了克莱恩对一系列畅销品牌鼓吹的消费观念的批评,第三段:指出了“快时尚”的危害,它不仅打乱了时尚界的节奏,更导致了资源紧张、环境污染的问题。在第四段中,作者指出“快时尚”还将导致严重的浪费问题。第五段、六段为第三部分,介绍了克莱恩针对这些问题提出的解决之道。第五段讲述了一位手工缝制衣服的女士的事迹,但这一方法难以推广。第六段指出真正的解决方法只能借由消费者实现。Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is,no one knows which half. In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioral”ads at those most likely to buy.

In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads?Or should they have explicit permission?

In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC) proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

On May 31st Microsoft set off the row:It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8,would have DNT as a default.

Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,one of the groups in the DAA,says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People willnot get fewer ads,he says.“They'll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.”

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch,Microsoft's chief privacy officer,blogged:“we believe consumers should have more control.”Could it really be that simple?

26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioural”ads help advertisers to______.

[A]ease competition among themselves

[B]lower their operational costs

[C]avoid complaints from consumers

[D]provide better online services

27.“The industry”(Line 4,Para.3) refers to______.

[A]online advertisers

[B]e-commerce conductors

[C]digital information analysis

[D]internet browser developers

28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default______.

[A]many cut the number of junk ads

[B]fails to affect the ad industry

[C]will not benefit consumers

[D]goes against human nature

29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?

[A]DNT may not serve its intended purpose.

[B]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.

[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.

[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.

30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of______.

[A]indulgence

[B]understanding

[C]appreciation

[D]skepticism核心词汇难句剖析

1. By watching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioral”ads at those most likely to buy.【译文】公司通过观察人们在网上搜索什么、点击什么、表达什么,就能够针对那些最有可能掏腰包的人发送“行为”广告。【解析】句子主干为“companies can aim…at those…”。句首为“by”引导的方式状语从句,“watching”后跟“what”引导的宾语从句,“those”后跟后置定语。

2. After all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.【译文】毕竟微软也有自己的广告业务,它表示说自己将会严格遵守DNT请求,尽管对如何去做尚无良策。【解析】主干结构是“…it has an ad business too…”。“which”引导非限定性定语从句,“though”引导的让步状语从句表示转折。文章类型

社会科学——行为伦理学——微软取消跟踪用户在线行为引起广告商的恐慌

本篇文章节选自2012年6月9日的《经济学人》(The Economist),原文名《微软和隐私:追踪的变化》(Microsoft and Privacy:Change of track)主要介绍了目前浏览器准备将“拒绝追踪”功能设为用户默认,并探讨了这对广告行业和浏览器行业可能的影响。跟踪用户行为是否合理是本文主要探讨的一个问题。作者对于微软单独采取这一措施的动机表示质疑,认为它们的目的是为了与谷歌竞争。本文话题与大家的网络生活关系密切。试题解析

26. 第一段暗示说,“行为”广告有助于广告商______。

[A]减缓彼此间的竞争

[B]降低其运营费用

[C]免遭消费者的抱怨

[D]提供更好的在线服务

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 文章首段首句提出论点:“广告预算中有一半打了水漂。”过去广告预算被浪费了,而现在,广告商通过消费者“behavioral ads”可以追踪购买者的搜索习惯和评价,从而降低预算成本,浪费的这个部分可以减少。可知“行为”广告能帮助减少广告操作的花费。也就是“this fraction can be much reduced”。所以[B]为正确答案,[A]项、[C]项和[D]项文中未提及。

27.“The industry”(第3段第4行)是指______。

[A]在线广告商

[B]电子商务领导者

[C]数字信息分析师

[D]互联网浏览器开发者

词汇题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 “the industry”在第三段最后一句。该段首句提到internet browsers,中部已经列举了很多例子,包括微软的IE、苹果的Safari和谷歌的Chrome。下段更是明确点出微软的IE10浏览器“打了头阵”(set off the row)。可知前后谈论的都是网络浏览器。所以[D]为正确答案,[B]项和[C]项文中并未提及,属于无中生有。[A]选项并非本段中心论点。

28. 鲍勃·里奥的斯认为将DNT作为默认选项______。

[A]大幅减少垃圾广告的数量

[B]不会影响广告行业

[C]不会令消费者受益

[D]与人类的本性相左

细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 鲍勃·里奥的斯在第五段第四句出现。解题关键在于“…consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences”,含义为“当浏览器开发者不能收集消费者网上购物倾向时,消费者并不能从中受益”。也就是说,如果不跟踪收集消费者的信息,对消费者会更糟糕(worse off)。所以说[C]项为正确选项。[A]项、[B]项和[D]项不符合题意。

29. 从第六段来看,下面哪个选项是真的?

[A]DNT可能无法达到预期的目的。

[B]广告商乐于实行DNT。

[C]DNT正在失去消费者的欢心。

[D]广告商是被迫提供行为广告的。

判断题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 第六段的行文逻辑结构“unable to tell whether…or whether,some may ignore…”。该段提到尚不清楚广告者对浏览器默认DNT的反应,DNT也不强制要求广告者停止跟踪信息。但同时DNT也无法得知用户是真的反对广告,还只是习惯使用浏览器默认设置。即DNT可能也不能实现它原始的目的(即表达用户不愿意被跟踪的要求)。可此可见,[A]项最符合题意。[B]项、[C]项和[D]项内容在本段中均没有提及。

30. 作者对布兰登·林奇在其博客中所言的态度是______。

[A]纵容

[B]理解

[C]欣赏

[D]怀疑

态度题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 题目问作者对Lynch博客言论的态度,可以定位到文章末段倒数第二句提到Lynch的博客言论,解题关键在于最后一句:“Could it be really that simple?”作者反问“真的那么简单吗”,明确表示对其的质疑。所以[D]项是“怀疑”为正确选项,[A]项“纵容”,[B]选项是“理解”,[C]项是“欣赏”的意思。全文精译

老话说,广告预算有一半打了水漂——问题是,谁都不知道是哪一半。在互联网时代,这一比例可以大为降低,至少理论上如此。公司通过观察人们在网上搜索什么、点击什么、表达什么,就能够针对那些最有可能掏腰包的人发送“行为”广告。

过去的几周里爆发的一项争吵揭示了如此细致入微的信息对于广告商的价值:广告商是否应当假设人们乐于被追踪并接收到行为广告,还是应当得到人们的明确许可?

2010年12月,美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)提议在网络浏览器中增加一个“拒绝追踪”(DNT)选项,这样用户就可以告诉广告商,自己不希望被追踪。微软公司的IE浏览器和苹果公司的Safari 浏览器都提供了DNT选项;谷歌的Chrome将于年内推出该选项。2月,FTC和数字广告联盟(DAA)一致同意认为在DNT请求的影响之下,该行业将日臻卓越。

5月31日,微软的举动打了头阵。该公司宣布即将安装于Windows 8中的IE10版本会把DNT作为默认选项。

广告商们惊惶不已。人性使然,多数人会坚持使用默认选项。现在开启DNT的人屈指可数,但是一旦跟踪被关闭,就会一直关闭下去。DAA联盟集团之一,全国广告商协会的首席执行官鲍伯·里奥迪斯表示,如果广告业无法收集到反映消费者偏好的信息,那么消费者的处境就会每况愈下。他说道,人们看到的广告不会变少,“广告会变得更加索然无味,无的放矢”。

广告商将如何应对尚不明朗。尽管有些公司信誓旦旦地表示将会停止追踪,然而获取一个DNT信号并不会让任何公司停下追踪用户的脚步。公司无法获悉用户究竟是的确厌恶行为广告还是保留了微软的默认选项,无论如何,有些公司会对DNT信号视若无睹,继续我行我素。

另一个不解之谜是缘何只有微软一家作此表示。毕竟微软也有自己的广告业务,它表示说自己将会严格遵守DNT请求,尽管对如何去做尚无良策。如果微软是在试图颠覆谷歌,后者几乎完全依靠默认选项实现,即将成为标准。尽管微软很早就曾经拿自家的其他一些优势明显的产品与谷歌的相比,然而DNT看起来并不足以成为Windows 8的一个显而易见的巨大卖点。微软首席隐私保护官布兰登·林奇在博客中写道:“我们相信,消费应该拥有更多控制权。”事情是否真的如此简单?全文共七段,可划分为三部分。前两段为第一部分,介绍了广告行业的现状——盲目投放广告效果不佳,搜集用户行为发送“行为广告”行之有效,但是存在用户是否许可的问题,点明了文章讨论的主题。第三、四两段介绍了政府和公司对此问题的应对措施,即为用户提供“拒绝追踪”默认选项。第五、六、七三段说明各方对这一举动的观点和态度。首先从广告商的角度来看,“拒绝追踪”并不能改变广告泛滥的现状,只能令情况更糟,并且很难判断消费者是出于何种情况选择了这一选项。第七段讨论了微软做出这一举动的动机,认为事情并不是表面上那么简单,背后还有更深刻的原因。Text 3

Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossilrecord shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we?Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years(see“100,000 AD:Living in the deep future”). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's“Red List”of threatened species,and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example,the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.

