2017年MBA MPA MPAcc管理类专业学位联考专项突破 英语翻译与写作一本通关 (5周秒杀写译大全)第6版(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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作者:全国管理类研究生入学考试专用教材编写组

出版社:中国人民大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

2017年MBA MPA MPAcc管理类专业学位联考专项突破  英语翻译与写作一本通关 (5周秒杀写译大全)第6版

2017年MBA MPA MPAcc管理类专业学位联考专项突破 英语翻译与写作一本通关 (5周秒杀写译大全)第6版试读:

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本套书有如下特点:

一、名校&名师倾情联手,专业、权威、实用

本套书由全国知名培训机构——环球卓越策划并联手资深辅导名师执笔,将环球卓越多年教学精华浓缩于一体,充分展现在本套书中。本套书的众多作者为环球卓越北京总校、上海分校、杭州分校、天津分校、南京分校、沈阳分校、郑州分校等校的主讲老师,他们多年来的教学、研究成果为本套书的专业、权威、实用奠定了坚实的基础。

二、紧扣大纲,直击2017年考试真题

自2009年以来,管理类专业学位联考考试大纲一直在变革中,需要考生充分认识并把握考纲要点。本套书在研究历年真题及大纲的基础上,将考点、要点及考试趋势进行了充分详尽的展示,“考前点睛”则直击2017年考试真题,达到仿真实战的目的。

三、细致周到,满足各阶段和全方位需求

本套书由全方位的辅导教程“高分指南”(英语、数学、逻辑、写作及MPAcc会计学)+“专项突破”(英语词汇、阅读理解、翻译与写作)+“考前点睛”(英语、综合能力)组合而成,既满足考生全方位需求,同时又能满足每个时段不同的需求,细致而周到。

四、独一无二的周计划规划,独一无二的人性化服务

在职考生的特点:工作忙、时间紧、专业功底弱、缺乏应试经验。本套书充分从在职考生特点出发,为考生“量身定制”出独一无二的复习计划。

1.独一无二的周计划规划。英语是个难以靠短期投机取巧去制胜的科目。本套书按照考试板块,将英语细分为三大专项:词汇、阅读理解、翻译与写作,并通过周计划的布局,将整个英语的复习规划做得井井有条,让考生在百忙中忙而不乱,有序攻克各个考试大关。

2.独一无二的人性化服务。MPAcc列入管理类专业学位联考已达数年,但考生却很难在市面上找到一本适合自己的辅导书,因为MPAcc考生的数量有限让众多出版机构望而却步。本套书从考生需求出发,提供了《管理类专业学位联考高分指南MPAcc会计学》,相信会给MPAcc考生提供全方位的有针对性的指导!

第6版前言

翻译与写作这两大主观题占据整个英语试卷分值的40%!随着近年来考纲的不断变化,试题难度也有所上升,而在职考生多是无从下笔、一筹莫展!究其问题本质,是缺乏应试方法、技巧以及大量的练习!

本书有如下特点:

一、每周有计划,任务明确

本书将翻译、写作的备考过程分为五周来进行规划复习,将备考三阶段所必需的英译汉、写作、模拟实战与周计划相结合。第一周为英译汉(主要是从词类、结构、句型、翻译技巧方面进行讲述);第二周为A节题型备战——应用文和摘要写作;第三周为B节题型备战——短文写作;第四、五周为模拟实战。整本书循序渐进,规划有序,任务清晰。

二、选材新颖,难度适宜

翻译与写作属于主观试题,技巧性很强,是容易得分也容易失分的关键项。本书的所有翻译实例均精选自最新时政新闻、社会热点和历年真题,既体现出选材的新颖,又能恰如其分地体现出考试的难易度。

三、讲练结合,有的放矢

前三周的精讲与后两周的模拟实战有机结合,能让考生迅速掌握应试技巧,真正做到有的放矢。书中精心梳理的近六年的真题及详解,是检验考生翻译与写作水平的标尺。

四、难点注释,剖析透彻

翻译文章中的一些单词往往在日常阅读中不易见到,为此,本书将在历年真题中出现的重点词汇单独注释,以便考生能更好地在文章的具体语境中掌握该单词,熟记该单词及相关用法。写作部分为考生展现了写作思路、范文解析及写作模板,剖析透彻,让考生深悟写作章法,做到胸有成竹。

