新加坡产业发展解读：产业体系构筑与现代园区建设(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：阮庆文

出版社：江苏人民出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

新加坡产业发展解读：产业体系构筑与现代园区建设试读：

JURONG International has played a pivotal role in shaping the regional industrial landscape，having rooted its expertise in the 1990s through its predecessor，JTC International （JTCI）.Together with its key partners，it was i2volved in both master planning and infrastructure development of several industrial parks in Indonesia，Vietnam，Philippines and China.

As a corporatized business unit of JTC since 2001，we have leveraged on our strengths to assist emerging economies in their land use and infrastructure development needs，to as far as India and the Middle East，and most recently，Latin America，Russia and Africa.

On the home front，we have actively participated in the physical planning and infrastructure development of many industrial parks，specialized parks，business parks and R&D centres to meet the varied needs of investors in each phase of Singapore's industrialisation transformation.With these handson development experiences，JURONG International has taken a holistic approach in providing consulting services in the master planning and development of industrial townships overseas.This integrated approach of industrialisation strategy and planning with infrastructure development，has helped to differentiate us from other service providers in this field.

This book is the reflection of various authors experiences in master planning consultancy as well as the training of Chinese officials and professionals over the years.It examines Singapore's industrialization program，from economic development strategies to their implementation and transformation within a close institutional setup，providing valuable relevance to the administration of many Chinese cities and economic development zones.

As many Chinese cities are entering a new phase of development and modernization，urbanisation embracing environmental protection blueprints and social reforms，becomes a key priority in the mind of the Chinese local government.Hence，the book will help to bridge the information gap for Chinese readers and provide a comprehensive account of Singapore's industrialisation，as well as the development of modern industrial parks in the last 50 years.

I am honoured to have been a part of this journey and believe that this book will chronicle the eventful industrial development milestones to the best of its ability.Er Tang Tat KwongGroup President CEOJURONG International Holdings Group，Singapore集团总裁及总执行长新加坡裕廊国际序言二转型发展、地方治理与空间响应——简评《新加坡产业发展解读：产业体系构筑与现代园区建设》

从20世纪60年代开始，亚洲的香港、新加坡、韩国和台湾通过出口导向型的经济发展战略快速崛起，形成所谓的“东亚模式”并引起世界关注。这四个经济体成功发展的经验已成为发展经济学研究的典型案例。其中，新加坡的发展模式被称为“国家资本主义”，所体现出的稳定政局、高效地方治理与中国现行地方发展模式相近，其参与建设的中国苏州工业园区的发展成功，更激发起中国地方政府学习新加坡经验的热情。

学术界、政府研究机构都已经对新加坡经济与产业发展进行了深入研究，包括宏观发展战略、政府公共政策、发展演变、招商行动、运作模式等方面。阮庆文先生等著的《新加坡产业发展解读：产业体系构筑与现代园区建设》一书从战略与空间规划角度出发，探讨新加坡从建国工业化初期向现代创新型经济转型发展的不同阶段所面临的机遇和挑战、地方治理措施与空间响应的有机结合。本书提出，新加坡转型发展最大成功之处不在于产业定位、招商引资或建设优质园区，而在于政府把握了一套学习与适应的动态治理系统。这使政府能够在经济发展的不同阶段，审时度势，制定相应的政策，使政府干预与市场调节有机结合，从而推动新加坡经济的转型和升级。这个结论一语中的，总结出新加坡经验的真实内涵。工业发展积累阶段：稳定社会经济

1965年8月新加坡共和国成立，当时面临巨大的经济和社会建设挑战。新加坡政府借助联合国技术援助事务局工业调查团队的力量，对工业化发展路径进行研究，制订了“新加坡工业化计划草案”，包括成立经济发展局，打造良好基础设施，建设工业区，协商处理劳资关系，提倡技术培训，扩大海外招商引资，就此形成加工出口的工业化策略，破解早期新加坡工业发展的困境和制约条件。

在此阶段，空间响应的发展结果还是工业区的建设，包括了两大策略：第一是工业区和卫星镇的融合，强调工业区与生活区的空间融合，提供充足劳动力和解决就业问题相互适应，同时以邻里中心生活商业服务来为工业区员工提供就近服务；第二是现代工业园区建设，标志性事件是裕廊工业区的建设，规划和发展成为一个依托港口、结合工业区和城市配套的现代化大型工业区，吸引外资企业投资和本地企业搬迁。传统资本技术密集型产业发展阶段：提升生产力

