新托福百日百句百篇(第二册)(乐闻携乃出国系列)(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2020-07-01 18:45:52

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作者:刘文勇

出版社:中国人民大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

新托福百日百句百篇(第二册)(乐闻携乃出国系列)

新托福百日百句百篇(第二册)(乐闻携乃出国系列)试读:

序言

各位同学,如果你——(1)准备把本书当作一本“新托福能力练习册”,请读

序一

;(2)准备把本书当作一本“北美考试机经合集”,请读序二;(3)没啥想法的话,那就两个序都读吧!序一

这是一个变化太快的时代,似乎前一秒钟学生们还会一丝不苟地在大厚本子上记笔记,下一秒钟他们就纷纷嚷着要求老人家注册“微博”、“微信”等高科技的账号来答疑。为了赶上时代潮流,我一把老骨头还真注册了一个微信账号(liuwenyonglasedu):一方面,用作玩儿票;另一方面,也顺便给几个特定的学生来答疑解惑。再后来,为了敦促这几个“不乖”的学生每天都能看点儿英文,我总顺手给他们群发一些难句和需要读的小文章。结果,有好几个同学都给我发微信说,每个星期只有一个句子翻译不够过瘾。其实我讲起来也很不过瘾,并且这样零散的知识不够系统,我担心对大家的帮助不够大——大家只把微信交流当作“玩儿”,而不是一个“课堂”。

于是,我和我的团队(乐闻携尔实验性教学项目组:王甜、王烨、卢丹丹)咬牙做了两个课堂:一个叫做“百日百句译”;另一个叫做“百日百篇读”。

所谓的“百日百句译”,无非是挑出新托福真实考试之中的100个句子,先一天一句慢慢地讲解,之后再要求大家用讲解完的结构和用法来造句而已。

具体操作是这样的:

● 准备一个本子,每天从微信中把要翻译的英文句子抄写下来。

● 每天都花5分钟时间看一下要翻译的这个句子(遇到不认识的单词要查、要背,积累词汇量)。

● 花些精力译一译(要多思考,不追求速度,大概花10分钟)。请大家一定要动手,而不只是动脑:事情往往“想起来容易,做起来难”,而思考“如何翻译才更好”的过程,其实就是我们理清难句的过程,所以必不可少——这样第二天看解析的时候才会有更真切的感受。

● 为了能够事半功倍,将阅读和写作结合在一起,大家还要耐下性子完成汉译英的翻译训练,因为在以后的写作中或许能够派上用场(大概15分钟)。

我想,每天花费半个小时(5+10+15分钟),只需100天就能使得阅读和写作水平有所提升。什么?觉得100天太长?呵呵,大家在那些所谓有效的“速成理论”中都不知蹉跎了多少个100天了呢!所以还是老老实实、扎扎实实地投入英语能力的综合训练之中来吧。

所谓的“百日百篇读”,就是每天通过微信发布一篇英文文章,并配有题目。而这些文章都还原自2011年至2013年北美托福考试的阅读文章;对于相信机经的同学来说,这也算是一个练习的契机,因为2014年至2015年在中国内地的新托福考试中,很有可能会考到这些英文文章。这样的活动最适合以下人群参与:刚刚开始准备托福的同学,测试分数在80分以下的同学,乐闻携尔“监狱”集训营班级的同学。

具体要求很简单:

● 每天花20分钟时间,把文章细细地读一遍。对于文章中不认识的单词,一定要及时查出来(需要大家重点识记的单词已经在文中着重标出来了)。

● 做一下文章后面附带的题目:一方面,可以训练解题技巧;另一方面,也可以考查清楚自己是否真正读懂了文章。

其实,我一直觉得“top down”的英语学习方法才是正解:从文章阅读中积累词汇和句型,要远比背单词书有效得多——尽管看起来速度不快,但效率极高,因为有语境才会用。有些类似小时候的语文课:老师一天只教一篇文章,抠出五个生字,在文中讲解。

这个活动做满100天了,参加的同学也越来越多。我和出版社的冬梅老师商量了一下,于是决定把微信课堂上的内容整理成册后出版发行,书名定为《新托福百日百句百篇》。共分四册,而第二册就是第26天到第50天的内容。

2013年3月3日的托福考试刚结束,就有如潮的同学发微信感谢我:因为当日考试的文章在“文勇的微信空中课堂”中都出现过(它们分别是“中世纪商人信用”、“猛犸草原”和“独居与群居”)。类似的情况在3月30日这一天又发生了,有同学在考试的时候欣喜地发现了“Japanese Climate”和“Mesoamerica”这两篇熟悉的文章。我觉得挺得意的同时,心里当然知道,这些同学取得好成绩是应该的——不是因为他们碰上了机经,而是因为这些同学中的大部分人我都特别眼熟,因为都是坚持每天参加百日读活动的乖孩子。哪里有努力的人不成功的道理?

