作者：圣才电子书
出版社：圣才电子书
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
庄绎传《英汉翻译简明教程》 配套题库（含考研真题）试读：
第一章 篇章翻译
第1节 故 事（Stories）
Practice 1
吴先生具备一位教师应具备的一切条件，只是不善于启发学生。他像钟表一样守时，像奴隶船上的一名划船工那样辛苦地备课。讲课时，凡引用书中原文，别人也许会照本宣科念给学生听，他却不管篇幅多长，都要全部背下来。阐述任何问题，他都是“第一……，第二……”条理清晰，活像一位教官在练兵，有点干巴，但绝不会空泛。他不是那种口若悬河讲得天花乱坠，细想却让人不知所云的教师。他讲的东西全都是有内容的，可能观点不全正确，但至少不会放空炮。他从不拐弯抹角地提出任何观点，总是十分明确有力地表达出来。换句话说，他从不怕对任何意见表示自己的态度。对于一些历史史实，尤其是百科全书和各种参考书中可以找到的史实，吴先生是无懈可击的。你只能和他公正地争论有关鉴赏或阐释的问题。也正是在这方面，吴先生暴露了他的弱点。但是这一弱点，并不是由于说理不清或立意不诚，这个弱点是人文主义者所具有的观点中固有的，而且是作为白碧德（Babbit; Babbitian）人文主义者所固有的。遗憾的是吴先生使自己被白碧德人文主义吸引住了，使得他的所有观点无不染上白碧德人文主义的色彩。伦理和艺术可悲地纠缠在一起，你常常搞不清他是在阐释文学问题呢，还是在宣讲道德问题。（489字）（杭州电子科技大学2014研）【参考译文】
Mr. Wu is everything that a teacher ought to be, except to be inspiring. Punctual as a clock, he works like a galley-slave at his lectures. Where others would read a quotation out of a book, he would memorize it, however long it might be. He is as orderly as a drill-sergeant in the exposition of any subject, with his “firstly this” and “secondly that.” Dull, perhaps; but never pointless. He is not one of those teachers, who talk of everything and say nothing. What he says does mean something: it may be wrong, but at least it is not hot air. He never hedges about any point; he always puts his foot plump on it. In other words, he is never afraid of committing himself to an opinion. On matters of fact, especially of those facts which are to be found in encyclopedias and books of reference, Mr. Wu is unimpeachable. One can only fairly quarrel with him on matters of taste or of interpretation. In these, Mr. Wu shows his weakness; but it is not a weakness, due to haziness or any failing in sincerity: it is a weakness, inherent in his point of view, which is that of a humanist—a Babbitian humanist, at that. It is a pity Mr. Wu has allowed himself to be lured into Babbitian humanism. As it is, all his views are colored by it. Ethics and art get woefully mixed up. Often, one is puzzled whether he is delivering himself on a question of literature or of morality.
Practice 2
宋淇先生(Stephen C. Soong，1919—1996)生前著述甚丰，并不遗余力推动翻译教学与研究工作。为纪念宋先生对翻译事业的贡献，宋氏家族于1997年捐款，由香港中文大学中国文化研究所翻泽研究中心设立“宋淇翻译研究论文纪念奖”，旨在奖励海内外华人学者从事具有原创性的翻译研究，尤其鼓励以第一手材料从事文化与历史方向的探讨。论文奖参选细则如下：
l. 中国大陆、港、澳、台地区以及海外华人学者、研究生均可参选。
2. 参选论文以中、英文语言为限，必须在2010年内公开发表于正式的学术刊物。
3. 论文奖每年颁发一次，每次设奖额3名，不分等级，每位得奖者将获颁奖励证书及奖金港币3,000元。
4. 论文评审委员会由中国大陆、港、澳、台地区从事翻译研究的知名学者组成。
5. 参选论文恕不退稿。（四川外语学院2012研）【参考译文】
Stephen C. Soong (1919—1996) was a prolific writer as well as an active figure in the promotion of translation education and research. To commemorate his contributions in this field, the Stephen C .Soong Translation Studies Awards were set up in 1997 by the Research Centre for Translation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, with a donation from the Soong family. It gives recognition to academics who have made contributions to original research in Chinese Translation Studies, particularly in the use of first-hand sources for historical and cultural investigations. General regulations are as follows:
1. Eligibility is limited to Chinese scholars or research students affiliated to mainland Chinese, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau or overseas higher education/research institutes.
