作者：(美)爱德华·钱宁
出版社：天津社会科学院出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
美国学生历史（上下册）（英汉双语版）试读：
前言
The aim of this little book is to tell in a simple and concise form the story of the founding and development of the United States. The study of the history of one's own country is a serious matter, and should be entered upon by the text-book writer, by the teacher, and by the pupil in a serious spirit,even to a greater extent than the study of language or of arithmetic. No effort has been made, therefore, to make out of this text-book a story book. It is a text-book pure and simple, and should be used as a text-book, to be studied diligently by the pupil and expounded carefully by the teacher.
Most of the pupils who use this book will never have another opportunity to study the history and institutions of their own country. It is highly desirable that they should use their time in studying the real history of the United States and not in learning by heart a mass of anecdotes,—often of very slight importance, and more often based on very insecure foundations. The author of this text-book, therefore, has boldly ventured to omit most of the traditional matter which is usually supposed to give life to a text-book and to inspire a "love of history",—which too often means only a love of being amused. For instance, descriptions of the formation of the Constitution and of the struggle over the extension of slavery here occupy the space usually given to the adventures of Captain John Smith and to accounts of the institutions of the Red Men. The small number of pages available for the period before 1760has necessitated the omission of "pictures of colonial life," which cannot be briefly and at the same time accurately described. These and similar matters can easily be studied by the pupils in their topical work in such books as Higginson's Young Folks' History, Eggleston's United States and its People,and McMaster's School History. References to these books and to a limited number of other works have been given in the margins of this text-book.These citations also mention a few of the more accessible sources, which should be used solely for purposes of illustration.
It is the custom in many schools to spread the study of American history over two years, and to devote the first year to a detailed study of the period before 1760. This is a very bad arrangement. In the first place, it gives an undue emphasis to the colonial period; in the second place, as many pupils never return to school, they never have an opportunity to study the later period at all; in the third place, it prevents those pupils who complete this study from gaining an intelligent view of the development of the American people. And, finally, most of the time the second year is spent in the study of the Revolutionary War and of the War for the Union. A better way would be to go over the whole book the first year with some parallel reading, and the second year to review the book and study with greater care important episodes, as the making of the Constitution, the struggle for freedom in the territories, and the War for the Union. Attention may also be given the second year to a study of industrial history since 1790 and to the elements of civil government. It is the author's earnest hope that teachers will regard the early chapters as introductory.
Miss Annie Bliss Chapman, for many years a successful teacher of history in grammar schools, has kindly provided a limited number of suggestive questions, and has also made many excellent suggestions to teachers. These are all appended to the several divisions of the work. The author has added a few questions and a few suggestions of his own. He has also altered some of Miss Chapman's questions. Whatever there is commendable in this apparatus should be credited to Miss Chapman. Acknowledgments are also due to Miss Beulah Marie Dix for very many admirable suggestions as to language and form. The author will cordially welcome criticisms and suggestions from any one, especially from teachers, and will be very glad to receive notice of any errors.
本书的目的在于用简明的方式讲述美国的建立与发展。学习自己国家的历史是一件非常严肃的事，这种学习需要教材编撰者、教师和学生的认真参与，其研究范围远远超出语言和数学。然而，我不打算将这本教材写成故事书，显然，它纯粹是一本教材，应该被当作教材使用，供学生勤奋学习，并有待于教师对之做出细致阐发。
