作者：黄艾禾
出版社：中国摄影出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
国家记忆：共和国难忘瞬间试读：
1949年 开国大典
1949年10月1日，毛泽东主席在北京的天安门城楼上，操着浓重的湖南口音庄严宣告：“同胞们，中华人民共和国中央人民政府今天成立了!”
这一惊天动地的宣告，标志着在这个已有五千年文明史的古老国土上，一个新中国的诞生。她不仅将彻底改变整个中国，而且将给全世界带来深远的影响。
自解放战争的辽沈、淮海、平津三大战役结束后，国民党发动内战的主力已基本被歼灭，中国人民解放军挺进长江北岸。新中国诞生的条件已经成熟。
1949年9月21日，中国人民政治协商会议第一次全体会议在北京隆重开幕，会议通过了具有临时宪法作用的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》和《中华人民共和国中央人民政府组织法》，并宣布建立中华人民共和国。
开国大典是在10月1日的下午3点才开始的。那一天，尚未改造过的丁字形天安门广场上聚集了30万北京市民和解放军官兵。他们都是清早就来到广场的，互相拉着歌在那里等待。大典为什么要到下午才开始，他们也不知道，但兴奋让他们忘记了饥饿和疲劳。
多年之后，有人回忆说，做出这一安排，是因为当时退却到台湾的国民党政权，有可能派飞机到北京来轰炸捣乱，但是他们的飞机只能上午过来，否则天黑前就返不回台湾了。大典安排在下午是为安全起见。
10月1日下午2时，中华人民共和国中央人民政府委员会举行了第一次会议，毛泽东就任中央人民政府主席，朱德、刘少奇、宋庆龄、李济深、张澜、高岗就任中央人民政府副主席，周恩来就任中央人民政府政务院总理兼外交部部长，朱德就任中国人民解放军总司令。
下午2时55分，毛泽东和朱德一前一后，沿着城楼西侧的古砖梯道，最先登上了天安门城楼。开国大典由中央人民政府秘书长林伯渠主持。当林伯渠宣布典礼开始后，在国歌《义勇军进行曲》的乐曲声中，中央人民政府主席、副主席和委员就位。毛泽东庄严宣布中华人民共和国中央人民政府成立，之后他亲手按动电钮，第一面五星红旗在广场上冉冉升起。
升旗之后，毛泽东宣读《中华人民共和国中央人民政府公告》，54门礼炮齐鸣28响，天安门广场上响起暴风雨般的欢呼声。
紧接着，是规模浩大的阅兵式和群众游行。
受阅部队以海军两个排为前导，接着是一个步兵师、华北陆军军官学校、一个炮兵师、一个战车师、一个骑兵师相继跟进。空军包括战斗机、蚊式机、教练机共17架在全场上空自东向西飞行受阅。前后历时3小时，受阅部队的人员总计有1.6万多名。
当年14岁的中学生李永明也在天安门广场。他至今记得，先是受阅部队，再是等待在东长安街的群众队伍，然后，排列在天安门广场的数万群众也移到了东长安街，走过天安门。队伍足足走到晚上七八点钟。
一批批群众队伍，无不迫切希望走到城楼前，看到衷心敬爱的毛主席。天很快黑了下来，天安门城楼上的灯光突然点亮，巨大的探照灯光射向全场，光芒闪闪，好似波浪。晚上9时25分，彩色的礼花开始升空。焰火在天安门附近三处施放，五彩缤纷，此起彼落。群众手里举的纸灯、纱灯也都点亮了，广场变成灯的海洋。
人们载歌载舞，尽情地欢度这中华人民共和国的第一个夜晚。
The Inaugural Ceremony of the People’s Republic of China
Standing on the Tian'anmen (Heavenly Serenity) Gatetower in downtown Beijing on Oct. 1, 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong announced solemnly to the world with his strong Hunan accent:“Compatriots, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China is officially inaugurated here today!”
A new China was thus born on a land with an ancient civilization that dates back to as far as 5,000 years ago. It would not only bring upside down changes across China, the whole world would also be deeply impacted.
The major forces of the Kuomintang Party were wiped out in three decisive campaigns of the War of Liberation: Liaoshen, Pingjin and Huaihai. As the People's Liberation Army advanced to the north bank of the Yangtze River, there was no force to stop the birth of the new China.