2. Submissions must be articles written in either Chinese or English and published in a refereed journal within the calendar year 2009.
3. The prize will be awarded annually to three winners without distinction of grades. A certificate and a cheque of HK $3,000 will be awarded to each winning entry.
4. The adjudication committee consists of renowned scholars in Translation Studies from Greater China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
5. Articles submitted will not be returned to the candidates.
Practice 3“中国航天之父”钱学森和中国“欧洲古典艺术歌曲权威”蒋英的结合堪称科学和艺术的完美联姻。
因为父辈为世交，钱学森和蒋英自幼青梅竹马，都受到很好的家庭教育。1947年，他们在上海喜结良缘，而他们的结婚“信物”——黑色三角钢琴，也一直伴随他们。
回国后40多年里，每当蒋英登台演出或指挥学生毕业演出时，她总要请钱学森去听、去评论。
谈到文艺对科学思维的启示和开拓时，钱学森说：“在我对一件工作遇到困难而百思不得其解的时候，往往是蒋英的歌声使我豁然开朗，得到启示。”
每当听到蒋英的歌声时，钱学森总是自豪地说：我是多么有福气啊！
1991年10月16日，钱老在人民大会堂“国家杰出贡献科学家”授奖仪式上即兴演讲时说：“44年来，蒋英给我介绍了音乐艺术，这些艺术里所包含的诗情画意和对人生的深刻的理解，使我丰富了对世界的认识，学会了艺术的广阔思维方法。或者说，正因为我受到这些艺术方面的熏陶，所以我才能够避免死心眼，避免机械唯物论，想问题能够更宽一点、活一点。”（天津外国语学院2010研）【参考译文】
The marriage between “Father of Chinese Aviation” Qian Xuesen and “Authority of European Classical Art Song” Jiang Ying can be rated as a perfect alliance of science and art.
Because of their parents’ long-standing friendship, Qian and Jiang knew each other from childhood and they got similarly good family education. In 1947, they got married in Shanghai and kept their pledge of love—a black grand piano since then.
In the following 40 years after returning homeland, Jiang invited Qian to listen and comment her work whenever she had a stage performance or conducting job on graduation concerts.
Speaking of arts’ revelatory and broadening influence on scientific thinking, Qian says: “It is her songs that enlighten me whenever I am puzzled by some difficulties at work.”“How blessed I am!” Qian said proudly, every time he heard Jiang’s songs.
On Oct.16, 1991, while giving a spontaneous speech on receiving “National Outstanding Contribution Award for Scientists” at the award ceremony held in Great Hall of the People, Qian says: “For 44 years, Jiang introduced to me the music which embodies poetic romance and deep comprehension of life. It enriches my understanding of the world and teaches me an artistically broad way of thinking. In other words, it is right because of this artistic nurture that helps me avoid obstinateness and metaphysical materialism and makes my mind open and flexible.”
Practice 4
吴祖光，江苏人，以剧作家闻名。他的第一部作品《风雪夜归人》使他一举成名。他还涉足电影，京剧。“梅兰芳的艺术舞台”被认为是梅兰芳舞台纪录片中最好的一部。吴祖光就是这部电影的导演。（北京第二外国语学院2009研）【参考译文】
Wu Zuguang, a native of Jiangsu, was well-known as playwright. His first work Return on a Snowy Night brought him instant fame. He also set foot in the fields of film and Peking opera. “Mei Lanfang’s artistic stage”, directed by Wu Guangzu, is considered as the best one of all the documentaries about Mei Lanfang’s stage life.