最后有两句话,一句要送给大家,另一句要送给自己:“哪有什么胜利可言,挺住意味着一切。”——里尔克(微信课堂我们一起坚持,一步一步往前挪。)“一扇门要开,手里有一万把钥匙,一把把试过来,来不及的。良师告诉你,一捅,就开了。”——木心(希望微信课堂能有希望朝这个方向多挪动一点儿,也希望我自己能够往这个方向多挪动一点儿。)

序二:Necessary Evil

“为什么会出版与机经沾边儿的图书?”

开宗明义:其实我并不中意“机经”。“机经”这个说法,最早可能源于机考GRE的年代——在那个时期多次考试的考题是可能完全重复的(一般以“自然月”为周期)。常出现的情形是:月末参加考试的同学遇到的试题,居然与月初的试题完全一致。所以,尽管我们在参加这些标准化考试之前都需先“签字画押”(签订保密协议,同意绝不将试题内容透露给任何第三方),但仍有“热心”的同学愿意在网络上回顾、分享自己考过的试题,这也就给后来参加考试的同学们创造了提前熟悉某些将要考到的真实考题的机会。

与之类似,机经在新托福(iBT)考试出现后,也逐步流行了起来,因为自从托福将纸笔考试(PBT)改革成计算机考试之后,也出现了重复出题的现象(尽管它并不是以自然月为周期的,但总归是重复了很多次,还是有规律可循的)。按照陈睿老师的说法,科班出身的理工科专业人才使用STATA或SPSS等统计软件来“处理数据、总结规律”的能力还是不可小觑的。于是同学们总能看到诸多预测机经,也总能听到我们的机经预测命中的消息。这看上去是一件皆大欢喜的事情。

但事实上,若同学们有缘读到这篇小短文,我最想对大家说的一句话却是:机经可能并不如你想象中的那么有用。

尽管我们制作的“机经材料”经常命中考题,但我却时常在各类讲座中宣传“机经无用论”。因为在一个真正经过了精心设计、目的是考查学生语言能力的测试中,出题者并不是那么在意学生是否已经提前了解了部分试题。

请允许我以写作为例来进行阐述。其实提前知道作文题目在很大程度上并不会影响最终的写作成绩。回想2005年以前的老托福时代,作文题目甚至是在考试前就已经提前告知了的——只要你愿意,就可以在考前将题库里面的185个作文题目全都看一遍。大家不要觉得不可思议,事实上公布题库的行为在标准化考试中十分普遍:GRE考试中的写作部分(无论是Issue还是Argue题)也都是提前公布题库的。

为何出题机构敢如此嚣张呢?因为这是一个考查写作(语言)能力(而不是考查知识的丰富程度)的考试,它所公布的题库也并不是附有标准答案的问答题,所以即便提前获知题目,也并不能帮助写作能力糟糕的同学写出扎实、流畅乃至优美的文章来。

更进一步地说,即便是通过机经预测,在考前顺利将出题范围圈定在20个话题以内;甚至再夸张一点,花时间把这些题目都逐一写一遍,考试的时候也无非就是把已有的水平再重复发挥一次而已,最后该得多少分,还是多少分,不会变(即使根据这些预测题目把文章都写一遍,而且还都修订打磨成范文一般的美文,或者干脆考前去背诵大量的范文,往往也还是低分)。有些同学会不服气:“难道是我背诵的范文本身写得不够好吗?”