到1970年代初期，随着国内工业化迅速发展，劳动力资源出现短缺，劳动生产力与生产关系开始出现不匹配。新加坡政府成立“经济委员会”，聘请产业经济专家进行把脉，得到的新结论是新加坡产业经济竞争力正在下降，原因在于劳动生产力提升速度落后于劳动力成本增长速度，必须推进产业转型。至1980年代中期，新加坡制定了经济战略发展规划，确定从跨国公司离岸生产基地逐步发展成为国际商务中心和运营总部基地的目标。在该阶段，M2000和IBH2000（国际商务枢纽2000年）成为标志性的地方治理战略。

M2000参照竞争力优势及产业集群理论，从产业链角度对新加坡主要产业门类提出增链和补链的战略，包括辅助针对性的研发和工业设计活动、设立关键零部件生产设施、鼓励低端资源依赖性制造业向邻近区域转移以及鼓励现代物流设施升级等。IBH2000计划则侧重利用其战略区位条件、发达的基础设施和人力资源、自由流通的政策，将新加坡建设成为国际商务金融、现代物流、通讯与信息中心。

该阶段，空间响应措施是新型产业园区的建设。首先是在原有产业园区继续发展的基础上，新加坡加大力度发展都市圈外地电子产业地块和扩建裕廊工业区。其次，通过建设物流园区（先是海港物流园区，之后是空港物流园区）来大力发展现代物流产业。再次，建设科学园和国际商务园进行产业升级尝试，主要进驻的是与政府相关的科技机构。高端制造与服务型经济发展阶段：强化竞争力

在2000年左右的时候，东亚经济体对新加坡制造业的挑战日益激烈。基于此，新加坡政府再次组织对产业经济的潜力和竞争力进行深入探讨，认为投资和技术对现有产业的生产力提升将很快面临瓶颈，未来产业发展的主要动力应该是依赖研发和创新创造，通过知识型的产业体系才能实现新加坡经济可持续增长。由此，新加坡政府制定I21（产业21计划）和T21（21世纪科技企业家计划）两项计划，以引导制造业向研发、设计、创新创意为主导的知识型经济转型与升级。

在制造业领域，新加坡提出的治理策略包括：推动新加坡向国际市场整合，积极利用国际人才、知识和技术；将新加坡定位为优质区域中心，吸引跨国企业和本土企业将其作为高附加值产品生产基地，并向区域内其他企业提供制造相关服务；提供有利于创业的发展环境，激发自由创意与企业活动；支持创新，开发新商务领域和增长等。在服务业领域，相关治理战略提出扩展现有金融服务、国际贸易、交通运输和物流、会展管理及旅游服务等产业，发展医疗保健、教育、传媒、信息与通信、电子商务等高增长产业，将新加坡打造成为亚洲服务业中心。

在该阶段，空间响应的结果还是特色园区的打造。为了满足石化产业集群的发展需求，新加坡通过填海的方式将七个孤立小岛连接在一起，打造了一个现代化的世界级石化基地——裕廊化工岛。此外，作为对波特产业集群理论的响应，建设多个特色产业园区，包括晶体园、医药制造园、航空物流园、宇航零部件制造及维修产业园区等。同时，响应“第二对经济翅膀”的政策，开始在海外建设产业园区，包括苏州工业园区、巴淡岛工业区等。科技创新构建新的发展蓝图：形成综合竞争优势

通过系列产业结构优化调整，新加坡逐渐形成了以电子、石化、医药和海事工程产业为核心的制造业组团以及相应的现代物流、商务服务生产性服务业组团。借助产业集群概念，从产业链优化角度梳理了不同产业的发展策略。但随着全球经济转型发展，新加坡政府未雨绸缪，试图紧跟全球经济新一轮升级发展的步伐，利用科技创新能力打造新加坡在21世纪的综合竞争和发展优势。

