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武汉大学外国语言文学学院801英语综合（语言学、文学）历年考研真题及详解试读：
2014年武汉大学801英语综合（语言学、文学）考研真题（回忆版）
语言学部分
第一题、解释名词，exocentric，antonymy，morpheme，blending
第二题、parole和langue的区别
第三题、影响二语习得的因素
第四题、关于semantic sense 的四句话。
第五题、pragmatics theory的一些东西
文学部分
第一、作家作品连线
第二、浪漫主义的特点
第三、写出下列作品中的至少一个角色的名字。有sons and lovers，Othello，双城记等等
第四、女作家作品中的女角色
第五、《愤怒的葡萄》和puritan的经历比较
第六、美国文学的成长小说分析，至少三部
2013年武汉大学801英语综合（语言学、文学、翻译）考研真题
2013年武汉大学801英语综合（语言学、文学）考研真题及部分详解
Part I. Linguistics
I. Define the following terms. (4×5=20 points)
1.1. Assimilation
1.2. Morpheme
1.3. Embedding
1.4. Synonymy
答案：
1. Assimilation. It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. It is often used synonymously with co-articulation. Nasalization, dentalization and, velarization are all instances of assimilation. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation. For example, in “mink”, “n”, which is originally pronounced as /n/, will be velarized by the following “k”/k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as / miNk/ .
2. Morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in boys, there are two morphemes: “boy” and “-s”; in international, there are three morphemes: “inter-” “nation” and “-al”.
3. Embedding: It refers to the inclusion of a clause within a phrase or another clause, or of a phrase into another phrase. An example of embedded clauses is: What I do is none of your business. (Nominal clause embedded as subject of another clause)
4. Synonymy: technical name for the sameness relation. Two or more forms with very closely related meanings are synonyms, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentences. For example, in English hide and conceal in: He hid the money under the bed. He concealed the money under the bed. Often one word may be more appropriate than another in a particular situation, e.g. conceal is more formal than hide.
II. Answer the following questions. (10×3=30 points)
2.1. Words referring to spending and finance (such as cost, spend, invest, buy, sell) also have abstract metaphorical uses, as in:
That mistake will cost you a lot.
He invested a lot of time in the project.
You’re only buying trouble if you do that.
Give three additional examples of the metaphorical use of words from the realm of spending and finance. Then discuss how the metaphorical uses are related to the concrete financial meanings.
答案：
The three additional examples of the metaphorical use of words from the realm of spending and finance are:
① He tries his best to buy time by negotiating.
② Why invest time and energy in something that we all hate?
③ Careless driving cost him his life.
Traditionally, buy, invest and cost are usually used before concrete things, however we could also understand it when it is used on abstract. It is because we could understand things from the perspective of metaphor. Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.
2.2. Comment on the distinction between Descriptive and Prescriptive by giving examples.
答案：
The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the roles to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.
A descriptive grammar describes how language is actually spoken and/ or written, which does not tell how the speakers should speak, but rather describes their basic linguistic knowledge, explains how it is possible for them to speak and understand and also explains what it is they know about the sounds, morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences of their language. e.g. Gentlemen don’t talk dirty in front of ladies.
There is another kind of grammar which is believed to represent the correct forms that all educated people should use in speech and writing. Such a grammar is called a prescriptive grammar, which prescribes the rules or principles of the grammar rather than describes them. The grammar usually taught in classroom is the pedagogical grammar, which is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners. It emphasizes the functional aspects of grammar rather than its theoretical categories. It states explicitly the rules of the language. e.g. Don’t talk dirty in front of ladies.
2.3. The discourse-based view of language teaching aims at developing discourse competence, which is similar to the well-known concept of communicative competence. What does communicative competence refer to? How do you think of its relation to language teaching and learning?
答案：
Communicative competence is the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language in order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom.
Communicative competence includes:
(1) knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the language;
(2) knowledge of rules of speaking (e. g. knowing how to begin and end conversations, knowing what topics may be talked about in different types of speech events, knowing which address forms should be used with different persons one speaks to and in different situations);
(3) knowing how to use and respond to different types of speech acts, such as requests, apologies, thanks, and invitations;
(4) knowing how to use language appropriately.
When someone wishes to communicate with others, they must recognize the social setting, their relationship to the other person(s), and the types of language that can be used for a particular occasion. They must also be able to interpret written or spoken sentences within the total context in which they are used.
It has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching, to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom, to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use and to a more fruitful research in this field.
Part II. Literature
III. Explain the following literary terms briefly, citing examples where relevant. (4×5=20 points)
4.1. Gothic novel
4.2. “Preface to Lyrical Ballads”
4.3. irony
4.4. over-soul
IV. Short-answer question: give a concise but adequate answer to the following question. (10 points)
Make a brief comment on the following elements of setting in which Pip met Estella in Great Expectations: the ivy growing on the ruins of Satis House, the “silvery mist” and the moonlight.
V. Essay question. (20 points)
The period 1820-1865 marked the development of the “American Renaissance” as a way of describing those years in terms of literary nationalism. Cite no less than two examples of works and discuss how they try to develop and represent a national character.