事实往往并非如此。问题的关键在于同学们在考场上复述或者模仿范文时,如果能准确地把三分之二的精妙句子写出来就已经很不容易了,剩下的三分之一则是自身真实水平的体现。大家想想,当评卷老师看到这样一篇奇怪的文章时,结果会怎样?面对三分之二的异常精妙的内容以及三分之一掺杂其中的傻头傻脑的句子,同一篇文章中居然出现如此明显的水平差异,评卷老师当然很容易就能判定孰真孰假,最终的分数可想而知(事实上,我并不反对研读范文,不然我也不会出版两本范文书。但显然,简单的背诵并不会收获好的效果——过些天我再与大家讨论范文如何研读的问题)。

既然写作如此,我想口语方面也容易得出类似的结论:与写作一样,口语并非考查知识的丰富内涵,而是考查语言的表达能力。另外,对于阅读和听力两个部分,如果大家仔细看过各种版本的机经就会发现,被回顾出来的考题内容大都缺乏细节,而在这两个科目中被考查得最多的不正是细节吗?这时候有同学会问:“我的天啊!难道机经真的就这样一无是处吗?那你们为什么还要费心制作机经呢?”

在这里,我想告诉大家机经的真正意义之所在:

其一,对于中等水平的考生来说,提前通读可能考到的预测机经,能帮助自己克服知识储备上的不丰富,从而在考试时可以把更多的精力放在最需要的地方。当考生已经通过机经了解到文章大意后,在考阅读和听力的部分时,就能够将精力放在更可能会出题的细节上;而在写作和口语部分,则能够将精力放在斟酌字词句以及思考谋篇布局上,这样更有意义,而不至于再花时间去想具体要写什么内容、说什么话题。

显然,随着同学们复习程度的加深,以上这一点的意义将会逐步降低。任何一位经过了良好训练的同学,都有能力在短时间内了解一篇阅读文章或听力文本的大意(而不再单纯地依赖机经提供的那些不太准确的概述),而关于口语与写作的试题同学们也能在一系列正规练习之后,掌握严密而有效的内容发展模式(因为经过训练,构造内容的过程可以在真正意义上内化为学生的一项能力)。

与此相反的是,对考试越是不熟悉的同学(比如在考前一个月才刚刚了解了一些托福考试的细则),或者现阶段水平还比较低的同学(模考总分低于80分),的确都应该利用预测机经,提前构思考试内容。

其二,事实上,机经还是一个纯粹的习题库。这些曾经在真实考试中出现过的试题,最能代表托福考试的风格。特别是对于写作和口语这两个科目来说,机经能帮助考生了解怎样的题目类型是ETS最喜欢考查的,而对此考生又应当如何回答;而在阅读和听力部分,机经则能帮助提供背景知识及复习方向。倘若考生发现阅读机经中出现了一篇关于天文学的文章,并且自认为对此不太熟悉,那么就会额外把天文类的相应单词都好好地背诵一下,提前做准备以防考试的时候干瞪眼。显然,从这个角度来说,机经可以指出我们阅读的盲点,听力部分也是如此。

其三,无论承认与否,机经对于考生心理上的安抚作用极为巨大。别人都看机经,我自己也看,这样才会心安。安慰剂的作用在医学上是可测的(若是不同意,请参考一个叫作“科学松鼠会”的网站),所以即便仅仅是为了追求心安而翻阅机经,其理由也是很充分的。事实上,我觉得心理安慰是如此的重要,以至于我自己都想开一个专栏,负责回答出国考试准备过程中的各类问题(邮箱liuwenyong@lasedu.com。没错,我在模仿我的大爱连岳老师)。

其实我用“Necessary Evil”作为这篇短文的标题,也算是为制作机经的我们和阅读机经的你们开脱,毕竟这并不是一件多好的事情。亚里士多德说过的一句话放在这里或许会很合适,无论我们是否承认:

Evil draws men together.(正是邪恶的想法,才能把人们聚集起来。)

最后,我想要留出篇幅,感谢如下同学:是他们在微信上的积极参与,才敦促我坚持完了这100天的活动;让我以他们的名义,将这本书献给更多正行进在留学路上的同学。

留学路上不信速成,扎实干活比什么都重要!