On Sept. 21, 1949, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference convened its first meeting in Beijing. The conference adopted the Common Program for the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, which functioned as the interim constitution, as well as the Law for the Organization of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. It approved“the People's Republic of China”as the name of the new state.
The inaugural ceremony of the People's Republic of China started at 3:00 p. m. Oct.1.As many as 300,000 Beijing citizens and PLA soldiers gathered at the then reshaped Tian'anmen Square on that day. They came to the square in the early morning and waited there until afternoon, passing the time by singing songs after songs. They did not know why they have to wait that long, neither were they hungry nor tired in great excitement.
It was not until decades later that someone recalled the arrangement was for security reasons. The Kuomintang forces which had retreated to Taiwan, might send bombers to sabotage the ceremony. However, their bombers can only come in the morning. If they took off in the afternoon, and they would have to fly back in darkness, and that would not be safe. Thus the ceremony was arranged in the afternoon.
At 2:00 p. m. Oct. 1, the Committee of the Central People's Government held its first meeting, Mao Zedong took the office as the Chairman of the Central People's Government;Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Song Qingling, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan and Gao Gang as the ViceChairmen (Chai rwoman); Zhou Enlai as the Prime M in ister as wel l as the M i nister of Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Zhu De as the Commander in Chief of the PLA.
At 2:55 p.m., Mao Zedong, followed by Zhu De, took the brick staircase on the western side and appeared first at the Tian'anmen Gatetower. The ceremony was chaired by Lin Boqu in his capacity as the secretary-general of the Central People's Government. As soon as Lin announced the opening of the ceremony, the band began to play the national anthem, the March of the Volunteers, and the chairman, vice-chairmen (chairwoman)and other members of the Central People's Government took their seats. Mao announced the establishment of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.He then pressed an electric button and the first Red Flag gradually rose high above the Tian'anmen Square.
After the hoist of the Red Flag, Mao read the bulletin of the Central People's Government. 54 guns then fired 28 salutes together. The whole square was drowned in thundering applauds from the audience.
After that was a massive military parade and civil processions. At the head of the military parade were two platoons of Navy soldiers, followed by an infantry division, the North China Military Academy, an artillery division, a tank division, a cavalry division. 17military planes, including fighters, de Havilland Mosquito bombers and trainer aircrafts, flew over the square from the east to the west. The military parade lasted for 3 hours, involving more than 16,000 troops.
Li Yongming, a 14-year-old student, was at the square on that day. He still remembered that after the military parade was the civil processions. First the people on the east Chang'an Boulevard, then the tens of thousands of peoples that filled the Tian'anmen Square regrouped at the east Chang'an Boulevard and also marched through the Tian'anmen Square. The last procession did not leave the square until 7 or 8 o'clock in the evening.
So many people, one group after another, walked before the Tian'anmen Gatetower in i nsuppressible eagerness to get a glimpse of Chairman Mao, whom they hold in the highest respect. As night fell, the Tian'anmen Gatetower was suddenly lighted up, the powerful searchlights on the gatetower were also turned on, thrusting huge columns of light upon the whole square like rolling waves. At 9:25 p.m., the firework show began. Colorful flames threw up from 3 spots on the square. Lanterns in people's hands were also lighted up. Tian'anmen Square became a sea of lights.
People sang and danced, danced and sang, as if they would never tire in the first night of the People's Republic of China.1949年10月1日，中国北京天安门城楼上，毛泽东主席庄严宣告中华人民共和国成立。(侯波摄)Chairman Mao Zedong announced the foundingof the People's Republic of China on October1, onTian'anmen Gatetower, Beijing. (Photo by Hou Bo)
1950年 抗美援朝
1950年6月25日，朝鲜内战爆发。8月中旬，朝鲜人民军已将南朝鲜军驱至釜山一隅。9月15日，以美军为主的联合国军在仁川登陆，直接介入朝鲜战争，并将战火扩大至中国东北。
1950年10月1日和3日，朝鲜政府和金日成首相致信毛泽东，向中国提出出兵援助朝鲜的请求。此时成立刚刚一年的中华人民共和国正百废待兴重建家园，党中央和毛泽东经过认真思考，做出抗美援朝保家卫国的决定。
中国人民志愿军入朝作战纪念日是1950年10月25日。实际上，第一批志愿军在彭德怀司令员率领下，10月19日就率先从辑安(今集安市)渡鸭绿江入朝作战，很快就在1950年10月25日发动了对联合国军的打击，这是志愿军入朝后的第一场战役，中国因此将10月25日定为“抗美援朝纪念日”。
入朝的许多中国人民志愿军部队此前一直在为解放台湾做准备。当时正驻守在上海郊区的解放军第20军，突然接到命令，解除攻打台湾的任务，开赴山东集训。原本他们是要训练到11月初再开赴前线，但是，军情紧急，已经来不及更多地准备了。
11月4日，在沈阳火车站，东北军区副司令员贺晋年一见火车里的20军部队不禁大惊，说：“你们这是什么冬季装备呀!”