大部分使用本书的学生将不再有其他机会学习本国的创立和历史，人们非常希望学生将时间用于学习真正的美国历史，而不是用于背诵大量轶事，因为这些轶事常常无足轻重，并且常常是基于一些不可靠的资料。而本教材的作者大胆地略去了一些传统的、一般被认为是给教材以生气的东西，以图激发学生“对历史的热爱”，这种爱常常意味着一种对愉悦状态的喜爱。例如，在一般历史书都介绍约翰·史密斯船长的冒险和解释美洲印第安人习俗，本书则代之以介绍宪法的形成和对奴隶制扩张的反抗。可以查到的1760年之前的资料非常有限，这使得有必要略去“殖民生活”部分，因为不可能给它以简明扼要而又准确的介绍，学生可以在其他书中很容易地找到与其学习专题相关的内容，如希金森的《写给年轻人的历史》(Young Folks'History)、艾格里斯通的《美国及其人民》(United States and its People)、麦克马斯特的《学校历史》(School History)，等。本书旁注中列出了这些参考书及另外一些著作，这些引用还给出了一些更容易获得的资料，这些资料仅仅是用于说明。
许多学校一般都安排两年的时间来学习美国历史，并将第一年的时间用于学习1760年之前的美国史，这种安排非常糟糕。首先，它过于强调殖民时期；其次，由于许多学生一年后辍学，他们再也没有机会学习1760年之后的美国史；第三，这种编排使得完成学业的学生不能对美国这个民族的发展有一个理智的观瞻；最后，第二学年的大部分时间被用于学习革命战争和统一战争。好的编排应该是这样的：第一年通过某种平行阅读对全书有个通览，第二年复习并深入学习一些重要事件，如宪法的制定、殖民地中的自由之战、南北战争。第二年还可以着重学习1790年之后的工业历史以及政府的组建。作者非常希望教师把前面的几章当作引言。
安妮·布里斯·查普曼是一所文法学校久负盛名的历史教师，她向本书提出一些建设性问题，并且向教师们提出许多好的建议，这些都支持了本书的阶段性编写。作者本人提出一些问题，给出自己的一些提示，还对查普曼老师的问题做出部分改动。对于这一部分的赞赏都应归功于查普曼老师。还应感谢布拉·玛丽·迪克斯女士就语言及行文给出许多好的建议。作者诚挚地欢迎提出批评和建议，特别是欢迎来自老师们的批评和建议，并非常欢迎指出错误之处。爱德华·钱宁美国学生历史 上PART Ⅰ DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION,1000~1600 发现与探险(1000~1600 年)Books for Study and Reading
References.—Parkman’s Pioneers of France (edition of 1887 or a later edition); Irving’s Columbus (abridged edition).
Home Readings.—Higginson’s Tales of the Enchanted Islands of the Atlantic; Mackie’s With the Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Columbus);Lummis’s Spanish Pioneers; King’s De Soto in the Land of Florida; Wright’s Children’s Stories in American History; Barnes’s Drake and his Yeomen.CHAPTER 1 THE EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 欧洲人发现美洲
1.Leif Ericson discovers America, 1000.—In our early childhood many of us learned to repeat the lines:—
Columbus sailed the ocean blue
In fourteen hundred, ninety-two.
We thought that he was the first European to visit America. But nearly five hundred years before his time Leif Ericson had discovered the New World.
He was a Northman and the son of Eric the Red. Eric had already founded a colony in Greenland, and Leif sailed from `Norway to make him a visit. This was in the year 1000. Day after day Leif and his men were tossed about on the sea until they reached an unknown land where they found many grapevines. They called it Vinland or Wineland. They Then sailed northward and reached Greenland in safety. Precisely where Vinland was is not known. But it certainly was part of North America. Leif Ericson, the Northman, was therefore the real discoverer of America.EUROPE, ICELAND, GREENLAND, AND NORTH AMERICA.Leif Ericson.Leif discovers America, 1000.Higginson,25-30;American History Leaflets, No. 3
2.Early European Travelers.—The people of Europe knew more of the lands of Asia than they knew of Vinland. For hundreds of years missionaries,traders, and travelers visited the Far East. They brought back to Europe silks and spices, and ornaments of gold and of silver. They told marvelous tales of rich lands and great princes. One of these travelers was a Venetian named Marco Polo. He told of Cathay or China and of Cipango or Japan. This last country was an island. Its king was so rich that even the floors of his palaces were of pure gold. Suddenly the Turks conquered the lands between Europe and the golden East. They put an end to this trading and traveling. New ways to India, China, and Japan must be found.Marco Polo,Cathay, and Cipango.
3. Early Portuguese Sailors.—One way to the East seemed to be around the southern end of Africa—if it should turn out that there was a southern end to that Dark Continent. In 1487 Portuguese seamen sailed around the southern end of Africa and, returning home, called that point the Cape of Storms. But the King of Portugal thought that now there was good hope of reaching India by sea. So he changed the name to Cape of Good Hope. Ten years later a brave Portuguese sailor, Vasco da Gama, actually reached India by the Cape of Good Hope, and returned safely to Portugal (1497).Portuguese seamen.
4. Columbus.—Meantime Christopher Columbus, an Italian, had returned from an even more startling voyage. From what he had read, and from what other men had told him, he had come to believe that the earth was round. If this were really true, Cipango and Cathay were west of Europe as well as east of Europe. Columbus also believed that the earth was very much smaller than it really is, and that Cipango was only three thousand miles west of Spain. For a time people laughed at the idea of sailing westward to Cipango and Cathay. But at length Columbus secured enough money to fit out a little fleet.Columbus and his beliefs.Higginson, 31-35; Eggleston,1-3;American History Leaflets, No. 1.