Practice 5
1936年竺可桢受命出任浙江大学校长。在此之前，他已经是一位声名卓著的自然科学家了。从1936年到1949年，竺可桢当了十三年大学校长。在连绵不断的战争、学运的夹缝中，在极为恶劣的环境下，他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，居然将这所他接手时只有三个学院、十六个系的大学办成拥有七个学院、二十七个系全国最完整的两所大学之一。（北京第二外国语学院2008研）【参考译文】
As a renowned scientist, Zhu Kezhen was appointed president of Zhejiang University in 1936. He had been working at that post for thirteen years until 1949. In those years, he worked under extremely adverse circumstances, such as successive wars and student movements, and to make things even worse, the university had to move five times through five provinces over 2,500 kilometers. In spite of these difficulties and obstacles, Zhejiang University, under Zhu’s leadership, developed from a university with only three colleges and sixteen departments to one of the two most comprehensive universities in China, which consisted of seventeen colleges and twenty-seven departments.
Practice 6
早年的艰辛生活磨练了范仲淹坚忍不拔的毅力和不计利害得失、心怀天下的胸襟。他一生仕途坎坷，几度遭贬。他的朋友藤子京被贬岳州(今湖南岳阳)，重修岳阳楼，写信请他为岳阳楼写篇记，尽管那时范仲淹在政治上遭到很大的打击，被贬在邓州，身体欠佳，但他还是答应了藤子京的要求，在邓州的花洲书院挥毫撰写了著名的《岳阳楼记》。在这篇文笔优美洗练的名文中，范仲淹劝诫遭到贬黜的朋友不要因个人遭遇不幸而忧伤，不要因自然风景优美就得意洋洋而忘怀天下；要“居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君”，时时以国家大事、人民疾苦为念。（华东理工大学2006研）【参考译文】
The early hardships in life have forged Fan Zhongyan a gritty perseverance and a broad mind that cares nothing about personal interests, but concerns about the whole nation. His official career was uneven and he was demoted several times in his life. After his friend Teng Zijing who was demoted to Yuezhou (nowadays named Yueyang), had rebuilt the Yueyang pavilion, he wrote to Fan asking him to compose a memoir of the pavilion. He was demoted to Dengzhou at that time. Though Fan Zhongyan had suffered much in the politics and was not in good health, still he accepted the friend’s request and finished the famous The Yueyang Tower in Huazhou College in Dengzhou. In the famous article of elegancy and refinement, Fan Zhongyan advised his friend not to mourn for his misfortunes, nor to be indulged in the beautiful landscape, forgetting the country and the people; he asked Teng to “concern about the people when serving in court; worry about the monarch when among the common people”, and he also suggested that Teng be solicitous for the country and the people all the time.
第2节 历 史（History）
Practice 1
唐朝的首都为长安（今西安），是当时全世界人口最多的城市。唐朝代表了中华文明的一个高度。其开国君主东征西伐，开拓疆域，领土面积可与汉朝媲美。在第七、第八世纪的两次人口普查中，根据登记户口数量，唐朝的总人口估计达到约5000万。在第九世纪，中央政府分崩离析，已无力进行准确的人口普查，但估计人口已增至约8000万。由于人口庞大，唐朝能征召数十万职业军队与游牧民族战斗，控制中亚，掌握丝绸之路上的贸易通道，保护商业利益。周边不少小国家纷纷向唐朝进贡。除了安禄山叛乱时期和中央政府失去权威的唐朝后期，唐朝在大部分时间社会稳定，经济不断发展。唐朝与隋朝一样，也实行文官制度，通过科举考试从知识分子中选拔官员。在唐代中国文化繁荣，期间中国诗歌达到了顶峰。中国最负盛名的两位诗人李白和杜甫都生活在这个时代，许多著名画家，如吴道子、张萱、周昉也生活在这个时代。【参考译文】
The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang’an (present-day Xi’an), which at the time was the most populous city in the world, is generally regarded as/considered (as) a high point in Chinese civilization. The early Tang emperors, through repeated wars of territorial acquisition, created a country that rivaled the size of the Han Dynasty. In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries, the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million. By the 9th century the national government was on the point of collapse and could hardly conduct/carried out a precise demographic survey (obtain accurate census data), but the roughly estimated population had increased to approximately 80 million. With its large population base, the dynasty was able to raise professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers in dominating Inner Asia and the lucrative/profitable trade routes along the Silk Road. Various neighboring kingdoms paid tribute to the Tang court. Except for the period when An Lushan rebelled and the latter period of the dynasty when the central government had lost its authority, the Tang Dynasty was featured for the greater part of its time by social stability and continuous economic development. Like the previous Sui Dynasty, the Tang dynasty maintained a civil service system by recruiting scholar-officials through standardized examinations/recruiting civil servants from the top scholars on standardized tests. Li Bai and Du Fu, the most renowned ancient poets, lived during this era, as did many famous painters such as Wu Daozi, Zhang Xuan and Zhou Fang.
