北京航空航天大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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北京航空航天大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解

北京航空航天大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解试读:

2010年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解

第一部分:将下列术语翻译成中文,并用中文简单解释(本题共15分,每一题1分)。

1. corpus【答案】语料库(翻译研究中传统上沿用的术语,指较小规模的文本集合,(其中有些部分)供人工从中搜索特征中有趣的范例。)

2. commission【答案】委托(弗米尔在译者行动框架内使用的术语,指译者在做出目标文本时所遵循的工作要求。委托可以指来自客户或其他第三方一系列明确的指令和要求。)

3. adequacy【答案】充分性(某些译评者讨论源文本与目标文本关系属性时所采用的术语。)

4. compensation【答案】补偿(当源语中某些表达方式在目标语中无法找到对应的词句,这就需要译者在翻译中始终要有跨文化意识,灵活运用增译和补译,从而减轻译文受众的理解障碍。)

5. direct translation【答案】直接翻译(一些学者使用的术语(如图里),指目标文本直接产生于最初源文本而非转译自另一篇用其他语言所作中介译文的翻译程序。)

6. dubbing【答案】配音(用来指翻译试听材料(如电影,电视节目)的两种主要翻译技巧之一。)

7. terminology【答案】术语(指与任何科技领域相关的话语中所存在的大量的专业词汇。)

8. transliteration【答案】音译(按照卡特福德的解释,指“源语字形单位被目标语字形单位替代”的过程。)

9. FIT【答案】国际翻译家联盟(翻译者组织的协会,于1953年成立于巴黎。)

10. addition【答案】增补法(根据译文的语法结构、表达习惯、语义连贯和修辞的需要,增加一些原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词句,从而更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。)

11. sublanguage【答案】子语言(机器翻译语境中采用的术语,指“专业技术领域使用或为了专业目的而使用的语言。”)

12. translatability【答案】可译性(用于讨论在多大程度上,单个词,词组或者整个文本可以从一种语言译成另一种语言的术语。)

13. MT【答案】机器翻译(是利用计算机把一种自然源语言转变为另一种自然目标语言的过程,一般指自然语言之间句子和全文的翻译。)

14. version【答案】改译(译者在内容方面的微小变动抑或是文体方面的大变动,以期来满足翻译目的的行为。)

15. transcription【答案】注音(指原文形式(如语音,字母或单词)在目标文本中保持不变的一种语际转换的一般性术语。)

第二部分:将下列术语翻译成英文,并用英文简单解释(本题共15分,每一题1分)。

1. 重写【答案】rewriting (André Lefevere thought translation, analects, literature review, adaptation from TV and film scripts and so on all are a form of rewriting. André Lefevere’s theory of “rewriting” has exerted great influences on translation studies.)

2. 翻译单位【答案】translation unit (It is the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together, as one unit.)

3. 地道翻译【答案】idiomatic translation (Idiomatic translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language.)

4. 词对词翻译【答案】word-for-word translation (Word-for-word translation, also known as literal translation, refers to translate a sentence originally, keep the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original words, metaphor of the original and so on.)

5. 对应【答案】correspondence (Correspondence is a term used to refer to the relationship which exists between elements of source language and target language that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other.)

6. 工具型翻译【答案】Instrumental translation (Instrumental translation functions as an instrument of communication in its own right, it works independently of a source text, and is judged on how well it expresses its message.)

7. 归化【答案】Domesticating translation (Domesticating translation refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.)

8. 回译【答案】Back Translation (Back Translation is the process of translating a document that has already been translated into a foreign language back to the original language.)

9. 会议传译【答案】Conference interpreting (Conference interpreting is a term used to refer to the type of interpreting which occurs in international conferences as well as other high-profile settings such as lectures, television broadcasts or summit meetings.)

10. 伪朋友【答案】False friends (False friends are used to describe source language and target language items which have the same or very similar by different meanings, and which consequently give rise to difficulties in translation (and indeed interlingual communication in general).)

