作者:圣才电子书
出版社:圣才电子书
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
中国传媒大学外国语学院708基础英语历年考研真题及详解试读:
2012年中国传媒大学708基础英语考研真题及详解
Part Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (40%)
Section A (30%)
Directions: In This section there are three reading passages following by a total of 15 multiple-choice questions. Reading the passages and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.TEXT A
It is a sign of remarkable times that the prospect of $100 oil is greeted with relief rather than shocking. The price of a barrel of crude oil, having burst through $100 in February, peaked at $147 on July th11. Since then it has fallen by more than a quarter. Not everyone is cheering. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries th(OPEC) met in Vienna on September 9 to discuss how to respond to the recent drop in prices. Faced with demands from Iran and Venezuela to cut output, but mindful that high prices have encouraged a more frugal use of oil in rich countries, OPEC opted for a compromise. It kept its target at 28.8m barrels a day but agreed to abide more faithfully to that goal by curbing overproduction—leading to a cut in actual output of 1.8%.
The more hawkish countries want oil prices to remain as high as possible to fund their lavish budgets. But Saudi Arabia, OPEC’s largest member, has exceeded its output quota over the summer to prevent further harm to its rich—world customers, already reeling from the credit crunch. That makes sense. Even countries such as Germany and Japan, that are not very dependent on borrowing, have suffered alongside those struggling in a financial crisis, such as America and Britain.
In such circumstances, the recent fall in the price of oil (and food) should be good news for customers. It has not, however, fallen far enough for central bankers to be celebrating just yet. Inflation seems set to follow oil and food costs down, but some policymakers fret that it may not fall quickly to a tolerable level. Their concern is that high oil prices may have harmed the potential growth rate of the economy, as well as temporarily pushing up inflation. If so, sluggish GDP growth may not create enough slack in the economy to drive inflation down far.
A recent study by the OECD concludes that oil prices at $120 a barrel could over the years reduce potential output by a total of as much as 4% in America, and by 2% in the euro area (which uses less oil for each unit of GDP). Because machinery is upgraded only slowly, this impact is likely to feed through gradually, initially shaving 0.2 percentage points a year off America’s potential GDP growth.
Much depends on how other costs adjust. If firms can pass on part of the increased oil bill in lower real wages, a larger chunk of the capital stock will remain viable. That may be happening in America, where hourly wage growth is well below inflation; the Brunt of the oil shock has been borne by workers.
1. Which is NOT the reason behind the recent fall of oil price?
A. The deteriorating financial crisis in the US.
B. Rich countries are more frugal on oil use.
C. The world economy can’t bear too high oil price in the long run.
D. Some hawkish countries in OPEC made oil price high deliberately.
2. Iran and Venezuela want to cut oil output because _____.
A. low oil price hurt their economic benefits
B. they want to keep a balance between the demand and supply
C. they want to use oil as weapons to attack their western enemies
D. they want to coordinate their production in line with other OPEC countries
3. The author believes that _____.
A. high oil price is bad to the world economy
B. OPEC countries shouldn’t increase their oil production as Saudi Arabia does
C. oil price should rise a little more so as to bring more money to OPEC countries
D. there is no connection between oil price and the world economy
4. The word “brunt” in the last sentence in paragraph 5 means _____.
A. benefit
B. advantage
C. burden
D. impact
5. Which of the follow title suits the passage best?
A. The Oil Price: Running out of Gas
B. Rich Countries: More Frugal on Oil
C. Oil: A Powerful Weapon
D. Less Oil, More Peaceful World【答案与解析】
1.B 文中第一段和第二段提到,由于当今世界各国经济形势较差,居高不下的油价使得国家纷纷减少了对石油的需求以减轻开支,因此,为了保障需求量,OPEC只能做出妥协,降低石油价格。文中没有提到一些石油出口国故意抬高价格,只是指出他们希望油价不下降的态度,因此错误。答案选B。
2.B 根据文中第一段最后一句“It kept its target at 28.8m barrels a day but agreed to abide more faithfully to that goal by curbing overproduction”可知,由于如今国际经济形势较差,一些国家对于石油的需求下降,为了减轻生产过剩的局面,伊朗等国提出减少产量。因此答案选B。
3.A 根据文中第三段中间“Their concern is that high oil prices may have harmed the potential growth rate of the economy, as well as temporarily pushing up inflation.”可知,作者提到,一些决策者指出高油价可能危害经济增长速度,推动通货膨胀。文中也体现了作者对经济发展的担心,可见作者也认为高油价不利于经济发展,答案选A。
4.D 第五段指出如果企业将油价提升的压力以减少员工工资的方法转移,资本市场还能存活。这种情况很可能发生在美国,美国国内的时薪增长率远低于通货膨胀率;油价攀升的冲击都是由工人来承担。根据段意,答案选D。brunt冲击;首当其冲。
5.A 本文主要讲述了国际油价的下降,并分析了当今世界经济形势,指出油价的变化可能影响经济发展,因此答案选A。TEXT B
Why do you listen to music? If you should put this question to a number of people, you might receive answers like these: “I like the beat of music,” “I look for attractive tunefulness,” “I am moved by the sound of choral singing,” “I listen to music for many reasons but I could not begin to describe them to you clearly.” Answers to this question would be many and diverse, yet almost no one would reply, “Music means nothing to me.” To most of us, music means something it evokes some response. We obtain some satisfaction in listening to music.