But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves. This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure,the future is not all rosy:while our species may flourish,a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today,and to make a future worth living in.

31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ______.

[A]our desire for lives of fulfillment

[B]our faith in science and technology

[C]our awareness of potential risks

[D]our belief in equal opportunity

32. The IUCN's“Red List”suggest that human beings on______.

[A]a sustained species

[B]the word's dominate power

[C]a threat to the environment

[D]a misplaced race

33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?

[A]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

[B]Technology offers solutions to social problem.

[C]The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

[D]Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

34. To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to ______.

[A]explore our planet's abundant resources

[B]adopt an optimistic view of the world

[C]draw on our experience from the past

[D]curb our ambition to reshape history

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A]Uncertainty about Our Future

[B]Evolution of the Human Species

[C]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind

[D]Science,Technology and Humanity核心词汇难句剖析

1. Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change.【译文】如今,理想国已然变得不合时宜,因为我们越来越深刻地察觉到自身所面临的种种威胁,从小行星撞击到流行性感冒,再到气候变化。【解析】句子主干为“utopia has grown unfashionable …”,后跟“as”引导的原因状语从句,“from …to …to”结构包含三个并列的内容,补充说明“the range of threats”。

2. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock,buried deep inside a mountain in Texas,that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.【译文】其王牌项目是一座深埋在得州山中的机械钟,这座钟被设计用于在此后数千年的时间里永不停歇地计时。【解析】句子主干为“Its flagship project is a mechanical clock…that…”。“mechanical clock”后跟过去分词短语作后置定语,“that”引导定语从句修饰“mechanical clock”。

3. As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.【译文】历史往往是开启未来的钥匙:我们早已对塑造地球历史的长期模式及人类族群本身了如指掌、知之甚详,足以作为佐证支撑我们对子孙后代所生活的情境做出预言。【解析】“the past holds the key to the future”是一个形象化的说法,中文中也有类似的表达,如“殷鉴不远”、“前事不忘,后事之师”、“以史为鉴,可以知兴替”等。冒号后面长句的主干为“we have now identified enough of…to make …forecasts about…,long-term patterns…and our species…”两个并列的成分作“identified”的宾语,“situations”后跟“in which”引导的定语从句。文章类型

社会科学——科普类——人类的未来

这篇文章选自2012年3月5日的New Scientist,作者竭力表达自己对人类未来的乐观态度,认为尽管有挑战,但人类前景积极大于消极,指出人类对自己已经有了充分了解,人类定能延续。本文话题是考研涉及较多的科普类。试题解析

31. 我们对于未来的展望曾受到______的启发。

[A]我们对自我实现的生活的渴望

[B]我们对科学技术的信心

[C]我们对潜在风险的意识

[D]我们对平等机遇的信仰

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 注意文章仅有第一段讲的是过去,可回文定位到文章第一段。该段落共计两句话。首段首句提到过去我们对未来很积极,是正面的(were largely positive)。第二句即谈到科技的正面作用,交代了积极畅想的原因在于“科学和技术能治愈人类的一切疾病”,由此可确定本题的正确答案为[B]。选项[A]、[D]都错在因果倒置,“lives of fulfillment”以及“opportunity for all”都是科学、技术带来的结果,并非原因。选项[C]属于无中生有,本段并没有提及任何与“potential risks”相关的内容,故排除。

32. 国际自然保护联盟的“濒危名单”表明,人类是______。

[A]一种稳定延续的物种

[B]主宰全球的力量

[C]对环境的一种威胁

[D]一种不合时宜的竞争

细节事实题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 题干问的是“濒危物种名单(Red List)”意味着人类怎么样了?我们根据“IUCN”和“Red List”很容易定位到第三段。第三段最后一句提到IUCN的“红名单”中对人类的描述是“该物种分布极为广泛,适应能力极强,目前数量仍在不断增长,而且并无导致整体种群衰落的重大威胁,因此列入‘无危物种’”。即是认为人类前途光明。也可以看IUCN前句,提到我们的物种有非常好的生存机会。[A]选项显然是正确选项。

33. 从第五段看,下面哪一种说法是正确的?

[A]《圆弧》一书有助于限制未来学研究的领域。

[B]技术为社会问题提供了解决方法。

[C]人们对科幻的兴趣日益高涨。

[D]眼前的未来难以预想。

判断题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 文章第五段段首句为段落中心句,首句就说道,想想更久远的时间尺度比思考不久的将来要更容易,即是说不久的将来比遥远的以后更难设想。[D]选项符合含义,为正确答案。[A]选项“Arc帮助缩小了未来学研究的范围”,该选项在文中出现在该段的最后一句话“这就是为什么我们可以发行Arc这样一个致力于研究近期未来的全新出版物”,和题目含义有很大出入,故排除。[B]选项“技术为社会问题提供了解决方法”,段中并未提到。[C]选项“对科幻小说的兴趣与日俱增”,该段中虽在第二句提到科幻小说家,但并未提及对科幻小说的兴趣,故排除。

34. 为了保证人类的未来,关键是要______。

[A]开采地球上丰富的资源

[B]以乐观的眼光看待世界

[C]吸取历史经验教训

[D]控制我们改造历史的雄心

细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 本题的答案在倒数第二自然段第二句,“As so often,the past holds the key to the future”。倒数第二段的key提示了题干的crucial,该句提到过去就是未来的钥匙,对历史和现在模式的了解能帮我们预测我们后代的情况。即是我们要以史为鉴,面向未来。由此确定正确答案为[C]。选项[A]项、[B]项和[D]项与题干无关,在原文中无直接体现,故排除。

35. 下面哪个选项最适合作本文的标题?

[A]人类未来的不确定性

[B]人类种群的演化

[C]人类的辉煌前景

[D]科学、技术与人类

中心主旨题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 该题考查考生对全文主题的把握。通观全文,文章首段讲过去人们对人类未来积极,第二段引出现在人们不再那么积极,第三段首又转折引出作者真实观点,指出负面心态是错误的。由此作者的正面态度开始贯穿,一直到全文末段最后一句依旧在做正面总结。可知作者对人类有明确的信心和希望。由此,本题正确答案应既包含“未来”,也应能体现出作者对未来的态度。确定选项[C]为正确答案。选项[A]错在无中生有,全文当中对于未来,并无体现出对于其的不确定;本文讲的是人类对于未来的看法,而不是讲人类的进化史,因此[B]错误;[D]选项过于笼统。全文精译

尽管人们在展望未来时各执一词众说纷纭,但直到几十年前,我们对未来的想象大多都是乐观积极、津津乐道的。科学技术将能包治百病,人人都能在生活中实现自我,把握良机。

如今,理想国已然变得不合时宜,因为我们越来越深刻地察觉到自身所面临的种种威胁,从小行星撞击到流行性感冒,再到气候变化。人们甚至忍不住会猜想,人类没有明天可言。

但此种抑郁纯属杞人忧天。化石记录显示,许多物种都已经历了数百万年的漫长时光,那么为什么人类不行呢?放眼看看我们人类在整个宇宙中的位置,很明显就能看出人类有大把机会继续生存上几万年甚至几十万年(参见《公元100 000:遥远未来的生活》)。在国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)发布的濒危物种“红色名单”上查询智人,你会发现上面写道:“该物种分布极为广泛,适应能力极强,目前数量仍在不断增长,而且并无导致整体种群衰落的重大威胁,因此列入‘无危物种’”。

那么,我们遥远的未来将会如何?现在,有越来越多的研究者和组织正在认真考虑这个问题。例如,作为其王牌项目,恒今基金会设计打造了一座医学钟,能够历经数千年的时光仍准确计时。

或许随意一些,考虑如此漫长的时间尺度要比想象近在眼前的未来来得更为简单。当今科技的潜在演化及其社会影响绚烂夺目,复杂难解,或许最好还是留给科幻作家和未来学家去探索那些我们所能想象得到的种种可能。这就是我们出版《圆弧》一书的原因之一,这本新近推出的著作专注于描述距今不远的未来。

但是,把眼光放长远一些,我们就能信心十足地做出数量惊人的预言。历史往往是开启未来的钥匙:我们早已对塑造地球历史的长期模式及人类族群本身了如指掌、知之甚详,足以作为佐证支撑我们对子孙后代所生活的情境做出预言。那些带来悲观主义的长远预期看起来更像是一时之热。诚然,未来并非全盘乐观:人类种群欣欣向荣之际,为数众多的种群却正挣扎在灭绝边缘。但现在的我们掌握了足够的知识,能够减缓其中许多曾对之前的人类造成威胁的风险,还可以改善许多即将到来的风险。从深度时间来考虑我们所处的位置是一剂良方,让我们专注于今天眼前的挑战,创造值得生活的明天。文章共六段,可以划分为三部分。前两段为第一部分,介绍人们对于未来的设想经历的变化历程,从几十年前的踌躇满志积极乐观到如今意识到种种威胁之后的悲观绝望。第三段:驳斥了这种担忧,以化石记录和文献资料为佐证,说明人类无须杞人忧天。第四、五、六段:第三部分,集中讨论了人类对未来的思考和期望。作者提出,虽然前路并非一片光明,但以长远眼光来看人类有能力抵御种种风险,创造美好的未来。Text 4

On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

In Arizona v. United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.