根据专家建议，新加坡开始大力强化科学技术基础设施建设，要求结合大学与公共研究院作为研发和创新核心驱动力量；另外政府创新国内需求和市场条件，提供更多机会让科技和创新企业借平台拓展区域市场。经济发展局发布了T21计划以引导产业迈向研发创新，推进知识型经济的成长。为配合T21计划，新加坡国家科学技术局发布“科学与技术发展蓝图”，进一步从科学技术与研发创新的角度向知识与创新驱动的产业转型提出了行动计划。

在该阶段，空间响应的结果是传统园区的升级和新一代园区的建设。其中在传统制造业园区，政府侧重于搭建技术公共平台来帮助中小企业成长和提高他们的生产力；在新一代园区中，重点发展研发、创新和创意为主导的新兴科技产业。新加坡政府园区建设的思路侧重于推进创新型经济的发展，包括研发创新科技企业为主的纬壹科技城，先进精密工程为主的实里达宇航零部件维修中心，绿色环保产业为主的洁净科技园区等。这些新型与特色园区的建设，为研发、创意等产业的发展提供了载体，并大大提高了产业的创新力和劳动生产率。

地方发展的模式一直是学术界和政府机构重点研究的课题，政府主导、市场主导或者第三条道路该如何选择也一直争论不休。新加坡国家资本主义主导的发展模式在过去阶段取得相当成功，根据外部环境和自身基础推出的战略经验更值得我们进一步研究借鉴。但是也应该看到新加坡政府在地方发展进程中角色的变化：从最初完全主导到现在服务型政府的建设，而市场的力量在逐步强化。这使得我们必须考虑不同阶段、不同发展基础及在不同发展条件下政府治理应该发挥的作用，新加坡的经验是否具有普适性更需要实践的检验，也留待学术界及政府部门从不同案例分析中进一步探讨。

诚如作者所言，本书是他们基于多年规划实践经验及掌握的政府需求方向，对新加坡产业体系演变及工业园区建设经验进行的总结和梳理，而非学术研究，因此在理论分析和研究方法方面都稍显薄弱。此外，本书组织结构相对分散，各章节研究内容明确但在整体上联系不够紧密，也算是本书的白璧微瑕。我相信，本书的出版对中国地方发展能起到积极的借鉴作用。教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地华东师范大学中国现代城市研究中心教授英文摘要

Over the last 50 years，Singapore has achieved a remarkable success inits economic development，industrialisation and urbanisation，which received many international accolades.With such achievements，it has attracted many overseas visitors，government officials，academics and professionals，who come to Singapore to study its development experiences and examine its success factors，with the aims of drawing on some lessons and seeking its relevance to the development and management of their cities and countries.

There is no short of publications written by local researchers and visiting officials and academics on the Singapore's broad economic development strategies，industrialisation programme and general public policies.However，there is a lack of literatures which provides an overall perspective on the Singapore's industrialisation development as well as details how it organises its industrial structure and system and integrated that with the physical planning and development of industrial parks in Singapore.

Having worked for JURONG International in providing masterplanning consultancy for some 15 years，the authors have had the opportunity to work and interact extensively with the government officials and professionals in many Chinese cities and economic development zones.In the course of these discussions，many of the Chinese government officials had shown great admiration for Singapore achievements in its socio-economic development and urbanisation.In particular，they considered that the Singapore's industrialisation and development of modern industrial parks are of relevance to the issues to be dealt with in the development of their cities and management of their economic development zones.

Based on their feedback，it appears that there is an information and knowledge gap in the areas of Singapore's industrialisation and industrial parks development，particularly for the Chinese audience.This book is written to bridge this gap and to provide a more comprehensive account on Singapore's industrialisation and the development of modern industrial parks in the last 50 years.

The intention of this book is not meant to be an academic research work on the Singapore economic development and industrialisation.In the course of our planning consultancy works overseas，the authors realise that the principal actors，the local authorities and the master developers，are mainly keen to get an insight into the solving of practical issues：how did Singapore organise the industrial structure and its contents and integrate it seamlessly with the physical development of industrial parks? Such an understanding would be beneficial to them in the development and management of their cities and economic development zones.With this in mind，the book is intended to focus on three main aspects of Singapore's developmental issues：the industrial development strategies，the organization of industrial structure and the physical development of industrial parks in Singapore.