For many, the enjoyment of music does not remain at a standstill. We feel that we can get more satisfaction from the musical experience. We want to make closer contact with music in order to learn more of its nature; thus we can range more broadly and freely in the areas of musical style, form, and expression. This book explores ways of achieving these objectives. It deals, of course, with the techniques of music, but only in order to show how technique is directed toward expression aims in music and toward the listener’s musical experience. In this way, we may get an idea of the composer’s intentions, for indeed, the composer uses every musical device for its power to communicate and for its contribution to the musical experience.
Although, everyone hears music differently, there is a common ground from which all musical experiences grow. That source is sound itself. Sound is the raw material of music. It makes up the body substance of all musical activity. It is the point of departure in the musical experience.
The kinds of sound that can be used for musical purposes are amazingly varied. Throughout the cultures of the world, East and West, a virtually limitless array of sounds has been employed in the service of musical expression. Listen to Oriental theatre music, then to an excerpt from a Wagner work; these two are worlds apart in their qualities of sound as well as in almost every other feature, yet each says something of importance to some listeners. Each can stir a listener and evoke a response in him. All music, whether it is the pulsation of primitive tribal drums or the complex coordination of voices and instruments in an opera, has this feature: it is based upon the power of sound to stir our senses and feelings.
Yet sound alone is not music. Something has to happen to the sound. It must move forward in time. Everything that takes place musically involves the movement of sound. If we hear a series of drumbeats we receive an impression of movement from one stroke to the next. When sounds follow each other in a pattern of melody, we receive an impression of movement from one tone to the next. All music moves, and because it moves, it is associated with a fundamental truth of existence and experience. We are stirred by impressions of movement because our very lives are constantly in movement. Breathing, the action of the pulse, growth, decay, the changes of day and night, as well as the constant flow of physical action—these all testify to the fundamental role that movement plays in our lives. Music appeals to our desire and our need for movement.
6. The author indicates at the beginning of the passage that _____.
A. people listen to music for similar reasons
B. reasons for listening to music are varied
C. some people don’t understand music at all
D. purposes for listening to music can be specified
7. We can infer from the second paragraph that the book from which this excerpt is taken is mainly meant for _____.
A. listeners
B. composers
C. musicians
D. directors
8. According to the passage, enjoying music is not an end in itself because people hope to _____ through listening.
A. learn more musical devices
B. know more about composers
C. communicate more effectively
D. understand music better
9. What is the common ground for musical experience to develop?
A. Material.
B. Listening.
C. Sound.
D. Activity.
10. The importance of movement in music is explained by comparing it to _____.
A. a pattern of melody
B. a series of drumbeats
C. physical movement
D. existence and experience【答案与解析】
6.B 本文第一段作者首先提出问题询问“为什么听音乐”?而后描述了人们对这一问题的回答多种多样,可以看出作者想要表达的观点是,人们听音乐有不同原因。因此答案选B。
7.A 根据文中第二段第三句“This book explores ways of achieving these objectives. It deals, of course, with the techniques of music, but only in order to show how technique is directed toward expression aims in music and toward the listener’s musical experience.”可见,这本书是为了让听者了解更多音乐的知识而编写的。因此答案选A。
8.D 根据文中第二段第一句“For many, the enjoyment of music does not remain at a standstill.”、第二句“we want to make closer contact with music in order to learn more of its nature; thus we can range more broadly and freely in the areas of musical style, form, and expression.”可知,人们不仅仅想享受音乐,他们还要理解音乐。据此,答案选D。
9.C 根据文中第三段第一句“...there is a common ground from which all musical experiences grow. That source is sound itself.”可见,声音本身就是所有音乐的源泉。因此答案选C。
10.C 根据文中第五段中间“We are stirred by impressions of movement because our very lives are constantly in movement. Breathing, the action of the pulse, growth, decay, the changes of day and night, as well as the constant flow of physical action—these all testify to the fundamental role that movement plays in our lives.”作者通过指出生命中的运动对人们的重要性,说明了声音的运动对于音乐的重要性。因此答案选C。TEXT C
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or famine from remote places. By joining with the elevator to make possible the multistory residence or office building, it has made possible—for better or worse—the modern city. By bringing about a quantum leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological change and growth in industry. Beyond doubt it has crippled if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has played a role thin one of the greatest social changes of the 20 century, the breakup of the multigenerational household. It has made the waging of war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps (though not probably) it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Or perhaps—again not probably by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates the useful knowledge of scientists and the babble of bores, the affectation of the affectionate and the malice of the malicious.