However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.

The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

36. Three provisions of Arizona's plan were overturned because they______.

[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers

[B]disturbed the power balance between different states

[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law

[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies

37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph 4?

[A]Federal officers' duty to withhold immigrants' information.

[B]States' independence from federal immigration law.

[C]States' legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

[D]Congress's intervention in immigration enforcement.

38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts______.

[A]violated the Constitution

[B]undermined the states' interests

[C]supported the federal statute

[D]stood in favor of the states

39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement______.

[A]outweighs that held by the states

[B]is dependent on the states' support

[C]is established by federal statutes

[D]rarely goes against state laws

40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?

[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.

[B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

[D]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.核心词汇难句剖析

1. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.【译文】宪法秉承的原则是,只有华盛顿才有权“制定统一的移民规则”,而联邦法律高于州法律的规定不容置疑。【解析】句子主干为“The Constitutional principles that…and that…,principle”此处为动词,表示“向……灌输原则”,后跟“that”引导的两个并列的宾语从句。

2. Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.【译文】大法官安东尼·肯尼迪和主法官约翰·罗伯特以及法院的自由党员一道作出判决,认为亚利桑那州过于得寸进尺,不知餍足。【解析】句子主干为“Justice Anthony Kennedy …ruled that…”,“joined by…”为过去分词作定语,在句中为插入语成分。“fly too close to the sun”源于希腊神话典故,伊卡洛斯(Icarus)使用蜡和羽毛造的翼逃离克里特岛时,因飞得太高,靠太阳太近,双翼上的蜡融化而跌落海中。此处使用这一故事意在表明亚利桑那州得意忘形不自量力,最后落得失败下场。

3. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.【译文】这是因为国会一直希望联邦警局与州警局能通力合作执行移民法规,并且明确鼓励州警察与联邦警局的同事共享信息,精诚合作。【解析】“That's because…”后跟表示原因的从句,该从句主干为“Congress has always envisioned…and explicitly encourages…”。文章类型

社会科学——政治学——美国联邦政府和州政府之间的立法权力之争

这篇文章选自2012年6月25日的《华尔街日报》(The Wall Street Journal)。主要讨论奥巴马总统任期内的联邦政府和州政府之间的立法权力分配。本文介绍的是美国亚利桑那州的移民法案大部分遭到最高法院否决,仅一条被高院支持,分析了遭否决的法案之所以被高院枪毙的原因,同时探讨了高院支持其中一条法案的出发点与意义,体现出联邦政府及联邦法律在移民问题中的优先甚至是强势的地位。这是考研第一次选带有一定政治色彩来源的文章,但由于话题生疏、用词专业,还是会带来相当大的答题障碍。试题解析

36. 法院拒绝了亚利桑那州提交的计划中的三项条款是因为它们______。

[A]剥夺了联邦警局的宪法权力

[B]打破了各州之间的权力均衡

[C]逾越了联邦移民法主管当局

[D]同时触犯了联邦和州的政策

细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 文章二段提到亚利桑那州移民法案的三条被推翻,第三段具体谈到被推翻的法案细节,第二句提到在被推翻的亚利桑那周州案方面,国会先前已经有了相关的条款,因此亚利桑那州法案是侵犯了联邦法案的优先权(intrude on federal prerogatives),即是说亚利桑那州的法案越过了已经制定的联邦法案权利范围。[C]选项就是对文中一句话的反义改写。overstep替换原文中的intrude,authority 替换了privileged powers。所以[C]选项为正确答案。

37. 根据第四段,法官可能会同意的是______。

[A]联邦警察对保留移民信息负有责任

[B]各州应独立于联邦移民法律

[C]州政府在移民法案实施中的合法地位

[D]国会干涉移民执法

判断题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 第四段首句即提到高院法官认为亚利桑那州警察可以被允许去确认法律执行过程中嫌犯的法律地位,其中allow对应题干agree。即是说高院法官认可了亚利桑那州在执行移民法过程中自身可以起到的一定的法律角色。[C]选项为正确答案,其他选项的withhold,independence,intervention文中也没有提到,属于过度推断。

38. 从第五段可以看出,《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》______。

[A]违反宪法

[B]暗中损害了国家利益

[C]支持联邦法规

[D]支持州政府

推理题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 题目问根据第五段能推测关于the Alien and Sedition法案(《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》,1789年通过)的什么信息。第五段最后一句提到,高院法官Scalia提出要回到the Alien and Sedition法案,以此为州本身的利益提供更积极的保护(even more robust defense of state privileges)。可知the Alien and Sedition法案相当照顾、支持各州利益。[D]选项为正确选项,其他选项属于过度推断。

39. 白宫主张其执法权______。

[A]联邦政府的权力大过州的实施权力

[B]依靠各州的支持

[C]由联邦章程确立

[D]很少与州法律冲突

细节事实题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 第六段第二句提到白宫认为亚利桑那州法案与其强制执行优先权冲突,第三句In effect后面表达的是重点:如果这些州的法律跟它有冲突的话,白宫声明它有权利宣布其他州的法律无效,即是说白宫的强制权超过各州的权利。所以[A]为正确选项。

40. 从最后一段可以推断出______。

[A]移民事务通常是由国会决定的

[B]法官有意要遏制政府的权力

[C]法官希望增强其与国会的合作

[D]政府在移民问题上占据着主导地位

推理题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 末段首句提到控制移民等权力确实由政府专属,第二句转折后强调但国会也有途径在移民问题方面采取行为(第三句补充道,而国会从没有这么做过)。文章最后两句指出,实际上,州政府的主张是因为它自己不想贯彻国会的移民愿望,其他州也别想获得类似批准。全体法官都恰如其分地驳斥了这一显而易见的请求。所以可知法官有意要遏制政府的权力。因此[B]项为正确选项。全文精译

周一,高等法院以5∶3的票数否决了亚利桑那州移民法的主要内容,这是奥巴马政府政策的一次不大不小的胜利。但在更加重要的宪法一事上,奥巴马政府却以0∶8惨败,其意图撼动联邦政府与州政府之间权力平衡的努力宣告破产。

在亚利桑那州诉共和国一案中,亚利桑那州提出了一项引发诸多争议的计划,希望由州警局和当地警局负责执行联邦移民法律,所提出的四项饱受质疑的条款中,有三条都被多数派否决。宪法秉承的原则是,只有华盛顿才有权“制定统一的移民规则”,而联邦法律高于州法律的规定不容置疑。亚利桑那州试图重塑州警局,使其与现有联邦警局平起平坐。

大法官安东尼·肯尼迪和主法官约翰·罗伯特以及法院的自由党员一道作出判决,认为亚利桑那州过于得寸进尺,不知餍足。对于被否决的三项条款,大多数人都认为国会是故意“跑马圈地”的,因此亚利桑那州才会试图染指政府的特权。

但是,大法官表示,亚利桑那州警局获准审查执法对象的法定身份。这是因为国会一直希望联邦警局与州警局能通力合作执行移民法规,并且明确鼓励州警察与联邦警局的同事共享信息,精诚合作。

持反对意见的三位法官中,有两位——塞缪·阿里托和克拉伦斯·托马斯认同宪法的逻辑,但对亚利桑那州的规定触犯联邦法规一事大不以为然。唯一一位主要反对者是法官安东尼·斯卡利亚,他回顾了他国的情况,从《煽动叛乱法案》中旁征博引,为政府特权提供了更为有力的辩护。

正如法官塞缪·阿里托在其拒绝理由中所描述的那样,奥巴马总统以0∶8的反对意见惨败体现了“令人震惊的对政府执行力的诉求”。白宫争辩说,亚利桑那州的法律不折不扣地贯彻了联邦章程。实际上,白宫宣称自己有能力让任意一部不为自己所认可的法律失去合法效力。

联邦政府的确拥有某些独家权力,控制了公民权,位于美国和墨西哥交界地区的亚利桑那州正在其中。但是如果国会希望阻止州政府调用自己的资源审查移民状态的话,亦是十拿九稳。但国会从未有此动作。实际上,州政府的主张是因为它自己不想贯彻国会的移民愿望,其他州也别想获得类似批准。全体法官都恰如其分地驳斥了这一显而易见的请求。文章共七段,可划分为三部分。第一段:开门见山,介绍了高等法院颁布的两项判决结果。第二段到第五段:第二部分,围绕亚利桑那州提出的移民法案,介绍了高等法院法官们的观点。第二段从总体上介绍了该案的情况,第三段到第五段分别介绍法官中赞成者与反对者的观点。第六段到第七段:第三部分,介绍了奥巴马政府提案的情况和法官的观点。菁华箴言Don't let your heart get the upper hand of your head.—Russell别让你的感情战胜你的理智。——罗素

2012年考研英语阅读理解解题技巧大揭密

Text 1

Come on—Everybody's doing it. That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking,drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“Dare to be different,please don't smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.

There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.