五、解析到位,丝丝入扣

文中跟题目相关的所有信息都被一一列出,并对难点加以分析,答案解析透彻,并将“授之以鱼不如授之以渔”的思想融入本书的编排思路中。

希望考生在备考时,脚踏实地,在掌握好应试方法和技巧的同时,多做练习。诚挚祝愿广大考生考试成功!编者2014年2月第一部分英译汉(共一周)第一周 英译汉【导言】翻译理论与技巧

1.考试要求

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)(非英语专业)翻译部分考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。要求译文准确、完整、通顺。要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落,并将其全部译成汉语。考生在答题卡二上作答。共15分。

2.出题形式

英语(二)翻译考查的是考生英译汉的能力。近年的联考英译汉试题不是很难,文章内容和题材往往都很贴近生活、结合时代潮流和社会热点,但在出题思路上越来越多地倾向在理解基础上的翻译,而不仅是字对字、词对词地简单直译。

3.评分标准

按照大纲要求,译文的评分标准总体上就是准确、完整、通顺。从出题角度和思路来分析英译汉试题的评分标准应注重两个方面:一是对原文的理解,要求必须读懂原文,不仅要读懂原文意思,而且要把握原文的题材、写作手法、写作目的等;二是对汉语表达的要求:完整、通顺,即意思的完整和表达形式上的通顺,要对英语和汉语两种不同语言有一定的基本认识,尤其注重英语、汉语在表达方式上的不同和意译上的变通。既要灵活运用句子结构,又需要将直译与意译相结合。考生要想在翻译上拿高分就必须有较高的英语阅读水平,同时还必须有扎实的汉语功底,两者缺一不可。因此,做好翻译是考生在英语科目获得高分的关键。

本书正是从考生需求出发,以英语词类、句型、结构和基本翻译技巧为切入点,由浅入深,理论结合实际,真题分析与练习巩固相结合,力图在一周时间内帮助考生系统地掌握翻译的规律和技巧,从而在考试中取得满意的成绩。周一 词和词类

英语中共有十类性质的词:名词、代词、数词、动词、冠词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。这些词绝大多数是实词,也就是说这些词都有与其对应的汉语意思;而介词、连词是虚词,没有具体的语义,它们表示的只是一种关系;很多考生往往偏重记忆单词对应的词义,而忽略了英语单词指代的关系,这就导致翻译成汉语时,由于对虚词把握不够准确而造成句子的整个语义偏差。即使是考生认为可以硬性记忆的实词,翻译过程中词义甚至词性的选择也是至关重要的,词义选择不妥,意义可能会大相径庭,而对词性把握不当则可能造成译文生硬甚至完全不符合汉语的表达习惯,让人不知所云。【技巧点睛】一、词义的选择

选择词义只能通过上下文语境来完成,离开具体语境,词义无从选择。无论是我们熟悉的词还是略显生僻的词都需要在具体语境中确定词义,一些我们非常熟悉、习以为常的“热”词更要结合上下文反复推敲才能确定词义。【例】I want a room and bath.【参考译文】我想要一个带洗手间的房间。【说明】bath是我们熟识的词,很多人都知道是“洗澡”之意,但这里面的room and bath却是指带有洗手间(厕所)的房间。如果不考虑具体语境而机械地翻译成“我要个房间并洗个澡”就会生出笑话来了。【例】Power can be transmitted over a long distance.【参考译文】电能可以输送到很远的地方。【例】A car needs a lot of power to go fast.【参考译文】汽车高速行驶需要很大的动力。【说明】两句中都有power,但具体意义却不尽相同。这种一词多义的现象在英汉两种语言中屡见不鲜。一词多义时,根据上下文语境和搭配关系不难作出选择。二、词义的引申

