作者:Michael A. Putlack,Will Link,Stephen Poirier
出版社:群言出版社
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新托福考试专项进阶:中级写作试读:
Introduction
®A. Information on the TOEFL iBT®The Format of the TOEFL iBTB. Information on the Writing Section®
The Writing section of the TOEFL iBT measures test takers' ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment. This section has two writing tasks. For the first writing task, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture and then answer a question based on what you have read and heard. For the second writing task, you will answer a question based on your own knowledge and experience.
1. Types of Writing Tasks
(1) Integrated Writing Task
● Read – You will read a short text of about 230~300 words on an academic topic for 3 minutes. You may take notes on the reading passage.
● Listen – After reading the text, you will listen to a lecture discussing the same topic from a different perspective for about 2 minutes. You may take notes on the lecture.
● Write – You will have 20 minutes to write a 150- to 225-word summary in response to the following kinds of questions:Casting Doubt
_ Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.
_ Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage.
cf. This question type accounts for almost all the questions that ®have been asked on the TOEFL iBT so far.Problem–Solution
_ Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they answer the problems raised in the reading passage.
(2) Integrated Writing Task
You will have 30 minutes to write an essay of at least 300 words in response to the following kinds of questions:Agree / Disagree
_ Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? [A sentence or sentences that present an issue] Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
cf. This question type accounts for almost all the essay topics that ®have been asked on the TOEFL iBT so far.Preference
_ Some people say X. Others believe Y. Which opinion do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
_ Some people do X. Others people do Y. Which do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
2. Writing Scoring Rubrics
(1) Integrated Task (Question 1)
Your response to the Integrated Task will be scored according to these criteria:
(2) Independent Task (Question 2)
Your essay for the Independent Task will be scored according to these criteria:
How to Use This Book
®How to Master Skills for the TOEFL iBT Writing Intermediate is ®designed to be used either as a textbook for a TOEFL iBT writing preparation course or as a tool for individual learners who are ®preparing for the TOEFL test on their own. With a total of 16 units, this book is organized to prepare you for the test by providing you with a comprehensive understanding of the test and thorough practice of essential skills and question types to address the writing tasks on the ®TOEFL iBT. Each unit provides a step-by-step program that can enhance your writing ability as well as familiarize you with the question ®types asked on the TOEFL iBT. At the back of the book are a list of essential essay topics and two actual tests of the Writing section of the ®TOEFL iBT.PART 1Integrated Writing1 Note Taking & Outlining
In this section, you will practice taking notes while reading an academic passage and listening to a lecture on the same topic. Also, you will practice identifying and expressing the main arguments from both the reading and the lecture on a sentence level.2 Paraphrasing & Summarizing
This section helps you to practice paraphrasing some important information from the reading and lecture in your own words as well as summarizing both the reading passage and the lecture.3 Synthesizing & Organizing
This section allows you to practice combining the main arguments from both the reading and the lecture in one sentence. It also provides you with a useful template for writing a response.4 Writing & Checking
In this part, you will read the academic passage and listen to the lecture once again and will be asked to write a completely new response on your own. You can evaluate your response with the given checklist.PART 2Independent Writing5 Understanding the Topic | Brainstorming
These sections help you understand the essay topic and brainstorm your ideas about the topic. In the Understanding the Topic section, you will learn what kinds of questions you should ask to understand the topic appropriately. In the Brainstorming section, you can practice brainstorming your ideas in a structured way by using a mind map.6 Outlining | Writing the Thesis Statement & Topic Sentences
These sections help you practice making an outline of your ideas and translating them into sentences. In the Outlining section, you will practice organizing your brainstormed ideas into a logical sequence. In the Writing the Thesis Statement & Topic Sentences section, you will practice writing the most important sentences in an essay—the thesis statement, topic sentences, and the summary sentence(s).7 Writing the Details
This section will ask you to complete your essay based on your outline. You should support your thesis statement and topic sentences with details, such as general statements, reasons, and examples.8 Completing & Checking Your Essay
This part offers a new essay topic on which you should write an essay. You have to plan your time to write the essay in 30 minutes. You can evaluate your essay with the given checklist.9 Essential Essay Topics
This part provides you with a list of essential essay topics reconstructed from the ones that have so far been asked on the ®TOEFL iBT. By practicing writing your essays on these topics, you will ®effectively prepare yourself for the Independent Writing of the TOEFL iBT.10 Actual Tests
This part offers two full practice tests that are modeled on the ®Writing section of the TOEFL iBT. These tests will familiarize you with ®the actual test format of the TOEFL iBT.PART 1Integrated WritingOverview■ Introduction®
The Integrated Writing Task on the TOEFL iBT has two parts. The first part is a reading passage, and the second part is a listening lecture that is related to the reading passage. After reading and listening, you must then answer a question related to the passage and lecture.
Reading
The reading passage, which covers an academic topic, is typically 230-300 words long, and the reading time is 3 minutes. There is typically an introduction paragraph to begin the passage. Then the reading passage provides some main points in the body. There may or may not be a short conclusion.
