拿破仑全传上卷(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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作者:(法)路易·德·波里涅

出版社:辽宁人民出版社

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拿破仑全传上卷

拿破仑全传上卷试读:

More classics to be soon published are:

Essays of Michel de Montaigne Volume 2

The Complete Works of William Shakespeare by William Shakespeare

Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes Volume 2

The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Volume 2 by Edward Gibbon

The History of Herodotus — Volume 2 by Herodotus

On War — Volume 2 by Carl von Clausewitz

The World as Will and Idea (Vol. 3 of 3) by Arthur Schopenhauer

Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte Volume 2 — Complete by Louis de Bourrienne

Jesus the Christ by James E. Talmage

And many more…

The Bedside Classics of World Literature, Philosophy and Psychology

Designed to make all English classic works available to all readers, The Bedside Classics bring you the world’s greatest literature, philosophy, psychology books that have stood the test of time – at specially low prices. These beautifully designed books will be proud addictions to your bookshelf. You’ll want all these time-tested classics for your own reading pleasure. The titles of the sixth set of The Bedside Classics are:

The Works of Edgar Allan Poe Vol. I by Edgar Allan Poe 30.00

Common Sense by Thomas Paine 20.00

The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky 58.00

Confucian Analects translated by James Legge 38.00

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol. I by Edward Gibbon 28.00

Essays of Mongtaine Complete Vol. I by Michel de Montaigne 45.00

Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte — Complete Vol. I by Louis de Bourrienne 46.00

Paradise Lost by John Milton 16.00

Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes 35.00

The History of Herodotus – Vol. I by Herodotus 26.00

Jean-Christophe by Romain Rolland (Volume III) 30.00

The Moon and the Sixpence by W. Somerset Maugham 16.00

On War by Carl von Clausewitz 20.00

All's Well That Ends Well by William Shakespeare 30.00

The World as Will and Idea by Arthur Schopenhauer(Volume II) 28.00

For the online order, please use the 2-dimentional bar code on the back cover. If you have any suggestions, please go to the publisher’s weibo: http:// weibo.com/lrs 2009. Or visit the publisher’s web-side. Or call 024-23284321.

Is This Book for You?马背上的世界精神——“最经典英语文库”第六辑之《拿破仑全传》导读

马玉凤

拿破仑·波拿巴,法国资产阶级政治家和军事家,法兰西第一帝国及百日王朝皇帝,生于科西嘉岛破落贵族家庭。巴黎军事学校结业后,当上了炮兵上尉。在法国资产阶级革命时期参加革命军,在1793年的土伦战役中立功,并晋升为少将。督政府时期,于1796年率兵进攻意大利,两年后入侵埃及。1799年,拿破仑发动“雾月政变”,组成执政府,任第一执政。随后,拿破仑进行了多项军政、教育、司法、行政、立法、经济等方面的重大改革,颁布了《拿破仑法典》。《拿破仑法典》对德国、西班牙、瑞士等西方资本主义国家的立法产生了重大的影响。这部法典将大革命时期颁布的《人权宣言》中关于权利保障的部分移植到了民法领域,是对《人权宣言》精神的传承。1804年,拿破仑称帝,建立法兰西第一帝国,竭力强化中央集权的军事官僚国家机构,镇压王党复辟势力;对外不断战争,多次粉碎反法同盟,沉重打击了欧洲的封建势力。

1806年10月,拿破仑率法军于耶拿大败普鲁士军,法国士兵竟然掠夺了哲学家黑格尔的财产,使之家徒四壁。不过值得庆幸的是,黑格尔在耶拿战役之前基本完成了《精神现象学》的写作。即便如此,10月30日当拿破仑骑马正从街上走过,被黑格尔从住所的窗口望见,几天前,黑格尔刚刚将《精神现象学》手稿寄走,此刻正担心自己的手稿是否会在邮寄途中毁于战火。焦急中的黑格尔目不转睛地望着拿破仑,并将这位法国人与自己的哲学概念联系起来。当晚,在给朋友的信中,黑格尔写道:“我看见皇帝——这位世界精神——骑着马出来巡视全城。看到这样一个个体,他掌握着世界,主宰着世界,骑在马背上。”