以下名单排名不分先后:

编著说明

亲爱的读者朋友们:

你们好!感谢选购《新托福百日百句百篇(第二册)》一书。

熟悉文勇老师的同学想必都知道他最近十分热衷于“微信空中课堂”,每天都在自己的账号(liuwenyonglasedu)上发一些“奇奇怪怪”的东西,比如一些重点句子的翻译和一些整理出来的机经文章。初衷是督促学生们多动手练习、多动脑思考,结果目的达到了,互动很热烈。慢慢地,就有学生反映说能否把这些实用的资料整理成册,这样就能以书籍的形式长久留存了,即使不方便上网或者暂时还没注册微信的学生也同样有机会参与其中,并得到扎实的训练。出于这种考虑——满足大家的多元化需求,我们决定将其出版发行。

为了方便广大读者使用,简单介绍如下:

◆本书的结构主要分为两大部分——Passage和Sentence。其中,“Passage”部分为整理出炉的最新北美机经还原文章,并附有一至两道练习题目,以检验同学们对于文章的理解程度(文章中着重标注出来的单词是需要额外注意的,如果对它们不够熟悉,大家最好下点儿功夫强化记忆并将其牢牢掌握);“Sentence”部分则全部选自免费共享资料“黄金阅读”,该部分下设几个小板块,包括需要翻译的英文原文、参考翻译、知识点小结、与该原文相关的阅读题目、汉英翻译练习及其参考翻译、扩充后的中文段落翻译及其相关的托福写作题目以及勇哥批改学生的翻译练习。

◆书中特意设计了供读者使用的“小试身手”练习框:在“Sentence”这个部分中的“英文原文”之后给出了一个方框;在“汉英翻译练习”之后给出了三个方框。除了考虑到排版的美观之外,更重要的是大家可以尽情挥笔,动手写下心中的答案,一次次地打磨,找出不足,逐步改善翻译质量。在每天的末尾,我们还精心挑选了两到三篇的学生作业并进行批改。批改后的文章不是唯一的标准答案,只是供读者参考,这样可以使它成为一本专门为你量身定做的、真正有效的备考材料。

◆书中阅读题目的答案请见本书最后的“参考答案”(没有给出具体答案而用笑脸代替的,表示ETS并未针对此句英文原文出阅读题目)。

截至今日,本书中已有多篇文章都命中了,这说明我们努力的方向是正确的。本次出版的是该系列图书的第二册,而关注我们的朋友应该已经知道,该系列的第一册已出版发行,该系列其余两册我们也在全力筹备中,广大读者朋友敬请期待。

贴心的服务,是我们乐闻携尔团队永远的追求。对于书中的纰漏和疏忽之处,真心希望亲爱的读者朋友们能在第一时间给予批评指正,我们一定虚心接受,努力完善公司的图书出版工作,争取让您满意!

Day 26

Passage 26

[答案链接]Trade and Commerce in the Middle Ages① In ancient times, trading over any significant distance was an expensive and risky enterprise. This restricted commerce mainly to local markets. However, after a decline following the breakup of the Roman Empire, European commerce expanded gradually to distant countries during the Middle Ages. Accompanying such a growth in trade and commerce were the establishment of guilds and the improvement in monetary systems, which, in turn, further enhanced [1]the trade expansion.② The expansion of trade from the West to the East was helped along by the Crusades. It was a series of military expeditions, initially carried out for recapturing Christian holy places in the Middle East from Islam. These expeditions facilitated the relations with Eastern countries, by developing a taste in the West for their indigenous productions. The conquest of Palestine, by the Crusaders, first opened all the towns and harbors of the Italian states to Western traders, many of whom were able to permanently establish themselves there, with all sorts of privileges and exemptions from taxes. Besides, as the Crusaders traveled through the Eastern lands to reach Jerusalem, many new products were introduced to Europe. Trade and commerce in the Middle Ages changed to include different products, from Cairo and Alexandria in Egypt, Damascus in Syria, Baghdad & Mosul in Iraq, and other great cities, which became important commerce and trading centers because of their strategic location, astride the trade routes to India, Persia, and the Mediterranean. The products were then carried across the Mediterranean to the Italian seaports, and then on to the major towns and cities of Europe.③ Other improvements to the Middle Ages trade and commerce were also made by enhancing security. As a consequence of the growth, both, of commerce and of urban communities, guilds began to come into being on the European continent in the 11th century, and in England, after the Norman Conquest. Merchants traveled from market to market in foreign countries, and, for the sake of mutual protection, a group of merchants from the same city often banded together in a caravan. The members of a caravan elected a leader, and made rules that they pledged to obey. The name for such a caravan was Gilde or Hansa in the Germanic countries of Europe. In countries speaking languages derived from Latin, the term was caritas or fraternitas. Under the leadership of such guilds, the coasts were protected from piratical incursions, and lighthouses were erected at dangerous points to prevent shipwrecks. Besides, the members are obliged to stand by each other in legal disputes, in which any might engage. In this way, treaties of commerce with foreign nations, including even the most distant, were able to guarantee the liberty and security of traders abroad. As commerce and trade, especially long-distance trade, became safer and more general, the expansion of trade advanced further.④ Before the collapse of the Roman Empire, urban centers in Europe once prospered, and many monetary systems were established. For example, through the banning of private or unauthorized minting, the first important standardization of sizes, weights, and values of coins was inaugurated under the Roman Empire. The banking system was so highly developed that its bankers could accept deposits of money, make loans, and purchase mortgages. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, however, the minting again went into chaos and the banking system also declined. Yet, by the beginning of the 11th century, trade revived and towns began a three-century growth spurt. The coinage and banking activities also began to resume. In 1252, the city of Florence minted the first gold coins since Roman times—the golden florin. And with the revival of banking in the 13th century, the moneychangers of the Italian states developed facilities for exchanging local and foreign currency. Soon, merchants demanded other services, such as lending money, and, gradually, banking services were expanded. The revival and development of the banking system, not only facilitated distant trade, but also provided the merchants with more capital they need to extend their business.——2012年5月26日北美机经