5. The Voyage, 1492.—Columbus left Spain in August, 1492, and,refitting at the Canaries, sailed westward into the Sea of Darkness. At ten o’clock in the evening of October 20, 1492, looking out into the night, he saw a light in the distance. The fleet was soon stopped. When day broke, there,sure enough, was land. A boat was lowered, and Columbus, going ashore,took possession of the new land for Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Aragon and Castile. The natives came to see the discoverers. They were reddish in color and interested Columbus—for were they not inhabitants of the Far East? So he called them Indians.Columbus reaches America, 1492.Higginson,35-37;Eggleston, 3-5.SHIPS, SEA-MONSTERS, AND INDIANS.
6. The Indians and the Indies.—These Indians were not at all like those wonderful people of Cathay and Cipango whom Marco Polo had described.Instead of wearing clothes of silk and of gold embroidered satin, these people wore no clothes of any kind. But it was plain enough that the island they had found was not Cipango. It was probably some island off the coast of Cipango,so on Columbus sailed and discovered Cuba. He was certain that Cuba was a part of the mainland of Asia, for the Indians kept saying “Cubanaquan.”Columbus thought that this was their way of pronouncing Kublai Khan—the name of a mighty eastern ruler. So he sent two messengers with a letter to that powerful monarch. Returning to Spain, Columbus was welcomed as a great admiral. He made three other voyages to America. But he never came within sight of the mainland of the United States.The Indians,Higginson, 13-24; Eggleston,71-76.Columbus discovers Cuba.
7. John Cabot, 1497.—While Columbus explored the West Indies, another Italian sailed across the Sea of Darkness farther north. His name was John Cabot, and he sailed with a license from Henry VII of England, the first of the Tudor kings. Setting boldly forth from Bristol, England, he crossed the North Atlantic and reached the coast of America north of Nova Scotia. Like Columbus,he thought that he had found the country of the Grand Khan. Upon his discovery English kings based their claim to the right to colonize North America.John Cabot visits North America,1497.Higginson, 40-42;Eggleston, 8-10;American History Leaflets,No. 9.
8. The Naming of America.—Many other explorers also visited the new-found lands. Among these was an Italian named Americus Vespucius. Precisely where he went is not clear. But it is clear that he wrote accounts of his voyages, which were printed and read by many persons.In these accounts he said that what we call South America was not a part of Asia. So he named it the New World. Columbus all the time was declaring that the lands he had found were a part of Asia. It was natural, therefore, that people in thinking of the New World should think of Americus Vespucius. Before long some one even suggested that the New World should be named America in his honor. This was done, and when it became certain that the other lands were not parts of Asia, the name America was given to them also until the whole continent came to be called America.AMERICUS VESPUCIUSAmericus Vespucius,his voyages and books.Higginson, 37-38; Eggleston,7-8.The New World named America.Balboa sees the Pacific, 1513.Magellan’s great voyage,1520.Eggleston,10-11.