21. According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as______.

[A]a supplement to the social cure

[B]a stimulus to group dynamics

[C]an obstacle to school progress

[D]a cause of undesirable behaviors

22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should______.

[A]recruit professional advertisers

[B]learn from advertisers' experience

[C]stay away from commercial advertisers

[D]recognize the limitations of advertisements

23. In the author's view,Rosenberg's book fails to______.

[A]adequately probe social and biological factors

[B]effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

[C]illustrate the functions of state funding

[D]produce a long-lasting social effect

24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors______.

[A]is harmful to our networks of friends

[B]will mislead behavioral studies

[C]occurs without our realizing it

[D]can produce negative health habits

25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is______.

[A]harmful

[B]desirable

[C]profound

[D]questionable核心词汇难句剖析

1. But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.【解析】该句子的主干是“Tina Rosenberg contends that…”;句子前面是in引导的介词短语作状语;句中“peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure”是宾语从句,充当主句的宾语成分;句子后半部分是“in which”引导的非限定性定语从句修饰整句话,用来补充说明信息。【译文】但在她的新书《加入俱乐部》里,蒂娜·罗森伯格辩称,“同侪压力”,也可以是一种积极的力量,通过她所说的社会疗法,一些组织机构和官员们使用群体动力的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活,甚至是世界。

2.“Dare to be different,please don't smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.【解析】该句是一个倒装的直接引语的句子,正常语序的主干是:“One billboard campaign pleads‘dare to be different,please don't smoke'。”主语后的过去分词短语是作它的后置定语,指明“campaign”的目的;“teenagers”后的破折号及其后的部分是“teenagers”的同位语。【译文】“敢于不同,请不要吸烟!”一个广告运动宣传,旨在减少那些有从众心理青少年的吸烟行为。文章类型

社会科学——社会心理学——“同侪压力”的双面作用

文章借用一本新书《加入俱乐部》对“同侪压力”这一社会从众心理现象进行分析,得出“同侪压力”不一定只是导致负面作用,它也可以是一种积极的力量,利用合理可以起到社会治愈的功效,一些个人借用群体活动来帮助自己形成健康的生活习惯。但是,作者也指出:这种社会疗法的缺点是不长久。试题解析

21. 根据第一自然段的内容,“同侪压力”通常是______。

[A]社会治疗的补充

[B]团队活力的刺激

[C]学校进步的阻碍

[D]引发不受欢迎的行为

细节事实题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 可从题干中提取关键词peer pressure(“同侪压力”),然后以该关键词为导向,回归原文第一段。根据文中第一段第三句话,“It usually leads to no good—drinking,drugs and casual sex.”(它通常导致糟糕的事情——酗酒、吸毒和滥交)。题干中的often 对应原文中的usually;选项[D]中undesirable behaviors 对应的就是下列行为:no good—drinking,drugs and casual sex;lead to 正好对应动词cause。根据同义词替换是解的原则,答案应为[D]项。

选项[A]和选项[B]的信息来源是该段第四句中的“…peer pressure can also be a positive force…”。既然是also,就说明它指的是少数情况,与题干中often 是矛盾的,而且这两个选项中的关键词都是从该句中筛选出来的,但都不是题干的peer pressure 所指信息,虽然具有一定的干扰性,但还是可以在斟酌之后排除它们。选项[C]在第一段中根本没有提及,属于无中生有,排除。

22. 罗森伯格认为公众的倡议应该______。

[A]招募职业的广告商

[B]吸取广告商的经验

[C]远离商业广告商

[D]意识到广告的局限性

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 做题方法同上,提取关键词“public advocates”并回归原文。根据题干可定位在第三段第四句话,“Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.”(罗森伯格认为令人信服的公共健康倡导者,应该学习广告商,他们能熟练运用“同侪压力”)理解该句子难点在于一个短语:take a page from(向某人学习)。如果不知道这一短语,可结合后半句中的so skilled at applying(能熟练地运用),说明是“从广告人那里学习经验”( learn from advertisers experience)然后再运用到实践中。两个句子基本同义,根据同义是解原则,答案为[B]项。

选项[A]中的关键词是“吸引,招募”,是对recruit这个词意思的考查,文中只说了“学习”,没有提及任何与recruit意思相近的信息词。选项[C]指的是“远离商业广告商”,与该对应句的信息“学习”矛盾,也可随即排除。选项[D]在文中没有提及“局限性”,与题意不符,可排除。

23. 在作者看来,罗森伯格的书没有______。

[A]足够地探究社会和生物的因素

[B]有效地避开了社会疗法的缺陷

[C]阐明了州政府资助的功能

[D]产生了长远的社会效应

观点态度题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 解答该题要从作者文中描述事物所用到的形容词、副词和动词等表达感情色彩的词汇入手。当选项不能确定时,可回归原文找这类关键词。本题所对应的句子是第四段第二句话,本句话主语Join the Club 为此人所写的书名,所以后面的表达就是他的观点:“…not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.”[A]项中的adequately就是句子的enough,题干中的关键动词“fail to…”就是否定词not的含义,“social and biological factors”正是[A]项所表述的细节。符合同义词替换是解原则。故[A]项为正确答案。

[C]选项中illustrate 文中没有提到,而且也没有提及state funding的信息,无中生有,所以排除。[B]项和[D]项指的是social cure 的缺点所产生的结果,其原因也正是[A]项的内容,由于书中没有“足够的探究社会和生物因素”才导致的[B]和[D]的这些结果。

24. 第五自然段表明我们的行为模仿______。

[A]会有害于我们的朋友圈子

[B]将会误导行为研究

[C]在无意识中发生

[D]会产生不良的健康习惯

细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 此题对应第五段第三句话,“This is a subtle from of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day”.其中[C]选项中“Unconsciously”对应的就是题干中的“without our realizing it”,说明我们生活中的模仿是无意识间发生的,根据含义与文章方向一致是解的原则,答案为[D]项。

[B]项所提及的内容“behavior study”是该段中没有提到的,故干扰性最小,可排除。[A]项可从该段的第二句话中“positive health habits-as well as negative ones”来判断,行为模仿带来的结果:不全是“harmful”。也正是该句说明了[D]项属于信息不全,等于偷换概念,只说negative,没有positive health habits,所以两项同时可排除。

25. 在最后一自然段里,作者表明“同侪压力”的影响是______。

[A]不利的,有害的

[B]有利的,可取的

[C]深奥的,深远的

[D]可疑的,不真实的

观点态度题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 解题方法与第23题相同。根据题干,信息可对应最后一段,其中有些关键词:“Far less certain,however”,“is…The tactic never really works…”表明作者对于这个事物的看法是不确定的,根据不确定的是解的原则,正确答案是[D]项。

[A]项中harmful与作者在第一段中所提出的观点相矛盾,可以排除。[C]项中profound指褒义的,赞同的态度,但作者在该段中表明far less certain,态度是中立的。[B]项中desirable指有利的、可取的,与文中提到的缺点是矛盾的,这需要通读全文后,了解文中对该话题的缺点表述后才能知道,有一定的难度。全文精译

来吧——每个人都在这样做。当我们听到“同侪压力”这个词,我们大部分人会想到,半邀请半煽动的窃窃私语的消息。它通常会导致糟糕的事情发生——酗酒、吸毒和滥交。但在她的新书《加入俱乐部》里,蒂娜·罗森伯格辩称,“同侪压力”,也可以是一种积极的力量,通过她所说的社会治愈,一些组织机构和官员们使用群体动力的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活,甚至是世界。

作为普利策奖的获得者,罗森伯格提供了大量关于社会治愈的例子:在南卡罗来纳州,一个州发起的反吸烟计划,称为“愤怒反对阴霾”,使得香烟不再流行。在南非,一个预防艾滋病毒组织,最初称为“爱生命”,招募年轻人来倡导同龄人之间的安全性行为。

这个想法,似乎前景光明。罗森伯格是位敏锐的观察员,她对许多公共健康组织缺陷的批判是很准确的:他们没调动“同侪压力”来促进健康的生活习惯,他们对心理认识有严重缺陷。“敢于不同,请不要吸烟!”一个广告运动宣传,旨在减少那些有从众心理青少年的吸烟行为。罗森伯格认为令人信服的公共健康倡导者,应该学习广告商,他们能熟练运用“同侪压力”。

但对社会疗法的总体效果,罗森伯格的想法不太具有说服力。《加入俱乐部》充满太多不相关的细节,并没有对那些使同侪压力如此强大得社会和生物因素进行足够的探索。社会疗法,它最明显的缺陷是其并没有长时间生效。一旦国家财政拨款被削减,“愤怒反对阴霾”就失败了。证据表明“爱生命”计划产生的持久的改变是有限的,而且是错综复杂的。

毫无疑问,我们的同龄群体会对我们的行为产生巨大的影响力。新兴的研究机构表明,积极的和消极的健康的习惯都会通过社交传到朋友圈里。这是“同侪压力”的一个微妙的形式,我们不自觉地模仿那些我们每天都能看到的行为。

但是,不确定的是专家和官员是否能够正确地选择我们的同龄群体,并引导行为朝着良性的方向发展。这就像老师通过与表现好的学生做比较以便解决后排麻烦制造者的问题一样。这个策略从来没有真正起作用。这是从外面表现的一种社会疗法的问题:在现实世界中,在学校里,我们坚持选择自己的朋友。第一段:与大众的思维不同,作者提出新观点,指出“同侪压力”也可以是一种积极的力量。第二段:作者列举大量关于社会治愈的例子。第三段:本段举例说明公共健康倡导者应该学习广告商能熟练运用“同侪压力”。第四段:作者指出这种社会疗法的局限性。第五段:分析“同侪压力”的作用原因:同龄群体通过社交网对我们的行为产生巨大的影响力。第六段:这种社会疗法存在不确定的问题。Text 2

A deal is a deal—except,apparently,when Entergy is involved. The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002,when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then,too,the company went along.