11. 经纪人【答案】agent (An agent is a term used by Sager to the person who is “it an intermediary position between a translator and an end user of a translation”.)

12. 可接受性【答案】acceptability (Acceptability is a term used by Toury to denote one of the two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts.)

13. 目的语【答案】target language (A target language is a language into which a text written in another language is to be translated.)

14. 受控语言【答案】controlled language (A controlled language is defined by Arnold as “a specifically simplified version of a language.”)

15. 文体对等【答案】stylistic equivalence (Stylistic equivalence is a kind of functional equivalence. When translating, you should try to keep the style unchanged.)

第三部分:英译汉(本题共60分,第一段25分,第二段35分)。1

Even discussions of architectural esthetics have taken a strange turn. The Bloomberg Tower is now finished, dominating the skyline in one area of midtown Manhattan; love it or hate it, it’s quite a building. “I just wish it wasn’t so tall”, someone lamented at dinner.

The citizens of New York, who live in the spiritual home of the skyscraper, now fear the office tower and the high-rise. In San Francisco they build structures that are earth-quakeproof. But there’s no structural steel, no reinforced foundation that can ward off fear.

It’s been nearly five years since an area in the southernmost part of Manhattan was renamed Ground Zero. On September 11, 2001, New York became a city of survivors. That’s on a sliding scale, of course: it would be an insult to claim otherwise.【参考译文】

甚至关于建筑美学的讨论都发生了奇怪的转变。布隆伯格塔现在已经竣工,遮住了曼哈顿中心城区一个地区的天际线。不管人们喜不喜欢,这都是一个很棒的建筑。“我只是希望它不这么高”,有人在餐桌上遗憾地表示。

生活在满是摩天大楼的精神家园里的纽约公民们,现在很害怕这种办公塔楼和高层建筑。在旧金山,人们建造了防震的建筑。不过,没有哪种建筑钢材和加固的地基能够让人们不再恐惧。

自从曼哈顿的最南端被重新命名为“归零地带”以来,差不多五年时光已经过去了。在2001年9月11日,纽约成为了幸存者的城市,当然,这是按照比例计算的。其他的说法都只会是一种侮辱。2

Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The “money market”, is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short term credit. The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers, he must have active contacts with others who specialize in making or handing bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial services—commercial banks, savings institutions, investment houses, lending agencies, and even governments—to do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.【参考译文】

每一个拥有独立金融系统的国家都应该有这样的市场:在这里,汇票、期票和其他形式的短期信贷可以进行买卖。“金融市场”就是一组用钱和短期信贷进行批发交易的机构或协议。将多样化经济中的产品在零售层面分配给最终用户需要许多便利设施,同样在批发层面对这类设施的需求也在快速增长。如果零售商要为他的客户提供充足的服务,他必须主动同大量制造及买卖他所要存货物品的其他商人接触。金融市场就是由这种专门的设施、组织组成的。其存在的目的是为了帮助金融服务行业——金融银行、储蓄机构、投资公司、信贷中介、甚至政府——的零售商们提高能力,以做好他们的工作。它与那些在不同零售商那里开立账户或购买它们的有价证券或借贷的个人或公司几乎没有什么联系。

第四部分:汉译英(本题共60分,第一段40分,第二段20分)。1

1957年10月苏联成功发射第一颗人造卫星,揭开了人类历史由地球迈向太空的第一页。此后短短半个世纪里,人类的外空探索活动突飞猛进,取得了辉煌的成就。人类不仅成功登陆月球,而且还将研究的触手伸向火星等更为遥远的星球。截止到2006年底,环绕地球飞行的各类人造物体,包括人造卫星、航天飞机、国际空间站、空间实验室等接近6000个。【参考译文】

