作者：曾泰元
出版社：外语教学与研究出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
《海上云月——英语辞海杂谈》(Recesses of the Moonlit Clouds: A Glimpse into the English Lexico试读：
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——现代史篇（二）
Sanfan 三反【词源】[< Chinesesānfǎn, < sānthree +fǎnanti-, against.] 源自中文“三反”【定义】n. Usedattrib.to designate an official campaign conducted in China in 1951-1952 against corruption, waste, and bureaucratism in State affairs.（用作定语）指中国在1951-1952年进行的官方运动，在国家事务上要反贪污、反浪费、反官僚主义。【书证】
◆ The san-fan movement [was] directed against the "three evils" of corruption, waste and bureaucracy in state institutions and enterprises. 三反运动是针对国家机关和国营企业的贪污、浪费、和官僚等“三害”。——《当代中国》杂志（Journal of Contemporary China），1955/1956
◆ The early campaigns were followed by the "San-fan" and "Wu-fan" movements, the so-called Three Antis and Five Antis, directed against corrupt Government officials and businessmen, but doubtless also against the politically unreliable. 早期的运动之后，随之而来的是“三反”运动和“五反”运动，也就是所谓的三个反对和五个反对。这两个运动是针对腐败的政府官员和工商业者，然而无疑地也针对政治上的投机分子。——《大相径庭：中国1953-1955；苏联1962-1965》（Worlds Apart: China 1953-1955; Soviet Union 1962-1965），1971
Wufan 五反【词源】[< Chinesewǔfǎn, < wǔfive +fǎnanti-, against.] 源自中文“五反”【定义】n. Usedattrib.to designate an official campaign launched in China in 1952 against bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, skimping on work and cheating on materials, and theft of state economic information.（用作定语）指中国在1952年开展的官方运动，要反行贿、反偷税漏税、反盗骗国家财产、反偷工减料、反盗窃国家经济情报。【书证】
◆ The wu-fan movement [was] against the "five vices" in the private sector: bribing, tax evasion, theft of government property, cheating on government contracts, and stealing economic information from government sources for private speculation. 五反运动是反对私营部门的“五毒”：行贿、偷税漏税、盗骗国家财产、欺蒙政府合同作假、盗窃政府经济情报以供私人投机买卖。——《当代中国》杂志（Journal of Contemporary China），1955/1956
◆ Within a few months the second campaign followed, this time the wufan or "five-antis" movement to root out bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, theft of state economic secrets and embezzlement in carrying out state contracts. 几个月后第二个运动随之而来。这次是五反运动，也就是“五个反对”运动，为的是根除行贿、偷税漏税、盗骗国家财产、盗窃国家经济机密、以及履行国家合同时侵吞款项。——《人类的四分之一：今日中国剖析》（A Quarter of Mankind: An Anatomy of China Today），1966
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——现代史篇
《牛津英语词典》（The Oxford English Dictionary）依历史原则编纂，是英语世界最大、最权威的英语词典。自2010年底整合资源，更新条目、定义与书证后，以在线版的形态重新问世。在线版的《牛津英语词典》收录了300个左右源自中文的词汇，或音译（loanword）或借译（loan translation），其中与中国现代史有关的部分约有20条。从本文开始，作者将在每篇文章中介绍两条，照登《牛津英语词典》的定义并加以翻译，解释其词源，挑选精当的书证，以英汉双语的方式呈现。
1．(both) red and expert又红又专【词源】[After Chineseyòu hóng yòu zhuān(Mao Zedong 1957;yòu...yòuboth...and +hóngred +zhuānexpert, specialist).] 源自中文“又红又专”（毛泽东1957年语）。【定义】phr. (in China) designating a loyal communist who possesses professional or technical expertise在中国用来指称具有专业知识或技术的忠诚党员。【书证】
Change...from bourgeois intellectuals into working-class intellectuals who are both 'red and expert'. 由资产阶级知识分子变成又红又专的工人阶级知识分子。——英国《泰晤士报》（Times），1958/3/18
Most of them have the outside appearance of being 'red and expert'. 他们的外表大都又红又专。——《理论与社会》（Theory and Society）杂志（2002）