9. Balboa and Magellan, 1513, 1520.—Balboa was a Spaniard who came to San Domingo to seek his fortune. He became a pauper and fled away from those to whom he owed money. After long wanderings he found himself on a high mountain in the center of the Isthmus of Panama. To the southward sparkled the waters of a new sea. He called it the South Sea. Wading into it waist deep, he waved his sword in the air and took possession of it for his royal master, the King of Spain. This was in 1513. Seven years later, in 1520, Magellan, a Portuguese seaman in the service of the Spanish king, sailed through the Straits of Magellan and entered the same great ocean, which he called the Pacific. Thence northward and westward he sailed day after day, week after week, and month after month,until he reached the Philippine Islands. The natives killed Magellan. But one of his vessels found her way back to Spain around the Cape of Good Hope.【中文阅读】
1. 列夫·埃里克森发现美洲(1000年)——多数人在孩提时代就学会讲述下面的句子：1492年，哥伦布航海，海正蓝……
我们认为哥伦布是第一个造访美洲的欧洲人，但是，几乎远在此前500年列夫·埃里克森就发现了这个新世界。列夫是北欧人，他是雷德·埃里克森的儿子。埃里克森已经在格陵兰岛创建了一块殖民地，列夫从挪威出发开始其航海之旅去探望埃里克森，这一年是1000年。日复一日，列夫和他的随从在大海中颠簸，后来他们来到了一个不知名的陆地，并发现许多葡萄藤。他们把这块陆地叫做文兰德(Vinland) 或 “酒兰德”(Wineland)，随后他们向北航行安全抵达格陵兰岛。确切地讲，没有人知道文兰德在哪里，但是，它肯定是北美的一部分。因此，北欧人列夫·埃里克森是美洲的真正发现者。
2.早期欧洲旅行者——欧洲人对亚洲大陆的了解比他们对文兰德了解要多。数百年来，欧洲的传教士、商人和旅行者不断造访远东，他们带回丝绸、香料和金银饰物，他们讲述着关于富庶大陆和伟大君主的故事。其中一位旅行者是威尼斯人马可·波罗，他谈到中国和日本。后者是一个岛国，它的国王如此富足，他甚至用纯金铺就宫殿。土耳其人突然征服了位于欧洲和富饶东方之间的土地，他们截断了这条商贸与旅行之路线，因此，必须找到通往印度、中国和日本的新航线。
3.早期葡萄牙航海者——通往东方的一条道路似乎在非洲南端附近，如果在非洲存在这样一个南端地带的话。1487年，葡萄牙水手航行到非洲南端附近，他们返回葡萄牙，并把所看到的地方叫做“风暴角”，不过，葡萄牙国王认为从此有了靠海路通往印度的很大希望，因此，他将其名改为“好望角”。10年后，一位勇敢的葡萄牙航海者达伽马真的通过好望角到达印度，并于1497年安全返回葡萄牙。
4.哥伦布——一段时间之后，意大利人克里斯托弗·哥伦布完成了一次更令人吃惊的航行。哥伦布根据自己所见和其他人所说渐渐认为地球是圆的。如果果真如此，日本和中国既在欧洲的西方也在欧洲的东方。哥伦布还相信地球比人们以为的要小得多，而日本在西班牙的西方，距离西班牙仅三千英里。有一段时间人们嘲笑向西可以航行到达日本和中国这个想法，但是，哥伦布为之精心准备了足够的钱以装备一个小舰队。
5. 1492年的航行——1492年8月，哥伦布离开西班牙，在加纳利补给，向西航行进入黑海。1492年10月20日傍晚10点，他看到远处的一盏灯，舰队迅速停下来，当然，天亮时他们看到了陆地。他们放下一只小船，哥伦布走到海岸上，为西班牙国王费迪南德和王后伊莎贝拉赢得这块新的陆地。陆地上的人过来看这些发现者，他们肤色微红，哥伦布感到不解——他们不是远东的居民吗？因此哥伦布把他们叫做印第安人。
6.印第安人和印度地区——这些印第安人与马克·波罗所描述的那些绝妙的日本人和中国人根本没有相似之处，他们没有穿丝绸和花缎子这类衣服。很显然，他们已经发现的陆地不是日本，它可能是某个远离日本海岸的岛屿，哥伦布继续前行并发现了古巴，他确信古巴是亚洲大陆的一部分，因为印第安人一致在叫嚷着“古巴坤”，哥伦布认为这是他们称道忽必烈(某个东方威武统治者的名字)的方式，于是他向自己伟大的皇帝写了两封信。回到西班牙，哥伦布被当作海军司令受到欢迎。之后，哥伦布三次航海到美洲，但是，他从来就没有到过今天的美国大陆。
7.约翰·卡伯特(1497年)——在哥伦布到印度西部探险的同时，另一个意大利人穿过黑海北上，他的名字叫约翰·卡伯特，此人带着英国都锋王朝第一个国王亨利七世签发的通行证航海，他大胆地从英国西部的布里斯托尔海港出发，穿过北大西洋，到达诺瓦斯科夏北部美洲海岸。如哥伦布一样，约翰·卡伯特认为他发现的是忽必烈的国家，根据约翰·卡伯特的发现，英国国王宣称自己对北美洲的殖民统治权。
8.美洲的命名——还有许多探险者也到过新发现的这些大陆，其中就有意大利人阿美利哥·维斯普奇。他到了哪里并不十分清楚，但是，很显然他写了一些关于航海的日志，日志被印刷出来后，有许多人读过。在这些日志中，阿美利哥·维斯普奇认为人们所谓的南美洲不是亚洲的一部分，他因此把这个地方命名为“新世界”。哥伦布一直认为自己发现的那些陆地是亚洲的一部分。因此，自然人们在想起“新世界”时应该想到阿美利哥·维斯普奇。之后不久，甚至有人建议应该把这个“新世界”叫做美洲以纪念他。人们接受了这个建议，并且，当确切知道另外一些陆地不是亚洲的构成部分时，人们用美洲来命名这些陆地，这样一直延续到整个大陆被叫做美洲。
9. 巴波亚和麦哲伦(1513年，1520年)——巴波亚是一个到圣多明各淘金的西班牙人，他变成一个穷人，并且在债主的催逼下离开了圣多明各，在长途跋涉之后，巴波亚发现自己在巴拿马海峡当中的一座高山上，往南看是一片波涛汹涌的新海洋，他把它叫做南海，并向纵深处跋涉，他向空中挥舞他的宝剑，为他效忠的西班牙国王获得这片新领地。这一年是1513年。7年后，在1520年，葡萄牙水手麦哲伦在西班牙国王的支持下穿过麦哲伦海峡进入这一片海洋，他把它叫做太平洋。麦哲伦转而向西、向北航行，日复一日，累周不息，经过数月航行他最终到达菲律宾群岛，岛上的人杀死了麦哲伦，但是，他的一条船绕过好望角逃回了西班牙。CHAPTER 2 SPANISH AND FRENCH PIONEERS IN THE UNITED STATES 美国的西班牙和法国先驱
10. Stories of Golden Lands.—Wherever the Spaniards went, the Indians always told them stories of golden lands somewhere else. The Bahama Indians, for instance, told their cruel Spanish masters of a wonderful land toward the north. Not only was there gold in that land; there was also a fountain whose waters restored youth and vigor to the drinker. Among the fierce Spanish soldiers was Ponce de Leon . He determined to see for himself if these stories were true.Indian traditions.