根据原词的内在含义结合上下文语境和汉语的表达习惯,可对词义进行适当的语义调整,使译文更加准确和符合表达习惯。【例】In politics as well as in sports,US can be boosted a super power.【参考译文】美国无论在政治还是体育领域都称得上是个超级大国。【说明】这里的power译成了大国,这个含义就是在power一词内在含义的基础上结合具体语境引申出来的。【例】“Sustainability”has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.(2010年联考翻译真题)【参考译文】“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇,但对Ted Ning而言,这个概念一直有着独特的个人含义。【说明】这里的sustainability普遍的含义是“可持续性”,而在本句以及后面多次出现的sustainability则指的是人的一种品质,译成“可持续性”就不符合汉语表达习惯了,所以引申译为“坚持不懈”更为恰当。三、词类的转换

由于英汉两种语言表达方式和句子结构的不同,大部分的句子翻译时不能逐词对译,即英语中的某一词性不一定对应汉语中的相应词性。

1.英语名词和汉语动词之间的转换

汉语是典型的“动态性”语言,对动词的依赖性很强,往往一个句子里就有三四个动词,而且这些动词很少能用其他词类的词来替代;英语则是较为“静态”的语言,一个动作或状态,不但可以用动词表示,而且还可以用形容词、副词、名词等词类表示。因此,翻译时往往需要根据语境在英语名词和汉语动词之间作灵活的转换。【例】He is a hard worker.【参考译文】他工作很努力。【说明】虽然英语He works very hard.和He is a hard worker.语义相当,但从表达习惯上后者却较前者使用频率更高,更符合英语的表达习惯。【例】The seizure of American hostages in Iran sharpened the pain of national humiliation.【参考译文】伊朗方面扣押美国公民作为人质的做法更让美国人倍感耻辱。【说明】原文中的seizure是动词seize变换而来的,翻译成汉语时,需要将原文的名词转换为动词来处理。

2.英语名词和汉语形容词之间的转换

许多形容词具有动态的意义,如英语中的pride oneself on sth.和be proud of sth.在意义上就差不多。【例】Young people feel no difficulty in learning and operating computers.【参考译文】年轻人在学习和操作电脑方面并不觉得困难。【例】Tomatoes,mustard,lettuce and cucumbers and the like are necessities in daily life.【参考译文】土豆、芥末、生菜、黄瓜之类都是居家生活每天少不了的。【说明】necessity 在英语中是名词,与它对应的形容词有necessary,indispensable,needful,essential等,当“生活必需品”解时,daily necessity最为常见。

3.英语副词和汉语动词之间的转换

英语中许多副词,特别是表示状态、方位和方向等意义的副词,和其他动词或be动词搭配,就产生了动态意义。所以在英译汉时,经常翻译成动词。【例】I heard someone call my name when the meeting was over.【参考译文】会议结束后,我听见有人叫我的名字。【说明】over虽然不是动词,但是它本身具有动态意义,所以译成动词。

4.英语介词与汉语动词的转换

一般说来,英语句子中只用一个谓语动词,表示其他动作意义的词用介词短语或分词短语等其他词类来表示,而汉语则不受动词数量的限制。【例】With these words,he went away.【参考译文】说完这些话,他便走开了。【例】We arrived just in time for their Water Splashing Festival.【参考译文】我们到达时正好赶上参加他们的泼水节。【说明】介词for在本句中把意思表达得很明确,而汉语却只能翻译成另一个动词,如果将本句译为“我们到达时正逢他们的泼水节”,则与英语原意不完全对等,因为英语的for在本句中有参与其中的意味。【典型例题】

下面我们通过对以往联考翻译真题的分析来看词义选择、词义引申和词类转换在翻译实践中的运用。

March 27,1997,dawned as a normal day at the Collins'home.By the middle of the morning,Jack Collins was at his desk,writing checks,paying bills the way he always had on time.Then the phone rang,and the nightmare began.(71)An investigator for a bank was on the line,asking in a severe voice why Collins,a university physicist,was late on payments for a $27,000car,bought in Virginia the previous year.“I don't have a car like this,”Collins protested.The last time he had set foot in Virginia was as an officer at a submarine base,three decades ago.But his name was on the contract,and so was his Social Security Number.

During the months that ensued,he and his wife learned that someone had bought four more cars and 28other items—worth $113,000in all in their name.Their hitherto good credit record had been destroyed.(72)“After a lifetime of being honest,”says Collins,“all of a sudden I was basically being accused of stealing and treated like a criminal.”