2．walking on / with two legs两条腿走路【词源】[after Chineseliǎng tiáo tuǐ zǒu lù(Mao Zedong 1959;liǎng tiáotwo pieces +tuǐleg +zǒu lùto walk)] 源自中文“两条腿走路”（毛泽东1959年语）。【定义】n. (in modern China) the complementary use of resources that might otherwise be in opposition, i.e. industry and agriculture, heavy and light industry, centralized and local industry, coastal and interior-based industry, Han and minority nationalities, Party and non-Party members, etc. The policy of 'walking on two legs' was introduced by the government of Mao Zedong as part of 'The Great Leap Forward' of 1958. 把原本可能会对立的资源同时并举，也就是工业和农业并举，重工业和轻工业并举，中央工业和地方工业并举，沿海工业和内陆工业并举，汉族和少数民族民族并举，党员和非党员并举。两条腿走路的方针由以毛泽东为首的政府所提出，为1958年大跃进的一部分。【书证】
China is now to be a country walking on two legs, according to another slogan, the two legs of industry and agriculture. 根据另一条口号，中国现在要成为一个两条腿走路的国家，也就是工业农业两条腿。——英国《泰晤士报》（Times），1959/4/9
Mao had promoted a policy of walking on two legs, advancing Chinese traditional knowledge in several spheres..., and at the same time learning and developing scientific knowledge that had started in the West. 毛泽东提倡两条腿走路的方针，在几个领域促进中国传统知识的进展，同时也学习、发展西方的科学知识。——《中国的风水》（Fengshui in China）（2003）
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——武术篇
wuxia 武侠【词源】[< Chinesewǔxiá(Wade-Giles transcriptionwu-hsia) genre of Chinese historical fiction < wǔmilitary, martial + xiá, skilled and chivalrous wandering martial artist.] 源自中文“武侠”，中国历史小说的一种（威妥玛拼音作wu-hsia）【定义】n. An itinerant swordsman or warrior of ancient China. Freq.attrib.,esp. designating a genre of Chinese historical fiction or martial arts films featuring such warriors, who are often depicted as capable of superhuman feats. Hence also simply: this genre of fiction or film. 中国古代四处游历的剑客或武士。常用做定语，特指一种中国的历史小说或武术电影，主角常被描绘为身怀绝技的武士。因此也仅指这类小说或电影。【书证】
The world of the Wuxia—warriors of the Confucian era—is a world apart from society. 武侠的世界，亦即孔子时代武士的世界，与社会有天壤之别。——法国《国际先驱论坛报》（International Herald Tribune），2000/10/26
Based on the mythical exploits of early swordsmen, wuxia has been a part of Asian cinema since the silent era, but most Westerners got their first taste from Ang Lee'sCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.武侠片根植于对古代剑客事迹的想象，从默片时代起就是亚洲电影的一环。然而一直要等到李安拍出了《卧虎藏龙》，多数的西方人才得以初尝武侠的滋味。——美国《联机》（Wired）杂志，2004/8
qigong 气功【词源】[< Chineseqìgōng(Wade-Giles transcriptionch'i kung) Qigong involves a system of deep breathing exercises that concentrates the body's 'qi' or 'life energy', which can then allegedly be channelled by exponents and used to cure chronic illnesses. 气功包含一套深呼吸练习，专注在身体的“气”（即“生命能量”）。倡导者宣称，他们可以把气加以导引，用来治疗慢性疾病。——肯尼亚《东非旗报》（East African Standard），1996/5/7 《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——麻将篇
pung 碰【词源】[< Chinesepèngto touch, bump, to meet, run into. The tile picked up is considered to meet with the two matching tiles in the player's hand.] 源自中文“碰”，因为翻开的牌与玩家手中另两张同花色的牌会“碰”在一起。【定义】n. A set of three identical tiles; the action of completing such a set in one's hand. Also occas. as int.: announcing this action to other players.一组三张同花色的牌；凑齐这样的一手牌。偶也作感叹词：向其他玩家宣布自己碰了。【书证】