The word “their” in Paragraph 2 refers to_______.

A. Western countries

B. Crusades

C. expeditions

D. Eastern countries

  核心词汇:单词词性释义和例句a large project, especially one that is difficult 事业enterprisenoun例:The music festival is a new enterprise which we hope will become an annual event.to limit the size, amount or range of sth. 限制restrictverb例:Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.a continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of sth. 下降,衰退noundecline例:Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s.to become greater in size, number or importance; to make sth. greater in size, number or expandverbimportance 扩大,扩张例:Metals expand when they are heated.to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of sb./sth. 加强,提高enhanceverb例:This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company.an organized journey with a particular purpose, especially to find out about a place that is not well-known 远征expeditionnoun例:In response, Charles Ⅵ sent a punitive expedition to Brittany, raping and killing the populace.to win back a place, position, etc. that was previously taken from you by an enemy or a rival recapture夺回,收复verb例:Our forward position was recaptured with the aid of the friendly forces.to make an action or a process possible or easier 促进,帮助facilitateverb例:The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth.belonging to a particular place rather than coming indigenousadj.to it from somewhere else 土产的,本土的例:The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.the act of taking control of a country, city, etc. by force 征服conquestnoun例:He had led the conquest of southern Poland in 1939.for a long time without essential change 永久地,长期不变地permanentlyadv.例:She had decided to settle permanently in France.a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people has 优惠,特权privilegenoun例:You can enjoy all the benefits and privileges of club membership.official permission not to do sth. or pay sth. that you would normally have to do or pay 免除exemptionnoun例:She was given exemption from the final examination.done as part of a plan that is meant to achieve a particular purpose or to gain an advantage 战略的strategicadj.例:The general laid down a few strategic targets on the map.with one leg on each side of sth. 跨越prep.例:The 80-meter Devil’s Throat falls sit astride astridethe border of Argentina and Brazil.the activities involved in protecting a country, building or person against attacks, danger, etc. 安securitynoun全例:They carried out security checks at the airport.a result of sth. that has happened 结果consequencnoun例:This decision could have serious econsequences for the industry.used to describe feelings that two or more people have for each other equally, or actions that affect adj.two or more people equally 共同的,相互的mutual例:The East and the West can work together for their mutual benefit and progress.to form a group in order to achieve sth. 联合,结成联盟bandverb例:Local people banded together to fight the drug dealers.a group of people with vehicles or animals who are traveling together, especially across the caravannoundesert 旅行队例:The desert sun broiled the travelers in the caravan.to formally promise to give or do sth. 保证,许诺pledgeverb例:The group has pledged to continue campaigning.characteristic of pirates 海盗的piraticaladj.例:The profits of piracy had gone but the piratical instinct remained.a sudden attack on a place by foreign armies, etc. nounincursion入侵,侵犯例:We know of your incursion into our territory.to build sth. 建立erectverb例:The church was erected in 1582.an argument or a disagreement between two people, groups or countries; discussion about a disputenounsubject where there is disagreement 争辩,争端例:They have won previous pay disputes with the government.a formal agreement between two or more countries 协议,条约treatynoun例:This treaty is the centerpiece of the government’s foreign policy.to promise to do sth.; to promise sth. will happen 保证guaranteeverb例:Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed.to develop in a successful way; to be successful, especially financially 繁荣prosperverb例:The economy prospered under his administration.an official rule that says that sth. is not allowed 禁止,禁令banningnoun例:No reason was given for the banning of the magazine.to make (a coin) by stamping metal 铸币mintverb例:The Romans learned to mint from the Greeks.to introduce a new development or an important change 创新,开创inaugurateverb例:People hoped that the new government would inaugurate a period of change.a sum of money that is paid into a bank account depositnoun存款例:Deposits can be made at any branch.a legal agreement by which a bank or similar organization lends you money to buy a house, etc., and you pay the money back over a mortgagenounparticular number of years; the sum of money that you borrow 抵押贷款例:Their house was repossessed when they couldn’t keep up with their mortgage payments.to become, or to make sb./sth. become, conscious or healthy and strong again 恢复,复reviveverb兴例:All attempts to revive the fishing industry were foredoomed to failure.a sudden increase in speed, effort, activity or emotion for a short period of time 急剧上升spurtnoun例:You’d better put on a spurt if you want to finish that work today.to begin (sth.) again or continue (sth.) after stopping for a time 重新开始,继续resumeverb例:She resumed her career after an interval of six years.a special feature of a machine, service, etc. that makes it possible to do sth. extra 附加功能,附加服务facilitynoun例:This facility allows the user to input text in various forms onto the screen and thus create a true newspaper page.the system of money that a country uses 货币currencynoun例:You’ll need some cash in local currency but you can also use your credit card.to make a business, an idea, an influence, etc. cover more areas or operate in more places 扩展,延伸extendverb例:The company plans to extend its operations into Europe.