This is what it means to fall prey to a nonviolent but frightening and fast-growing crime:identity theft.It happens to at least 500,000new victims each year,according to government figures.(73)And it happens very easily because every identification number you have in Social Security,credit cards,driver's license,telephone number “is a key that unlocks some storage of money or goods,”says a fraud (欺诈)program manager of the US Postal Service.“So if you throw away your credit card receipt and I get it and use the number on it,I'm not becoming you,but to the credit card company I've become your account.”(74)One major problem,experts say,is that the Social Security Number (SSN)—originally meant only for retirement benefit and tax purposes—has become the universal way to identify people.It is used as identification by the military,colleges and in billions of commercial transactions.

Yet a shrewd thief can easily snatch your SSN,not only by stealing your wallet,but also by taking mail from your box,going through your trash for discarded receipts and bills or asking for it over the phone on some pretext.

Using your SSN,the thief applies for a credit card in your name,asking that it be sent to a different address than yours,and uses it for multiple purchases.A couple of months later the credit card company,or its debt collection agency,presses you for payment.

You don't have to pay the debt,but you must clean up your damaged credit record.(75)That means getting a means getting a police report and copy of the erroneous contract,and then using them to clear the fraud from your credit reports which is held by a credit bureau.Each step can require a huge amount of effort.(2004年1月MBA考试翻译真题)【参考译文】(71)一家银行的调查员打来电话,用严厉的口吻质问柯林斯——一位在大学里工作的物理学家——为什么拖欠去年在弗吉尼亚买的一辆汽车所花的2.7万美元。【解析】on the line为介词短语,翻译时按汉语习惯转换成动词短语“打来电话”;英语的形容词was late on...翻译成汉语转换为动词“拖欠……”。(72)“我一辈子都诚实待人,”柯林斯说,“突然之间,我被指控偷窃,并且被当做罪犯一样对待。”【解析】英语中的形容词being honest翻译成汉语转换为动词“诚实待人”。(73)美国邮政总局一位负责诈骗案的项目经理说,“这类事很容易发生,因为你所持有的每一种身份证件号码,譬如社会保险卡、信用卡、驾照以及电话号码,都可以成为提取财物的密码。”【解析】key原意“钥匙”,在本段文字语境下引申为“密码”,而并非实际意义上的钥匙。(74)专家们认为,主要问题在于,原来只用于领取退休养老金和征税的社会保险卡号码现在已经成了确认身份的普遍方式。【解析】介词短语for retirement benefit and tax purposes翻译成汉语的动词结构“用于领取退休养老金和征税”。(75)这就意味着你必须得到一份警方报告单和假冒(弄错了)的合同的复印件,然后用这些材料消除掉你的信用报告中的欺诈记录,信用报告由信用管理局保管。【解析】句中有两个means,第一个means 是动词mean的第三人称单数形式,而第二个means 是名词原形“方式、途径”。【强化练习】

Text 1.

American parents say they should be the ones to teach their children about sex but many believe that role is being filled by kids'friends and the media,a new study finds.

Researchers interviewed 1,605parents of school-aged children in Minnesota and found that 98percent said they should be responsible for their children's sex education,but only 24percent believed they were the main source of that knowledge.

Instead,many parents thought the majority of youngsters learn about sex from friends (78percent)or the media (60percent).

“Based on previous research,however,youth indicate that parents are a primary source of sex information for them and that parents most influence their decisions about sex,”study co-author Debra Bernat,of Florida State University,said in a Center for Advancing Health news release.

The study appears online in the Journal of Adolescent Health.

The findings raise “the question of why youth cannot get the information that they seek—and prefer—from their own parents,”Nancy Irwin,a Los Angeles clinical psychologist and cognitive behavioral specialist who focuses on childhood and adolescent sexuality,said in the news release.

