作者：海明威
出版社：华东理工大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
永别了·武器(纯英文注解版)试读：
序言
第一次接触海明威是因为他的《老人与海》，这部作品曾在1953年荣获普利策奖、1954年拿下诺贝尔文学奖。这是海明威最著名的作品之一，它也奠定了作者在世界文学史中的突出地位。至今，我的脑海中仍能清晰演绎出古巴老人圣地亚哥和一千五百磅重的大马林鱼争斗的那个场面。
海明威，这位美国文坛上的“硬汉”（Masculinity）可谓是美利坚民族的精神丰碑。他于1926年到1928年创作完成的《永别了，武器》是以第一次世界大战为背景的战争题材文学作品。海明威以小说主人公的第一视角进行本色创作，而灵感正是源于他自己在第一次世界大战中的亲身经历。
这一历史时期的美国涌现出许多杰出作家，他们用独特的创作风格，拓展了小说题材范围，对小说的语言形式进行大胆创新，表现出一种“现代派的现实主义”精神，对现代主义文学的发展具有积极影响，由此美国文学的“第二次繁荣” 风起。
要想深入了解这个时期的文学作品，就不能绕过“
迷惘的一代
”（The Lost Generation）。迷惘的一代这些“迷惘的一代”作家们的诞生，和美国的本土历史文化分不开，简而言之就是“美国精神”（美国梦）的建立。
从印第安人穿过远古时代连接美洲大陆和亚洲大陆的白令陆桥踏上北美，到英国异教徒乘坐着“五月花”号在此登陆，到1776年7月4日《独立宣言》的诞生，再到19世纪中叶美国南北战争（美国内战）爆发和著名的西进运动（始于18世纪末，终于19世纪末到20世纪初），再到20世纪初第一次世界大战爆发，每一个历史时期都能从美国人身上看到美国精神的影子——希望通过自己的不懈奋斗去追求更美好、更自由的生活。“迷惘的一代”的作家继承了美国精神的精髓，他们是对现实抱有幻想的理想主义者，典型代表就是《永别了，武器》（1929年）的作者海明威和《了不起的盖茨比》（1925年）的作者菲茨杰拉德。
海明威不顾父亲反对，听从政府的诱导，年仅19岁就加入救护队开赴意大利前线。在一次奥军袭击中，敌方迫击炮在他身边爆炸，身边两名战友被炸死，而海明威自己也身负重伤，后来他获得意大利政府的银质勇敢勋章。他目睹过血淋淋的残酷，也反思这场战争给人们的生活带来的影响。
海明威的文学风格深受19世纪中叶伟大的文学家和哲学家亨利·戴维·梭罗的影响，从描写外部世界的现实为己任，转向对人的主观世界或精神状态的探索和挖掘。
《永别了，武器》及其反战主题
该作品讲述了美国青年弗雷德里克·亨利中尉（Lieutenant Frederick Henry）在第一次世界大战中负伤，在医院认识英国护士凯瑟琳，之后两人陷入热恋。亨利伤愈后重返前线，随意大利部队撤退时目睹战争的种种残酷景象，毅然脱离部队，和凯瑟琳会合后逃往瑞士。结果凯瑟琳在生产时死于难产。
这个故事情节不复杂，但是战争和爱情相互呼应，尤其是“雨”对于凯瑟琳来说就是不详之兆，正如书中所说“I'm afraid of the rain because sometimes I see me dead in it.”（我怕雨，因为我有时产生幻觉，看见自己在雨中死去。）
全书以第一人称的视角讲述故事，但有时候出现更富有哲理性的反思时会转向第二人称。主要冲突是亨利对凯瑟琳的爱不能抚平他内心固有的不安。起势情节包括亨利和凯瑟琳的爱情游戏；亨利重返前线之前与凯瑟琳的最后几天；亨利和凯瑟琳关系之外的生活对照。高潮在于亨利被捕，几乎被战地枪决。收势情节是亨利逃跑退军和他对凯瑟琳承担义务。
书中情节环环相扣，引人入胜，浅显的文字却表现出丰富的画面，勾勒出栩栩如生的反战情绪和战地爱情故事。
作者借助亨利向世人表达了鲜明的主题——厌战、反战思想。看看亨利对手枪的态度，你会发现作为战场一员，他是多么不喜欢拿枪。“I wore a real one and felt like a gunman until I practiced firing it.”（我佩戴的倒是一支真枪，觉得自己俨然是一个枪手，试开了几枪，这种感觉便消失了。）亨利的内心独白透露出极强的反战情绪：
I did not say anything. I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain. We had heard them, sometimes standing in the rain almost out of earshot, so that only the shouted words came through, and had read them on proclamations that were slapped up by billposters over other proclamations, now for a long time, and I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.（我一声不响。每逢听到“神圣”“光荣”“牺牲”和“鲜血不能白流”这样的词语，我总会感到脸红。这些词语人们早已耳熟，有时候还是站在雨中，站在只能靠大声喊，否则很难听到的地方；有时则是在公告栏看到的，这样的公告与其他公告一层压着一层。我观察了好久，也没看到过“神圣”的影子，而所谓的“光荣”，其实并不光荣；所谓牺牲，则无异于芝加哥的屠场，只不过这里的尸体是掩埋掉罢了。）
文章四处可见“该死的战争”“对战争深恶痛绝”“人人都憎恨战争”“八成是厌战的缘故”“心里燃起希望之火，但有时换来的是失望”“战争造的孽“等充满着负面情绪的文字，方方面面都在表达作者对战争的思考和态度。
海明威眼中的女性形象
女性外表
海明威一生中的感情是错综复杂的，他先后有过四段婚姻。《永别了，武器》被海明威称作他自己的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，作品中阐述了海明威心中对理想女性的形象。
本书是海明威自传性质的作品，书中所提到的英国护士的创作原型名叫阿格尼丝。阿格尼丝比海明威年长7岁，也折射出海明威的恋母情结。可是这段有据可查的初恋是苦涩的，阿格尼丝移情别恋一位富有的公爵继承人。因此，在海明威所创作的作品中，他总是将女性妖魔化，在作品中直接给女性判死刑，例如：《永别了，武器》的凯瑟琳死于大出血。
在本书中，海明威笔下的凯瑟琳是一位百依百顺的甜心，并且拥有姣好的容貌和身材，尤其是那一头秀发（wonderfully beautiful hair）。例如在书中有提到：She looked fresh and young and very beautiful. I thought I had never seen anyone so beautiful. （她看上去年轻漂亮，千娇百态。我觉得自己从来未见过如此美丽的女人。）
女性性格
从性格上来看，海明威眼中的女人应该是可爱而有奉献精神的，例如他在书中这样描写到：“But I will. I'll say just what you wish and I'll do what you wish and then you will never want any other girls, will you?” She looked at me very happily. “I'll do what you want and say what you want and then I'll be a great success, won't I?” (但我会这样做——说话为你所想听，做事为你所愿。那样，你就永远也不会要别的姑娘了吧？”她望着我，样子非常幸福，“我做事要为你所愿，说话要为你所想听，那我就可以情场得意了吧?”)