与此同时,拿破仑还极力与英、俄争霸,不断掠夺扩张,导致了各个被压迫民族的反抗和国内矛盾的加剧。耶拿战役之后,拿破仑宣布大陆封锁。1806年2月8日法军在埃洛打败俄军。拿破仑回国后,继续改革内务,整顿警察和大学,规定大学的任务是“用同一个模子培养忠于国家和第四王朝的资产阶级青年,取消法案评议委员会、参议院和立法议院,实施严格的报刊和书籍检查制度,以至当时最重要的作家夏多布里昂、斯塔尔夫人、贡斯当都非常敌视帝国。1812年,拿破仑远征俄国,火烧莫斯科。得知有人密谋,拿破仑火速回国,法军溃逃,联军攻入法国,加速了帝国的崩溃。1814年,欧洲反法联军攻陷巴黎,拿破仑退位,被放逐于厄尔巴岛。1815年3月1日,拿破仑再次回到法国重掌政权,但只维持了100天。滑铁卢战役失败后,拿破仑二次退位,被英国人囚禁于圣赫勒拿岛,1821年5月5日,死于胃癌。临终前,这位被黑格尔称为“马背上的世界精神”的伟大统帅感叹:“我曾经统领百万雄师,现在却空无一人;我曾经横扫三大洲,如今却无立足之地。耶稣远胜于我,他没有一兵一卒,未占领过尺寸之地,他的国却建立在万人心中。世间有两种武器:精神和剑。从长远看,精神必将打败利剑。”的确,200多年以后的今天,拿破仑的武功霸业已成过眼云烟,而“马背上的世界精神”,作为黑格尔哲学的一个符号,却四海皆知,存之久远。

本书的作者路易·德·波里涅和拿破仑8岁时在科西嘉岛相识,并结下友谊。成年之后,拿破仑进了军校,后参军;波里涅先后在维也纳和莱比锡学习外交。1795年,波里涅回到巴黎与拿破仑重逢,此时,拿破仑正准备率军出征意大利。波里涅意识到他的这位朋友很有可能成为千古伟人,于是,波里涅开始有意识地做记录和复制档案。1797年之后,波里涅作为私人秘书跟随拿破仑远征埃及,从埃及回到法国之后,协助拿破仑发动“雾月政变”,参与颁布《拿破仑法典》。在拿破仑征战的过程中,波里涅充满敬仰地记录下拿破仑为自己和家族攫取权力和财富的手段。1802年秋,拿破仑开始疏远波里涅,并且在几个星期后,没做任何解释就解雇了波里涅,从此二人形同陌路。

在这部传记里,波里涅以生动、细腻的笔触记录了他与拿破仑,以及拿破仑的母亲、兄弟姐妹乃至拿破仑的第一任妻子约瑟芬的交往细节。尽管波里涅被他的这位亲密朋友抛弃、羞辱,但在传记写作中,他仍然力求做到客观叙述拿破仑的功过是非。

Louis de Bourrienne

Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne (1769 - 1834) was a French diplomat. Bourrienne is famous for his Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, a book based on years of intimate friendship with his subject. They met at the Military Academy at Brienne in Champagne when eight years old. Napoleon recalled the famous snowball battles that he masterminded: “Unfortunately the pleasure did not last long, for we put stones in the snowballs, so that many boys were injured, among them my friend Bourrienne, and the game was forbidden”. Typically, Napoleon recalled that when they graduated in 1787 at age 15 he led in all subjects; Bourrienne recalled that Napoleon led in mathematics, while he was first in all else.

General Preface

Millions of Chinese are learning English to acquire knowledge and skills for communication in a world where English has become the primary language for international discourse. Yet not many learners have come to realize that the command of the English language also enables them to have an easy access to the world literary classics such as Shakespeare's plays, Shelley's poems, mark Twain's novels and Nietzsche's works which are an important part of liberal-arts education. The most important goals of universities are not vocational, that is, not merely the giving of knowledge and the training of skills.

In a broad sense, education aims at broadening young people's mental horizon, cultivating virtues and shaping their character. Lincoln, Mao Zedong and many other great leaders and personages of distinction declared how they drew immense inspiration and strength from literary works. As a matter of fact, many of them had aspired to become writers in their young age. Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) is said to take along with him two things, waking or sleeping: a book and a dagger, and the book is Iliad, a literary classic, by Homer. He would put these two much treasured things under his pillow when he went to bed.

Today, we face an unprecedented complex and changing world. To cope with this rapid changing world requires not only communication skills, but also adequate knowledge of cultures other than our own home culture. Among the most important developments in present-day global culture is the ever increasing cultural exchanges and understanding between different nations and peoples. And one of the best ways to know foreign cultures is to read their literary works, particularly their literary classics, the soul of a country's culture. They also give you the best language and the feeling of sublimity.

