作者：李济
出版社：外语教学与研究出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
安阳(博雅双语名家名作)(英汉对照)试读：
“博雅双语名家名作”出版说明
1840年鸦片战争以降，在深重的民族危机面前，中华民族精英“放眼看世界”，向世界寻求古老中国走向现代、走向世界的灵丹妙药，涌现出一大批中国主题的经典著述。我们今天阅读这些中文著述的时候，仍然深为字里行间所蕴藏的缜密的考据、深刻的学理、世界的视野和济世的情怀所感动，但往往会忽略：这些著述最初是用英文写就，我们耳熟能详的中文文本是原初英文文本的译本，这些英文作品在海外学术界和文化界同样享有崇高的声誉。
比如，林语堂的My Country and My People（《吾国与吾民》）以幽默风趣的笔调和睿智流畅的语言，将中国人的道德精神、生活情趣和中国社会文化的方方面面娓娓道来，在美国引起巨大反响——林语堂也以其中国主题系列作品赢得世界文坛的尊重，并获得诺贝尔文学奖的提名。再比如，梁思成在抗战的烽火中写就的英文版《图像中国建筑史》文稿（A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture），经其挚友费慰梅女士（Wilma C. Fairbank）等人多年的奔走和努力，于1984年由麻省理工学院出版社（MIT Press）出版，并获得美国出版联合会颁发的“专业暨学术书籍金奖”。又比如，1939年，费孝通在伦敦政治经济学院的博士论文以Peasant Life in China—A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley为名在英国劳特利奇书局（Routledge）出版，后以《江村经济》作为中译本书名——《江村经济》使得靠桑蚕为生的“开弦弓村”获得了世界性的声誉，成为国际社会学界研究中国农村的首选之地。
此外，一些中国主题的经典人文社科作品经海外汉学家和中国学者的如椽译笔，在英语世界也深受读者喜爱。比如，艾恺（Guy S. Alitto）将他1980年用中文访问梁漱溟的《这个世界会好吗——梁漱溟晚年口述》一书译成英文（Has Man a Future? —Dialogues with the Last Confucian），备受海内外读者关注；此类作品还有徐中约英译的梁启超著作《清代学术概论》（Intellectual Trends in the Ch'ing Period）、狄百瑞（W. T. de Bary）英译的黄宗羲著作《明夷待访录》（Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince），等等。
有鉴于此，外语教学与研究出版社推出“博雅双语名家名作”系列。
博雅，乃是该系列的出版立意。博雅教育（Liberal Education）早在古希腊时代就得以提倡，旨在培养具有广博知识和优雅气质的人，提高人文素质，培养健康人格，中国儒家六艺“礼、乐、射、御、书、数”亦有此功用。
双语，乃是该系列的出版形式。英汉双语对照的形式，既同时满足了英语学习者和汉语学习者通过阅读中国主题博雅读物提高英语和汉语能力的需求，又以中英双语思维、构架和写作的形式予后世学人以启迪——维特根斯坦有云：“语言的边界，乃是世界的边界”，诚哉斯言。
名家，乃是该系列的作者群体。涵盖文学、史学、哲学、政治学、经济学、考古学、人类学、建筑学等领域，皆海内外名家一时之选。
名作，乃是该系列的入选标准。系列中的各部作品都是经过时间的积淀、市场的检验和读者的鉴别而呈现的经典，正如卡尔维诺对“经典”的定义：经典并非你正在读的书，而是你正在重读的书。
胡适在《新思潮的意义》（1919年12月1日，《新青年》第7卷第1号）一文中提出了“研究问题、输入学理、整理国故、再造文明”的范式。秉着“记载人类文明、沟通世界文化”的出版理念，我们推出“博雅双语名家名作”系列，既希望能够在中国人创作的和以中国为主题的博雅英文文献领域“整理国故”，亦希望在和平发展、改革开放的新时代为“再造文明”、为“向世界说明中国”略尽绵薄之力。外语教学与研究出版社人文社科出版分社
Illustrations 图录
Colored Plates following page (214) 图版位于214页后
(1) Inscribed tortoise shell from Hsiao-t'un 小屯出土的刻字龟甲
(2) White pottery tou-dish 白陶豆
(3) Marble horned bird 大理石有角鸟
(4) Marble owl 大理石枭
(5) Marble tiger-headed monster 大理石虎头怪兽
(6) Jade halbert with bronze handle 带青铜柄的硬玉戈
(7) Music stone 石磬
(8) Precious stone artifacts 贵石制品
(9) Bronze tetrapod (lu-ting) 青铜四足器（鹿鼎）
(10) Bronze tetrapod (niu-ting) 青铜四足器（牛鼎）
(11) The largest bronze tripod 青铜大鼎
(12) Bronze li-tripod 青铜鬲
(13) Bronze chia-vessel 青铜斝
(14) Bronze chüeh-cup 青铜爵
(15) Bronze ku-beaker 青铜觚
(16) Bronze fang-i-casket 青铜方彝
(17) Pair of bronze chih-goblets 一对青铜觯
(18) Bronze yu-flask with a swinging handle 带活动悬盖的青铜卣
(19) Bronze ssǔ-kuang 青铜祀觥
(20) Bronze yü-basin 青铜龙盂
(21) Bronze human mask 青铜人面Figures 插图
(1) Wang I-yung 王懿荣
(2) Liu T'ieh-yün 刘铁云
(3) Lo Chên-yü 罗振玉
(4) First sketch map by Tung Tso-pin 董作宾绘的第一幅草图
(5) Topographical map of Hsiao-t'un and its immediate vicinity
小屯及邻近地区地形图
(6) Subareas of excavation in Hsiao-t'un 小屯发掘的各区
(7) Fu Ssǔ-nien, Paul Pelliot, and Liang Ssǔ-yung at one of the
Hou-chia-chuang tombs 傅斯年、伯希和、梁思永在侯家庄大墓工地上
(8) Seven big tombs and one pit in the western section of
Hou-chia-chuang 侯家庄西区(7) 座大墓和1个坑