But the question remains unanswered. The obvious effects just cited seem inadequate, mechanistic; they only scratch the surface. Perhaps the crucial effects are evanescent and un-measurable. Use of the telephone involves personal risk because it involves exposure; for some, to be “hung up on” is among the worst fears; others dream of a ringing telephone and wake up with a pounding heart. The telephone’s actual ring—more, perhaps, than any other sound in our daily lives—evokes hope, relief, fear, anxiety, joy, according to our expectations. The telephone is our never-end to society.
In some ways it is in itself a thing of paradox. In one sense a metaphor for the times it helped create, in another sense the telephone is their polar opposite. It is small and gentle—relying on low voltages and miniature parts—in times of hugeness and violence. It is basically simple in times of complexity. It is so nearly human, re-creating voices so faithfully that friends or lovers need not identify themselves by name even when talking across oceans, that to ask its effect on human life may seem hardly more fruitful than to ask the effect of the hand or the foot. The Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan—one of the few who have addressed themselves to these questions—was perhaps not far from the mark when he spoke of the telephone as creating “a kind of extra-sensory perception.”
11. The main idea of this passage is about all the following EXCEPT _____ effects of the telephone on us.
A. good
B. bad
C. efficient
D. lingering
12. The author cited _____ as one of the greatest changes that th telephone has brought about in the 20century.
A. the enlarging of the geographical distance
B. the breakup of the multigenerational household
C. the recreation of human voices
D. the prevention of wars
13. The author of this passage seems to believe _____ is the cause of wars.
A. the pursuit of wealth
B. the need for more terrarium
C. international misunderstanding
D. the expansion of population
14. According to the passage, all the following EXCEPT _____ contributed to the changed flow of information.
A. the development of science and technology
B. the migration and emigration of populations
C. the growth of industry
D. the accelerated rate of scientific and technological changes
15. According to the passage, our reaction to the ring of the telephone largely depends on _____.
A. communications between family members
B. weather condition
C. the telephone message we have already received
D. our expectations of what kind of telephone calls we want to receive【答案与解析】
11.D 本文第一段论述了电话机对人们生活所带来的好处,第二段则指出其坏处。文中还论述了电话给人们生活、世界战争等带去便捷,但并没有提到关于电话机的遗留问题。文中第二段第一句“But the question remains unanswered.”只是回应了第一段第一句的疑问,并不是回应由电话机本身引起的问题。因此D项没有体现。
12.B 根据文中第一段中间“…by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of the 20th century, the breakup of the multigenerational household.”可知,作者认为电话的发明给二十世纪带来最大的变化是:多代同住的情况开始改变。因此答案选B。
13.C 根据文中第一段中间“Perhaps (though not probably) it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication.”可知,作者认为国际交往时的误解是导致战争的一个原因。因此答案选C。
14.B 根据文中第一段中间“By bringing about a quantum leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological change and growth in industry.”可知,电话使得科技的更新速度加快,工业建设逐步增长,从而促进了信息的流通。而电话的发展是由科技的发展带来的,因此ACD项均有体现,B项并未提到。答案选B。
15.D 根据文中第二段倒数第二句“The telephone’s actual ring—more, perhaps, than any other sound in our daily lives—evokes hope, relief, fear, anxiety, joy, according to our expectations.”可知,作者指出我们对电话铃声的反应是根据我们期待哪些人打来电话而决定的,因此答案选D。
Section B (10%)
Directions: In this section there is a passage in disordered sentences. Rearrange the sentence orders to make the passage logically coherent and mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
1. Advocates of the term of “mosaic” believe that it better represents the diverse multi-cultural society of the United States.
2. Despite such tensions, economic needs have always forced Americans to seek immigrants as laborers and settlers, and economic opportunities have attracted foreigners.
3. Traditionally the United States has been described as a melting pot, a place where the previous identities of each immigrant group are melted down to create an integrated and uniform society.
4. In a mosaic, each piece retrains its own distinctive identity while contributing to a larger design.
5. Although the United States has been shaped by successive waves of immigrants, Americans have often viewed immigration as a problem.