Listening
The listening lecture is typically 230-300 words long and takes about 2 minutes. The lecture begins with a short introduction and then follows by providing counterpoints that relate to the topic. These points typically cast doubt upon or challenge the arguments that were made in the reading passage. Sometimes, they may provide solutions to the problems posed in the reading.
Writing
The ideal response provides information on all the points and counterpoints that are given in the reading and the lecture. The summary should be about 150-225 words long although it may be longer. You should not give your opinion in the summary.■ Question Types1. Casting Doubt● Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.● Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage.cf. This question type accounts for almost all of the questions ®that have been asked on the TOEFL iBT so far.2. Problem-Solution● Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they answer the problems raised in the reading passage.■ Useful Tips1. Casting DoubtYou should mention all three points and counterpoints. You should relate each point and its counterpoint one at a time, providing the reasons why each counterpoint disagrees with the point in the reading passage.2. Problem-SolutionYou should note the individual solutions that the lecture provides for each problem. The professor will mention why each solution will work. You should be sure to include the reasons for these solutions in your response.■ Key Strategies1. Note Taking & Outlining_ Take notes on each point in the reading passage and listening lecture._ Focus on the main ideas, not the minor ones._ Create an outline to show how each point and counterpoint relate to one another.2. Paraphrasing & Summarizing_ Do not repeat the words of the reading passage exactly as they are written._ Paraphrase the sentences from the reading passage and listening lecture._ Summarize the reading passage and listening lecture in your own words.3. Synthesizing & Organizing_ Recognize how the points and counterpoints are related to one another._ Be sure to mention all three of the points and counterpoints in your response._ Organize your response by including an introduction and, when appropriate, a short conclusion.4. Writing & Checking_ Write your response from the notes and outline that you wrote._ Be sure to include an introduction, body, and conclusion. However, the conclusion is optional._ Check over your writing to make sure that you did not make any mistakes.Sample iBT QuestionDirections Now you will see the reading passage for 3 minutes. Remember that it will be available to you again while you are writing. Immediately after the reading time ends, the lecture will begin, so keep your headset on until the lecture has ended.ReadingTOEFL iBT WritingQuestion 1 of 2One of the most controversial topics in education these days is the way to pay teachers their salaries. Many people favor determining teachers' salaries based on merit. In other words, teachers will be paid according to how well they teach and how well their students do in the classroom. This is an idea that should be implemented for a number of reasons.First, this is a very fair way of paying teachers. Nowadays, teachers are paid primarily based upon seniority. The longer the person has been teaching, the more money the teacher receives. However, this is not fair. Now, the best teachers can receive the higher salaries they deserve even if they have not been teaching for very long. Also, ineffective teachers will receive lower salaries even if they have been employed for ten or twenty years.Second of all, paying teachers on a merit basis will encourage most of them to perform better. They will actually begin to compete with one another, which will improve the quality of the education they provide for their students. They will all improve when competing against one another. Likewise, they will begin to develop better teaching methods in an effort to perform better in the classroom.Finally, if the teachers are trying and working harder, then the students themselves will benefit greatly. The fact that the teachers are providing better lessons means that students will learn much better. Also, the students themselves will likely be inspired to study harder when they see just how hard their teachers are working.It is obvious that a merit-pay-based system will have several benefits both for teachers and students. All school systems should consider implementing this method as soon as possible.Directions Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.ListeningTOEFL iBT WritingQuestion 1 of 2ScriptMale Professor: I know that paying teachers based upon some sort of merit system sounds great. However, it actually has a number of disadvantages. You might not have considered them, so let me fill you in.To begin with, who is going to determine the merit of each teacher? The principal, most likely. While most principals will do this in an honest fashion, some may not. First, the principal might use the merit-based policy to control many of the teachers. The teachers may have to follow the principal's rules or find their salaries getting cut. Also, the principal may show favoritism towards various teachers and ignore good teachers instead to give pay raises to his friends. We can't allow that to happen.Here's another point. Okay, yes, teachers will most likely try harder and develop new teaching methods and strategies. But they probably won't share any effective strategies with their colleagues. After all, they'll want to earn more money than them. This isn't what education should be about. Education is about sharing knowledge, not hoarding it. And you're also likely to see less cooperation among teachers. All of this new competition is bound to create rivalries between faculty members.Finally, this plan might have a negative effect on the students themselves. Since part of the merit-pay system will be determined by grades, teachers will be likely not to give failing or low grades to bad students. We'll probably see countless instances of grade inflation. Also, some teachers will probably pass students who should be kept back a grade. This will be doing the student a disservice and shouldn't happen.As you can see, a merit-pay system would have a number of disadvantages. School systems should think hard before they implement them.Directions You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Question Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the points made in the reading.TOEFL iBT WritingQuestion 1 of 2Sample Answer[Introductory sentence] The reading passage supports the idea of paying teachers according to how well they perform. [Topic sentence] However, the professor provides several reasons why merit pay is a bad idea.