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation,and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) reviews the company's application,it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

26. The phrase“reneging on”(Line 3,Para. 1) is closest in meaning to______.

[A]condemning

[B]reaffirming

[C]dishonoring

[D]securing

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement,Entergy intended to______.

[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators

[B]seek favor from the federal legislature

[C]acquire an extension of its business license

[D]get permission to purchase a power plant

28. According to Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to have problems with its______.

[A]managerial practices

[B]technical innovativeness

[C]financial goals

[D]business vision

29. In the author's view,the Vermont case will test______.

[A]Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises

[B]the mature of states' patchwork regulations

[C]the federal authority over nuclear issues

[D]the limits of states' power over nuclear issues

30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______.

[A]Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected

[B]the authority of the NRC will be defied

[C]Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application

[D]Vermont's reputation might be damaged核心词汇难句剖析

1. A deal is a deal—except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.【解析】句子是一个主系表结构:“A deal is a deal。”后半句是介词“except”后接“when”引导的时间状语从句,表明主句的情况“在除了……的时候”才存在。【译文】显而易见,交易就是交易,除非安特吉公司被卷入。

2. The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.【解析】句子的主干是“The company…provoked justified outrage…”。主语“the company”后面的部分是它的同位语,是对这家公司具体的解释说明;另外,“when”引导的时间状语从句里面有一个省略了引导词“that”的宾语从句“it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations”。【译文】安特吉公司是英格兰主要的能源供应公司。上周安特吉公司宣布它将打破承担原子核章程的严重后果的承诺,这在佛蒙特州激起了看似合乎情理的愤怒。

3. Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.【解析】句子的主干是“…the company has done what it had long promised…”。句子的宾语是由“what”引导的一个名词性的从句,“what”意思是“所……的”;句中的谓语动词“promise”后面是一个宾语从句,说明“promise”的内容。【译文】然而,这个公司已经恰如其分地做到了它曾经保证过的,为了使佛蒙特州洋基核电站运行,作为这种努力的一部分,它不会在联邦法庭挑战佛蒙特州法制化的规则。文章类型

社会科学——经济管理学——核电厂的经营承诺与管理冲突

本文通过讲述美国佛蒙特州洋基核电厂的遭遇,探讨了核电厂的管理者应遵守自己的承诺,其经营行为应接受当地州政府的管理,遵守当地的法律制度。试题解析

26. 短语“reneging on”(第一段,第三行)和下面哪一个意思最接近?

[A]谴责的。

[B]再确认的。

[C]蒙羞的。

[D]确保的。

词汇题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 condemn意思是谴责,判刑;reaffirm意思是重申,再断言;dishonor意思是玷辱,使蒙羞;secure意思是保护。文中意思说反悔承诺,食言;根据上下文信息,与dishonor接近,故选择[C]项。

27. 通过达成2002年的协议,安特吉公司打算______。

[A]取得佛蒙特州监管许可

[B]寻求联邦政府的帮助

[C]获取延长商业许可证

[D]得到许可收购一家电厂

细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 通过题干,可将答案定位在文章的第三段。第三段首先提及Entergy在2002年购买了核反应堆,从此之后才出现了矛盾。随后作者提及公司同意了佛蒙特州的各项条例;最后接着讲,2006年,佛蒙特州更进一步要求延长这一核工厂的许可证必须得到佛蒙特州立法机关的许可,而Entergy公司也同意了。也就是说,达成2002协议后,Entergy公司可申请延长自己的许可证,由此判断[C]为正确答案。

28. 根据第四段,安特吉公司似乎在哪个方面出现了问题?

[A]管理行为。

[B]技术革新。

[C]财政目标。

[D]生意前景。

细节事实题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 该题为细节事实题。根据题干信息可以把答案范围确定在第四段,通过阅读第四段可以看到Entergy 公司出现了一系列的事故“a string of accidents”,而后面的这句“raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management”就是本题的答案所在了。其中“managerial”“management”仍是同一单词的变形,正确答案属于原文关键词的同义改写。根据同义词替换是解原则,答案为[A]项。

29. 以作者的观点,佛蒙特州事件将检验______。

[A]安特吉公司的履行承诺的能力

[B]州法规权限的成熟度

[C]州政府对核问题的立场

[D]各州在核问题上的权限

观点态度题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 本题考查的是作者的观点,根据题干可提取关键词“Vermont case”,并将线索定位在文中第五段第五句话,“Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend”意思是“佛蒙特州事件将会成为检验这些权力延伸多远的先例”。这句话是legal scholars的观点。可以判断出佛蒙特州事件探测的是州混杂规则的成熟性,是既受限于联邦的规则,又可以自己定规则这种制度是否有好的效果,而不单单指对于这次核事件,权力有多大。重点是理解certainly和but后面的意思。虽然作者的真正态度是支持legal scholars 的观点,即佛蒙特州事件是对州法规的权限的考验。另外“How far those power extended”与[D]选项的“the limits of states' power”各州在核问题上的权限是相匹配的,属于同义替换,故[D]项为正确答案。

30. 从最后一段可以推测出______。

[A]安特吉公司的其他业务可能会受到影响

[B]核管理委员会的权威将会受到威胁

[C]安特吉公司将会撤回关于普利茅斯核电站的申请

[D]佛蒙特的名声将会受到破坏

推理题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 最后一段主要讲的是“安特吉公司的名誉已严重受创。该公司向联邦申请:许可核电站获得另外20年的开办权。但是作者认为,核管理委员会在审核该公司申请的时候,务必要考虑下该公司的信誉问题。”[A]选项“安特吉公司在其他地方的生意将会受到影响”由最后一段的第一句话“安特吉公司的名誉已严重受创”就可以推断出来。[B]项“核管理委员会的权威将会被威胁”最后一段没给出任何要威胁核管理委员会的暗含信息,因此[B]选项错误;[C]“安特吉公司将会撤回关于普利茅斯核电站的申请”,最后一段同样没给出类似的暗含信息;[D]“佛蒙特的名声将会受到破坏”同样,从最后一段,根本无法推断出。全文精译

显而易见,交易就是交易,除非当安特吉公司被卷入。安特吉公司是新英格兰主要的能源供应公司,上周安特吉公司宣布它将打破承担原子核章程的严重后果的承诺,这在佛蒙特州激起了看似合乎情理的愤怒。

然而,这个公司确实已经做了它曾承诺的永远不会做的事情,为了拼命努力来保证佛蒙特州核电站运行,作为这种努力的一部分,它在联邦法庭上挑战佛蒙特州的条例的合宪性。这真是一个令人震惊的举动。

自2002年这个公司买下佛蒙特州唯一的一座核电站,当时还是一个旧的核反应堆,冲突就已经显现。作为接受准许这项交易的条件,公司同意向州的管理者寻求开厂到2012年的许可。2006年,佛蒙特州更近一步,要求核电厂的任何扩大举措必须服从本州立法者的准许。只有这样,厂子才得以继续运行。

公司要么从来没真正打算要靠这些承诺生存,要么就没有预见到接下来会发生什么。其中2007年冷却塔部分爆炸和地下管道疏漏被发现等一连串的事故向佛蒙特州的安全和安特吉的管理提出质疑,特别是在公司关于管道系统做了误导性的陈述之后。由于对公司的这种行为相当愤慨,去年佛蒙特州参议院以26∶4的投票反对公司扩大。

现在公司突然声明依据2006年的法律:2002年的协议是不合理的,还称只有联邦政府才有权管理核问题。这种情况下法律问题是模糊的,然而最高法院已经规定:州在核问题上确实有管理权。学者们说,佛蒙特州的案件会是一个先驱说明——这种权利到底会有多大。当然,如果每个州建立自己的规则,担心这种混杂规则是否有效便是合情合理的。但是如果安特吉公司遵守诺言,这个争论就无关紧要了。

公司貌似已经推断出在佛蒙特州已名誉扫地并且因为与其的战斗现在已经一无所获了。

但是这件事应该有个结果。经营核电厂的许可是一种公众信任。安特吉公司在美国还经营了另外11个核反应堆,包括在普利茅斯的皮尔格林核电站。承诺了经营安全,公司已经向联邦提交了再开办20年的请求。但是,当核管理委员会审阅公司的申请时,应该考虑安特吉公司的哪些承诺是值得的。第一、二段:开篇引出安特吉公司与佛蒙特州因核电站运行产生争议。第三段:回顾安特吉公司与佛蒙特州就核电站经营与管理达成合约的过程。第四段:分析双方产生矛盾的原因。第五段:双方矛盾升级,涉及法律问题。联邦政府最高法院给出新规定。第六段:作者得出结论:核电厂应首先承诺经营安全,这是一种公众信任。Text 3

In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.

Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher's me,here,now becomes the community's anyone,anywhere,anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search,not re-search. Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason”.

31. According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its______.

[A]uncertainty and complexity

[B]misconception and deceptiveness

[C]logicality and objectivity

[D]systematicness and regularity

32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires______.

[A]strict inspection

[B]shared efforts

[C]individual wisdom

[D]persistent innovation

33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it______.

[A]has attracted the attention of the general public

[B]has been examined by the scientific community

[C]has received recognition from editors and reviewers

[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists

34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that______.

[A]scientific claims will survive challenges

[B]discoveries today inspire future research

[C]efforts to make discoveries are justified

[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind

35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?

[A]Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development

[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery

[C]Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science

[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science核心词汇难句剖析

1. As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.【解析】句子的主干是“…the interaction and confrontation…transforms an individual's discovery claim into a…discovery”,其中主干的主语后面是介词短语“between shared and…beliefs about…”,作主语的后置定语。句首的“as”引导的是时间状语从句,表示“当……的时候”。【译文】当一个发现的声明最终通过了机构的审查,在有关所涉及的共享的和抵触的信念之间的互动和冲突将把一个人的发现变为一个机构的可信的发现。

2. Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.【解析】句子的主干是“…newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries…will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation…”。主语部分比较长,关键词是“…claims and discoveries”,其后的“that”引导的是定语从句修饰主语。【译文】不足为奇的是,新发表的重要的,有说服力的发现和可信的发现将会被后来的研究者质疑,并带来潜在的修改甚至驳斥。文章类型

社会科学——科学科技史——关于科学发现的密码

本文通过对探索的过程的分析指出任何发现最终的目标是使之客观化,然而此过程不仅会受到不同的生活环境的影响,这个过程需要公众共同的努力,科学实践中可信度的获得需要得到科学团体的检验,科学工作需要评判性的思维。试题解析

31. 根据第一自然段,探索的过程以什么特点著称?

[A]不确定性和复杂性。

[B]误解和欺骗性。

[C]逻辑性和客观性。

[D]系统性和规律性。

细节事实题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 解答此类题目需从题干中提取关键词,然后回归原文进行分析。此题的信息是对应首段第二句话“But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route”(但是在每天的科学实践中,发现通常遵循一条模糊和复杂的路径)。句中的ambiguous and complicated 对应[A]选项中的uncertainty and complexity,同义词替换是解,所以[A]项为正确答案。

[B]项的关键词是出现在第五句话中,但是该句明显是讲科学探索“……充满着误读、错误和自我欺骗的机会”,根据常识,也可以轻易排除此项。[C]项的objective主要的干扰来自于第一句和第三句中出现的这个词,但是“we aim to be objective”,说明科学家探索时,人们力求达到客观性,是探索的目的,而并非是其特点,所以可以排除。[D]项所表达的两个特点在第一段里根本就没有信息词来源,属于无中生有的选项,可排除。

32. 从第二段可以推知,信用的过程需要______。

[A]严格的审查

[B]共同的努力

[C]个人的智慧

[D]持续的革新

推理题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 解答该题关键是忠实原文的推断。其对应策略和事实细节题类似。根据题干,答案可定位在文章的第二段。第二段首先用比喻说明发现声明的特点:有很多可能性;然后这个声明要经过可靠性过程:从发现声明转化为成熟的发现需要集体仔细的核查和认可,而这个核查和认可的过程就是可靠性过程。选项[A]中的inspection 和原文中的scrutiny同义,同义词替换是解,所以[A]项为正确答案。

33. 第三段表明,科学发现获得公众的可信度需要______。

[A]吸引公众的关注

[B]得到科学团体的检验

[C]得到编辑和评论家的认可

[D]经常被同行的科学家引证

细节事实题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 本段第三句话中提到“within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries”,即“研究者需要在科学团体复杂的社会结构中实现科学探索”,在这句话的后面有一个分号,分号后面的三个短剧分别解释了在科学团体中不同身份的人所做的不同工作,如新闻编辑者和评论家需要控制科学发现公开的过程,而另外一些科学家需要同新的发现来证明已有的发现等。除此之外,最后一句话“transform an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery”,即将个人的发现转换为集体可信的科学发现,故答案为[B]项,即科学发现获得公众的可信度需要集体的努力和验证。

选项[A]是利用本段首句设置的干扰项,仔细阅读该句后就可以推断:被科学的机构检查之后,这个表述本身的缺陷在于结果不明确,被检查了会有两种结果:接受和不接受;如果是不被接受就不可能becomes public;也就不可能获得credibility。所以此选项属于主观臆断。选项[C]以偏概全,信息来源不完整。选项[D]文中没有提及,所以不具备干扰性,直接排除。

34. 纳扎波尔蒂·圣捷尔吉·阿尔伯特有可能会同意如下哪一点?

[A]科学申明将会在挑战中幸存。

[B]今日的探索会激励未来的研究。

[C]致力于科学探索是合理的。

[D]科学工作需要评判性的思维。

判断题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 根据题干信息可以定位在第四段,该段主要讲述科学发现获得大众可信度的过程中面临的两个矛盾。阿尔伯特所说的话表明了他的观点主要针对第二个矛盾,即创新本身经常会引起怀疑。同时他认为科学发现需要“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought”,即看到每个人都已经看到的,并想到别人没有想到的。这句话暗示了科学发现的过程需要有评判性思维,即我们应该去探求新事物。故答案为[D]项。

35. 下列哪一个是文章的最佳标题?

[A]新颖乃科技发展的动力

[B]科学探索中集体的审查

[C]科学实践中可信度的发展

[D]科学发现的可信度所面临的挑战

中心主旨题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 解析此类题可关注各段首句,提取信息,从整个文章脉络来看,文章第一段指出任何发现最终的目标是使之客观化,然而此过程或多或少会受到不同生活环境的影响;第二段指出这个过程需要公众共同的努力;第三段具体论述了不同的人在这个过程中需要完成的工作;第四段则提出了使可选发展获得可信度的过程中所遇到的两个矛盾;最后一段用安妮特的一句话总结了这个过程。由此可知,[C]项统领全文,为正确答案。全文精译

在科学研究的理想状态下,关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集,研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。但是在每天的科学实践中,发现通常遵循一条模糊和复杂的路径。我们的目标是做到客观,但是我们却不能逃离我们所处的独特的生活经验的环境。之前的知识和兴趣会影响我们所经历的,会影响我们对于经验意义的思考,以及我们会采取的随后的行动。这里充满着误读、错误和自我欺骗的机会。

所以,对于发现的申明应该被当作是科学的原型。这与新近开发的采矿资源比较类似,他们都充满着可能性。但是将发现的申明变为一个成熟的发现是需要集体的审查和集体的接受。这个过程就被称为“信用的过程”,通过这个过程一个单个研究者的“我”在这里就变成了这个社区中的任何人、任何地方和任何时间。客观的知识不应该是起点而是目标。

一旦一个科学发现变成公开的,那么这个发现就获得了知识的信任。但是和开发采矿资源不一样的是,科学协会将控制接下来会发生的事情。在复杂的科研机构的社会结构中,研究者去做出发现;编辑和审稿者通过控制出版过程,扮演着看门人的角色;其他的科学家使用新的发现来满足他们自己的目标;最后,公众(也包括其他科学家)接受到新的发现和可能相伴随的技术。当一个发现的声明最终通过了机构的审查,在有关所涉及的共享的和抵触的信念之间的互动和冲突将把一个人的发现变为一个机构的可信的发现。

在整个信任的过程中存在着两个悖论。第一:科学工作倾向于关注一些流行科学的某些方面,而这些方面又是被认为是不完全或不正确的。去复制和确认已经被人所知和所信的东西不会有多少回报。科学要做的是去探究新的东西而不是再次探究。不足为奇的是,新发表的重要的,有说服力发现和可信的发现将会被后来的研究者质疑,并带来潜在的修改甚至驳斥。第二个悖论是:新颖的东西本身就经常会招致怀疑。诺贝尔奖获得者、生理学家纳扎波尔蒂·圣捷尔吉·阿尔伯特曾经将发现描述为:“观察每个人观察的,思考没有人想到的。”但是思考其他人没有想到的并且告诉其他人他们所遗漏的可能并不会改变这些人的观点。有时候,真正新颖的科学发现被人们所接受和认可将会花好多年的时间。

最后,一个科学的发现获得了信任,这个过程是与哲学家安尼特·拜尔所描述的心灵的共性的观点是一致的:“我们共同去推理,去质疑,去修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。”第一段:指出任何发现最终的目标是使之客观化,然而此过程或多或少会受到不同的生活环境的影响。第二段:指出这个过程需要公众共同的努力。第三段:具体论述了不同的人在这个过程中需要完成的工作。第四段:提出了使科学发现获得可信度的过程中所遇到的两个矛盾。第五段:用安尼特·拜尔(Annette Baier)的一句话总结了这个过程。Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.