当时的20军士兵头戴大檐帽，脚穿翻毛皮鞋，一身薄薄的棉军衣，那是华东地区部队的冬装，而且团以上干部的棉衣还没发，只穿着单衣。
贺晋年对20军副军长廖政国说：“你把装载你们军的列车在沈阳站多停两小时，我去安排一下。”
然而这时，运载20 军部队的列车根据兵团命令，仍在匆匆飞驰，等到贺晋年带着一些皮大衣、皮帽皮鞋赶来时，运载58师、59师和89师的列车都已过去。贺晋年说，这是动员东北军区机关干部、战士脱下来的衣帽，你们赶紧换上，表示表示我们的心意吧!
因为停车时间极短，20军直属部门和60师只能领走少数棉帽和大衣，个别人领到两包压缩饼干。
20军就这样进入朝鲜，参加了第二次战役，他们在长津湖战役中与美军王牌军陆战第一师殊死作战，共毙伤敌人6000人，俘敌674人，而自己的伤亡也达1.7万之多，其中冻死冻伤者就有 11200 多人。
就是这样一支在装备上与美军相比极为悬殊的军队，以其英勇无畏、视死如归的战斗意志，震惊了对手。
此后的第三次到第五次战役，双方互有攻守，战线重回到三八线附近。
在中国国内，全国迅速掀起了大规模的抗美援朝宣传教育运动，掀起了参军参战、支援前线的热潮，开展捐献飞机、大炮运动。
而在朝鲜战场，双方的停战谈判从 1951年7月10日就开始了，打打谈谈，直至 1953年7月27日，在板门店签订了《朝鲜停战协定》。
抗美援朝战争是年轻的中华人民共和国迎接的第一场大考，她通过这场战争向全世界展示了站起来的中国人的精神与力量，迫使美国不得不在没有取胜的停战协定上签字。这场战争为国内经济建设和社会改革赢得了相对稳定的和平环境。
The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea
On June 25, 1950, the Korean civil war broke out. By mid-August, the Korean People’s Army (KPA) had pushed South Korean forces to Pusan. On Sept. 15, UN forces led by the U nited States launched an amphibious landing at I nchon, thus began its direct intervention in the war and spread the war to China’s northeast.
On Oct. 1 and Oct. 3 of 1950, the North Korean government and its leader Kim Ilsung wrote to Mao Zedong pleading with him to send over Chinese troops. The People’s Republic of China, founded just one year ago, was facing a tremendous task of rebuilding after decades of war. After careful considerations in which they weighed the advantages and disadvantages over and over, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong decided to grant Kim’s request to help North Korea resist U.S.aggression as well as to protect China’s own territory.
The Commemoration Day that the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army (PVA) officially entered into the Korean war was Oct. 25, 1950, hence the government designated Oct. 25as the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea Memorial Day. The truth is, the first batch of PVA troops, led by its commander Peng Dehuai, crossed the Yalu River from Ji’an into North Korea on Oct. 19, and launched a sudden attack on UN forces as soon as Oct. 25.This is the first major campaign conducted by the PVA after it entered North Korea.
Many troops of the PVA had been prepari ng for the liberation of Taiwan before they were ordered to enter North Korea. The 20th Army, deployed outside Shanghai, for example, was caught in surprise when it was suddenly relieved of the task of attacking Taiwan and ordered to head for Shandong Province. The original plan was that the 20th Army would receive training there and head for North Korea in early November, but the situation was so urgent that they would not have the luxury of more preparations.