Basically，the book reviews and analyses four main components of Singapore's industrialisation programme，the broad economic development strategies and policies，the evolution and transformation of industrial structure，the physical planning and development of industrial parks and the government machanisms in implementing the industrialisation programme and its transformation.

The book begins by tracing the socioeconomic development in the early years of Singapore's independence.This is to demonstrate the tremendous difficulties which Singapore encountered in the early years of its industrialisation.

With this development background，the book then outlines the detailed progress of the Singapore economic development stages and industrialisation programme.This includes the kickoff phase with the exportorientated industrialisation strategy，the ‘second industrial revolution’ in reinventing the industrialisation programme，the reorganising and upgrading the industrial structure in pursuit of an innovation and knowledgebased economy and the strategy of building up ‘second wing’ to expand the Singapore's economic space through regionalisation.A number of key findings and recommendations put forward by the various Economic Review Committees in respect of the economic growth strategies，industrial policies and the development of industrial enterprises are included.

This is followed by looking at the evolution and transformation of the Singapore industrial structure and organisation.From the early stage of industrialisation with labourintensive industries，moving progressively through the stages of skillsintensive，capitalintensive and technologyintensive industries to the present phase of knowledgebased and innovationdriven industries are covered in detail.Through the application of Professor Michael Porter's industrial clustering and valuechain concepts，Singapore had realigned the development focus of industries and rationalised the industrial structure.This had helped to strengthen the Singapore's competiveness in its key industries，namely Electronics and IT，Precision Engineering，Petrochemicals，Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology.In the process of economic development and progress，the industrial market mechanism，the roles of stateowned enterprises，private sector companies and foreign MNCs are discussed.Government efforts and various measures of enhancing the capability of local small and medium enterprises are also covered.

Good industrial development strategies and sound policies need to be realised on the ground and infrastructure development was the key to accelerating industrialisation.The book next moves on to deliberate on the spatial aspect of the Singapore's industrialisation programme.It begins with the discussion of the Singapore Concept Plan Review carried out in the late 1980s，where a comprehensive assessment and long range forecast of industrial land demand was made.With the industrial land requirements in mind，various methods of land assembly：private land acquisition，reclamation from the sea and the enbloc redevelopment of old industrial estates were used to build up a sizeable pool of land resources.This was deemed necessary to maintain Singapore's industrial competiveness in support of its long term economic growth and development.

Guided by the long range Singapore Concept Plan and the industrialisation programme，adequate land had been carefully set aside and planned for the development of various industrial estates，business parks as well as the advanced science and technology parks.These industrial developments were properly planned in relation to the population and urban centres，environmental considerations，roads and transportation networks and the provisions of major infrastructures.Construction of roads，drains，sewers and public utilities as well as the provision of commerce，social and recreational amenities were built along side with the factories and plants in the industrial parks.In response to the market forces and enterprise needs，different forms of industrial parks，business parks，specialised parks，logistics parks and R&D centres were timely developed and implemented in tandem with the progression of Singapore's industrialisation programme.

In the absence of a strong indigenous industrialists and the lack of necessary industrial skills and expertise in the early years ofits industrialisation，Singapore government played an extensive role and assumed a highlevel involvement in the industrialisation programme.The book examines the various state institutions，which were set up to drive the economic growth and spearhead industrial development.The roles and functions of these state institutions，namely EDB，JTC，IES，SPRING and A*STAR are discussed in detail.Over the years，these institutions had collectively transformed Singapore from a colonial trade economy to an integrated and modern industrial economy driven by skills，knowledge，science and technology.

With this transformation，the book attempts to outline and analyse some of the key factors underlying the success story of the Singapore economic growth and industrialisation.As the evolution and transformation process was a complex one，a mere explanation of individual attributes and factors in isolation would not be adequate.Thus，a developmental framework is constructed in the book to illustrate the interrelationship of the key factors，the institutions setup and its dynamism beneath the remarkable transformation of Singapore's industrialisation and industrial landscape.Besides the apparent factors，the authors also points out the spirit and cultural traits underlying Singapore's successful economic growth and industrialisation.The pioneer generation of leaders had inculcated a resilient spirit，a sense of vigilance and a pragmatic outlook in the mind of its people and institutions.Furthermore，through a systematic learning and practicing framework，it enabled Singapore to nurture a generation of thinking people and learning institutions，which had strengthened the mindset of continuing improvements，change management and dynamic governance in pursuit of excellence in the economic growth and industrialisation.