“This should be a wake-up call to parents:you and your kids want the exact same thing.What's missing are the proper tools,”Irwin added.【注释】

1.majority n.多数、大半

2.previous a.在前的、早先的

3.clinical psychologist 临床心理学家

4.cognitive behavioral specialist 认知行为专家【参考译文】

一项新调查显示,很多美国父母都认为应该由他们来向孩子介绍性知识,但是很多人也承认孩子的朋友和媒体正在代行这一职责。

研究人员通过采访明尼苏达州的1605位学童父母发现,虽然98%的受访者都认为应该由他们负责对孩子进行性教育,但是只有24%的人认为他们是孩子性知识的主要来源。

很多父母认为大部分年轻人通过朋友(78%)或者媒体(60%)获得性知识。

该调查报告的合著者、佛罗里达州立大学的黛布拉·伯纳特在一个健康促进中心的新闻发布会上说:“然而,在之前的调查中,青少年指出父母是性知识的主要来源,而且父母对他们有关性行为的决定影响最大。”

这一调查报告发表在《青少年健康期刊》的网站上。

南希·欧文是洛杉矶的一位临床心理学家和认知行为专家,她专门研究童年和青少年时期的性特征。在发布会上她说,调查结果提出了这样一个问题:“为什么青少年不能从自己的父母那里得到他们想知道和更想了解的信息呢?”

欧文还说:“这项调查给父母们提了个醒:你和你的孩子想要的是完全相同的东西,你所缺乏的只是合适的方式而已。”【解析】

第一段,the role is being filled by...是现在进行时的被动语态表达法,fill的本来意思为“填满、装满”,直译为“……的角色被填满”显然不符合汉语的表达习惯,所以此处引申为“正在代行这一职责”。

最后一段“This should be a wake-up call to parents:you and your kids want the exact same thing.What's missing are the proper tools”中的wake-up call字面意思为叫醒铃声,翻译时使用了引申义“为……提了个醒”。

Text 2.

Although the notion of beauty sleep has often been dismissed as a myth,a recent research proves sleep does enhance your appearance.What's more,experts recommend at least seven hours a night.

In the study,23healthy young adults were photographed after a good night's sleep,and again after much less.Each picture was then rated on an attractiveness scale of one to ten by members of the public.And the well-rested won hands down.

Sleep-deprived people are perceived as less attractive and less healthy compared with when they are well rested,according to the study carried out at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.

In addition,sleep has been shown to reduce wrinkles in the face and neck.This is because when we are asleep we sweat more,and this moisture on the skin smoothes out any lines.【注释】

1.notion n.观念

2.deprive v.剥夺、使丧失

3.perceive v.感觉、察觉

4.wrinkle n.皱纹

5.moisture n.潮湿【参考译文】

尽管“美容觉”这一说法已经不是什么新鲜事,最新研究还是证明睡觉确实能够改善人的外表。不仅如此,专家们还建议每晚至少要睡够七个小时。

研究中,23位年轻成年女性在一夜好觉后拍照,在一夜严重缺觉后再拍照。随后公众以满分为10分的标准为每张照片的吸引力打分。结果显示,休息充分的女性照片大获全胜。

斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡研究中心的一项研究表明,与睡眠充足者相比,睡眠不足者看起来没有多少吸引力,也不够健康。

此外,研究显示,睡眠还有助于减少面部和颈部皱纹。这是因为人们睡眠越多,流汗越多,而水分能够平滑肌肤,减少皱纹。【解析】

第一段第一句:Although the notion of beauty sleep has often been dismissed as a myth,a recent research proves sleep does enhance your appearance.“...dismissed as a myth”直译为“……作为一种神话而不再谈论”,翻译时取引申义为“……已经不是什么新鲜事”。

第二段最后一句:And the well-rested won hands down.其中的win hands down为固定表达方式,口语中的意义为“轻易地成功”,结合上下文语境宜引申为“……大获全胜”。

最后一段最后一句:This is because when we are asleep we sweat more,and this moisture on the skin smoothes out any lines.moisture一词根据上下文应为“汗液”;lines根据上下文应为wrinkles“皱纹”之意。周二 结构分析【技巧点睛】一、句子结构

英语的句子可划入三种句子结构:简单句,即只包含一套主谓关系的句子,结构为主语+谓语+其他成分;并列句,即包含两套或两套以上主谓关系,由等立连词或其他表示并列关系的符号连接句子,结构为主语+谓语+其他成分(简单句)+等立连词+主语+谓语+其他成分(简单句);复合句,即包含两套或两套以上处于主从关系的主谓句,其中主句是全句的主体,往往可以独立存在,而从句仅是全句的一个句子成分,不能独立存在。复合句也称复杂句。