If any of the other three players holds two tiles identical with one just discarded, he may call 'Pung!' and take it out of the pool. 如果其他三个玩家手中的两张牌跟别人跟刚丢出的牌相同，他们可以喊‘碰’，再把这张牌从牌堆里拿过来。——《来自许多文明的桌上游戏》（Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations），1960
'Pung!' says a woman named Violet at the mah-jongg table. 'Or am I supposed to say "Chow"?' 名为Violet的女士在麻将桌上说‘碰’。‘还是我该说“吃”？’——美国《华盛顿邮报》（The Washington Post），1999/9/22
woo 和【词源】[Origin unknown.] 来源不明（按：笔者猜测，可能源自吴语）【定义】v. = mah-jong v.: To complete one's hand at the game of mah-jong; to win a game of mahjong. 亦作mah-jong（动词）：打麻将时手中的牌完成了组合；打麻将获得胜利。【书证】
A player whose hand contains a false set has a 'foul hand', and cannot woo. 玩家手中的牌若一组有误即属犯规，不能和。——《中国式麻将》（Mah Jong Chinese Way），1943
When he completes his hand, four sets and a pair, a player may woo or mah-jong by showing his whole hand. He wins the deal, ending play. 玩家手中的牌合成了四组加一对，翻开所有的牌就可以和了。一人和牌游戏就结束。——《斯卡尼游戏百科全书》（Scarne's Encyclopedia of Games），1973
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——20世纪末、21世纪初的两个新词
taikonaut （中国的）太空人；宇航员【词源】[< Apparently a blend of Chinesetàikōngouter space and astronaut.] 明显是由中文的“太空”与英文的astronaut“宇航员”混合而成。【定义】n. A Chinese astronaut 中国的宇航员【书证】
The taikonauts probably will stay aloft for at least a day, testing the maneuverability of their capsule. 中国的宇航员在高空或许起码会待上一天，测试轨道舱的操纵性。——美国《今日美国》报（USA Today），1999/6/28
She's a little taikonaut to be. 她是个未来的小宇航员。——《终端渐速》（Accelerando），2005
goji 枸杞【词源】[< Chinesegǒuqǐgoji plant. The form of the English word may originate from an irregular transliteration used in Taiwan China, from where the berries were first introduced to Western markets; it does not conform to any of the major transliteration systems.]源自中文“枸杞”。西方市场的枸杞是先从中国台湾引进的，因此这个词的英文拼法可能来自中国台湾。这不是个规律的拼写，不符合任何主流的拼音系统。【定义】In fullgoji berry.The edible bright red berry of either of two species of wolfberry,Lycium barbarumandL. chinense,widely cultivated in China and supposed to contain high levels of certain vitamins. 全称为goji berry。有宁夏枸杞（Lycium barbarum）和枸杞（Lycium chinense）两个品种，鲜红色的浆果皆可食用，在中国广泛栽植，一般认为某些维生素的含量甚高。【书证】
One of my favourite stories is the legend of a Chinese man who faithfully ate gojis and lived to the ripe old age of 252. 我最喜欢的故事之一是一个中国人的传奇。他长期食用枸杞，活到了252岁的高龄。——《超天然料理》（Super Natural Cooking），2007
Blueberries, pomegranates, goji berries, açai: over the last few years marketers, purveyors and others have anointed these as superfruits. 蓝莓、石榴、枸杞、巴西莓：过去这些年来，商家、供货商以及许多人都把这四者钦点为超级水果。——美国《纽约时报》（The New York Times），2009/3/12
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——20世纪末、21世纪初的两个新词
ming 命【词源】[Chinesemìnglot, fate, destiny.] 源自中文“命”【定义】n. fate, destiny; divine providence. 天命，命运；天意【书证】
The Communists changed China's ming or fate when they fought ceaselessly during twenty years of hardship before winning power. 共产党在夺取政权之前，持续艰苦奋战了20年，改变了中国的“命”。——《大河彼岸》（The Other Side of the River），1963
To know ming and to act according to it, without attachment to the success or failure of the action, is an ideal of Confucianism. 知天命而行天命，超脱成败，是儒家的理想。——《牛津世界宗教词典》（The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions），1997