(9) Eastern section of Hsi-pei-kang, the cemetery site of
Hou-chia-chuang 侯家庄西北岗东区墓地
(10) The floor of the wooden chamber of HPKM 1004
HPKM(1004) 大墓木椁图
(11) Two of the big bronzes in situ, HPKM (1004) HPKM 1004
大墓中在原地发现的两个方形大鼎
(12) A large number of spearheads discovered in situ, HPKM 1004
HPKM(1004) 大墓中在原地发现的大量矛头
(13) Reconstruction of a human figure in the kneeling-sitting posture
出土的跪坐姿势的人体残部复原图
(14) Tou-pits窦
(15) Chiao-cellars 窖
(16) Hsüeh-pits 穴
(17) M20, the chariot pit of Hsiao-t'un 小屯的车马葬坑M20
(18) Distribution and locations of the chariot pits 车马葬坑位置分布图
(19) Reconstruction of chariot and head of horse 车辆和马头的复原图
(20) Oracle bone characters for “chariot” 甲骨文中的“车”字
(21) Pisé foundation units recovered from Hsiao-t'un
小屯发现的夯筑遗址的平面图
(22) The fifteen pisé foundations of alpha area α区的(15) 个夯筑遗址
(23) Reconstruction of beta area β地区复原图
(24) Some Chinese characters, ancient and modern
古代、现代的汉字和甲骨文
(25) Underground structures 地下建筑
(26) Possible original plan of beta (20) and beta (21) β 20和β 21的原位置推测
(27) Reconstruction of alpha (4) α(4) 的复原图
(28) House #(301) of Miao-ti-kou, a vertical cross-section
庙底沟301号屋断面图
(29) Reconstruction of surface building on beta 20
β20地面上的建筑的复原
(30) Underground ditches discovered at Hsiao-t'un, probably for
irrigation purposes 小屯发现的地下沟渠，推测为灌溉用
(31) Incised gray pottery 带刻纹的灰陶器皿
(32) Carved designs of white pottery 白陶上的装饰图案
(33) Glazed pottery with incised or imprinted décor
带刻纹或印纹的陶片
(34) Pottery article of unknown use with animal-head handle
带兽头把手的用途不明的陶器
(35) Clay human figure 陶人俑
(36) Hairpins with bird-shaped heads 鸟头笄
(37) Ssǔ handle with carving of dragon刻龙纹的四柄
(38) Ssǔ handle with carvings of three birds on top of each other
三鸟重叠纹的柄
(39) Carved bone plates 刻纹的骨版
(40) Carved bone tubes 刻纹的骨管
(41) Carved bone ocarina, three faces 刻纹的骨埙，三面
(42) Carved bone handle with five animal masks on top of each other
刻有五个连续兽面的骨器柄
(43) Stone torso from Hsiao-t'un: front view
小屯出土的石雕人体残像（正面）388
(44) Stone torso from Hsiao-t'un: side views
小屯出土的石雕人体残像（侧面）388
(45) Carved stone tigers 石刻虎形
(46) Double-faced monster with elephantine nose:
top, lateral and frontal views 象鼻双面怪兽：顶部、侧面、正面
(47) The so-called t'ao-t'ieh mask carved in stone 石刻饕餮面形
(48) Carved human figure in jade 玉刻人头形
(49) Animal masks found on ku-beaker 觚上的动物纹饰
(50) Animal masks found on chüeh-cup 爵上的动物纹饰
(51) Decorative elements evolving through the Painted Pottery,
Black Pottery, and Yin-Shang cultures
彩陶文化、黑陶文化与殷商文化的纹饰演变
(52) Genealogical table of the royal house of the Shang dynasty
商代王室世系图
(53) Reconstruction of drum found in HPKM 1217: lateral and top views
HPKM(1217) 出土的鼓的复原图：鼓身、上部
(54) Sacrificial pit with ten skulls found in Hou-chia-chuang
侯家庄埋有10具头骨的殉葬坑
(55) Sacrificial pit with the largest number of skulls found in
Hou-chia-chuang 侯家庄埋头骨最多的殉葬坑
(56) Classic Mongoloid type of human skull found in Hou-chia-chuang
侯家庄出土的古典的类蒙古人种的头骨
(57) Oceanic Negroid type of human skull found in Hou-chia-chuang
侯家庄出土的太平洋类黑人种的头骨
(58) Caucasoid type of human skull found in Hou-chia-chuang
侯家庄出土的类高加索人种的头骨