But now we're happy and we love each other. Do let's please just be happy. You are happy, aren't you? Is there anything I do you don't like? Can I do anything to please you? Would you like me to take down my hair? Do you want to play?” （而现在我们开心幸福，彼此相爱，只要幸福就别无所求了。难道你不幸福吗？我做没做惹你不高兴的事儿？怎样才能讨你欢心呢？我把头发散开，你高兴吗？你想玩一玩吗？”）
海明威笔下的凯瑟琳的人物形象显得有些不真实。随着美国20世纪20年代女性角色在社会中的变化，例如穿着和行为准则已经完全不同于维多利亚时期的妇女，海明威也常因为对女性的观点而遭到女权主义者的抨击。
男人如何看待女人
海明威笔下的亨利总是让自己远离诸如信念、荣誉和爱国主义之类的抽象概念，但却发誓去爱一个自己并不了解的女人。在他对凯瑟琳的爱慕中，不难发现亨利表现出了一种隐藏在他阳刚之气中的软弱，这和我们之前提到的恋母情节有关。亨利对凯瑟琳头发和床上风采的大段语言描写证实了他对她的感情至深。但是，亨利对爱的态度是多变的，在残酷战争的摧残下，爱情也变得畸形。
第六章里这样写到：I did not care what I was getting into. This was better than going every evening to the house for officers where the girls climbed all over you and put your cap on backward as a sign of affection between their trips upstairs with brother officers. I knew I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her. This was a game, like bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards. Like bridge you had to pretend you were playing for money or playing for some stakes. Nobody had mentioned what the stakes were. It was all right with me. （至于是否坠入爱河，我并不关心。这总比每天晚上逛军官妓院强吧——那些妓女们陪着别的军官们一次次上楼亲热，中途碰见你便往你身上一扑，把你的帽子朝脑后一拉，便算是对你表示爱情了。我知道自己并不爱凯瑟琳·巴克利，也没有任何爱她的念头。这是场游戏，就像打桥牌一般，不同的是在这种游戏里你要动嘴皮子，而非动手出牌。像打桥牌一样，你得假装在赌钱，或赌别的什么东西。在这场游戏里没人提下的是什么赌注，这倒也合我的心意。）
第七章最后这样写到：... suddenly I felt lonely and empty. I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly, ...（……我突然觉得寂寞空虚。我原本把来看凯瑟琳并不当回事儿……）
第十四章最后写道：God knows I had not wanted to fall in love with her. I had not wanted to fall in love with any one. （天知道我本来并不想爱上她，也不想爱上任何人。）
海明威在书中和女性角色的对话，体现出了较高的文化水平和丰富的幽默细胞，把亨利这个人物形象刻画得淋漓尽致。
含蓄表达——冰山原则
海明威的作品有其独特的艺术风格，强调写作的客观性和主题思想的含蓄性，常用含蓄的语言表达复杂的情感，比如在医院和凯瑟琳大段的打情骂俏描写但又欲言又止，留给读者很多想象的空间。语言朴实无华，没有什么丰富的形容词和人物特写，但却不动声色地表达了丰富的情感。这是海明威坚持的创作原则——冰山原则。按照冰山原则留下八分之七的空间让读者思考和揣摩。
例如本书的最后一段，看得我潸然泪下，不能自已，久久不能平复内心。“But after I had got them out and shut the door and turned off the light it wasn't any good. It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.” （我把她们赶走，关了门，熄灭灯，但这丝毫不能减轻我内心的痛苦，我简直像是在跟一尊塑像告别。过了一会儿，我走出去，离开医院，淋着雨回饭店去了。）
最后一段文字极其精炼，寥寥几笔，却让我们充分地去想像战争带给人们的痛苦和内心的迷失，把亨利对战争的希望到失望，再到绝望的幻灭过程尽收眼底。
推荐大家和韦林英文原版名著阅读一起成长，丰富自己的精神生活，我是韦林原版名著阅读课程首席讲师，网师学院创始人兼CEO许乃夫，我在这里等你。
感谢参与拆书制作、课程开发团队的常宇杰、王珉悦、彭雪莉和涂军。许乃夫网师学院创始人兼CEOWe Learn英文名著精读系列首席讲师2017年4月26日
BOOK 1
Chapter 1
In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.
The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brown and bare. There was fighting in the mountains and at night we could see the flashes from the artillery. In the dark it was like summer lightning, but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming.
Sometimes in the dark we heard the troops marching under the window and guns going past pulled by motor-tractors. There was much traffic at night and many mules on the roads with boxes of ammunition on each side of their pack-saddles and gray motor trucks that carried men, and other trucks with loads covered with canvas that moved slower in the traffic. There were big guns too that passed in the day drawn by tractors, the long barrels of the guns covered with green branches and green leafy branches