There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First,they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.

At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools,the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system,too.

John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $ 250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that______.

[A]Teamsters still have a large body of members

[B]Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant

[C]unions have enlarged their public-sector membership

[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists

37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?

[A]Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

[B]Education is required for public-sector union membership.

[C]Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is______.

[A]illegally secured

[B]indirectly augmented

[C]excessively increased

[D]fairly adjusted

39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions______.

[A]often run against the current political system

[B]can change people's political attitudes

[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms

[D]are dominant in the government

40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of______.

[A]disapproval

[B]appreciation

[C]tolerance

[D]indifference核心词汇难句剖析

1. Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.【解析】句子的主干是“Politicians have …‘backloaded’public-sector pay deals…”。句末是现在分词“keeping”短语作状语,解释前面的报酬改革的细节;该部分包含一个“that”引导的定语从句修饰“pensions”。【译文】政客们一再重申要调整公务部门职员的薪水,减慢他们工资的增长速度而把钱用于补贴休假期间的薪金,尤其是用于增加本已十分丰厚的退休金上。

2. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.【解析】该句子是由“but”连接的两个分句,其主干是:“Banker's fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system…may be a much bigger problem…”。句中有个难点就是第二个主语后由“that”引导的定语从句。【译文】银行家高额的薪金招致了很多批评,而在美国,真正严重的问题恐怕是高成就者在公务部门中得不到应有的报酬。文章类型

社会科学——社会学——美国工会改革的面临挑战

本文通过对美国工会组织的发展状况的分析指出,当前工会中公职人员数目超过私企,庞大的福利预算需要进行改革,但是工会组织是影响改革的主要障碍之一。试题解析

36. 从第一自然段可以推知______。

[A]卡车司机工会仍有一大批成员

[B]吉米·哈法过去曾是一名公务员

[C]工会已经扩大了公职人员的人数

[D]政府和工会的关系有所改善

推理题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 根据文章第一段的第二句话“在吉米·哈法的汽车工会成立之初,每个美国政府工作人员中只有一个加入了工会,而现在这个比例已经上升到了36%。”直接表明了工会在扩大这一趋势。而第三句“在2009年,美国参加工会的公职人员数目超过了在私企中加入工会的人数。”和第四句“在英国,有超过一半的公职人员都加入了工会,而在私企中这个比例仅为15%”也是对工会在扩大这一现象予以举例说明,同时又指出工会在公务员部门的扩大远大于私企。[C]项含义与第一段内容一致,根据含义与文章内容一致是解的原则,答案为[C]项。

[A]项其实是针对该段第二句所设置信息的干扰项,首先,still 就不对,根据句意,工会之前是小规模的。其次,此句并没有指出汽车工会现在如何,故排除该项。[B]项是针对第一句内容所设置的信息干扰,而该句是一个虚拟语气的句子,“如果他还活着的话,他今天可能代表一名公仆”,所以[B]项属于偷换概念。[D]项在远段落中并没有明确指出活着暗示提及,故排除。

37. 关于第二段的内容,下面哪一个是正确的?

[A]公务部门的工会在采取行动时很谨慎。

[B]公务部门工会成员需要教育和培养。

[C]劳动党长久以来和公务部门工会做抗争。

[D]公务部门工会很少因其行为陷入麻烦。

判断题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 解析此类判断题,最好将各个选项依次代入文中进行判断。根据文中第二段第二句话,“首先他们可以停下工作而不用付出太严重的后果”与[D]项“工会成员很少为他们自己的行为而陷入麻烦中”相符,因此[D]项为正确答案。

选项[A]是针对第二句话提出的,但是误解了其意思。文中只说他们“不用付出太严重的后果”,并没有暗示或明确指出是因为他们在做决策方面很审时度势,故排除。段落第三、四句话是叙述工会成员大多学历较高,受过良好教育,并没有说学历高就是加入工会的一个条件。故[B]项也排除。选项[C]可直接排除。文中第二段第七句话,直接指出“劳动党很早就与工会有联系”,与[C]项没有任何关联。

38. 从第四段可以推知,州公务部门的工资收入______。

[A]未合法保障

[B]间接增加

[C]过度增长

[D]公平调整

推理题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 由题干中的信息定位在第四段。第四段首句指出,“在许多富有的国家中,公务部门的平均工资比私企高。”这句话对比了公务部门和私企的工资高低,但并没有对公务部门工资究竟多少给出明确数字或对其设置有所评价。而在第二句和第三句中仅是讲述政府部门将采取的措施。故[B]为正确答案。第四段中没有提到公务部门工资的安全性是否合法的问题,故首先排除[A]选项;选项[C]曲解了第三句话的含义,句中指出“增长缓慢”并不是选项中提出的过度增长。故排除[C]选项;至于选项[D],原文并没有直接指出其是否被公平的调整,而且就段落最后一句话说的政府的想减缓其工资增长速度的措施等,这说明公务部门的工资的公正调整问题不能完全给予正面回答。故选项[D]排除。

39. 威斯康星州的工会例子表明了工会______。

[A]经常与当今的政治体系对抗

[B]能够改变人们的政治态度

[C]或许是公务部门改革的障碍

[D]在政府中占统治地位

例证题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 此题应定在第六段。第六段第二句直接表示“在威斯康星州,工会召集了数以千计的支持者以反对(对他们)采强硬措施的沃尔克州长”,这表示了它是反对改革的,当然也就会成为改革的障碍。同时第三句话也是在进行补充说明。故选择[C]选项。

[B]选项是未知的信息,在文中没有提及,没有干扰性;选项[A]虽然在文中出现,但是它纯属猜测,文中只提及这一次的例子,因此选项中的often是不对的;[D]项属于过分推理,尽管在文中的第二句话讲到社团得到了成千上万人的支持来对付强硬的共和党州长,但是并不能推出[D]选项之意。

40. 约翰·多纳修针对公务部门系统的态度是下列哪一个?

[A]反对。

[B]欣赏。

[C]容忍。

[D]漠不关心。

态度题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 此题信息定位在原文最后一段。文章的最后一段第一句直接讲述了约翰·多纳修的观点。他指出“这种常态只适合那些希望停留在原处的人,而不利于高成就者的成长”。这种常态指的是 public-sector system,可见他是持不赞成态度的。所以[A]选项为正确答案。

[C]项可以直接排除,最后一段没有容忍的意思。[D]项“漠不关心”,但就文中的最后一段约翰·多纳修的评论和看法来看,他是关心这件事情的,所以也可排除。通过最后一段首句的意思和末句的语气,可以看出约翰·多纳修是不乐观的,所以他所持的态度决不可能是赞成支持的,故[B]项排除。全文精译

如果工会领袖吉米·哈法今天还活着的话,那么他很有可能会代表着公务员的利益。在他的卡车司机工会成立之初,每十个美国政府的工作人员中只有一个人加入了工会,而现在,这个比例已经上升到了36%。在2009年美国参加工会的公职人员数目超过了在私企中加入工会的人数。在英国,有超过一半的公共职员都加入了工会,而在私企中,这个比例仅为15%。

工会在公务部门欣欣向荣的的原因有三个。首先,他们可以停下工作而不用付出太严重的后果。其次,他们中的大多数人都十分聪明且接受过良好教育。他们中有1/4的人都拥有大学学士学位。最后,在政治上他们处在左翼阵营。他们中有些工会之间有着很深的渊源。以英国的劳动党为例,正如它的名字所暗示的那样,它很早就已经和工会制度有所牵连了。它现在的党魁爱德·米利班德就将他在竞选中的胜利归功于来自公务部门工会的选票。

而它们在州一级的影响力就显得更加巨大。来自加州公共制度研究所的马克·柏达萨尔就指出该州很大一部分的财政预算都在工会的监督之下。由教师组成的工会将目光集中在了学校上,CCPOA将注意力放在了监狱上,而更多由劳动者组成的工会则将关注的点放在了医疗卫生系统上。

在许多富有的国家中,公务部门的平均工资都会比私企的高。但真正的收益则来自福利以及工作中的实践。政客们一再重申要调整公务部门职员的薪水,减慢他们工资的增长速度而把钱用于补贴休假期间的薪金,尤其是用于增加本已十分丰厚的退休金上。

改革受到了严重的抵制,而在教育界所遭受到的抵制就更令人震惊:无论是委办学校、各类院校还是绩效工资都受到质疑。即使现在已经有大量的证据证实教师质量才是最主要的因素,但是教师工会却拒绝改正错误并推行正确的方针。

随着每个人的花销越来越清楚,政治家们也开始采取行动限制这一事态的进一步发展。在威斯康星州,工会召集了数以千计的支持者以反对(对它们)采取强硬措施的沃尔克州长。不过,依然有一些公务部门的职工会受到现有体制的不利影响。

哈佛大学科尼迪学院的约翰·多纳修就指出目前西方文职部门的这种常态更适合那些只希望停留在原处的人而不利于高成就者的成长。在美国的公务部门中唯一年薪超过250 000美元的就只有大学体育教练和总统了。银行家高额的薪金招致了很多批评,而在美国,真正严重的问题恐怕是高成就者在公务部门中得不到应有的报酬。第一段:回顾美国工会组织的发展历程和现状。第二、三段:当前工会组织成员的特点和巨大的影响力。第四段:工会组织成员拥有丰厚的福利和薪水。第五、六段:举例说明这些公务部门成员是既得利益者,他们是社会改革的阻碍。第七段:对比说明美国公务部门的报酬不平等现象。菁华箴言On earth there is nothing great but man;in the man there is nothing great but mind.—A. Hamilton地球上唯一伟大的是人,人身上唯一伟大的是心灵。——汉密尔顿

2011年考研英语阅读理解解题技巧大揭密

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumenta-lists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert's own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para. 1 that Gilbert's appointment has______.