(59) Eskimoid type of human skull found in Hou-chia-chuang
侯家庄出土的类爱斯基摩人种的头骨
(60) Representative of group of small skulls, unidentified
出土处未明的小型头骨组的个例
(61) Three enemies from the Ordos region and eastern Mongolia
来自河套地区与蒙古东部的三股敌人
Foreword
The Anyang excavation was, from its inception, directed toward the recovery of the early written history of China. It was never conceived as a search for works of art or buried treasure. Hence the story of Anyang properly begins with the discovery that "dragon bones" were inscribed with archaic Chinese characters. Dr. Li Chi therefore describes the various accounts of how this discovery was made and introduces us to the principal characters of the drama. Once it was recognized that the so-called "dragon bones" were the shells of tortoises, or occasionally the scapula of cattle, on which diviners had written questions directed to the gods, these precious objects became known as "oracle bones" and there was a great rush to find more inscribed specimens and translate their inscriptions into modern Chinese.
For centuries Chinese scholarship had concentrated on subtle analysis of ancient texts; thus a number of specialists were eager to learn the questions asked on the oracle bones so that they could speculate about the possible answers. Proper interpretation of these inscriptions required that the bones be discovered in association with the total archaeological record of ancient sites by qualified scholars. This raised a serious problem because the Chinese scholar's proper domain was his study and to engage in manual labor was considered an activity unworthy of his learning. The social and physical adjustments necessary to make the Anyang expedition a possibility demanded a revolution in Chinese society as well as in scholarship. Fortunately China was ready for such a revolution for there was a new atmosphere of social and intellectual change without which the investigation at Anyang would not have been possible. Thus the Anyang project was born of social revolution and was to its very end dependent on the ever-changing political situation.
Dr. Li, the key figure throughout the Anyang adventure, was well prepared for this heroic task. Having acquired a classical Chinese education, Dr. Li went to Harvard where he earned his Ph.D. in archaeology.[1] Meanwhile, foreign archaeologists had been very active in China but their energies were directed mainly toward the discovery of early man and the study of Chinese culture from the paleolithic through the neolithic periods. On returning to China, Dr. Li became acquainted with these eminent foreign scholars who were already busily at work unraveling the record of China's past. Although Dr. Li's earliest field work was also in search of neolithic materials, he soon became involved in the activities of the Academia Sinica's Institute of History and Philology which took a characteristically Chinese approach, that is, the search for, and the decipherment of, the early written records of China.