jiaozi 饺子【词源】[Chinesejiăozi(jiăo stuffed dumpling +zi,little 'child', functioning as diminutive suffix).] 源自中文“饺子”（“饺”：带馅面团，“子”：指小词）。【定义】n. In Chinese cookery: a crescent-shaped dumpling of thin pastry dough, stuffed with a finely minced paste (typically made of pork, cabbage, and garlic chives), and steam-fried, deep-fried, grilled, or boiled. 在中餐烹饪里，指的是一种新月形、面皮薄的面团，馅料剁得细碎成糊（一般由猪肉、卷心菜、韭菜所制成），可生煎，可油炸，可炙烤，可水煮。【书证】
Feasting plays an important role in the celebrations, with a large family meal served on New Year's Eve. Traditional food such as jiaozi and Nian Gao is prepared and families gather together for this annual feast. 大吃大喝在节庆活动中扮演着重要的角色，大年除夕的家庭聚餐尤其盛大。饺子、年糕等传统食物都会上桌，一家人也会为了这顿年度大餐而团聚。——英国《卫报》（The Guardian），2001/1/25
Grab eight jiaozi ($1.50) at Ma-Ma Dumpling and a no-carb quiche ($3) at the Juice Bar. 到妈妈饺子馆买八个饺子（美元一块五），再到果汁吧买个无碳水化合物的法式咸派（美元三块钱）。——美国《华盛顿邮报》（The Washington Post），2004/4/11
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——美食篇
pao-tzu（亦作baozi）包子【词源】[Chinese bāozi (Wade-Giles transcription pao-tzu) bāo, bun + zi, enclitic suffix forming nouns.]源自中文“包子”（威妥玛拼音作pao-tzu。“包”：小圆面包，“子”：非重读的名词后缀）【定义】n. In Chinese cookery: a steamed bread roll with a savoury or sweet filling. 在中餐烹饪里，指的是一种馅料或咸或甜、蒸而食之的小圆面包【书证】
A sort of roll or bun made of steamed leavened dough and eaten while hot... When such a roll contains filling, it is usually known as pao-tzu. 一种用发酵面团蒸制而成、需要趁热吃的面包卷或小圆面包……这样的小圆面包如果带馅，一般称之为包子。——《远东季刊》（The Far Eastern Quarterly），1944年第3期
Bao-zi, a dry, doughy wheat bun steamed and filled with shredded pork. 包子，一种小麦制小圆面包，干燥柔软，内含碎猪肉馅，蒸而食之。——《西雅图邮讯报》（Seattle Post-Intelligencer），1997/11/14
man t'ou（亦作 man-tou）馒头【词源】[< Chinese mántou.] 源自中文“馒头”【定义】n. Steamed wheaten bread rolls, a staple food in northern China. 蒸食的全麦粉小圆面包，为中国北方的主食之一【书证】
Steamed Bread (Man T'ou). 蒸面包（馒头）。——《中国菜》（Chinese Cooking），1955
Steamed bread favorite—bland but filling man-tou can be eaten with gruel or cut open and stuffed with egg and pickled cabbage. 最受欢迎的蒸面包——清淡却有饱足感的馒头可以配粥吃，也可以剖开来夹鸡蛋和泡菜吃。——《自由中国评论》（Free China Review），1992年4月号
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——锅贴、馄饨
potsticker 锅贴【词源】[< pot + sticker, after Chineseguōtiēr Place about 1 teaspoon of filling in the middle of each potsticker skin. 将一茶匙左右的馅料置于每张锅贴皮的中间。——美国《日落杂志》（Sunset），1983年1月号 All we served was pot-stickers and 7-Up. 我们只提供锅贴和七喜。——美国《纽约时报杂志》（The New York Times），2002/4/14 won ton 馄饨【词源】[Chinese (Cantonese), Pinyin húntun.] 源自中文（广东话）“云吞”【定义】A small round roll or pocket of dough containing a savoury filling, eaten alone (after being deep-fried) or boiled in soup ( won ton soup). 一种小而圆的面团，或包起或开口，馅料咸鲜，可单吃（油炸之后）可入汤（馄饨汤）。 The theater and night-club performers drop in late for chicken egg foo yong, a won ton soup, squab, or Chinese steak. 剧场和夜店表演者深夜都会过来吃鸡肉芙蓉蛋、馄饨汤、鸽肉或是炒牛肉。——《纽约何处吃》（Where to Eat in New York），1948 The Chinese deep-fry everything from shrimp toast and won tons to beef and chicken. 中国人什么东西都油炸，从虾肉吐司和馄饨到牛肉和鸡肉无一不炸。——美国《时代杂志》（Time），1976/9/27 《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——元宵、薄饼