On October, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial satellite, which turned the first page in human history of entering the space. During the half century coming after, humans’ explorations in outer space have grown by leaps and bounds and have made brilliant achievements. Humans not only successfully landed on the moon, but also reached toward even more distant planet such as Mars. At the end of 2006, the number of the various types of artificial objects flying around the Earth, including satellites, space shuttles, international space stations, space laboratories, etc. is already close to 6,000.2

博鳌论坛的经历给了刘晓宁不小的打击,生活上的拮据让她开始反思自己做公务员两年多的经历。都说公务员舒服,但刘晓宁每天的工作时间都在10小时以上,加班到晚上八九点钟,是很正常的事。如果有活动,赶工到夜里l2点,也是家常便饭。【参考译文】

The experience in Boao Forum is not a small blow to Liu Xiaoning. The bare livelihood forced her to reflect on her life as a civil servant for more than two years. Everyone says that civil servants enjoy a comfortable life, but Xiaoning works more than 10 hours every day. Working overtime until eight or nine in the evening is perfectly normal. When there are activities, staying up to l2 at night is also not uncommon.

2011年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解

第一部分:将下列术语翻译成中文,并用中文简单解释(本题共15分,每一题1分)。

1. accuracy【答案】正确性(翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符程度的术语。)

2. competence【答案】能力(翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符程度的术语。)

3. correspondence【答案】对应(用来指源语成分与目标语成分关系的术语,这些成分在某种意义上被认为互为对应。)

4. direction of translation【答案】翻译方向(用来指翻译是从译者本族语(或译者常用语)译入还是译出的术语。)

5. informative texts【答案】信息类文本(前称重内容文本。按照赖斯的解释,指三种主要的文本类型之一,另两种分别是表情型文本和运作型文本。)

6. literal translation【答案】直译,字面翻译(勒弗维尔在分析卡图鲁斯一首诗的各种英语译本时把字面翻译界定为诗歌翻译的七种可能的策略之一。)

7. parallel corpora【答案】平行语料库(按照贝克的解释,指“用A语写成的源语文本和用B语言翻译的译文”组成的一种语料库。)

8. rephrasing【答案】变换措词(赫维与希金斯采用的术语,指“在不增删原文本明确传达的细节的情况下,特定源文本的信息内容被形式上截然不同的目标文本完全转换的现象。”)

9. TL【答案】目标语(用来指译入语的两个标准术语之一。目标语往往是译者的本族语。)

10. shift【答案】转换(最初由卡特福德界定为“偏离从源于到目标语过程中的形式对应。)

11. translation unit【答案】翻译单位(需要翻译的对象;可以分为单词、词组、句子和篇章等。)

12. translationese【答案】翻译腔(通常来说是一个贬义术语,用来指明显依赖源语的语言特色而让人觉得不自然,费解,甚至可笑的目标语用法。)

13. disambiguation【答案】消解歧义(指的是歧义的消除,避免含糊性的做法。)

14. coherence【答案】连贯(在一般用法中按照佛米尔的解释模式被界定为“文本与情景保持一致”。)

15. textual norms【答案】文本规范(图里界定的两种操作规范类别之一,其作用在于决定选择目标语材料以取代源语的文本和语言材料。)

第二部分:将下列术语翻译成英文,并用英文简单解释(本题共15分,每一题1分)。

1. 不可译性【答案】Untranslatability (A property of a text, or of any utterance, in one language, for which no equivalent text or utterance can be found in another language when translated.)

2. 超额翻译【答案】over translation (The translation that carries more information than those contained in the original texts.)

3. 成分分析【答案】componential analysis (To divide a sentence into different parts then make detailed analysis of its syntactic structure.)

4. 重写【答案】rewriting (André Lefevere thought translation, analects, literature review, adaptation from TV and film scripts and so on all are a form of rewriting. André Lefevere’s theory of “rewriting” has exerted great influences on translation studies.)

5. 计算机辅助翻译【答案】Computer-aided Translation (A form of language translation in which a human translator uses computer software to support and facilitate the translation process.)