From the beginning the task of the Institute of History and Philology was the blending of Chinese literary scholarship with the careful field methods of archaeology. The institute chose wisely when they selected Dr. Li to lead the Anyang excavation, for he was trained in both techniques. This was the proper combination to investigate the still-legendary early Bronze Age of China and place it in its proper perspective within the realm of Chinese written history. Today Dr. Li is the person best qualified to record the events that led up to the Anyang excavation, describe the work at Anyang, and finally summarize the knowledge obtained by a team of scholars from the wealth of material recovered from the "Waste of Yin," in the general area of Anyang.
In the first two chapters, Dr. Li sets the stage by introducing us to the principle characters involved in first part of this modern archaeological drama, explaining in considerable detail the role of each from the first recognition that "dragon bones" used in Chinese medicine were actually documents that would illuminate the early Bronze Age and bring the Shang dynasty into the realm of written history.
In the third and fourth chapters Dr. Li explains the situation in Chinese archaeology during the early years of the twentieth century and describes the contributions of the prominent foreigners. This leads into the planning of the Anyang expedition, the troubles of financing the work, the early association with the Freer Gallery, and the ultimate divergence between the Gallery and the Institute.
With the fifth chapter he begins the narrative of the excavations and describes the principal finds. The work at Anyang is traced year by year until all work in the field was brought to a halt in 1937 by the Japanese invasion. The succeeding chapters deal with the flight of the Institute of History and Philology before the advancing armies of the Japanese. They made the long, difficult trip to west China with their precious excavated material and such parts of their library and technical apparatus as could be moved at that time. Even in west China they were not able to establish a permanent base, for they had to move again with the tide of war. These seemingly insurmountable difficulties did not dampen the general enthusiasm for research because, as soon as the institute set up a temporary base, they resumed their analysis of the material and even succeeded in publishing some preliminary results. With the end of World War II the institute returned to its original quarters in east China, but, while the end of World War II brought peace to much of the world, it did not bring peace to China. The revolution, intellectual and physical, that had made Anyang possible continued to escalate, and so the institute was soon…in Taiwan where a new base was set up, new recruits were gathered, and work was resumed.
The final chapters present a summary of the findings of the Anyang expedition with a description of some of the major publications that have come out of this monumental project. From the very beginning the Anyang project, like all archaeology in China, was closely related to politics and the political situation. It is very much to the credit of Dr. Li that he has never permitted political considerations either to permanently halt the project, or to color his findings as a scholar. As the pioneer Bronze Age excavation in China, Anyang has served as a model and inspiration to those who have continued Chinese archaeological exploration.MILLARD B. ROGERSSchool of ArtUniversity of Washington
