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中国传媒大学外国语学院811英语语言文学基础知识历年考研真题及详解试读：
2012年中国传媒大学811英语语言文学基础知识考研真题及详解
Part Ⅰ. Linguistics (45 points)
一、Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
1. The facts that different language has different words for the same object is good proof that human language is _____.
A. arbitrary
B. non-arbitrary
C. logical
D. non-productive【答案】A【解析】本题考查语言的任意性特征。任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。根据题干中的描述，可知体现的是语言的任意性。
2. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate, the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy), what is the function of this idiom among the functions of language?
A. Informative
B. Interpersonal
C. Performative
D. Phatic【答案】C【解析】本题考查语言的施为功能。语言的施为功能主要是用来改变人的社会地位，例如在婚礼、判刑，为孩子祈福和在首航仪式上为船命名、诅咒敌人。在这些言语行为中，语言通常是非常正式的，甚至是仪式化的。同时施为功能也体现在人们在宗教等场合所表现的企图用语言改变现实。
3. When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction, the sounds thus produced are _____.
A. affricates
B. fricatives
C. liquids
D. alveolar【答案】A【解析】本题考查塞擦音的发音特征。塞擦音是一种语言发声，由一个闭止音和由闭止音立刻通过发元音的位置发送的非音节连续音（通常是同一器官发出的辅音）构成，因为末了发出近似擦音的声音，故称塞擦音。
4. Some morphemes like car, talk and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called _____ morphemes.
A. free
B. bound
C. derivational
D. inflectional【答案】A【解析】本题考查自由词素的含义。自由语素指能够单独出现或独立成词的语素。所有的单语素词都是自由语素，由自由语素构成的多语素词为复合词。因此答案为A。
5. It was _____ who further classified illocutionary acts into five types like “representatives, directives” etc.
A. Saussure
B. Leech
C. Austin
D. Searle【答案】D【解析】本题考查言语行为的分类。美国的哲学语言学家约翰·舍尔对言语行为理论的发展做出了巨大的贡献，尤其是他对行事行为的分类。根据舍尔的理论，言语分为五种基本类型，即我们运用语言所做的事情有五种基本类型，每种类型都有一个共同的基本目的。因此答案为D。
6. When we say a woman is “human, adult, female”, we are referring to the word’s _____ meaning.
A. conceptual
B. connotative
C. social
D. affective【答案】A【解析】本题考查概念意义的含义。概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容，是关于事物本质的特点。因此题干中所描述的是概念意义。
7. In the conversation “A: Can I borrow your dictionary? B: Yeah, it’s on the table.” From Micropragmatics perspective, the word it in this conversation is called _____.
A. Reference
B. Deixis
C. Anaphora
D. Presupposition【答案】C【解析】本题考查回指的含义。回指指的是指示词纸袋的是前文所提到过的人或物，回指是指称（reference）的一种，指称指的是用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系。指示词（deixis）可以是单数也可以是复数，可以用作代词，也可用作形容词。根据题干可知答案应为回指。
8. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _____ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational implicatures【答案】D【解析】本题考查合作原则和会话含义的相关知识。合作原则使用“原则”和“准则”这两个术语，并不是说每个人一直遵守合作原则及其四条准则。人们会违反准则，会撒谎。也因为如此而产生了会话含义。因此该题答案为会话含义。
9. The following issues are what a sociolinguist may be concerned with except _____.
A. language acquisition
B. language varieties
C. language planning
D. language taboos and euphemisms【答案】A【解析】本题考查社会语言学的研究内容。社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的学科，研究社会因素是如何影响语言的结构和使用。社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的领域，研究语言的使用与语言使用者所处的社会结构的关系。因此选项A不属于社会语言学研究领域。