On Nov. 4, when He Jinnian, deputy commander of the Northeast Command Area,saw soldiers of the 20th Army in a train at the Shenyang Railway Station, he was quite surprised. “What kind of winter gear is this？” he exclaimed.
The soldiers before him were wearing hats of big brims, leather boots and thin coats,the standard winter clothes for PLA troops stationed in east Ch ina, where the winter is much warmer than that of the northeast. In fact, officers at regiment and higher levels were still wearing thin clothes.
He told Liao Zhengguo, deputy commander of the 20th Army to hold the train at the station for two additional hours so that he could arrange winter clothes for the troops.
The 20th Army, however, could not wait, being rushed on by orders from the corps command. When He came back with leather hats, boots and coats, the 58th, 59th and 89th divisions had passed. He told the remaining troops to change their clothes. “These gears are just off the officers and soldiers of the headquarters of the Northeast Command Area.Please put them on. There are not many people at the headquarters. We know they are not enough, but it’s a gesture from us. ”
As the time was short, only a small number of troops from the 20th Army headquarters and the 60th division got winter hats and coats. A few soldiers got two packs of ship biscuit.
It was in such a bad status the 20th Army entered North Korea and fought in the Second Phase Campaign. The army fought bravely and desperately against the Fi rst Marine Division, a crack force of the U.S. army, in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, killing and wounding over 6,000 enemy soldiers and capturing 674 enemies. Itself suffered a heavy casualty of 17,000, of which 112,000 were from frostbite.
Lagging far behind the U.S. Forces in equipment and weaponry, PVA nevertheless won the respect of its enemy with its death-defying bravery and will of steel.
Through the third and fifth phase campaigns, both sides launched offensives in one place and were forced to retreat at another, and the battle line returned to the 38th parallel.Back home in China, a nationwide campaign was in full swing to raise the public support for the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. Efforts to recruit soldiers and raise logistics for the frontline won overwhelming support. People from all walks of life signed on the patriots’ conventions and donated generously to help buy guns and planes for PVA troops.
On the Korean Peninsula, negotiations for an armistice began on July 10, 1951 and went on and off for two years, interrupted by wars for several times, until July 27, 1953,when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in Panmunjom.
The Korean War is the first major test went through by the young People’s Republic of China. The spirit and strength shown by the Chinese people were known to the world through the war. The United States was forced to sign the armistice to end a war it had not won. The war won a relatively stable and peaceful environment for the domestic economic instruction and social reform.1950年10月，为了保家卫国，中国人民志愿军跨过鸭绿江，开赴朝鲜战场。(孟昭瑞摄)The Chinese People's Volunteer Army crossedthe Yalu River in October to join the Korean War.(Photo by Meng Zhaorui)
1951年 土地改革运动
土地改革运动是在20世纪50年代中华人民共和国建立初期进行的。至1953年，除新疆、西藏等部分少数民族地区外，中国大陆大部分地区的土地改革基本完成，3亿多无地或少地的农民无偿分得约7亿亩土地及生产资料，并每年免除地租3000万吨粮食。
这次土地改革是中国共产党在第二次国共内战时期对老解放区土地改革的继续。从1927年至1937年间，中国共产党就曾在自己管理的苏区实行过这种废除封建基础的土地改革，到抗日战争期间停止。解放战争开始后，中国共产党于1947年召开全国土地会议，制定土地法大纲，再度在解放区实行了土地改革。
新中国成立后，为彻底实行土地改革，1950年1月24日，中共中央发出指示，开始在新解放区实行“土改”运动的准备工作。1950年6月，中共七届三中全会讨论了新区土地制度，随后，刘少奇在一届政协全国委员会二次会议上，代表中共中央做了《关于土地改革问题的报告》。6月30日，中央人民政府正式公布《中华人民共和国土地改革法》。中共中央决定，从1950年冬季开始，用两年半或三年左右的时间，根据各地区的不同情况，在全国分期分批完成土地改革。“土改”运动的一项重要内容是在农村中划分阶级成分，将农村人口划分为雇农、贫农、中农、富农和地主。贫农、雇农是“土改”依靠的对象，中农是团结的对象，中立富农，地主被定为剥削阶级，是“土改”打击的对象。为了深入地发动群众，各地政府都派出“土改”工作队深入农村，发动农民群众，建立农会，组织农民向封建地主阶级开展斗争。
土地改革运动是有领导地分期分批进行的，每期一般经历了发动群众、划分阶级成分、没收和分配土地、复查总结等阶段。
土地改革运动将地主阶级的土地没收后分配给无地、少地的农民，在中国大陆彻底结束了封建土地制度，并使新成立的中华人民共和国政权获得了农民的高度信任。对于中国共产党来说，此举除了赢得农民的支持，更在农村建立起了自己的基层政权，同时也是为中国的迅速工业化做准备。
Land Reform
The Land Reform Movement refers to land reform carried out in newly liberated areas in the 1950s after the founding of the People's Republic of China. By 1953, land reform had been completed in most parts of the Chinese mainland, except Tibet and Xinjiang that were mostly inhabited by minority ethnic groups. Around 700 million mu of land and farming tools were distributed free to more than 300 million peasants who used to own no land at all or only a very small piece of land, as much as 30 million tonnes of grain as land rent were abolished.