序言
安阳发掘从一开始，其目的就是重新发现古代中国有文字记载的历史，而不是寻找艺术珍品或宝藏。因而安阳的故事也就是从发现“龙骨”上刻有中国古文字真正开始的。由此李济博士叙述了此发现如何获致的种种方面，并介绍了参与此事的一些主要人物。这些所谓的“龙骨”一旦被认定是由占卜者刻写了问卜于神的卜辞的龟壳或牛肩胛骨，这些珍品就以“甲骨”闻名，一股寻求更多的有字甲骨、将刻字译成现代文的热潮也随之兴起。
几个世纪以来，中国的学问一直专注于对古典著作的精细考证，因此，许多学者渴望了解甲骨卜问的内容，推测可能的答案。要恰当地解释这些字的含义，需要将甲骨的发现与合格的学者所作的古代遗址考古发掘的全部记录联系起来。这就提出了一个严肃的问题，因为中国学者应该是呆在书斋中的，从事体力劳动被视为与做学问不相称。因此，要使安阳考察成为可能，社会和物质都必须作出调整，这要求中国学术界和社会来一次革命。有幸的是，中国已为此作好了准备，若无这种社会和思想变革的新风气，安阳发掘是不可能实现的。因此，安阳考察计划产生于社会变革，亦自始至终受制于不断变化的政治形势。
贯穿安阳发掘始终的关键人物李济博士为完成这项光荣任务作好了准备。李先生在中国接受古典式教育后，又到哈佛大学深造并获人[1]类学博士。当时外国考古学者在中国很活跃，但他们的精力主要集中在寻找远古人类和研究从旧石器到新石器时代的中国文化上。李济回国后，结识了这些正忙于破解中国历史档案的杰出外国学者。李先生从事田野工作之初也是在探寻新石器时代的资料，但他很快就投入到中央研究院历史语言研究所的活动中。后者走的是一条典型的中国式的道路，即寻找、考释中国早期的文字记录。
历史语言研究所的任务从一开始就是把中国文献研究和细致的田野考古方法结合起来。史语所选择李济指导安阳发掘是明智的，因为他同时受过这两方面的训练。这两种方法的结合，不管是对研究仍处于传说中的中国早期青铜时代，还是为确立其在信史中的适当地位，都是恰如其分的。如今，要记录安阳发掘的起因、描述安阳考古发掘的过程，并最终对考古学者从安阳殷墟发现的宝贵资料中所获的知识进行总结，李济是最合适的人。
在前两章中，李济向我们介绍了现代考古故事第一幕中的主要角色，设定了故事的开场，翔实地记叙了每个人的作用——是他们最早识得，中医里用的“龙骨”其实是照亮早期青铜时代、将商朝引入信史的文献。
三、四章中，李先生说明了20世纪初期中国考古学的情况，记叙了几位著名的外国人的贡献。接下来是安阳发掘计划的制订，财政上的困难，史语所与弗利尔艺术馆的最初合作以及最后的分道扬镳。
自第五章起，李济开始记叙安阳的历次发掘及主要的发掘成果。作者对安阳的工作作了逐年回顾，直至发掘于1937年因日本侵略而被迫停止。后续的几章介绍了史语所面对日军的进犯不断撤退的窘境。他们携带着发掘的珍贵资料以及当时能搬运的图书和技术器械，向中国西部进行了漫长而艰难的跋涉。甚至于此也不能安身，随战争形势的发展，他们还得搬迁。这些看似不可克服的困难并未挫伤他们对学术研究的热情。史语所临时住址一经安顿，他们又立刻开始对资料的分析研究，甚至还成功地出版了一些初步的研究成果。随着第二次世界大战的结束，史语所返回了华东地区的原址。然而，二战的结束虽然给世界许多地方带去了和平，但未将和平带给中国。曾促使安阳发掘成为可能的那场思想和物质的革命继续升级，史语所很快迁往台湾，并在那里建立了新址，吸收了人员，恢复了工作。
最后几章概述了安阳考察的种种成果，并介绍了一些诞生于这一里程碑式的项目的主要著作。同中国一切考古活动一样，安阳发掘从一开始就是与政治和政治形势紧密相连的。但李济从未允许因政治顾虑永远停止这个项目，或因此影响他作为一个学者的种种发现，这是非常值得称赞的。作为中国青铜时代发掘的先行者，安阳为那些继续从事中国考古探索的人树立了典范，并给他们以鼓舞。米勒德·B.罗杰斯华盛顿大学文学院
Preface
The archaeological materials recovered from the Anyang excavations by the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, in the period between 1928 and 1937, published in several series of Archaeologia Sinica since wartime, have laid a new foundation for the study of ancient China. They are important for a number of reasons; the following three may be considered primary.
In the first place, when oracle bone inscriptions became known to the antiquarians at the end of last century, they were considered as mere curiosities and left in the hands of peddlers and curio-dealers. The learned world at large was more or less skeptical about the academic value of these written inscriptions. In fact one of the leading paleographers in the early Republican era openly charged that these new curiosities were mere forgeries, in spite of the publication of many scholarly investigations and inquiries about the nature and contents of the inscriptions by a few serious students. When the Archaeological Section of the Institute of History and Philology started digging at Hsiao-t'un (known as the Waste of Yin, or Yin-hsü) in Anyang in 1928, and found the inscribed oracle bones through scientific excavation, the fact that oracle bone inscriptions actually existed in the Yin-Shang time was settled beyond dispute. From then on, Chinese paleography advanced on a new basis. Hsü Shen, the compiler of the Shuo-wen dictionary during the Eastern Han dynasty, was no longer considered as the final authority in the definition of all Chinese written characters as he had been for almost two millennia.