and vines laid over the tractors. To the north we could look across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees and behind it another mountain on this side of the river. There was fighting for that mountain too, but it was not successful, and in the fall when the rains came the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain. The vineyards were thin and bare-branched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with the autumn. There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the road and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes; their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, gray leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm. cartridges, bulged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.
There were small gray motor cars that passed going very fast; usually there was an officer on the seat with the driver and more officers in the back seat. They splashed more mud than the camions even and if one of the officers in the back was very small and sitting between two generals, he himself so small that you could not see his face but only the top of his cap and his narrow back, and if the car went especially fast it was probably the King. He lived in Udine and came out in this way nearly every day to see how things were going, and things went very badly.
At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera. But it was checked and in the end only seven thousand died of it in the army.
Chapter 2
The next year there were many victories. The mountain that was beyond the valley and the hillside where the chestnut forest grew was captured and there were victories beyond the plain on the plateau to the south and we crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Gorizia that had a fountain and many thick shady trees in a walled garden and a wistaria vine purple on the side of the house. Now the fighting was in the next mountains beyond and was not a mile away. The town was very nice and our house was very fine. The river ran behind us and the town had been captured very handsomely but the mountains beyond it could not be taken and I was very glad the Austrians seemed to want to come back to the town some time, if the war should end, because they did not bombard it to destroy it but only a little in a military way. People lived on in it and there were hospitals and café and artillery up side streets and two bawdy houses, one for troops and one for officers, and with the end of the summer, the cool nights, the fighting in the mountains beyond the town, the shell-marked iron of the railway bridge, the smashed tunnel by the river where the fighting had been, the trees around the square and the long avenue of trees that led to the square; these with there being girls in the town, the King passing in his motor car, sometimes now seeing his face and little long necked body and gray beard like a goat's chin tuft; all these with the sudden interiors of houses that had lost a wall through shelling, with plaster and rubble in their gardens and sometimes in the street, and the whole thing going well on the Carso made the fall very different from the last fall when we had been in the country. The war was changed too.