The Singapore's industrialisation and economic growth may be seen as somewhat unique due to her geographical and historical circumstances.Nevertheless，Singapore's industrial development experiences，an integrated approach to economic strategies with industrial infrastructure development and tight institutional partnership，might have some relevance to the administration of many Chinese cities and economic development zones.The book makes some observations on the current state of industrial development and outlines the key issues encountered in the Chinese economic development zones.Drawing on Singapore's development experiences，the book attempts to provide some views in the areas of developing an integrated industrial structure and system as well as building a cluster of modern industrial parks in the Chinese economic development zones.Apart from the technical knowhow and operational framework，the authors are of the opinion that the Chinese local authorities might have benefited more where their decisionmakers and officials are ready to understand and appreciate the values derived from the Singapore's experiences：the spirit of resilience，sense of vigilance，pragmatism outlook，systematic learning for continuing improvements，change management and dynamic governance.

As a small citystate with its inherent limitations，Singapore's industrialisation as a means for future economic growth and urbanisation will face great challenges ahead.There was some doubt of the Singapore's industrialisation programme in the long run due to its slow productivity growth and rising competition from the emerging economies.Nevertheless，the book envisages that Singapore can build upon its sound foundations and competitive advantages.It can focus on the development of its niche areas with the following strategies：leveraging on knowledgebased manufacturing and services as the twin engines of growth；striving to be a regional R&D hubs for innovation and commercialisation of new products and processes；taking an integrated approach to funds and wealth management in conjunction with the industrial infrastructure development；creating a liveable place for work，live，learn and play and attracting global talents，capitals and technologies；and building upon its ‘trust worthy and reliability’ brand name and expand the ‘second wing’ further in providing a wider range of exportable services to the world market.

In striving towards attaining these developmental objectives，Singapore must also continue to embrace the pioneer's spirit of resilience and pragmatism.By maintaining a sense of vigilance to external changes，continuous learning and upgrading，innovating and adapting the acquired knowledge and technologies wisely to suit our unique situation，Singapore can ensure a bright future for continued economic growth and social progress for the next 50 years.第一章前言1.1 写作背景与目的

许多发展中国家和城市的政府都在努力促进经济与社会发展。他们希望通过发展工业和对外贸易加快当地的经济增长和增加财政收入，提供充足的就业机会，改善人民的日常生活，通过工业化和城市化带动国家与地区的现代化进程。

我们过去在海外多个国家和城市进行城市规划与产业发展咨询的工作中，深切感受到发展中国家和城市对产业经济发展抱有很大期望。许多有识政府率先组织领导干部到先进地区考察学习，重金聘请专家学者和规划团队为当地产业经济发展与城市建设献计献策，纷纷建立各种各样的产业园区、组织班子大力进行园区的开发与建设。

新加坡是这些发展中国家和城市前来“取经”的对象之一。我们也经常有机会接待考察团并与这些领导干部进行座谈和交流。这些前来考察和学习的团员们都充分肯定新加坡在产业经济和城市建设与管理方面的成就。在交流过程中，他们也认为在现代产业体系的构筑和先进园区的建设上，新加坡的发展经验有许多方面值得学习、参考与借鉴。

许多学者、专家和到访官员从不同的视角写了不少有关新加坡经济与产业发展的书籍和文章。有的从宏观发展战略和政府公共政策角度，分析新加坡如何创造有利的要素条件来促进工业发展的策略和运行的体制机制；有的从新加坡经济发展和转型升级的演变历程中提取可借鉴的发展理念和升级路径；也有的从新加坡成功招商引资的实践经验里探索它的招商行动计划、运作方法和亲商的税务优惠政策与措施；还有不少专家学者从经济理论的深度，比较分析新加坡与其他新兴经济体在推行工业化方面的政策并点评新加坡“工业化模式”的优缺点，并总结经验与教训，从而为其他后发地区在发展产业经济时提供可参考借鉴的经验，提出需要防范的误区；更有部分专家和官员在参观了一些优质产业园区后得到启示，进而研究其建设、运营和管理这些园区的方法，进一步探索在异地复制此类园区的可行性。