1.简单句【例】The doctors seemed very capable.【参考译文】这些大夫好像都很能干。【说明】英语简单句共五种基本结构:“主谓”、“主谓+宾语”、“主谓+主语补足语”、“主谓+表语”、“主谓+宾语+宾语补足语”。本句为主谓表结构。

2.并列句【例】Honey is sweet,but the bee stings.【参考译文】蜂蜜是甜的,但蜜蜂会蜇人。【说明】两个或以上简单句在语法结构上处于平等地位,由等立连词“and”,“or”,“but”连接或者直接用“,”“;”等并列关系符号连接的句子结构即为并列结构。

3.复合句(复杂句)

英语的复杂句有时很长,往往层层包围、环环相扣,但是主谓分明、关系清晰。英语句子通常把最主要的意思用主句表达,次要的意思则用从句和介词短语等次要结构表达。汉语则不然,汉语句子各成分之间的关系往往很模糊,不像英语那样清楚。但是汉语句子也有其自身的特点,在表达复杂思想时,通常按一定的时空顺序或逻辑顺序逐步展开。【例】We are soberly aware that China remains the world's largest developing country,with a large population,weak economic foundation,uneven development,and challenges of unparalleled magnitude and complexity.【参考译文】我们清醒地认识到,中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家。中国人口多,底子薄、发展很不平衡,在发展中遇到的矛盾和问题,无论是规模还是复杂性,都是世所罕见的。【说明】英语原句为宾语从句,主句为We are soberly aware...;that后均为宾语从句部分,从句主谓结构为China remains...。主从句主谓分明,结构清晰,with 后接的一系列名词短语在句子结构上都是作从句的补充成分。翻译成汉语后,原句的主从关系则很模糊,无论在语法结构上还是语义上均未有体现,只是按一定的时空顺序和逻辑顺序逐步展开,娓娓道来即可,而并不拘泥于形式。【例】Being the world's fourth largest exporter of medicines,Britain's pharmaceutical industry has some of the world's largest multinational research-intensive manufacturers.【参考译文】作为世界第四大药品出口国,英国制药业拥有一些世界上最大的跨国研究型生产商。【说明】英语原句主要结构为Britain's pharmaceutical industry has...,Being the world's fourth largest exporter of medicines这一分词结构在句中作状语表原因。二、语序对比

语序能反映出语言使用者的民族文化习惯和思维模式。汉语是语义型语言,英语是形态型语言,两者在语序安排上有着很大的区别。汉语组词造句,语序主要由语义的搭配决定,即语义的先后次序是由人的逻辑来决定的。作为分析型语言,汉语语序总体上比较固定。而英语有着丰富的形式手段,如连词、介词等,语法意义和逻辑关系的表达常常也依靠它们。作为介于综合性和分析型之间的语言,英语语序既相对固定,又有灵活的变化。我们在翻译实践中需要根据实际情况,按照句子的时间顺序、逻辑顺序和信息重心在语序上作一些调整,使译文符合汉语的行文习惯。

1.时间顺序【例】After the meeting,leaders from the two sides vowed to boost cooperation and signed three agreements.【参考译文】会后,双方领导人承诺要进一步加强合作,并签署了三份协议。【说明】英语语序与汉语语序基本一致,此句采取了顺译法,即语序未加调整。【例】My father must have felt a glow of satisfaction when in the mid-1920s he won first prize in a prestigious amateur art exhibition held in London.【参考译文】20世纪20年代中期,我父亲在伦敦举行的一次享有盛名的业余画展中获得了一等奖,当时他一定颇为得意。【说明】when和in表达出了一定的语法和逻辑关系,翻译成汉语时需要我们分析原句中的时间、地点等与句子主干的关系,再根据汉语语序重新表达出来。此句根据时间的先后顺序,采用了逆译法。