Practice 2
中国历史上洪灾频仍，而且造成的危害十分严重，其季风气候是主要原因。自公元前206年至1949年，有记载的大水就有1092次，平均每两年就发生一次大灾。二十世纪记忆犹新的大洪水就有四次。1931年长江发大水，夺去了42万人的生命。与之类似的大水发生在1945年，1992年和1998年。这三次洪水淹没了大片的农田，冲走了无数的财富，只是生命损失大为减少。（四川大学2010研）【参考译文】
In the Chinese history, frequent flood disasters caused serious damages, which mainly resulted from its monsoon climate. It is recorded that floods had occurred 1092 times from 206 B.C. to 1949, with an average occurrence of a major disaster every two years. We can still remember clearly that four serious floods had happened to our country in the twentieth century. The Yangtze River flood in 1931 took away 42 million lives. Similar floods occurred in the year 1945, 1992 and 1998. These three floods submerged the big piece of farmland, washed away the innumerable wealth, but loss of life was greatly reduced.
Practice 3
从1750年以来，世界进行了四次工业革命：第一次就是英国工业革命，中国失去了机会。第二次是十九世纪下半叶美国的工业革命，中国也同样失去了机会。第三次工业革命，是20世纪后半叶出现的信息革命。当时中国的领导人敏锐地认识到了这一重大历史变化，中国抓住了这次信息革命的重大机遇。
进入二十一世纪，人类迎来了第四次工业革命——绿色工业革命。可以说这一次全球减排，就是绿色工业革命的标志。我们希望这一次工业革命中国要成为领导者、创新者和驱动者，和美国和欧盟和日本站在同一起跑线上领导这场革命。今后中国领导人面临两大迫切问题：一是如何实现中国经济转型，即从高碳经济转向低碳经济；二是如何参与全球治理，即从国家治理转向地区治理、全球治理。(303)（北京外国语大学2012研）【参考译文】
Since 1750, the world has seen four industrial revolutions. The first one took place in Britain; and China missed the boat. The second one occurred in the latter half of the 19th century; and China missed the boat. The third one was driven by the revolution in communication technology in the second half of the 20th Century. This time, Chinese leaders realized that it was a historic moment of change, and China caught the wave.
The 21st century is receiving the Fourth Industrial Revolution—the Green Revolution, symbolized by this global move to reduce emission. This time, we hope that China can be the leader, the innovator and the driver running head-to-head with the U.S., Europe and Japan. To achieve this, China has to accomplish two things: first, the transition from a high carbon economy to a low carbon economy; second, participation in global governance, i.e., to shift its focus from national governance to regional and global governance.
Practice 4
温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人之外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而己。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。（首都经济贸易大学2017研）【参考译文】
The glorious achievements of Vancouver is the crystallization of the wisdom (intelligence) and the industry of the Vancouver people as a whole, including the contributions made by a diversity of ethnic minorities. Canada is a large country with a small population. Although its territory is bigger than that of China, it only has a population of less than 30 million people. Consequently, to attract and to accept foreign immigrants have become a national policy long observed by Canada. It can be safely asserted that, except for Indians, all Canadian citizens are foreign immigrants, differing only in the length of time they have settled in Canada. Vancouver, in particular, is one of the few most celebrated multi-ethnic cities in the world. At present, among the 1.8 million Vancouver residents, half of them are not native-born and one out of every four residents is from Asia. The 250,000 Chinese there have played a decisive role in facilitating the transformation of the Vancouver economy. Half of them have come to settle in Vancouver only over the past five years, making Vancouver the largest area outside Asia where the Chinese concentrate.