Liaoning People's Publishing House is to be congratulated for its foresight and courage in making a new series of world literary classics available to the reading public. It is hoped that people with an adequate command of the English language will read them, like them and keep them as their lifetime companions.

I am convinced that the series will make an important contribution to the literary education of the young people in China. At a time when the whole country is emphasizing "spiritual civilization", it is certainly a very timely venture to put out the series of literary classics for literary and cultural education.Zhang ZhongzaiProfessorBeijing Foreign Studies UniversityJuly, 2013 Beijing

总序

经典名著的语言无疑是最凝练、最优美、最有审美价值的。雪莱的那句“如冬已来临,春天还会远吗?”让多少陷于绝望的人重新燃起希望之火,鼓起勇气,迎接严冬过后的春天。徐志摩一句“悄悄的我走了,正如我悄悄的来;我挥一挥衣袖,不带走一片云彩”又让多少人陶醉。尼采的那句“上帝死了”,又给多少人以振聋发聩的启迪作用。

读经典名著,尤其阅读原汁原味作品,可以怡情养性,增长知识,加添才干,丰富情感,开阔视野。所谓“经典”,其实就是作者所属的那个民族的文化积淀,是那个民族的灵魂缩影。英国戏剧泰斗莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》和《麦克白》等、“意大利语言之父”的但丁的《神曲》之《地狱篇》《炼狱篇》及《天堂篇》、爱尔兰世界一流作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》及《一个艺术家的肖像》等、美国风趣而笔法超一流的著名小说家马克·吐温的《哈克历险记》以及《汤姆索亚历险记》等,德国著名哲学家尼采的《查拉图斯特拉如是说》及《快乐的科学》等等,都为塑造自己民族的文化积淀,做出了永恒的贡献,也同时向世界展示了他们所属的民族的优美剪影。

很多著名领袖如林肯、毛泽东等伟大人物,也都曾从经典名著中汲取力量,甚至获得治国理念。耶鲁大学教授查尔斯·希尔曾在题为《经典与治国理念》的文章,阐述了读书与治国之间的绝妙关系。他这样写道:“在几乎所有经典名著中,都可以找到让人叹为观止、深藏其中的治国艺术原则。”

经典名著,不仅仅有治国理念,更具提升读者审美情趣的功能。世界上不同时代、不同地域的优秀经典作品,都存在一个共同属性:歌颂赞美人间的真善美,揭露抨击世间的假恶丑。

读欧美自但丁以来的经典名著,你会看到,西方无论是在漫长的黑暗时期,抑或进入现代进程时期,总有经典作品问世,对世间的负面,进行冷峻的批判。与此同时,也有更多的大家作品问世,热情讴歌人间的真诚与善良,使读者不由自主地沉浸于经典作品的审美情感之中。

英语经典名著,显然是除了汉语经典名著以外,人类整个进程中至关重要的文化遗产的一部分。从历史上看,英语是全世界经典阅读作品中,使用得最广泛的国际性语言。这一事实,没有产生根本性变化。本世纪相当长一段时间,这一事实也似乎不会发生任何变化。而要更深入地了解并切身感受英语经典名著的风采,阅读原汁原味的英语经典作品的过程,显然是必不可少的。

辽宁人民出版社及时并隆重推出“最经典英语文库”系列丛书,是具有远见与卓识的出版行为。我相信,这套既可供阅读,同时也具收藏价值的英语原版经典作品系列丛书,在帮助人们了解什么才是经典作品的同时,也一定会成为广大英语爱好者、大中学生以及学生家长们挚爱的“最经典英语文库”。北京外国语大学英语学院北外公共外交研究中心欧美文学研究中心主任全国英国文学学会名誉会长张中载 教授2013年7月于北京

AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION

The trading upon an illustrious name can alone have given birth to the multitude of publications under the titles of historical memoirs, secret memoirs, and other rhapsodies which have appeared respecting Napoleon. On looking into them it is difficult to determine whether the impudence of the writers or the simplicity of certain readers is most astonishing. Yet these rude and ill digested compilations, filled with absurd anecdotes, fabricated speeches, fictitious crimes or virtues, and disfigured by numerous anachronisms, instead of being consigned to just contempt and speedy oblivion, have been pushed into notice by speculators, and have found zealous partisans and enthusiastic apologists.