10. In the sentence “I think, therefore I am”, therefore is _____ as a cohesive device.
A. reference
B. substitution
C. lexical cohesion
D. conjunction【答案】D【解析】本题考查衔接手段。常见的衔接手段有指称，替代，省略，连词和词汇衔接，其中连接指的是表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段，其功能是表示两个或更多的句子之间的某种逻辑关系，并指出句子是在什么意义上相互联系起来的。因此该题答案为连接。
二、Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. (10 points)
1. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _____ study of language.【答案】synchronic【解析】本题考查共时语言学的含义。语言研究可以是在一个给定的时间也可以是一段时间。当我们集中在某一点时间来研究语言时就叫做共时语言学。
2. Writing is a secondary language from based upon _____.【答案】speech【解析】本题考查语言的二重性特征。二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。一般来说口语是最基本的语言形式，而书面语是建立在口语基础之上的。
3. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _____ when a sound is produced.【答案】obstruction【解析】本题考查辅音和元音的发音差异。发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。发音时，声道不受任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞，由此产生的音叫做元音。
4. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established and until recently the most developed is _____.【答案】acoustic phonetics【解析】本题考查语音学中的发音语音学。发音语言学研究语音的发生，是建立最早的语音学分支。
5. _____ is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.【答案】compounding【解析】本题考查构词法中的复合词。复合词是词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的合成词，可以分为向心复合词和离心复合词。
6. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of _____ opposites.【答案】converse【解析】本题考查反向反义关系。这是反义关系的一种特殊类型，因为其中的成员并不构成肯定或否定的对立，而只表现两实体间的一种反向关系。这种反义关系典型地表现在两两相对的社会角色、亲属关系、时间和空间系等方面；在这种意义上，它叫做关系对立。它总是涉及两个实体，一个预设了另一个。
7. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _____.【答案】predication【解析】本题考查句子的语义分析。对句子进行意义分析时，基本单位称为述谓，这是对句子意义的抽象化。
8. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _____ is concrete and context-dependent.【答案】utterance【解析】本题考查话语意义的特征。句子意义是是抽象的，不随语境的变化而变化，而话语意义是具体的，受语境的影响。
9. There are four maxims under the _____ principles: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.【答案】Cooperative【解析】本题考查合作原则的内容。合作原则包括四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
10. _____ is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same conceptual domain.【答案】Metonymy【解析】本题考查转喻的含义。认知语言学把转喻定义为认知过程。在认知过程中，源域为同一域中的目标域提供了心理通路。
三、Define the following terms. (10 points)
1. duality【答案】Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization. The property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements (e.g. sounds, letters) and units (e.g. words).
2. allophone【答案】The different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones. When two or more than two allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments, then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.
3. sense【答案】Sense is opposite to reference. Sense refers to the abstract properties of an entity whereas reference refers to the concrete entities having these properties. In other words, Leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference. Every word has a sense, i.e. some conceptual content; but not every word has a reference.
4. lexical cohesion【答案】Lexical cohesion comes about through the selection of lexical items that are related in some way to those that have gone before. More specifically, lexical cohesion can be achieved through one of these means: repetition, synonymy and collocation.
5. image schema【答案】An Image schema can be defined as a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Image schematic structures contain two characteristics: they are pre-conceptual schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience and they are constantly operating in our perceptual interaction, bodily movement through space, and physical manipulation of objects.
四、Answer the following questions (15 points)
1. What is entailment and presupposition? How to distinguish entailment and presupposition? (8 points)【答案】
(1) Entailment is a relation of inclusion and it is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y. X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. If he has been to France, he must have been to Europe. If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. If he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. If he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France. If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France. Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.
(2) Presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows: Suppose there are two sentences X and Y .X: John’s bike needs repairing. Y: John has a bike. If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. If John’s bike needs repairing, John must have a bike. If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John’s bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. If John has a bike; it may or may not need repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. If John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.
(3) In short, negation alters a sentence’s entailments, but it leaves the presuppositions untouched.【答题思路】本题考查蕴涵和预设的差异。分别解释二者的含义及所表示的语义关系，然后从真值判断的角度进行详细说明，从而发现二者的差异。
2. Explain the linguistic phenomenon in “I walked into the room. The windows looked out to the bay.” (7 points)【答案】
Micropragmatics looks deep into the mechanisms by which speakers/writers encode their message in skillful ways and how hearers/readers arrive at the intended meanings in spite of the differences between the literal meaning and the intended meaning. Or, study of meaning of pieces of language in smaller contexts. It mainly includes reference, deixis, anaphora, and presupposition. In the above sentences, the focus is about the use of anaphora. Reference is the act by which a speaker/writer uses language to enable a hearer/reader to identify something and it includes exphora and endophora. Further, endophora is divided into anaphora and cataphora.
Anaphora is the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation. It can be divided into direct and indirect anaphora. In the given example, it uses the indirect or bridging anaphora, which means the relation between the antecedent and the anaphor is indirect. Here, Room is the antecedent, and the anaphor is windows. It is assumed that every room has windows.【答题思路】本题考查语用学中的指代关系。由题干可知，例子中所体现的是间接回指。因此首先解释回指的含义和分类，再结合题干的例子详细阐述间接回指的用法。
Part Ⅱ. Literature (45 points)
一、Multiple Choices. (10 points, 1 for each)
1. The tragedy of Dr. Faustus, the protagonist in _____’s The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus, is the very fact that man is confined to time.
A. Shakespeare
B. Christopher Marlow
C. Ben Johnson
D. Francis Bacon【答案】B【解析】本题考查作品《浮士德博士的悲剧》的作者。《浮士德博士的悲剧》是马洛最杰出的作品之一。它是根据新译成英国的德国民间故事书而写成的，反映了人文主义者最终未能从宗教中解放出来的历史真实情况。
2. _____ is generally praised to be the first American writer who gained international fame in American literary history.