第3节 经 济（Economy）
Practice 1
中国消费者能不能成功地加把劲，弥补中国经济其他部门的疲弱？支持这个命题的人士提到最近的两个数据。尽管中国近来形势不好，但10月零售销售增长加速，自2000年以来首次超过了固定资产投资的增长。与此同时，中国的“光棍节”为阿里巴巴产生了创纪录的143亿美元销售额。
然而，这个主张有几个问题。
首先，这些都不是衡量消费者支出的准确指标。
—天的促销活动鼓励消费者提前购买，并不是整个零售行业健康状况的严肃衡量指标，尤其是鉴于在线交易仅占中国社会消费品零售总额的10%左右。
与此同时，中国的官方零售销售数据对于消费者支出也是一个非正统的衡量指标，因为它们包括政府采购。
其他有一些消费者支出指标可以说更准确，而它们都指向消费者部门更慢（而不是更快）的增长。
每个月，英国《金融时报》旗下研究服务部门“投资参考”（FT Confidential Research)都会调查1000名中国消费者。10月份，受访者在自由支配支出上的情绪是自2011年7月开始调查以来最负面的。
同样，中国银联(China UnionPay)利用它从银行卡采集的数据产生专有的消费者支出衡量指标。9月的餐厅和餐饮消费指数跌至2011年4月以来的最低位。10月的数据也仍低于趋势线。（对外经济贸易大学2016研）【参考译文】
Can the Chinese consumer successfully step up to offset weaknesses elsewhere in the economy? Those backing this thesis point to two recent pieces of data. Despite China’s recent turmoil, retail sales growth accelerated in October, surpassing growth in fixed-asset investment for the first time since the year 2000. Meanwhile, China’s Singles Day generated a record $14.3bn in sales for Alibaba.
There are several problems with the argument, however.
First, these are not accurate indicators of consumer spending.
The results of one day’s sales promotion that encourages consumers to front-load purchases is not a serious measure of the health of the entire retail sector, particularly given the fact that online transactions in China only account for around 10 per cent of total retail sales.
Official retail sales data, meanwhile, are also an unorthodox measure for consumer spending, given that they include government purchases.
There are arguably more accurate indicators of consumer spending available, and these are pointing to slower rather than faster growth in the consumer sector.
Every month FT Confidential Research surveys 1,000 Chinese consumers. In October, respondents were at their most negative about discretionary spending since the survey began in July 2011.
Similarly, China UnionPay uses data it collects from its bank cards to generate proprietary measures of consumer spending. September’s reading for its restaurant and catering spending index was the lowest since April 2011. October’s data also remained below trend.
Practice 2Business file: The magic of the merger
(1) 1998 was undoubtedly the year of the merger. (2) More companies than ever before joined together in deals that totaled $2.25 trillion and created the world’s largest ever bank and the world’s biggest oil company. (3) Faced with plummeting oil prices, oil giants Exxon and Mobil sought to achieve economies of scale through a $250 billion merger.
(4) There are several factors behind the increase in mergers and acquisitions. (5) Firstly, the accelerated rate of globalization has left companies desperately seeking overseas acquisition in order to remain competitive. (6) Deutsche bank bought its way into the US with its takeover of Bankers Trust, whilst Siemens hopes that its acquisition of Matra, the French defence group, will allow it to gain access to France’s railway business, which is dominated by Alstom, the Anglo-French consortium.
(7) Another factor behind the increase in merger activity is the record performance of stock markets, which has enabled companies to finance major acquisitions on the strength of their inflated share prices. (8) Earlier this year, Vodafone, the UK mobile telephone operator, acquired its US counterpart AirTouch by making AirTouch shareholders a cash and stock swap offer worth a total of $62 billion. (9) The deal created Vodafone AirTouch, the world’s largest mobile telecoms group with over 29 million customers.
(10) The European banking sector is also seeing a trend towards consolidation, a process accelerated by deregulation, over-capacity and the arrival of the single European currency.
(11) New technology is also making it easier for companies to diversify as different industries come to rely on common technologies. (12) Microsoft, for instance, is busily diversifying into cable and mobile telecommunications as well as WebTV. (13) The US software giant has a $5 billion equity stake in AT&T, which recently bought Media One for $57 billion. (14) Under the deal, Microsoft will succeed in introducing its recently-launched cable television software into millions of homes in the US and UK.