yuan hsiao 元宵【词源】[< Chineseyuánxiāo, < yuánfirst +xiāonight.] 源自中文“元宵”（汉语拼音作yuanxiao）：“元”第一＋“宵”夜晚【定义】n. A sweet rice-flour dumpling made for the Chinese Lantern Festival (15th January in the lunar calendar). 一种大米粉做成的球形甜食，为元宵节（农历正月十五日）的应景食品。【书证】
Orange soup with yuan-hsiao... Knead the glutinous rice flour with 1/2 cup hot of water. Then make into globules of about 3/ 8 inch in diameter. These are the yuan-hsiao. 橙色浓汤配元宵……把二分之一杯的热水加进糯米粉中揉捏，然后做成直径约八分之三英的小球。这就是元宵。——《做、吃中餐》（How to Cook and Eat in Chinese），1956
Yuan hsiao is a form of Chinese festival sweet, served in a rather bland rice soup. 元宵是一种中国节庆吃的甜食，置于淡而无味的米汤中食用。——《中国菜》（Chinese Food），1972
popiah 薄饼；润饼；春饼【词源】[< Malaypopiahfine Chinese pancake.] 源自马来语popiah“中国薄煎饼”【定义】n. In Singaporean and Malaysian cuisine: a spring roll. 新加坡和马来西亚菜肴中的：春卷（笔者按：厦门称“薄饼”，台湾、泉州、漳州称“润饼”，即普通话的“春饼”）。【书证】
I was hooked by the very first menu, one for the Chinese New Year, consisting of red-cooked chicken wings, spicy Sichuan cucumbers and a type of spring roll called Amoy popia. 我一下就被第一份菜单所吸引，那是份中国新年的菜单，上面有红烧鸡翅，川辣黄瓜，还有一种叫做厦门薄饼的春卷。——美国《纽约时报》（The New York Times），1986/12/7
The Singaporean chef responded with a dazzling nonya popiah... which is egg crepes filled with shrimp, bean sprouts, Chinese cabbage and bean curd and garnished with peanut topping. 新加坡厨师回敬以令人赞叹的娘惹薄饼，那是一种包馅的鸡蛋可丽饼，内有虾子、豆芽、大白菜和豆腐，最后再撒上花生配料。——澳洲《星期日邮报》（The Sunday Mail），1991/5/12
《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——面、炒面、红烧
mien 面【词源】[< Chinesemiàn(Wade-Giles transcriptionmien) wheat flour, noodles.] 来自中文“面”（威妥玛拼音作mien），意为“面粉”、“面条”。【定义】n. Chinese noodles made with flour. 面粉制成的中国面条。【书证】
At noon they woke me for a meal of mien and boiled vegetables. 中午的时候，他们叫我起床吃面配烫青菜。——《鞑靼来的讯息》（News from Tartary），1936
Noodles, called mien or mien tiao, are the most basic food of northern China. 英文的noodles，中文称为面（mien）或面条（mien tiao），是中国北方最主要的食物。——《自由中国评论》（Free China Review），1992年4月号
chow mein 炒面【词源】[< Chinese, lit. fried flour.] 源自中文，字面义为“油炒面粉”（笔者按：《牛津英语词典》的理解有误）。【定义】n. Fried noodles served with a thick sauce or stew composed of chopped meat, vegetables, etc. 油炒面条（佐以浓稠的酱汁或炖碎肉蔬菜等）。【书证】
The two styles of chow mein: in one you get the noodles and the sauce served separately, and in the other mixed before they are served. 两种炒面，一种是面和酱汁分开上，另一种是上之前就混好了。——《双凰夺鸾》（Young Man with a Horn），1938
They ate their chow mein, sweet and sour pork and crispy noodles. 他们吃着炒面、糖醋里脊和脆面。——《原始冲动》（The Primal Urge），1961
red-cooking 红烧【词源】[after Chinesehóngshāoto braise in soy sauce, lit. 'to cook red' ( Red-cooking is stewing with soy sauce, some materials needing pre-frying, some not. It is so-called because the soysauce juice gives a reddish colour. 红烧是用酱油炖煮，有些材料要先炒过，有些不用。之所以称做红烧，是因为酱油让它带点红色。——《做、吃中餐》（How to Cook and Eat in Chinese），1956 Chinese 'red cooking' is a term generally applied to cooking with dark soy sauce. 中国的“红烧”一般指的是以深色酱油烹调。——《原色》（Primary Colors），1994 《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——怕输、铁饭碗