The forest of oak trees on the mountain beyond the town was gone. The forest had been green in the summer when we had come into the town but now there were the stumps and the broken trunks and the ground torn up, and one day at the end of the fall when I was out where the oak forest had been I saw a cloud coming over the mountain. It came very fast and the sun went a dull yellow and then everything was gray and the sky was covered and the cloud came on down the mountain and suddenly we were in it and it was snow. The snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of trees projected, there was snow on the guns and there were paths in the snow going back to the latrines behind trenches.
Later, below in the town, I watched the snow falling, looking out of the window of the bawdy house, the house for officers, where I sat with a friend and two glasses drinking a bottle of Asti, and, looking out at the snow falling slowly and heavily, we knew it was all over for that year. Up the river the mountains had not been taken; none of the mountains beyond the river had been taken. That was all left for next year. My friend saw the priest from our mess going by in the street, walking carefully in the slush, and pounded on the window to attract his attention. The priest looked up. He saw us and smiled. My friend motioned for him to come in. The priest shook his head and went on. That night in the mess after the spaghetti course, which every one ate very quickly and seriously, lifting the spaghetti on the fork until the loose strands hung clear then lowering it into the mouth, or else using a continuous lift and sucking into the mouth, helping ourselves to wine from the grass-covered gallon flask; it swung in a metal cradle and you pulled the neck of the flask down with the forefinger and the wine, clear red, tannic and lovely, poured out into the glass held with the same hand; after this course, the captain commenced picking on the priest.
The priest was young and blushed easily and wore a uniform like the rest of us but with a cross in dark red velvet above the left breast pocket of his gray tunic. The captain spoke pidgin Italian for my doubtful benefit, in order that I might understand perfectly, that nothing should be lost.
“Priest today with girls,” the captain said looking at the priest and at me. The priest smiled and blushed and shook his head. This captain baited him often.
“Not true?” asked the captain. “Today I see priest with girls.”
“No,” said the priest. The other officers were amused at the baiting.
“Priest not with girls,” went on the captain. “Priest never with girls,” he explained to me. He took my glass and filled it, looking at my eyes all the time, but not losing sight of the priest.
“Priest every night five against one.” Every one at the table laughed. “You understand? Priest every night five against one.” He made a gesture and laughed loudly. The priest accepted it as a joke.
“The Pope wants the Austrians to win the war,” the major said. “He loves Franz Joseph. That's where the money comes from. I am an atheist.”
“Did you ever read the 'Black Pig'?” asked the lieutenant.“I will get you a copy. It was that which shook my faith.”
“It is a filthy and vile book,” said the priest. “You do not really like it.”
“It is very valuable,” said the lieutenant. “It tells you about those priests. You will like it,” he said to me. I smiled at the priest and he smiled back across the candle-light. “Don't you read it,” he said.
“I will get it for you,” said the lieutenant.
“All thinking men are atheists,” the major said. “I do not believe in the Free Masons however.”
“I believe in the Free Masons,” the lieutenant said. “It is a noble organization.” Some one came in and as the door opened I could see the snow falling.
“There will be no more offensive now that the snow has come,” I said.
“Certainly not,” said the major. “You should go on leave. You should go to Rome, Naples, Sicily—”
“He should visit Amalfi,” said the lieutenant. “I will write you cards to my family in Amalfi. They will love you like a son.”
“He should go to Palermo.”
“He ought to go to Capri.”
“I would like you to see Abruzzi and visit my family at Capracotta,” said the priest.
“Listen to him talk about the Abruzzi. There's more snow there than here. He doesn't want to see peasants. Let him go to centres of culture and civilization.”
“He should have fine girls. I will give you the addresses of places in Naples. Beautiful young girls—accompanied by their mothers. Ha! Ha! Ha!” The captain spread his hand open, the thumb up and fingers outspread as when you make shadow pictures. There was a shadow from his hand on the wall. He spoke again in pidgin Italian. “You go away like this,” he pointed to the thumb, “and come back like this,” he touched the little finger. Every one laughed.