For a time I entertained the idea of noticing, one by one, the numerous errors which have been written respecting Napoleon; but I have renounced a task which would have been too laborious to myself, and very tedious to the reader. I shall therefore only correct those which come within the plan of my work, and which are connected with those facts, to a more accurate knowledge of which than any other person can possess I may lay claim. There are men who imagine that nothing done by Napoleon will ever be forgotten; but must not the slow but inevitable influence of time be expected to operate with respect to him? The effect of that influence is, that the most important event of an epoch soon sinks, almost imperceptibly and almost disregarded, into the immense mass of historical facts. Time, in its progress, diminishes the probability as well as the interest of such an event, as it gradually wears away the most durable monuments.

I attach only a relative importance to what I am about to lay before the public. I shall give authentic documents. If all persons who have approached Napoleon, at any time and in any place, would candidly record what they saw and heard, without passion, the future historian would be rich in materials. It is my wish that he who may undertake the difficult task of writing the history of Napoleon shall find in my notes information useful to the perfection of his work. There he will at least find truth. I have not the ambition to wish that what I state should be taken as absolute authority; but I hope that it will always be consulted.

I have never before published anything respecting Napoleon. That malevolence which fastens itself upon men who have the misfortune to be somewhat separated from the crowd has, because there is always more profit in saying ill than good, attributed to me several works on Bonaparte; among others, 'Les Memoires secrets d'un Homme qui ne l'a pas quitte', par M. B— -, and 'Memoires secrets sur Napoleon Bonaparte, par M. de B—, and 'Le Precis Historique sur Napoleon'. The initial of my name has served to propagate this error. The incredible ignorance which runs through those memoirs, the absurdities and inconceivable silliness with which they abound, do not permit a man of honour and common sense to allow such wretched rhapsodies to be imputed to him. I declared in 1816, and at later periods in the French and foreign journals, that I had no hand in those publications, and I here formally repeat this declaration.

But it may be said to me, Why should we place more confidence in you than in those who have written before you?

My reply shall be plain. I enter the lists one of the last I have read all that my predecessors have published confident that all I state is true. I have no interest in deceiving, no disgrace to fear, no reward to expect. I neither wish to obscure nor embellish his glory. However great Napoleon may have been, was he not also liable to pay his tribute to the weakness of human nature? I speak of Napoleon such as I have seen him, known him, frequently admired and sometimes blamed him. I state what I saw, heard, wrote, and thought at the time, under each circumstance that occurred. I have not allowed myself to be carried away by the illusions of the imagination, nor to be influenced by friendship or hatred. I shall not insert a single reflection which did not occur to me at the very moment of the event which gave it birth. How many transactions and documents were there over which I could but lament!—how many measures, contrary to my views, to my principles, and to my character!—while the best intentions were incapable of overcoming difficulties which a most powerful and decided will rendered almost insurmountable.

I also wish the future historian to compare what I say with what others have related or may relate. But it will be necessary for him to attend to dates, circumstances, difference of situation, change of temperament, and age,—for age has much influence over men. We do not think and act at fifty as at twenty-five. By exercising this caution he will be able to discover the truth, and to establish an opinion for posterity.

The reader must not expect to find in these Memoirs an uninterrupted series of all the events which marked the great career of Napoleon; nor details of all those battles, with the recital of which so many eminent men have usefully and ably occupied themselves. I shall say little about whatever I did not see or hear, and which is not supported by official documents.

Perhaps I shall succeed in confirming truths which have been doubted, and in correcting errors which have been adopted. If I sometimes differ from the observations and statements of Napoleon at St. Helena, I am far from supposing that those who undertook to be the medium of communication between him and the public have misrepresented what he said. I am well convinced that none of the writers of St. Helena can be taxed with the slightest deception; disinterested zeal and nobleness of character are undoubted pledges of their veracity. It appears to me perfectly certain that Napoleon stated, dictated, or corrected all they have published. Their honour is unquestionable; no one can doubt it. That they wrote what he communicated must therefore be believed; but it cannot with equal confidence be credited that what he communicated was nothing but the truth. He seems often to have related as a fact what was really only an idea,—an idea, too, brought forth at St. Helena, the child of misfortune, and transported by his imagination to Europe in the time of his prosperity. His favourite phrase, which was every moment on his lips, must not be forgotten—"What will history say—what will posterity think?" This passion for leaving behind him a celebrated name is one which belongs to the constitution of the human mind; and with Napoleon its influence was excessive. In his first Italian campaign he wrote thus to General Clarke: "That ambition and the occupation of high offices were not sufficient for his satisfaction and happiness, which he had early placed in the opinion of Europe and the esteem of posterity." He often observed to me that with him the opinion of posterity was the real immortality of the soul.

