作者：白洁主编 韩满玲 刘启升 唐启明编者
出版社：中国人民大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
考研英语历年真题全新解读试读：
前 言
参加某种考试，最有效的复习资料莫过于考试真题，因为它蕴涵着命题的指导思想、基本原则和趋势走向，具体体现了考试大纲规定的考试内容和考试要求，最具权威性和科学性。考生可以通过分析真题，研究命题人的出题思路，总结归纳题目设置特点，把握出题范围和难度，从中发现规律，找出考查的重点、难点、常考点，进而揣摩答题方法和技巧，在相对短的时间内最大限度地提高复习效果。“真题要做10遍”的说法充分说明了研读真题的重要性。
鉴于研读真题的价值，为了满足考生的需要，我们编写了《考研英语历年真题全新解读》这本书。本书在如下几个方面为考生提供复习帮助：
1． 以套题形式逆序编排，帮助考生了解最新出题动态和趋势。
2． 指出并详析每道题的考点，使考生了解出题角度，把握题目类型、出题模式和命题特点。
3． 完形填空、阅读理解、翻译等各题均给出中文译文，便于考生尤其是基础较差的考生确切理解原文含义。
4． 完形填空、阅读理解部分均包含文章题材、体裁以及篇章结构分析，帮助考生了解篇章展开脉络和段际逻辑关系，并列出核心词和超纲词，对长难句进行详析。力图从词、句、篇各方面进行精析精解。考生一书在手，不用再翻词典和语法书就能够读懂文章、抓住中心、把握观点、理解题意。
5． 在讲解正确答案的同时，对错误选项也进行详细的分析，使考生了解正确选项的设置特点和干扰项的陷阱所在，总结命题规律，培养正确的答题思路。
6． 写作部分不但给出多个分数段样卷，而且分析讲解得分、失分的原因，使考生把握得分点与失分点，进而指导自己的练笔，最大限度争取高分。
改革开放30年间，研究生入学英语考试也经历了很大的变化，考试大纲几经调整增删。根据大纲的变化，我们相应地删减语法、词汇、听力等不再作为测试内容的项目。
本书的编写人员均是中国人民大学一线教师，不仅非常熟悉考研试题与大学英语在难度上的差异，而且都多年从事考前辅导工作，积累了帮助考生复习过关的丰富经验，因此讲解更到位、更具有针对性。
由于成书仓促，错误之处难免，敬请同仁和广大读者批评指正。编者2015年2月
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语试题Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .
While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”
The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply explain people's 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1. A. whenB. why C. how D. what
2. A. defendedB. concludedC. withdrawnD. advised
3. A. forB. with C. onD. by
4. A. comparedB. soughtC. separatedD. connected
5. A. testsB. objects C. samples D. examples
6. A. insignificantB. unexpected C. unbelievable D. incredible
7. A. visitB. missC. seekD. know
8. A. resembleB. influenceC. favor D. surpass
9. A. againB. also C. insteadD. thus
10. A. MeanwhileB. Furthermore C. LikewiseD. Perhaps
11. A. aboutB. to C. from D. like
12. A. driveB. observe C. confuse D. limit
13. A. according toB. rather than C. regardless ofD. along with
14. A. chancesB. responses C. missionsD. benefits
15. A. laterB. slowerC. faster D. earlier
16. A. forecastB. rememberC. understand D. express
17. A. unpredictableB. contributory C. controllable D. disruptive
18. A. endeavorB. decisionC. arrangement D. tendency
19. A. politicalB. religious C. ethnic D. economic
20. A. seeB. show C. prove D. tellReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
◆Text 1◆
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs' continuing popularity as heads of state. And also, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.
21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain .
A. used to enjoy high public support
B. was unpopular among European royals
C. eased his relationship with his rivals
D. ended his reign in embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly .
A. owing to their undoubted and respectable status
B. to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
C. to give voters more public figures to look up to
D. due to their everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
A. Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
B. The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
C. The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
D. The nobility's adherence to their privileges.
24. The British royals “have most to fear”because Charles .
A. takes a rough line on political issues
B. fails to change his lifestyle as advised
C. takes republicans as his potential allies
D. fails to adapt himself to his future role
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A. Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
B. Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
C. Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
D. Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
◆Text 2 ◆
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspect's purse.The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing”, meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to .
A. search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant
B. check suspects' phone contents without being authorized
C. prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
D. prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of .
A. toleranceB. indifference
C. disapprovalD. cautiousness
28. The author believes that exploring one's phone content is comparable to .
A. getting into one's residenceB. handing one's historical records
C. scanning one's correspondencesD. going through one' s wallet
29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that .
A. principles are hard to be clearly expressed
B. the court is giving police less room for action
C. phones are used to store sensitive information
D. citizens' privacy is not effective protected
30. Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that .
A. the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
B. New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
C. California's argument violates principles of the Constitution
D. Principles of the Constitution should never be altered
◆Text 3 ◆
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the‘papers that need scrutiny’in the first place.”
31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that .
A. Science intends to simplify its peer-review process
B. journals are strengthening their statistical checks
C. few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
D. lack of data analysis is common in research projects
32. The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to .
A. foundB. revisedC. markedD. stored
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may .
A. pose a threat to all its peers
B. meet with strong opposition
C. increase Science's circulation
D. set an example for other journals
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now .
A. adds to researchers' workloadB. diminishes the role of reviewers
C. has room for further improvementD. is to fail in the foreseeable future
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' Desks
D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
◆Text 4 ◆
Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch's daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.”Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market. But “it's us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit.”
Driving her point home, she continued: “It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still standstill. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms. Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by .
A. the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
B. companies' financial loss due to immoral practices
C. governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues
D. the wide misuse of integrity among institutions
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that .
A. Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
B. more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
C. Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge
D. phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions
38. The author believes the Rebekah Brooks's defence .
A. revealed a cunning personalityB. centered on trivial issues
C. was hardly convincingD. was part of a conspiracy
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows .
A. generally distorted valuesB. unfair wealth distribution
C. a marginalized lifestyleD. a rigid moral code
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
A. The quality of writing is of primary importance.
B. Common humanity is central to news reporting.
C. Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.
D. Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41~45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) . You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) .
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