“Look,” said the captain. He spread the hand again. Again the candle-light made its shadows on the wall. He started with the upright thumb and named in their order the thumb and four fingers, “soto-tenente (the thumb), tenente (first finger), capitano (next finger), maggiore (next to the little finger), and tenentecolonello (the little finger). You go away soto-tenente! You come back soto-colonello!” They all laughed. The captain was having a great success with finger games. He looked at the priest and shouted, “Every night priest five against one!” They all laughed again.
“You must go on leave at once,” the major said.
“I would like to go with you and show you things,” the lieutenant said.
“When you come back bring a phonograph.”
“Bring good opera disks.”
“Bring Caruso.”
“Don't bring Caruso. He bellows.”
“Don't you wish you could bellow like him?”
“He bellows. I say he bellows!”
“I would like you to go to Abruzzi,” the priest said. The others were shouting. “There is good hunting. You would like the people and though it is cold it is clear and dry. You could stay with my family. My father is a famous hunter.”
“Come on,” said the captain. “We go whorehouse before it shuts.”
“Good-night,” I said to the priest.
“Good-night,” he said.
Chapter 3
When I came back to the front we still lived in that town. There were many more guns in the country around and the spring had come. The fields were green and there were small green shoots on the vines, the trees along the road had small leaves and a breeze came from the sea. I saw the town with the hill and the old castle above it in a cup in the hills with the mountains beyond, brown mountains with a little green on their slopes. In the town there were more guns, there were some new hospitals, you met British men and sometimes women, on the street, and a few more houses had been hit by shell fire. It was warm and like the spring and I walked down the alleyway of trees, warmed from the sun on the wall, and found we still lived in the same house and that it all looked the same as when I had left it. The door was open, there was a soldier sitting on a bench outside in the sun, an ambulance was waiting by the side door and inside the door, as I went in, there was the smell of marble floors and hospital. It was all as I had left it except that now it was spring. I looked in the door of the big room and saw the major sitting at his desk, the window open and the sunlight coming into the room. He did not see me and I did not know whether to go in and report or go upstairs first and clean up. I decided to go on upstairs.
The room I shared with the lieutenant Rinaldi looked out on the courtyard. The window was open, my bed was made up with blankets and my things hung on the wall, the gas mask in an oblong tin can, the steel helmet on the same peg. At the foot of the bed was my flat trunk, and my winter boots, the leather shiny with oil, were on the trunk. My Austrian sniper's rifle with its blued octagon barrel and the lovely dark walnut, cheek-fitted, schutzen stock, hung over the two beds. The telescope that fitted it was, I remembered, locked in the trunk. The lieutenant, Rinaldi, lay asleep on the other bed. He woke when he heard me in the room and sat up.
“Ciaou!” he said. “What kind of time did you have?”
“Magnificent.”
We shook hands and he put his arm around my neck and kissed me.
“Oughf,” I said.
“You're dirty,” he said. “You ought to wash. Where did you go and what did you do? Tell me everything at once.”
“I went everywhere. Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples, Villa San Giovanni, Messina, Taormina—”
“You talk like a timetable. Did you have any beautiful adventures?”
“Yes.”
“Where?”
“Milano, Firenze, Roma, Napoli—”
“That's enough. Tell me really what was the best.”
“In Milano.”
“That was because it was first. Where did you meet her? In the Cova? Where did you go? How did you feel? Tell me everything at once. Did you stay all night?”
“Yes.”
“That's nothing. Here now we have beautiful girls. New girls never been to the front before.”
“Wonderful.”
“You don't believe me? We will go now this afternoon and see. And in the town we have beautiful English girls. I am now in love with Miss Barkley. I will take you to call. I will probably marry Miss Barkley.”
“I have to get washed and report. Doesn't anybody work now?”
“Since you are gone we have nothing but frostbites, chilblains, jaundice, gonorrhea, self-inflicted wounds, pneumonia and hard and soft chancres. Every week some one gets wounded by rock fragments. There are a few real wounded. Next week the war starts again. Perhaps it start again. They say so. Do you think I would do right to marry Miss Barkley—after the war of course?”
“Absolutely,” I said and poured the basin full of water.
“Tonight you will tell me everything,” said Rinaldi. “Now I must go back to sleep to be fresh and beautiful for Miss Barkley.”
I took off my tunic and shirt and washed in the cold water in the basin. While I rubbed myself with a towel I looked around the room and out the window and at Rinaldi lying with his eyes closed on the bed. He was good- looking, was my age, and he came from Amalfi. He loved being a surgeon and we were great friends. While I was looking at him he opened his eyes.
“Have you any money?”
“Yes.”
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