  词汇练习:

阅读下列句子,用所给单词(或词组)的正确形式填空:

security

resume

restrict

prosper

privilege

permanently

mutual

indigenous

facilitate

extend

expedition

conquest

enhance

decline

expand

consequence

1. This_______can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade.(TPO-25: The Decline of Venetian Shipping)

2. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually_______by a supporting back pillar. (TPO-11: Ancient Egyptian Sculpture)

3. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the_______aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. (TPO-16: Trade and the Ancient Middle East)

4. Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization_______that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. (TPO-5: The Origin of the Pacific Island People)

5. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now_______to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River. (TPO-4: Deer Populations of the Puget Sound)

6. In order to create a sense of structure to this picture, researchers have relied on a distinction that still underlies the forms of much_______visual culture—a distinction between geometric and figurative elements. (TPO-23: Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines)

7. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial_______. (TPO-7: Ancient Rome and Greece)

8. Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in_______cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. (OG: Geology and Landscape)

9. Merchants complained that the_______reserved for Venetian-built and owned ships were first extended to those Venetians who bought ships from abroad and then to foreign-built and owned vessels. (TPO-25: The Decline of Venetian Shipping)

10. Within them, we experience companionship, love,_______, and an overall sense of well-being. (TPO-13: Types of Social Groups)

11. Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover _______rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. (TPO-20: Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia)

12. They represent the advertiser’s opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a_______, are difficult to verify. (TPO-14: Children and Advertising)

13. So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants_______and diversified. (TPO-25: The Evolutionary Origin of Plants)

14. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then_______breathing and likely return to sleep. (TPO-24: Breathing During Sleep)

15. The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines_______the transformation of the iron industry. (TPO-26: Energy and the Industrial Revolution)

16. Offshore drilling platforms_______the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. (TPO-4: Petroleum Resources)

  参考答案:

1. decline

2. enhanced

3. mutual

4. expeditions

5. restricted

6. indigenous

7. conquest

8. permanently

9. privileges

10. security

11. expanded

12. consequence

13. prospered

14. resume

15. facilitated

16. extend

Sentence 26

  英文原文:

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.OG Practice Set 1: The Origins of Cetaceans[1]本题全文及相应译文见免费共享资料“黄金阅读”

  参考翻译:(那些)明确地(处在)陆生哺乳动物与鲸目动物中间(阶段)及过渡(阶段)的化石一直都是找不到的,直到最近(才被发现)。

  知识点小结:

1. 生词释义:

intermediate n. 中间物;调停者;中级

      adj. 中间的;中级的

试读结束[说明:试读内容隐藏了图片]

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