11. Discovery of Florida, 1513.—In the same year that Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean, Ponce de Leon sailed northward and westward from the Bahamas. On Easter Sunday, 1513, he anchored off the shores of a new land.The Spanish name for Easter was La Pascua de los Flores. So De Leon called the new land Florida. For the Spaniards were a very religious people and usually named their lands and settlements from saints or religious events.De Leon then sailed around the southern end of Florida and back to the West Indies. In 1521 he again visited Florida, was wounded by an Indian arrow,and returned home to die.De Leon visits Florida, 1513.Higginson, 42.De Leon’s death.
12. Spanish Voyages and Conquests.—Spanish sailors and conquerors now appeared in quick succession on the northern and western shores of the Gulf of Mexico. One of them discovered the mouth of the Mississippi. Others of them stole Indians and carried them to the islands to work as slaves. The most famous of them all was Cortez. In 1519 he conquered Mexico after a thrilling campaign and found there great store of gold and silver. This discovery led to more expeditions and to the exploration of the southern half of the United States.Discovery of the Mississippi.Conquest of Mexico.De Soto crosses the Mississippi.
13. Coronado in the Southwest, 1540~1542.—In 1540 Coronado set out from the Spanish towns on the Gulf of California to seek for more gold and silver. For seventy-three days he journeyed northward until he came to the pueblos of the Southwest. These pueblos were huge buildings of stone and sun-dried clay. Some of them were large enough to shelter three hundred Indian families. Pueblos are still to be seen in Arizona and New Mexico, and the Indians living in them even to this day tell stories of Coronado’s coming and of his cruelty. There was hardly any gold and silver in these “cities,” so a great grief fell upon Coronado and his comrades.THE PUEBLO OF ZUNICoronado sets out from Mexico, 1540.The pueblo Indians.Source Book, 6.
14. The Great Plains.—Soon, however, a new hope came to the Spaniards, for an Indian told them that far away in the north there really was a golden land. Onward rode Coronado and a body of picked men.They crossed vast plains where there were no mountains to guide them. For more than a thousand miles they rode on until they reached eastern Kansas.Everywhere they found great herds of buffaloes, or wild cows, as they called them. They also met the Indians of the Plains. Unlike the Indians of the pueblos, these Indians lived in tents made of buffalo hides stretched upon poles. Everywhere there were plains, buffaloes, and Indians. Nowhere was there gold or silver. Broken hearted, Coronado and his men rode southward to their old homes in Mexico.Coronado finds the Great Plains.
15. De Soto in the Southeast, 1539~1543.—In 1539 a Spanish army landed at Tampa Bay, on the western coast of Florida. The leader of this army was De Soto, one of the conquerors of Peru. He “was very fond of the sport of killing Indians” and was also greedy for gold and silver. From Tampa he marched northward to South Carolina and then marched southwestward to Mobile Bay. There he had a dreadful time; for the Indians burned his camp and stores and killed many of his men. From Mobile he wandered northwestward until he came to a great river. It was the Mississippi, and was so wide that a man standing on one bank could not see a man standing on the opposite bank. Some of De Soto’s men penetrated westward nearly to the line of Coronado’s march. But the two bands did not meet. De Soto died and was buried in the Mississippi. Those of his men who still lived built a few boats and managed to reach the Spanish settlements in Mexico.De Soto in Florida, 1539.Explorers,119-138.
16. Other Spanish Expeditions.—Many other Spanish explorers
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