答案：Part II. 略
2012年武汉大学801英语综合（语言学、文学、翻译）考研真题
2012年武汉大学801英语综合（语言学、文学）考研真题及部分详解
Section One Linguistics
I. Try to differentiate the two linguistic terms below (10 points):
Sense/reference
答案：略
II. Analyze the following linguistic phenomenon in the following sentences, paying particular attention to the underlined parts (15 points):
I saw her cross the street.
Doo you mind her smoking here?
He left with the job half done.
There are lots of things for us to do at the weekend.
She never liked anybody behaving that way.
答案：略
III. Answer the following question (25 points)
In what way or ways do you agree or disagree with Bloomfield in seeing word as the minimal free form?
答案：略
Section Two British and American Literature
IV. Discuss the altruistic spirit reflected in O. Henry’s short story “Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen.” (10 points)
答案：Stuffy Pete and the old gentleman are the two gentlemen in the short story, and both of them cherish a kind of altruistic spirit. Although Stuffy Pete has already had a big meal before he met the old gentleman, he tried to eat all the foods that the old gentleman gave him so as to fulfill the old gentleman’s wish. He would have told the old gentleman that he was full, but he chose to obey the appointment with the old gentleman. While the old gentleman himself owns a little money at that time, he still keeps the appointment to invite Stuffy Pete to dine. He thinks highly of being honest, and he would rather starve than break his promise.
V. Make a critical analysis of the following poem, evaluating how the form and the content interact with and enhance each other. (15 points)
Go and catch a falling star,
Get with child a mandrake root,
Tell me where all past years are,
Or who cleft the devil’s foot,
Teach me to hear mermaids singing,
Or to keep off envy’s stinging,
And find
What wind
Serves to advance an honest mind.
If thou be’st born to strange sights,
Things invisible to see,
Ride ten thousand days and nights,
Till age snow white hairs on thee,
Thou, when thou return’st, wilt tell me,
All strange wonders that befell thee,
And swear,
No where
Lives a woman true and fair.
If thou find’st one, let me know,
Such a pilgrimage were sweet;
Yet do not, I would not go,
Though at next door we might meet,
Though she were true, when you met her,
And last, till you write your letter,
Yet she
Will be
False, ere I come, to two, or three.
Notes:
mandrake root: a forked root supposed to resemble the human shape.
答案：The poem is written by John Donne, and its rhyming scheme is ababccddd. The poem chiefly concerns the lack of constancy in women. The tone taken is one of gentle cynicism and mocking. Donne asks the reader to do the impossible, which he compares with finding a constant woman, thus insinuating that such a woman does not exist. Thus, it reveals Donne’s prejudice towards women.
The stanzas are slightly longer than might be expected, nine lines each, but this allows for the more complex and abstract ideas, which are the archetype of metaphysical poetry.
There is a very tight verse structure, which consists of a sestet of abab rhyme preceding the rhyming triplet in each stanza. The triplet shows an insistence of opinion, and it not only emphasizes the points being made but also creates a lilting rhyme to the end of each verse, like the refrain to a song. The two very short lines immediately precede a far longer one, thus creating contrast, which mirrors the contrasting images in the poem. This is reflected in the contrasting images such as light and darkness, and of ugliness and beauty. It is typical for Donne to use such mixed images so as to reveal his ideas and thought. So, we can say that the form and the content interact with and enhance each other.
VI. The American frontier and wilderness plays a significant symbolic role in American literary imagination. Please discuss the issue in an essay within about 400 words and relate your discussion to TWO to THREE individual works in the history of American Literature. (25 points)
答案：The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literature is for the first time well illustrated in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales and was to remain a major concern for many later authors. Cooper’s claim to greatness in American literature lay in the fact that he created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. He wrote with increasing awareness of the importance to fiction of the Western frontier, where American society may be conceived as passing from one set of principle to another in two directions. Cooper’s power lay in his assurance that one direction was morally right and the other practically inevitable. Here lies Cooper’s conflict of allegiance. He was devoted to the principles of social order and responsible to the idea of nature and freedom in the wildness. His masterpiece Leatherstocking Tales contains a five volume biography of their protagonist Natty Bumppo, who lives in a mysterious wild country and has a legendary career. The fact that he had never been to the frontier and among the Indians and yet could write five huge epic books about them which is an eloquent proof of the richness of his imagination. His Indians are among the first appearing in American fiction and probably the first group of noble savages. He is a typical frontier man who is simple, honest, innocent, generous, intelligent, brave, and full of love for people and life.
Later on, Emerson advocated that American literature should pay attention to the wilderness. To some extent, it reflects the spirit of American frontier and wilderness in literature. He held that the universe is composed of Nature and Soul. He regarded nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.
In the modern period, Mark Twain’s masterpiece, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a work that reflects the conflicts between society and wilderness, civilization and savage. The Mississippi River is the symbol of wilderness which is opposite to the society symbolized by family and social environment in the novel. Huck is tired of his living condition and escapes from his father to the river and drifts along the river with Jim, a black man, who escapes from his master as well. For them, the Mississippi River is a pleasant wilderness which satisfies their longing for freedom and liberation.
Thus, we can see that American literature of frontier and wilderness shows Americans’ pioneering and freedom-pursuing spirit.
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