A. James Fenimore Cooper
B. Washington Irving
C. Benjamin Franklin
D. Waldo Emerson【答案】B【解析】本题考查美国作家的相关知识。华盛顿·欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称“美国文学之父”。欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。1819年，欧文《见闻札记》的出版引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
3. The transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is _____.
A. insignificant
B. vicious by nature
C. divine by nature
D. forward-looking【答案】B【解析】本题考查超验主义的思想。超验主义的主要思想观点有三。首先，超验主义者强调精神，或超灵，认为这是宇宙至为重要的存在因素。其二，超验主义者强调个人的重要性。其三，超验主义者以全新的目光看待自然，认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。
4. The Wife of Bath is a character in _____.
A. The Romanunt and the Rose
B. The Legend of Good Women
C. Troilus and Criseyde
D. The Canterbury Tales【答案】D【解析】本题考查作品人物。巴斯妇人是乔叟经典作品《坎特伯雷故事集》中的一个角色。
5. Which of the following statements about Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is true?
A. Hawthorne intended to tell a love story in the novel.
B. Hawthorne intended to tell a story of sin in this novel.
C. Hawthorne intended to reveal the human psyche after they sinned, so as to show people the tension between society and individuals.
D. Hawthorne focused his attention on consequences of the sin on the people in general, so as to call the readers back to the conventional Puritan way of living.【答案】C【解析】本题考查霍桑作品《红字》的主题。霍桑的《红字》是美国19世纪一部伟大的浪漫主义小说。其隐晦的主题思想、超常的形式及巧妙的文学艺术手法使其一直成为文学界研究的对象。《红字》主要表现了个人和社会之间的矛盾。
6. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from _____.
A. The Fairie Queen
B. the Old Testament
C. Greek Mythology
D. the New Testament【答案】B【解析】本题考查《失乐园》的故事来源。《失乐园》是弥尔顿的一部长诗，故事有两条线，代表着两个主题，一条是亚当夏娃犯禁令偷尝禁果而失去了地上乐园；另一条是撒旦反抗天神。这些故事都取自圣经旧约。
7. The period before the American Civil War is commonly referred to as _____.
A. the Romantic period
B. the Realistic period
C. the Naturalist period
D. the Modem period【答案】A【解析】本题考查美国浪漫主义的相关知识。浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，是美国文学史上最重要的时期。华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期，所以也称为“美国的文艺复兴”。
8. Francis Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and _____.
A. complicity
B. complexity
C. powerfulness
D. mildness【答案】C【解析】本题考查培根散文的特点。培根的散文以简洁、紧凑、有力而闻名，文笔优美、语言凝练、寓意深刻。
9. The most significant idea of the Renaissance is _____.
A. skepticism
B. realism
C. naturalism
D. humanism【答案】D【解析】本题考查文艺复兴的核心观点。文艺复兴是盛行于14世纪到17世纪的一场欧洲思想文化运动。核心是人文主义精神，人文主义精神的核心是提倡人性，反对神性，主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想。
10. Besides Symbolism, all the following qualities except _____ are fused to make Melville’s Moby-Dick a world classic.
A. narrative power
B. psychological analysis
C. speculative agility
D. optimistic view of life【答案】D【解析】本题考查小说《白鲸》的主题。《白鲸》被视为美国文学史上最伟大的小说之一，它通过强有力的叙述手法，细致的心理分析和敏捷的思维讲述了捕鲸船船长阿哈与全体船员追捕南太平洋一条白鲸的历险故事。
二、Reading Comprehension. (10 points, 5 for each)
1.
A. Identify the author and the title of the work.
B. What is the main idea in these four lines?【答案】
A: This poem is Sonnet 18 written by William Shakespeare.
B: This sonnet is certainly the most famous in the sequence of Shakespeare’s sonnets and it may be the most famous lyric poem in English. The speaker opens the poem with a question addressed to the beloved: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” The next four lines are devoted to such a comparison. The stock comparisons of the loved one to all the beauteous things in nature hover in the background throughout. The youth’s beauty is more perfect, more gentle and more restrained than the beauty of a summer day, whereas the summer’s day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. There are the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer though shaken by the rough wind, and the summer holds a lease on part of the year, but the lease is too short, and these beautiful flowers have an early termination.【答题思路】本题考查对莎士比亚《十四行诗第18首》的赏析。首先整体概括这四行诗的主要内容，然后依次对每一行进行具体分析。
2.
A. Identify the author and the title of the work.
B. What are the two principal beliefs that the poet set forth in this poem?【答案】
A: This poem is Song of Myself written by Walt Whitman.