The Land Reform Movement was the continuation of the land reform conducted by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the old liberated area during the Second Civil War.The CPC had implemented reforms that abolished the feudal land system in its own Soviet Area between 1927 and 1937. The reform was halted during the war against Japanese aggression. After the start of the War of Liberation, the CPC called a national conference on land policy in 1947. The conference passed the outline for a new law of land and decided to resume land reform in newly liberated areas.
After the founding of the new China, the CPC decided to step up the pace of land reform. On Jan. 24, 1950, the CPC Central Committee ordered newly liberated areas to start preparing for the Land Reform Movement. In June 1950, the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC Central Committee deliberated on the land policies to be pursued in the newly liberated areas. On behalf of the CPC Central Comm ittee, Liu Shaoqi then delivered a report on land reform at the Second Session of the First National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). On June 30, the Central People's Government officially promulgated the Land Reform Law. The CPC Central Committee decided that land reform would begin in the winter of 1950 and completed in two and half years or three years at the most. Depending on the local situation, different regions may follow different schedules.
An important part of the Land Reform Movement was to divide rural population into different classes: tenants, poor peasants, peasants, affluent peasants and landlords.Tenants and poor peasants were to be relied upon in the movement, peasants were to be won over, affluent peasants were to be neutralized, and landlords, as a class of exploitors,were the target to hit in the movement. Working groups were sent to rural areas by the government to mobilize the masses. Peasants were organized into associations to fight the feudal landlords.
The Land Reform Movement was conducted in stages under strong leadership.Every stage went through the same phases: the mobilization of the masses, the division of classes, the confiscation and redistribution of lands, and the final review.
The Land Reform Movement deprived land lords of their lands and redistributed them to tenants and peasants. It ended the feudal land system on the Chinese mainland and helped the new government of the People's Republic of China win the trust of the peasants. Through the movement, the CPC won the support of the peasants, established its leadership at the grassroots level and completed preparatio ns for pursuing a rapid industrialization.1951年中国基本完成了土地改革任务。图为山东历城县农民在丈量土地。(CFB供图)The Land Reform Movement almost finished itsmission. Peasants in Licheng County of Shandong Provincewere surveying their lands. (Photo by CFB)
1952年 “三反”“五反”运动
1951年11月30日，中共中央根据同年秋季全国工农业战线开展的爱国增产运动中揭发出的大量贪污、浪费现象和官僚主义问题，向全党指出：必须严重地注意干部的贪污行为，注意发现、揭发和惩处。12月1日，中共中央做出《关于实行精兵简政、增产节约、反对贪污、反对浪费和反对官僚主义的决定》，把反贪污、反浪费、反官僚主义作为贯彻精兵简政、增产节约这一中心任务的重大措施，12月8日，中共中央又发出《关于反贪污斗争必须大张旗鼓地去进行的指示》。一个全国规模的“三反”运动普遍地开展起来。
1951年12月2日，出国归来的中共石家庄市委第一副书记刘青山一下火车即被逮捕，4日被开除党籍。他被指控犯有贪污罪。此前，同案的原天津市地委书记张子善已经被捕，也在4日被开除党籍。