2.逻辑顺序

汉语是逻辑性很强的语言,它的语序主要靠逻辑思维而定,通常根据一定的逻辑顺序按照由原因到结果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论、由条件到结果的次序有先有后、有主有次地逐层叙述,特别是在不用关联词的时候,句中的语法关系更需要通过语序才可辨认得出。而英语的语序比较灵活,通常开门见山,直奔主题,然后再作解释。在表达多层逻辑思维时,英语可借助形态变化、丰富的连接词语等语法手段,根据句子的意思和结构的需要灵活排列,顺序往往与汉语不同。因而英译汉时,通常需要改变语序,重组句子的结构。【例】we must think twice,though,before embarking on “reform”if that means imposing further restrictions on our healthcare markets.【参考译文】然而,医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话,那我们可要三思而后行了。【说明】英语语序相对灵活,但翻译成汉语时,按汉语语序一般是先条件后结果。【例】The wrong way is to impose layer after layer of regulations restrictions.【参考译文】我们认为,强加层层规定和限制的做法是错误的。【说明】在发表评论时,英语通常是表态,评论部分在先,事实描述在后;汉语则正好相反,通常先进行情况说明,然后再表态或评论。

3.信息重心

英汉翻译时还应注意句子的信息重心。英语句子的信息重心通常在句末或靠近句末的位置(后重心),而汉语句子则比较灵活。因此,为了突出句中的信息重心,译者往往需要改变语序,将原句中的某个成分提前或置后。【例】Free markets do what governments mean to do─but can't.【参考译文】政府想做却又无法做到的事情,自由市场可以做到。【说明】what governments mean to do─but can't是原文句子的信息重点,译成汉语后提至句首。【典型例题】

People in business can use foresight to identify new products and services,as well as markets for those products and services.An increase in minority populations in a neighborhood would prompt a grocer with foresight to stock more foods linked to ethnic tastes.(56)An art museum director with foresight might follow trends in computer graphics to make exhibits more appealing to younger visitors.Foresight may reveal potential threats that we can prepare to deal with before they become crises.(57)For instance,a capable corporate manager might see an alarming rise in local housing prices that could affect the availability of skilled workers in the region.The public's changing values and priorities,as well as emerging technologies,demographic shifts,economic constraints (or opportunities),and environmental and resource concerns are all parts of the increasingly complex world system in which leaders must lead.(58)People in government also need foresight to keep systems running smoothly,to plan budgets,and to prevent wars.Government leaders today must deal with a host of new problems emerging from rapid advances in technology.

Even at the community level,foresight is critical:school officials,for example,need foresight to assess numbers of students to accommodate,numbers of teachers to hire,new educational technologies to deploy,and new skills for students (and their teachers)to develop.(59)Many of the best-known techniques for foresight were developed by government planners,especially in the military,“thinking about the unthinkable”.Pioneering futurists at the RAND Corporation (the first “think tank”)began seriously considering what new technologies might emerge in the future and how these might affect U.S.security.These pioneering futurists at RAND,along with others elsewhere,refined a variety of new ways for thinking about the future.(60)The futurists recognized that the future world is continuous with the present world,so we can learn a great deal about what may happen in the future by looking systematically at what is happening now.(2005年1月MBA考试翻译真题)【参考译文】

56.富有远见的艺术馆馆长应该顺应潮流,充分利用计算机制图的优势,使各项展出更加吸引年轻的参观者。【解析】英语原句为简单句,句子主干为An art museum director...might follow trends,其他次要成分with foresight作director 的后置定语,翻译时按汉语语序调至修饰名词前;介词短语in computer graphics也是后置定语,修饰trends,翻译成汉语仍需调整语序;不定式结构to make exhibits more appealing to younger visitors作句子的补语,翻译时按汉语表达习惯,补语一般置于句末,与原句中位置相同,不需要调整语序,appealing 在句中词性为形容词,作动词make后宾语的补语,翻译时根据汉语表达习惯,形容词转换为动词词性,译为“使……更加吸引……”。

57.比如说,能干的公司主管可能会从当地房价上涨这一现象中敏锐地观察到一丝的迹象,从而判断出涨价将不利于该地区吸引熟练工前来就职。【解析】in local housing prices 在原句中作rise的后置定语,翻译成汉语需要调整语序前置;介词短语in the region在英语中的位置相对灵活,翻译成汉语按表达习惯,通常放在前面,本句将原句的状语翻译成了汉语的主语“……该地区吸引……”。