It may easily be conceived that Napoleon wished to give to the documents which he knew historians would consult a favourable colour, and to direct, according to his own views, the judgment of posterity on his actions: But it is only by the impartial comparison of periods, positions, and age that a well founded decision will be given. About his fortieth year the physical constitution of Napoleon sustained considerable change; and it may be presumed that his moral qualities were affected by that change. It is particularly important not to lose sight of the premature decay of his health, which, perhaps, did not permit him always to, possess the vigour of memory otherwise consistent enough with his age. The state of our organisation often modifies our recollections, our feelings, our manner of viewing objects, and the impressions we receive. This will be taken into consideration by judicious and thinking men; and for them I write.

What M. de Las Casas states Napoleon to have said in May 1816 on the manner of writing his history corroborates the opinion I have expressed. It proves that all the facts and observations he communicated or dictated were meant to serve as materials. We learn from the Memorial that M. de Las Casas wrote daily, and that the manuscript was read over by Napoleon, who often made corrections with his own hand. The idea of a journal pleased him greatly. He fancied it would be a work of which the world could afford no other example. But there are passages in which the order of events is deranged; in others facts are misrepresented and erroneous assertions are made, I apprehend, not altogether involuntarily.

I have paid particular attention to all that has been published by the noble participators of the imperial captivity. Nothing, however, could induce me to change a word in these Memoirs, because nothing could take from me my conviction of the truth of what I personally heard and saw. It will be found that Napoleon in his private conversations often confirms what I state; but we sometimes differ, and the public must judge between us. However, I must here make one observation.

When Napoleon dictated or related to his friends in St. Helena the facts which they have reported he was out of the world,—he had played his part. Fortune, which, according to his notions, had conferred on him all his power and greatness, had recalled all her gifts before he sank into the tomb. His ruling passion would induce him to think that it was due to his glory to clear up certain facts which might prove an unfavourable escort if they accompanied him to posterity. This was his fixed idea. But is there not some ground for suspecting the fidelity of him who writes or dictates his own history? Why might he not impose on a few persons in St. Helena, when he was able to impose on France and Europe, respecting many acts which emanated from him during the long duration of his power? The life of Napoleon would be very unfaithfully written were the author to adopt as true all his bulletins and proclamations, and all the declarations he made at St. Helena. Such a history would frequently be in contradiction to facts; and such only is that which might be entitled, 'The History of Napoleon, written by Himself.

I have said thus much because it is my wish that the principles which have guided me in the composition of these Memoirs may be understood. I am aware that they will not please every reader; that is a success to which I cannot pretend. Some merit, however, may be allowed me on account of the labour I have undergone. It has neither been of a slight nor an agreeable kind. I made it a rule to read everything that has been written respecting Napoleon, and I have had to decipher many of his autograph documents, though no longer so familiar with his scrawl as formerly. I say decipher, because a real cipher might often be much more readily understood than the handwriting of Napoleon. My own notes, too, which were often very hastily made, in the hand I wrote in my youth, have sometimes also much embarrassed me.

My long and intimate connection with Bonaparte from boyhood, my close relations with him when General, Consul, and Emperor, enabled me to see and appreciate all that was projected and all that was done during that considerable and momentous period of time. I not only had the opportunity of being present at the conception and the execution of the extraordinary deeds of one of the ablest men nature ever formed, but, notwithstanding an almost unceasing application to business, I found means to employ the few moments of leisure which Bonaparte left at my disposal in making notes, collecting documents, and in recording for history facts respecting which the truth could otherwise with difficulty be ascertained; and more particularly in collecting those ideas, often profound, brilliant, and striking, but always remarkable, to which Bonaparte gave expression in the overflowing frankness of confidential intimacy.

The knowledge that I possessed much important information has exposed me to many inquiries, and wherever I have resided since my retirement from public affairs much of my time has been spent in replying to questions. The wish to be acquainted with the most minute details of the life of a man formed on an unexampled model is very natural; and the observation on my replies by those who heard them always was, "You should publish your Memoirs!"

I had certainly always in view the publication of my Memoirs; but, at the same time, I was firmly resolved not to publish them until a period should arrive in which I might tell the truth, and the whole truth. While Napoleon was in the possession of power I felt it right to resist the urgent applications made to me on this subject by some persons of the highest distinction. Truth would then have sometimes appeared flattery, and sometimes, also, it might not have been without danger. Afterwards, when the progress of events removed Bonaparte to a far distant island in the midst of the ocean, silence was imposed on me by other considerations,-by considerations of propriety and feeling.

After the death of Bonaparte, at St. Helena, reasons of a different

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