刘青山、张子善都是中共的高级干部，在革命斗争中曾立下汗马功劳。然而，从 1950年至1951年他们担任地方领导期间，通过盗窃地方粮款等款项、骗取银行贷款等手段大肆贪污，过着极度腐化的生活。
1951年夏季，刘、张二人因调动之事闹内讧，贪污行径终于败露。11月30日，毛泽东在中央起草的转发报告的批语中指出：“华北天津地委前书记刘青山及现书记张子善均是大贪污犯，已经华北局发现，并着手处理。我们认为华北局的方针是正确的，这件事给中央、中央局、分局、省市区党委提出了警告，必须严重地注意干部被资产阶级腐蚀发生严重贪污行为这一事实，注意发现、揭露和惩处，并须当作一场大斗争来处理。”
为加强对运动的领导，中共中央建立了以薄一波为主任的中央增产节约检查委员会，并在党政军三个系统成立了各级增产节约检查委员会。在运动中，各地揭露了一批严重的贪污盗窃案件，并先后召开了坦白检举大会或公审大会，对于严重犯罪分子依法严惩。
1952年2月10日，河北省人民政府举行公审大会，随后河北省人民法院报请最高人民法院批准，判处刘青山、张子善死刑并立即执行。处决刘青山和张子善成为“三反”运动的一个标志性事件。
在“三反”运动中，被揭发出的党政军民内部的贪污分子的违法行为，大多数是和社会上资产阶级不法分子互相勾结进行的。为此，1952年1月26 日，中共中央发出了《关于在城市中限期展开大规模的坚决彻底的“五反”斗争的指示》，要求向违法资本家开展一场大规模的“五反”运动，即反行贿、反偷税漏税、反盗骗国家财产、反偷工减料、反盗窃国家经济情报。
3月11日，政务院批准公布了北京市人民政府《在“五反”运动中关于工商户分类处理的标准和方法》，把私营工商户分为守法户、基本守法户、半守法半违法户、严重违法户、完全违法户5类进行定案处理。定案处理的结果是：守法户占总户数的10%—15%，基本守法户占50%—60%，半守法半违法户占20%—30%，严重违法户约占4%，完全违法户约占1%。“三反”针对的是党政机关工作人员，“五反”针对的是私营工商业者。“三反五反”通常是并称的，这是新中国成立后的一场大规模政治运动，这场运动“巩固了工人阶级的领导地位和社会主义国营经济在国民经济中的领导地位，为对资本主义工商业和资产阶级进一步的社会主义改造创造了有利条件。”
Three-Antis and Five-Antis
On Nov. 30, 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC)drew the attention of the whole party to corruption among officials and demanded actions to investigate, expose and punish them. The move was prompted by the exposure of massive graft, waste and bureaucracy during the Patriotic Production Movement conducted in the industry and agriculture departments in the same autumn. On Dec. 1, the CPC Central Committee issued the Decision to Streamline the Government; I ncrease Production and Reduce costs; Oppose Corruption, Waste and Bureaucracy. Opposing corruption, waste and bureaucracy was an important measu re to attain the central task of streaml ining the government, increase prod uction and reduce costs. On Dec. 8, the CPC Central Committee issued an instruction calling for a full-scale fight against corruption, the ThreeAnti Movement soon spread to nationwide.
On Dec. 2, 1951, Liu Qingshan, the first deputy secretary of the CPC committee of Shijiazhuang city, was arrested immediately after he got off the train as he returned from an official foreign visit. He was expelled from the CPC on Dec. 4. Liu was accused of corruptions. Arrested before him was Zhang Zishan, former CPC secretary of the Tianjin Prefecture, who was involved in the same case. Zhang was also expelled from the Party on the same day.
Liu and Zhang were both senior officials who had made great contributions to the revolution. However, while they were leading officials in local governments between 1950and 1951, they lived a very corrupt life, using money they had stolen through embezzling government fund for grain purchases and cheating loans from banks.
In the summer of 1951, the relations between Liu and Zhang got sour as a result of change of job, and their shared secret of corruption was leaked. On Nov. 30, Mao Zedong wrote in his comment on a circular issued by the CPC Central Committee: “The former and incumbent party secretary of the Tianjin Prefecture both committed serious crime of graft. The CPC North China Bureau has exposed them and is dealing with the case.The North China Bureau is taking the right approach on the issue, in our point of view.The event is a wake-up call to the CPC Central Committee, the central bureau and its
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