B: Fundamentally, Song of Myself is a song of freedom, democracy, equality and love and it shows poet’s philosophical and religious thinking of life and cosmic inventory. Also there is marked transcendentalism in Song of Myself. It incarnates the process of mysterious experience of a transcendentalist. The two major principal beliefs that the poet set forth in this poem: the theory of universality which is illustrated by lengthy catalogue of people and things, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value. He extols whole universe and the world. He is thinking of the self as a powerful and sensitive instrument for receiving and expressing. He moves from himself to you, to others, to all humanity all together about him.【答题思路】本题考查惠特曼的诗歌《自由之歌》。首先总体概括诗歌大意和主题，然后分析是体现的诗人的两大信仰：普遍性和人类的平等。
三、Questions and Answers. (10 points, 5 for each)
1. Ezra Pound is one of the pioneers in modem poetry. What is the poetic school of which he is a chief member? How do you understand his famous comment “The image itself is the speech”?【答案】Ezra Pound is a chief member of imagism which was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery, and clear, sharp language. The Imagists rejected the sentiment and artifice typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Pound’s comment “The image itself is the speech” means that image should not be ornaments only, but should be the focus of poetic expression. By emphasizing the exterior object, Pound hopes to avoid moralizing and achieve clarity and exactness.【答题思路】本题考查庞德的相关知识。首先点明庞德是意象派诗人，同时介绍意象派的文学主张，然后结合该主张分析庞德对于意象的评价。
2. What is the belief of the neoclassicists about literature?【答案】According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. Neoclassicists had fixed rules for almost every genre of literature. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principle. Drama should be written in the heroic couplets, the three unities should be strictly observed, regularity in construction should be adhered to, and the typical characters rather than individuals should be represented.【答题思路】本题考查新古典主义的文学主张。新古典主义推崇理性和古希腊经典文学，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
四、Topic Discussion. (15 points)
1. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works? (8 points)【答案】
(1) Jane Austin’s writing style can be analyzed from the following four aspects. The first aspect is the lexical features. There is a wide use of elegant variation of words in Jane Austen’s novels that refers to the use of an alternative word or expressions as a replacement for a word or expression that occurred in the preceding context. The second important stylistic characteristic of Jane Austen’s novels is irony. Irony comes in many shapes and sizes but at a simpler level irony exists where there are two or more meanings which can be implied from a piece of text. The third aspect is about her point of view. All of Jane Austen’s narrators are third-person heterodiegetic narrators, and such command the reader’s blind faith. Another important characteristic in every Austen novel is free indirect discourse.
(2) Jane Austen has an important place in English literature. Virginia Wolf once commented that: “in all of the greatest writers, her greatest is the most difficult to capture.” Jane Austen was the first important English woman novelist and now is ranked among the truly great British novelists. Among all her novels, Pride and Prejudice is generally considered one of the author’s most successful as well as popular works. It has become one of the most popular novels in English literature and receives considerable attention from literary scholars. Her excellent works all have unique features and won an important place for in the history of English literature, so Jane Austen’s greatness is without doubt.【答题思路】本题考查奥斯汀的写作风格。分别从词汇、讽刺的运用，叙事角度和自由间接引语的使用四个角度阐述其独树一帜的写作风格并对其作品的重要意义进行评价。
2. Discuss the allegory and symbolism in Hawthorne’s literary works. (7 points)【答案】
(1) Symbolism, something that figuratively represents something else, is prominent in many literary works. One piece of literature that stands out as a perfect example of symbolism is Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown.” This story is completely symbolic, and provides a good example of an allegory, or a story in which concrete items or characters represent abstract ideas. Hawthorne uses both objects and people as symbols to better support the allegorical tones throughout this work. First, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses different people as symbols. The largest symbolic roles in the story are goodman Brown and his wife Faith. Both of the characters’ names are symbolic and representative of their personalities. Hawthorne does an excellent job of turning the main characters into symbols that are prominent throughout the story.
(2) On the other hand, Young Goodman Brown was characterized by the protagonist through the personification of moral attributes: Faith and the Devil. The most obvious allegorical interpretation of “Young Goodman Brown” involves the loss of innocence. Brown is stunned when he discovers that even the righteous among him have given in to temptation at some point. This discovery is a trial of one's faith, a trial that Brown ostensibly fails.【答题思路】本题考查霍桑作品中象征和寓言的运用。首先分别解释象征和寓言的含义及功能，然后结合霍桑的作品《年青的古德曼布朗》进行具体说明和阐释。
Part Ⅲ. Translation (45 points)
一、Translate the following passages into English. (20 points)
三十年代曾有一位李嘉慈教授（英国人）在北京讲过学。他在他所著的《意义学》一书中，把“意义”分为四种，即含义、情感、口吻及意向。我看这种分法很可适用于翻译工作。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]