(15) Not all mergers, however, are the result of global economic trends, political change or technological innovation. (16) BMW’s takeover of the Rover Group injected much needed investment into the struggling UK car manufacturer whilst extending BMW’s product range. (17)And when the UK pharmaceutical firm Zeneca merged with Swedish drug company Astra, the new company started life with strong combined R & D capabilities, further strengthened by the world’s best-selling drug Losec in its portfolio of products.
(18) Despite all these potential benefits and their promise of competitive advantage, mergers and acquisitions are not risk-free ventures.
(19) Such alliances are more than just financial agreements; they also involve the coming together of different corporate and, in many cases, national cultures. (20) This can have a destabilising effect on a workforce and may mean projected efficiencies are not delivered. (21) Daimler and Chrysler, for example, face the challenge of integrating two very different corporate and national cultures.
(22) A further destablising effect is the prospect of redundancies as companies look to reduce their payroll by restructuring duplicated functions such as marketing and administration. (23) Although shareholders are lured by such short-term savings, there is little evidence to show that mergers and acquisitions actually add long-term value to company performance.【参考译文】业务档案：并购的魔力
(1)毫无疑问，1998年可称得上并购之年。(2)在这一年，比先前任何时候都要多的公司携手合作，参与到总价值达2.25万亿美元的各种交易之中，建立了世界上前所未有的最大的银行和世界上最大的石油公司。(3)面对一落千丈的石油价格，石油巨人埃克森石油公司和美孚石油公司通过耗资2500亿美元的并购来寻求实现规模经济。
(4)在这些并购的背后，有几个因素：(5)第一，全球化进程加快，使得各家企业破釜沉舟，寻求海外并购，以保持其竞争力。(6)德意志银行不惜重金打入美国市场，接管了托拉斯银行，而西门子电子电气公司则希望通过并购法国的防御集团马特拉，使得自己能够接手现在由英法国际财团阿斯托姆所控制的法国铁路的业务。
(7)在并购活动不断增加的背后存在的另一个原因是，股票市场空前繁荣。这种空前繁荣，使得各家企业能够依托其因股票价格上涨而获得大量资金的实力，来为各种大规模并购项目提供资金保障。(8)在1998年早一些时候，冯达风这家英国移动电话经营公司，采用让埃尔塔公司的股东们提供总价值620亿美元的现金和股票交换的形式并购了美国的埃尔塔移动电话经营公司。(9)这笔交易创立了冯达风·埃尔塔公司，该公司是世界上最大的移动通信集团，拥有的用户超过2900万。
(10)欧洲的银行领域也呈现出并购的趋势，并购的进程随着管制规定的撤销以及生产能力过剩以及统一的欧洲货币的到来而加快。
(11)随着不同行业越来越依赖共同的技术，新技术也使得各企业呈多元化态势。(12)美国的微软公司，比如说，目前正积极将自己打造成多元化企业，不仅经营网络电视，还涉足有线电视和移动通信。(13)这个美国软件巨人在美国电话电报公司中拥有股本达50亿美元。而美国电话电报公司最近耗资570亿美元买下了媒体一号公司。(14)在这笔交易中，美国微软公司有望成功地将该公司最近推出的无线电视软件推广到美国和英国的千家万户当中。
(15)当然，并非所有并购都是经济全球化趋势、政治变化或者技术革新所带来的结果。(16)德国宝马汽车公司接管了罗福汽车集团，给这个在挣扎中求生存的英国汽车制造公司注入了急需的资金，同时也拓展了宝马汽车公司的产品范围。(17)而且，当英国的自立卡医药公司同瑞典的阿斯特拉药材公司合并时，新成立的公司以强强联合的研发能力开始了企业的运作。再者，新成立公司的实力因其拥有产品排行榜上列为世界上最畅销药物罗瑟克而得到进一步增强。
(18)尽管拥有所有这些潜在利益，而且将来具有竞争优势，并购并非毫无风险。
(19)如此联盟并非仅仅是经济上的协议；这类联盟也意味着不同公司的文化以及在很多情况下不同民族的文化要融为一体。(20)这对于劳动队伍可能产生不稳定的影响，还可能意味着不能取得显著效率。(21)比如说，英国的黛姆勒汽车公司和克莱斯勒汽车公司，就面
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