本书并非一项学术研究著作，也不是从经济学理论的视角来深入研究新加坡产业经济发展的文集。作者们这些年来在中国参与许多开发区的产业发展与规划咨询工作，了解到各类园区的开发主体——地方政府、海内外投资公司或商业财团——较关注的是产业发展与园区建设内涵的有机结合，以及产业结构调整与园区城市功能的协同发展。因此，我们试图从产业发展和园区建设的三个层面：即产业体系构筑、园区空间布局和产业发展策略来分析和探讨新加坡建国以来产业经济发展和演变的路径。

本书将新加坡近50年发展产业经济的路径与演变过程进行了系统的介绍与综合分析。包括它建国初期发展工业的困境，在缺乏有利的生产要素条件下，新加坡如何突破困境采取有效的产业政策和行动措施来启动工业发展。随后在产业发展的过程中遭遇到激烈的外部竞争，新加坡如何重组工业政策、调整产业结构、优化产业组合与链条来加强竞争力，以保持其经济的稳定增长。当它的产业发展规模和经济总量达到一个新的水平之后，产业扩张受到自身要素条件和市场规模的制约时，新加坡如何参照先进经济体的发展经验和启示，前瞻性地推行和展开深层次的产业经济转型和升级，以及搭建各种支撑平台，让私营企业能够自由公平地进行竞争，并通过促进企业的生产力和创新能力来提高国家的产业经济整体竞争能力。1.2 产业经济发展简介

这里所探讨的“产业”，是指在社会经济活动的分工条件下，进行同类生产或提供同类服务的企业集合体。依据新加坡实际的产业发展过程，我们探索的重点是在宏观层面上产业之间和产业内企业之间的关系，包括产业政策制定、产业结构调整、产业市场组织、产业园区布局和产业发展的体制机制。

自上世纪60年代初开始，新加坡步上工业化的发展道路。政府通过建设基础设施和现代工业园区，大力推行工艺教育与技能培训，推出合适的工业政策，加快引进跨国企业的资金、生产和管理技术，开拓海外市场，从而实现快速经济增长,积累资本改善民生和促进社会发展的目的。

新加坡在建国之初发展工业困难重重。一方面是“先天不足”——国家土地面积有限，并且缺乏生产所需的原材料和产品所需的规模市场；另一方面是“后天失策”——英国殖民地政府的经济政策重点在于经贸并不重视本土的工业发展。因此新加坡刚独立时工业基础十分薄弱，严重缺少工艺技工和生产管理人员，本地的资本家也欠缺制造业的生产知识和技能，国内的投融资环境也不利于工业的发展。因此，新加坡政府迫切希望通过工业化带动经济增长，解决当时严峻的失业问题。工业化被认为是改善人民生活条件和稳定社会发展的不二途径。

在60年代，许多发展中国家和地区都采取了“出口导向的工业化策略”（ExportOrientated Industrialisation）来启动工业化和发展地方经济。与当时的东亚其他三个新兴经济体——南韩、台湾、香港一样，新加坡以自身的要素条件为基础启动工业化发展。包括它的战略区位、优良港口、广阔土地、廉价劳动力，并通过政府努力打造基础设施、建设现代工业区和大力进行海外招商引资来促进工业发展。通过引进跨国公司前来投资设厂和生产制成品，以“原材料进口，就地组装加工，制成品出口”的工业化策略来破解早期新加坡发展工业的困境和制约条件。

在面对区域与全球经济的动荡变迁，外部新兴经济体崛起所带来的严峻竞争时，新加坡政府不断审视自身条件和竞争能力，反思探讨生存之道。通过多轮全国经济检委员会的审思与讨论，探索及创新适宜的经济发展路径。在这些委员会的建议下，新加坡不断调整工业重组策略，更新产业政策，强化产业结构，完善制造业设计、生产与销售服务的链条，合理布置各类工业区和科技商务园区，并有效构筑起发展产业经济的支撑体系和机制。

在居安思危、未雨绸缪的治理信念下，新加坡政府大刀阔斧地、及时地进行前瞻性的产业经济转型与升级。一方面在国内有限的土地资源上进行“腾笼换鸟”，以“退二进三”的方法有序地进行产业转

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