58.在政府部门就职的人也需要有远见,以保证各部门运转顺利,灵活地制定预算,并且可以防止战争爆发。【解析】介词短语in government作people的后置定语,翻译成汉语需要调整语序;不定式结构to keep systems running smoothly,to plan budgets,and to prevent wars作句子的补语,翻译成汉语不需要调整语序,按顺序对应翻译即可。

59.许多广为人知的使人们富有远见的方法都是由政府的策划者首创的,特别是在军队中,这种人大有人在,他们会去琢磨一些一般人根本无法想到的事情。【解析】介词短语for foresight作techniques的后置定语,翻译时需调整语序。

60.那些笃信未来的人意识到未来世界是与现实世界息息相关的,我们通过系统地观察现有世界中发生的事情,就可以在很大程度上预测到未来将要发生的事情。【解析】介词短语by looking systematically at what is happening now在句中作方式状语,英语中的语序相对灵活,翻译时根据汉语逻辑表达习惯,需要调整语序。【强化练习】

Text 1.

Not Enough Time To Enjoy Life,or NETTEL,refers to the rising pool of households headed by two high-income-earning,full-time-working parents with dependent children.

Here are two parents working full-time earning lots of money but struggling to balance the commitments that come with a demanding job and an even more demanding family life.In many families it's a case that got enough money but hasn't got enough time to enjoy life.These stressed-out NETTEL parents are forever scheduling,scheming and diarizing about how to execute the next day's events.

And,by some bizarre twist of logic,many of these parents seem to revel in the scheduling frenzy.In a materialistic go-getter world,a couple's ability to juggle and to control life's commercial and family demands merely confirms their superior “alpha”status.【注释】

1.commitment n.许诺、承约

2.diarize v.记日记、用日记记录

3.bizarre a.怪异的、奇异的

4.revel v.酷爱、以……为乐

5.frenzy n.狂乱

6.juggle v.变戏法、玩弄事实【参考译文】

NETTEL(Not Enough Time To Enjoy Life,无暇享受生活,简称“奈特尔”)指夫妻为高收入全职人员、家中又有孩子需要照顾的家庭。

这样的家庭中,父母全职工作,收入也不少,但无法同时兼顾工作职责和家庭生活。很多家庭都是有钱却没时间享受生活。这些压力重重的“奈特尔(NETTEL)”父母永远都在排日程、列计划,记录着要怎样完成第二天的大小事儿。

而且,基于某种奇怪的逻辑,这些父母似乎很享受这种日程堆积的状态。因为在崇尚物质第一的世界里,一对夫妇调节和掌控财务及家庭需求的能力就能够证明他们超级“强者”的地位。【解析】

Not Enough Time To Enjoy Life,or NETTEL,refers to the rising pool of households headed by two high-income-earning,full-time-working parents with dependent children.句子主干为NETTEL refers to households...,过去分词结构headed by two high-income-earning,full-time-working parents with dependent children作household 的后置定语,介词短语with dependent children 又作parents的后置定语,翻译时语序都需要做相应的调整。

Here are two parents working full-time earning lots of money but struggling to balance the commitments that come with a demanding job and an even more demanding family life.该句中commitment本来意为承诺,根据上下文语境应取其引申义“责任”;that定语从句翻译成汉语时也需要调整语序。

In a materialistic go-getter world,a couple's ability to juggle and to control life's commercial and family demands merely confirms their superior “alpha”status.该句中的“alpha”为希腊字母表中的第一个字母,这里引申为“第一/强者”。

Text 2.

The world is changing rapidly and most people are very anxious about it.In fact,I think it might even be stronger and more accurate to say that most people are downright fearful of what they see going on around them.

Technological change and innovation are completely altering many aspects of our lives and it doesn't stop there.Economic changes,social changes,scientific changes,political changes...the list is endless.However,the big question we all face is how we are going to respond to these changes.

While the specific answers about what to do take time and thought to uncover,the best way to approach the future and all of the changes it will bring can be summed up in one word:confidence.

Personal confidence is one of the greatest assets we all possess.Certainly some people seem to have much more of it than

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