6. Since the 1960s, many Americans have rejected the term of “melting pot” in favor of the image of the mosaic, a picture created by assembling many small stones or tiles.
7. Established Americans often looked down on new immigrants.
8. More recent immigrant groups from Asia have established communities alongside those populated by the descendants of European immigrants.
9. The vast majority of immigrants to the United States have come in search of jobs and the chance to create a better life for themselves and their families.
10. In all of American history, less than 10 percent of immigrants have come for political or religious reasons.
11. Today, many Americans value their immigrant heritage as an important part of their identity.
12. The cultural habits of immigrants are frequently targets of criticism, especially when the new arrivals come from a different country than those in the established community.【答案】5; 7; 12-2-9-10-3-6-4-1-11-8【解析】做这类题目时,可以先将句子排列成段,再根据段意将各段排列成文。文中1句关键字为“mosaic”。该关键字可以在4和6句中找到,因此判断这三句可以成为一段。根据句子间的逻辑关系,排列成6;4;1。2句中的关键字“jobs”与9、10句中内容相关,因此这些句子可以排列成段。2句指出美国对劳动力的需求吸引许多外国人移民至此;9句介绍了大多数移民到美国的目的;10句介绍了少数移民到美国后的目的,根据句子的内容,该三句排列顺序为2;9;10。3句提到“melting pot”,在6句中也有体现,根据3句的时间提示词“traditionally”和6句的“Since the 1960s”可知,3句位于6句前。5句的中心词为“problem”,其他句子有体现“问题”的有7;12。5句指出问题,应当作为总起放在前面;7句中“established Americans”和12句中“the established Americans”对比来看,后者中加了定冠词the,表示指称,说明前文已经出现过它所修饰的名词。因此排列为5;7;12。从8句的“more recent”和11句的“today”来看,他们的共同主题是如今移民在美国的状况,两句可以成段。但两句没有更多线索让人可以判断先后,可以从其他句子中找到线索。1句中提到“diverse multi-cultural society”,与11句的“immigrant heritage”正好对应,可以判断11句放在1句后面,那么8句就放在11句后。总体来看,文章讲述了外国移民在美国的生存状况,并且以时间为线索。因此,对比各段段意,最后得出排列顺序为5-7-12-2-9-10-3-6-4-1-11-8。
Part Ⅱ. Writing (60%)
Section A (30%)
Directions: In this section there is a passage. Read the passage and 1) summarize in about 100 words the main idea of the passage; 2) make a comment on what you have read in about 150-200 words. You should supply an appropriate title for your comment. Write your summary and comment on the ANSWER SHEET.
It was 1961 and I was in the fifth grade. My marks in school were miserable and, the thing was, I didn’t know enough to really care. My older brother and I lived with Mom in a dingy multi-family house in Detroit. We watched TV every night. The background noise of our lives was gunfire and horses’ hoofs from “Wagon Train” or “Cheyenne”, and laughter from “I Love Lucy” or “Mister Ed”. After supper, we’d sprawl on Mom’s bed and stare for hours at the tube.
But one day Mom changed our world forever. She turned off the TV. Our mother had only been able to get through third grade, but she was much brighter and smarter than we boys knew at the time. She had noticed something in the suburban houses she cleaned—books. So she came home one day, snapped off TV, sat us down and explained that her sons were going to make something of themselves. “You boys are going to read two books every week,” she said. “And you’re going to write me a report on what you read.”
We moaned and complained about how unfair it was. Besides, we didn’t have any books in the house other than Mom’s Bible. But she explained that we would go where the books were: “I’ll drive you to the library.” So pretty soon there were these two peevish boys sitting in her white 1959 Oldsmobile on their way to Detroit Public Library. I wandered reluctantly among the children’s books. I loved animals, so when I saw some books that seemed to be about animals, I started leafing through them.
The first book I read clear through was Chip the Dam Builder. It was about beavers. For the first time in my life I was lost in another world. No television program had ever taken me so far away from my surroundings as did this verbal visit to a cold stream in a forest and these animals building a home.
It didn’t dawn on me at the time, but the experience was quite different from watching TV. There were images forming in my mind instead of before my eyes. And I could return to them again and again with the flip of a page.
Soon I began to look forward to visiting this hushed sanctuary from my other world. I moved from animals to plants, and then to rocks. Between the covers of all those books were whole worlds, and I was free to go anywhere in them. Along the way a funny thing happened: I started to know things. Teachers started to notice it too. I got to the point where I couldn’t wait to get home to my books.
Now my older brother is an engineer and I am a chief of pediatric neurosurgery at John Hopkins Children’s Center in Baltimore. Sometimes I still can’t believe my life’s journey, from a failing and indifferent student in a Detroit public school to this position, which
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