Second, what was totally new to historians of the old school was the discovery of many prehistoric sites through modern archaeology. Field archaeologists digging the Hsiao-t'un site systematically recorded, season after season, all the artifacts whether associated with the inscribed oracle bones or not, including of course all the potteries and the pot-sherds. From a total of nearly a quarter million sherds, nearly fifteen hundred complete specimens could be restored. From this group of ceramic materials the author has been able to compile a corpus of the Yin-hsü pottery on the basis of their shapes and stratified typology. And this pottery corpus, completed during wartime and published in Archaeologia Sinica in 1954, has provided the most substantial link of the earliest written history with newly discovered prehistoric cultures—both the Lungshan and the Yangshao types. The turning point occurred in the course of the Anyang excavations, when the field archaeologists working on the site of Hsiao-t'un discovered that beneath the main cultural stratum of Yin-Shang period, as dated by inscribed oracle bones, there is another cultural deposit of prehistorical remains, similar in contents to the prehistoric Lungshan culture widely distributed in Shantung and the eastern seacoast.
Equally significant is the fact that the pottery corpus has provided important background material for the study of ritual bronzes in many burials at Hsiao-t'un and the royal tombs of Hou-chia-chuang. Two characteristics of the ritual bronzes from the various tombs deserve special notice. On the one hand, most of these ritual vessels are obviously the forerunners of what were used in the early Chou dynasty, such as the ting, li, ku, chia, chüeh, yü, p'an, and so on. The other aspect is perhaps even more interesting, namely, most of the shapes of these ritual bronzes find their prototypes in the pottery either contemporary with the bronzes or in the prehistorical deposit underneath. So these metallic finds from the burials in these two localities actually have provided definite ancestral types of the better-known Chou vessels; and in addition the establishment of a strong linkage with possible prehistorical utensils for ritual purposes may be clearly shown in the external forms of the neolithic pottery which the Anyang ritual bronzes closely followed.
The Anyang discoveries are important in many other respects, cultural and social as well as geographical. This book covers the contents of these discoveries only in a general way. In preparing the text of this book, the author has been assisted by many friends. He must mention first and foremost the debt he owes to his colleagues and fellow workers of the institute; all of them have assisted him in one way or another, in checking source materials, re-examining the archaeological finds, and tracing bibliographical sources. Among his American friends, Mrs. Wilma Fairbank, who has for more than ten years read all his English texts published in the new series of Archaeologia Sinica, has once more given her time to read the manuscripts of this book with many valuable suggestions for making the language more readable. Professor Millard Rogers, an old friend of the author, has not only improved the text but has also contributed a Foreword which the author deeply appreciates.
Miss Shih-heng Chia has assisted the author in more than one way; from the beginning she helped him gather the source materials, compile the bibliography, type the notes and the text, and finally read with care all the galley proofs; to her patient and skillful assistance, he is particularly grateful. The author's thanks are also due to Mr. Y. N. Kung who helped to secure all the photographical works. The author is also grateful to the authority of the Institute of History and Philology for giving him special permission to make use of a number of unpublished photographs.LI CHI
自序
1928年至1937年间由中央研究院历史语言研究所从安阳发掘中获得的考古资料，自抗战以来便结集成《中国考古报告集》出版了几期，为研究中国古代史奠定了新的基础。这批材料之所以重要有许多原因，以下三点或可认为是最重要的：
第一，当上个世纪末古物家开始知晓甲骨文时，刻字甲骨只被当作古董在小贩和古董商手中流传。学术界普遍对这些契刻文字的学术价值有些怀疑。实际上民国初期最著名的一位古文字学家就公开宣称这些古玩是伪造的，尽管一些严肃的学者已对甲骨文的性质及内容作了诸多调查和探究，并发表了相关文章。1928年，史语所考古组在安阳小屯（人们熟知的殷墟）展开发掘，并通过科学发掘发现了刻字甲骨，甲骨文确实存在于殷商时期这一事实也就无可置疑了。自此，中国古文字研究发展有了新的基础。东汉时期编纂《说文》的许慎近两千年来在中国文字解释方面的权威性开始发生动摇。
第二，现代考古发现的许多史前遗址，对旧派史学家而言，是全
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