[Refutation 1] First of all, the professor claims that the principal will probably determine the merit of each teacher. He claims that some principals may be biased when they determine who the best and worst teachers are. He asserts that bad principals may force teachers to follow their rules or suffer bad evaluations. [Relation 1] Since the best teachers will get high salaries while the worst get low ones, he fears some principals may show favoritism to certain teachers when determining salaries.[Relation 2] Second, the professor acknowledges that teachers may try harder and develop better teaching methods. [Refutation 2] However, he doubts they will share their good methods with others. He says all the teachers will be competing against each other. He also believes there will be rivalries between teachers, so the overall quality of teaching might not rise.[Refutation 3] Finally, the professor thinks that teachers might not fail bad students. Also, he thinks teachers will harm the students by passing them when they should be failing them. Therefore, many students will not see positive benefits from the merit-pay system. [Relation 3] This point disproves the reading passage's contention that students will try harder when they see their teachers working hard.Chapter 1Casting Doubtunit 1 TechnologyNote Taking & OutliningA Read the following passage, and complete the note diagram.One of the most promising new developments in personal transportation is the smart car. A smart car is one that utilizes advanced methods of engineering or computers with some kinds of artificial intelligence. While smart cars have not yet reached their full potential, they are sure to be beneficial to all who eventually drive them.One advantage of smart cars is that they will help traffic flow faster. A smart car will be able to handle many of the driving duties, thereby allowing the people in the car to attend to other matters. Because the car, for the most part, will be driving itself, it will be able to select optimal routes based on their lack of vehicles and the speed with which they may be traveled upon. This, in turn, will make travel times much shorter and keep traffic moving continuously.In addition, a smart car will have lower maintenance costs. Since the car will be almost entirely run by computers, the computers will be able to alert the owner when there is a minor problem to be fixed. The owner will then be able to fix the car at a low cost as opposed to waiting for the problem to develop into a major issue that would require an inordinate amount of money to be spent.utilize (v) to use; to make use ofartificial (a) not real; fakepotential (n) possibilityflow (v) to move; to pass byattend to (phr) to take care ofoptimal (a) best; most favorablemaintenance (n) repair; preservationalert (v) to warn; to tell someone about somethinginordinate (a) greater than normal; excessiveSmart Cars - Promising New Developments(1)1. Will help_____● handle many of the driving duties → drivers can attend to other matters(2)● can choose_____→ much shorter travel times & continuously moving traffic(3)2. Have lower_____(4)● computers will alert owner when is_____● can fix problem before it becomes major issueB Listen to a lecture on the topic you just read about, and complete the note diagram.thrilled (a) very excitedbreathtaking (a) astonishing; wonderful; amazinganticipate (v) to expectzip (v) to move very quicklyunfortunately (ad) sadlydocumented (a) recognized; knownsteadily (ad) at a regular pacecustom-made (a) specially built or madelabor (n) workastronomical (a) incredibly high; huge; very muchSmart Cars - Not as Breathtaking as People Anticipate1. Will not ease traffic(1)● automobile technology improves →_____↑(2)● people will have to sit in_____2. Will not be cheap to maintain(3)● use of very expensive,_____(4)● replacing parts →_____C Rewrite the main points from both notes as complete sentences.Paraphrasing & SummarizingA-1 The following pairs of sentences are based on the reading. Complete each paraphrase by filling in the blanks with appropriate words or phrases.
1 A smart car is one that utilizes advanced methods of engineering or computers with some kinds of artificial intelligence.
→ Paraphrase Smart cars operate by_____that can think for themselves to some extent.
2 A smart car will be able to handle many of the driving duties, thereby allowing the people in the car to attend to other matters.
→ Paraphrase By doing _____, a smart car will enable.
3 Because the smart car will be driving itself, it will be able to select optimal routes based on their lack of vehicles and the speed with which they may be traveled upon.
→ Paraphrase The car will decide _____ by looking at how many cars are on various roads and _____.
4 Since a smart car will be almost entirely run by computers, the computers will be able to alert the owner when there is a minor problem to be fixed.
→ Paraphrase The computers in a smart car will_____, no matter how small it may be.
5 The owner will be able to fix the car at a low cost as opposed to waiting for the problem to develop into a major issue that would require an inordinate amount of money to be spent.
→ Paraphrase Because the owner can _____, he will not have to suffer a major problem and therefore _____.A-2 Complete the following summary.Smart cars are not completely developed yet, but they are going to be very important in the future. They will help drivers (1)_____ much faster. They will do this by taking over the driving. This will allow the passengers and driver to do other things, and it (2)will also ensure that the car takes _____ by avoiding traffic. In (3)addition, owners will not have to _____. The car's computers will (4)monitor all possible problems, thereby enabling the owner _____ before they develop into something major. This will then save the (5)owner a lot of money on _____.B-1 The following pairs of sentences are based
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