kiasu 怕输【词源】[< Chinese (Hokkien) kiasu, lit.'scared to lose'.] 来自中文（闽南语）“惊输”（害怕失去，怕输）【定义】n. andadj.colloq. (orig. and chiefly in SouthEast Asia, esp. Singapore). depreciative. A person governed by self-interest, typically manifesting as a selfish, grasping attitude arising from a fear of missing out on something. Also: such an attitude. （口语，带贬义，源自东南亚，主要也用于东南亚，特别是新加坡）一个被利己之心所掌控的人。这样的人通常因为害怕错过，而展现出一种的自私自利、贪得无厌的态度。也指这种态度。【书证】
Kiasu is what causes eager commuters to shove their way onto the MRT before other passengers can alight. “怕输”导致急躁的通勤族在其他乘客还没下车前就挤上地铁。——英国《东方日报》（Eastern Daily Press），2006/2/27
I know I always think mean things of Alisa about her being kiasu and pretending not to study, but... I realize that she probably also feels insecure about her own intelligence.我知道我总想到艾莉萨刻薄的一面，想到她怕输，假装不学习，可是我了解，她或许也对自己的智力没有把握。——《我在新加坡那怕输的青少年生活》（My Kiasu Teenage Life in Singapore），2005
iron rice bowl 铁饭碗【词源】[After Chinesetiě fànwǎn( A factory worker in Taiwan is subject to layoffs and firing; a government clerk at even the lowest level has 'an iron rice bowl'. 台湾的工厂工人有被裁员、解雇的可能，而连最低阶的公务员都有“铁饭碗”。——《近代中国》杂志（Modern China），1979年第3期 The transition to a more private economy in the 1990s abruptly overturned the iron rice bowl. 1990年代的经济型态逐渐转变为私营，一下就打翻了铁饭碗。——法国《国际先驱论坛报》（The International Herald Tribune），2012/9/29 《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇——干杯、旗袍
ganbei 干杯；干了【词源】[< Chinesegānbēi: gānempty, dry +bēicup] 源自中文“干杯”【定义】n. A Chinese drinking-toast, a call to drain one's glass. Also asv. intr.andtrans.,to drink (as) a toast. 中国式的祝酒，要人喝干杯中酒所说的话。亦作不及物动词和及物动词【书证】
One of the cordial customs in China is to ganbei a Maotai—to down in one dash a glass of the country's famous colourless wheat-based liquor. 在中国，一个表示友好的习俗是把茅台给干了——也就是一口气喝下一杯中国知名的、以小麦为原料的白酒。——澳大利亚《信使报》（Courier-Mail），1976/7/7
Many ganbei, or toasts, drunk with mao-tai whisky, cloyingly sweet orange soda or cool, refreshing Chinese beer were raised. 很多人举杯喊“干了”（即祝酒），喝的是类似威士忌的茅台、甜的发腻的橙子汽水、还有清凉爽口的中国啤酒。——《时代杂志》（Time），1987/4/13
qipao 旗袍【词源】[< Chineseqípáo(Wade-Giles transcriptionch'ip'ao), lit. 'banner dress' The dress was so called with reference to the Manchu people who ruled China during the Qing dynasty: they were organized into groups designated by different coloured banners, and consequently the termqírén'bannermen' became a way to refer to Manchus. The one-piece garment was characteristic of Manchu dress, as distinct from the two-piece styles used by Han Chinese women. 这种妇女服饰得名自清朝统治中国的满族。满族人民依不同颜色的旗帜而分类编制，因此“旗人”这个说法便用来指称满族。这种连身的衣服是满族妇女的特色服饰，有别于汉族妇女所穿的两截式风格。【定义】n. A type of dress traditionally worn by Chinese women, typically having a high mandarin collar, a split skirt, and a fitted bodice with an asymmetrical closure extending from the neck to the right underarm; = cheongsam一种中国妇女所穿的传统连衣裙，一般为直领，裙摆开衩，腰部以上合身，开襟不对称，由领口开到右侧腋下。亦作cheongsam【书证】 When she struts about the stage.., her tight-fitting Chinese 'qipao', slit to the hip, flares open to reveal slender legs. 她在台上昂首阔步，身上穿着开衩至臀部的紧身旗袍，展露出修长的双腿。——《纽约时报》（The New York Times），1984/1/30 During a break, Madam Fu changes quickly into a navy blue qipao tastefully complemented with a peach apron. 休息时，傅夫人立即换上一件深蓝色的旗袍，搭配一条桃色的围裙，雅致而有品位。——新加坡《海峡时报》（The Strait Times），1992/10/20
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