[A]incurred criticism

[B]raised suspicion

[C]received acclaim

[D]aroused curiosity

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is______.

[A]influential

[B]modest

[C]respectable

[D]talented

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers______.

[A]ignore the expenses of live performances

[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances

[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances

[D]overestimate the value of live performances

24. According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?

[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.

[C]They help improve the quality of music.

[D]They have only covered masterpieces.

25. Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels______.

[A]doubtful

[B]enthusiastic

[C]confident

[D]puzzled核心词汇难句剖析

1. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.【解析】此句主干是“One of the reasons…is…”,其中定语从句“why the appointment came as such a surprise”修饰句子主干的主语“One of the reasons”;句子后面内容是“that”引导的表语从句“that Gilbert is comparatively little known.”。【译文】不过这次任命令人颇感意外,原因之一在于吉尔伯特名声相对较小。

2. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.【解析】此句主干是“Devoted concertgoers…are missing the point”,句中定语从句“who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance”修饰主语“Devoted concertgoers”;该定语从句又包含一个“that”引导的宾语从句充当“reply”的宾语。【译文】热衷参加音乐会的人认为,唱片不可替代现场表演,这些人忽视了一个要点。

3. There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener's choosing.【解析】该句话是一个并列复合句,包含两个分句。前面一个分句主干是“…recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and…”;后面一个分句是被动句,主干是“…they can be‘consumed’…”。【译文】唱片很便宜,到处都买得到,甚至比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高。而且,听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点。文章类型

社会科学——文化类——推广古典音乐

这篇文章通过纽约爱乐交响乐团聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特担任旗下一名指挥,进而引起音乐界的争议来讨论古典音乐界面临的各种挑战,最后给出解决这一处境的建议。试题解析

21. 我们从第一段可以获知任命吉尔伯特______。

[A]引起批评

[B]遭到质疑

[C]得到赞同

[D]激发好奇心

细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

解题技巧 本文第一段开始就提及,任命艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一任音乐指挥这个决定已成为古典音乐界的热议话题。接下来,文中提到了对这一任命的反应:总体对此反应还不错。甚至冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托马西尼这样写道:万岁!终于来了!原文使用了褒义的形容词favorable,四个选项中,只有选项[C]项的acclaim和favorable是同义,意为“喝彩,欢呼,赞同”。同义替换是解。所以[C]项为正确答案。[A]项、[B]项和[D]项不合文意,故排除。

22. 托马西尼认为吉尔伯特是一位______的艺术家。

[A]有权势的、有影响的

[B]谦虚的

[C]受人尊敬的

[D]有天分的

态度题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 通过题干可将答案定位到第二段的第二句话,“就连在《泰晤士报》发文支持聘用吉尔伯特的托马西尼,也说吉尔伯特为人不张扬,没有指挥大师令人敬仰的气概。”[B]项中的modest属于原文中的unpretentious的同义改写,故为正确答案。另外,第二段的第一句话讲到吉尔伯特名声相对较小,由此排除[A]项。[C]项和[D]项无中生有,也排除。

23. 作者认为热衷参加音乐会的人______。

[A]忽视现场表演的成本

[B]拒绝大部分的录音表演

[C]夸大现场表演的种类

[D]高估现场表演的价值

细节事实题【正确答案】[D]

解题技巧 根据题干中的关键词the devoted concertgoers,定位在文章的第四段。第四段主要讲述了古典音乐现场表演的现状及其竞争对手,分析了唱片的优势,最后得出结论:这些唱片随手可得,给传统的古典音乐会带来了危机。此段第一句话指出热衷参加音乐会的人认为,唱片不可替代现场表演,而作者却是详细说明了唱片的优势,如便宜、容易买到、艺术质量高等等,从另一方面暗示现场表演的价值并不像热衷于参加音乐会的人认为的那么高,因此[D]项为正确选项。[A]项无中生有,排除;另外文中第一句话只是说唱片不能够替代现场表演,所以[B]项属于偷换概念,故排除;还有文章并没有提到现场演出的种类,所以[C]项也排除。

24. 根据这篇文章,下面哪个关于唱片的描述是正确的?

[A]它们要比现场音乐会的质量低。

[B]公众更容易得到。

[C]它们帮助提升音乐质量。

[D]它们仅仅包括经典曲目。

判断题【正确答案】[B]

解题技巧 根据题干中的关键词recordings,可将答案定位在文章的第四段,本段详细说明了唱片的种种好处。唱片便宜,随处可得,原文中使用了形容词available、名词availability,意为“可得到的”。选项[B]中的accessible和available是同义词。[A]项与原文正反混淆,因为原文指出,“甚至比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高”,所以排除;[C]项和[D]项无中生有,也排除。

25. 关于吉尔伯特使纽约爱乐交响乐团复兴的作用,作者对此是______。

[A]怀疑的

[B]热情的

[C]有信心的

[D]迷惑的

态度题【正确答案】[A]

解题技巧 本文首先讲纽约爱乐交响乐团聘用了一位新的音乐指挥吉尔伯特,成为古典音乐界的热议话题;随后有评论家介绍吉尔伯特;接着作者讨论了自己的观点,不管他是不是一位优秀的指挥家,作者都没有必要一定去看现场表演;随后作者讨论了现场表演的现状和竞争压力,分析了唱片的优势;文章最后指出,作者认为吉尔伯特只靠增加表演曲目,那是不够的。通观全文,作者对吉尔伯特能否成功心存怀疑。反映作者态度的是解。因此[A]项为最佳选项。[B]项、[C]项和[D]项不合文意,故排除。全文精译

在2009年纽约爱乐交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特担任旗下一名指挥,从那时起一直到现在,这个决定已成为古典音乐界的热议话题。至少大部分公众对此反应还不错。冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托马西尼这样写道:“万岁!终于来了!”

不过这次任命令人颇感意外,原因之一在于吉尔伯特名声相对较小。就连在《泰晤士报》发文支持聘用吉尔伯特的托马西尼,也说吉尔伯特为人不张扬,没有指挥大师令人敬仰的气概。迄今为止,很厉害的音乐家如古斯塔夫·马勒和皮埃尔·布列兹,都曾管理过这个乐队。如此描述旗下一名指挥家,这好像是虚浮的赞扬,很有可能会让至少一部分《泰晤士报》的读者心里没底了。

就我而言,我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家,甚至也不敢确定他算不算好的指挥家。确实,他指挥过各种很好的乐曲,令人印象深刻。但是,我不一定非要去爱弗利·费雪厅或者其他类似地方,才能听到好的管弦乐。我只需来到CD架上,或随便打开电脑,从音乐软件上就可下载更多录好的音乐。

热衷于参加音乐会的人认为,唱片不可替代现场表演,这些人忽视了一个要点。为了赢得音乐爱好者的时间、注意力、金钱,古典乐曲表演家不仅要和剧院,舞蹈队,演出公司,博物馆竞争,而且还要和20世纪伟大的古典音乐演奏者录好的表演唱片竞争。唱片很便宜,到处都买的到,甚至比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高。而且,听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点。这些唱片随手可得,使传统古典音乐会面临危机。

对于古典音乐演奏者而言,还可以做的就是排练出唱片上不存在的引人注目的新曲目。众所周知,吉尔伯特本人对新音乐兴趣很浓。古典音乐批评家亚历·罗斯曾经这样描述:他能够把纽约交响乐团变成一个“完全不同、更加有活力的组织”。但变化差异到底是什么?仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的。如果吉尔伯特和爱乐交响乐团想要成功,他们就必须先改变和处理好美国最古老的乐团(纽约交响乐团)和乐团想吸引的新观众之间的关系。第一段:纽约交响乐团聘用新的乐队指挥引起音乐界的争议。第二段:引出古典音乐界的热议话题。第三段:进一步引出古典音乐界面临着网络音乐的挑战。第四段:详细比较分析参加音乐会与录制的表演唱片之间的优劣对比。由于唱片方便可取,传统古典音乐会面临危机。第五段:指出传统的古典音乐演唱会想要成功就必须先改变美国最古老的乐团(纽约交响乐团)和乐团想吸引的新观众之间的关系。Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company”. Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision”. McGee says. Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:“I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

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