6. 异化【答案】foreignization (The strategy of retaining information from the source text, and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning.)

7. 改编【答案】adaptation (A term traditionally used to refer to any target text in which a particularly strategy has been used.)

8. 术语【答案】terminology (The set of special words and expressions used in a specific subject.)

9. 口译【答案】interpreting (The way interpreters translate the source language into target language in spoken language.)

10. 冗余【答案】redundancy (A term used to refer to information that is expressed more than once.)

11. 迁移【答案】transference (Introduction of the words in the source language into the translation.)

12. 释译【答案】paraphrase (To express what people have said or written in a different way for better understanding.)

13. 调整【答案】adjustment (A change of a translation method according to specific expressive forms.)

14. 译后编辑【答案】Post-editing (It refers to the process of improving the translation of the machine through a small amount of manual modification.)

15. 忠信【答案】fidelity (A term used to describe the extent to which a target text can be considered a fair representation of source text according to some criterion.)

第三部分:英译汉(本题共60分,第一段30分,第二段30分)。1

As 56 million children return to the nation’s 133,000 elementary and secondary schools, the promise of “reform” is again in the air. Education Secretary Arne Duncan has announced $4 billion in Race to the Top grants to states whose proposals demonstrated, according to Duncan, “a bold commitment to education reform” and “creativity and innovation [that is] breathtaking.” What they really show is that few subjects inspire more intellectual dishonesty and political puffery than “school reform.”

To be sure, some improvements have occurred in elementary schools. But what good are they if they’re erased by high school? There’s also been a modest narrowing in the high-school achievement gaps between whites, blacks, and Hispanics, although the narrowing generally stopped in the late 1980s. (Average scores have remained stable because, although blacks ‘and Hispanics’ scores have risen slightly, the size of these minority groups has also expanded. This means that their still-low scores exert a bigger drag on the average. The two effects offset each other.)【参考译文】

随着5600万儿童重返全国的13万3千所中小学,“改革”的承诺再次引发人们的关注。美国教育部长阿内·邓肯公布了总金额达40亿美元的“力争上游(Race to the Top)”计划奖金,以鼓励那些在申请方案中展示出,用邓肯的话说,“勇敢地致力于教育改革”并“拥有令人振奋的创造力和创新力”的各州。然而,实际上它们表明的是,比起“学校改革”而言,更少的项目将引发更多的学术腐败和政治吹嘘。

当然,小学现在已有了一些进步。但是,如果取得的进步将被高中抹杀,那么它的意义又何在呢?白人、黑人和西班牙裔学生在高中学业上的差距正缓慢缩小,尽管这种趋势在80年代未曾出现基本停滞。(他们的平均分基本保持稳定,原因是,虽然黑人和“西班牙裔”学生的分数在缓慢上升,这些少数民族学生的数量也在扩张。这意味着,他们依旧落后的分数极大地拖了平均分的后腿。两种效应相互抵消了。)2

An equally exciting area for research is to genetically alter crops to get higher yields from soils that are infertile or too acidic, toxic, or saline for varieties now in use. Vast land areas of the earth are either not utilized, or are underutilized for economically important crop production. Marketable yields have been obtained in California with a salt-tolerant research line of barely irrigated with water from Pacific Ocean. This genetic approach to saline crop production has been proven with barley, and is applicable to other crops. Barley grown with seawater was found satisfactory as a feed, and yields were appreciable. This development could be the shape of things to come in genetically opening a vast new, heretofore inaccessible, water resource for crop production. Few regulatory constraints would likely be leveled on this new technology. Genetically controlled plant nutrition will surely play a key role in the future of crop production.

Genetic resources will continue to be utilized for improvement of the nutritional (biological) value of food crops. Cereals still dominate the diets of most people. Progress in genetically raising the levels of protein and critically deficient amino acids in cereal grains has been singular.【参考译文】

另一个令人同样兴奋的研究领域是改变作物的基因,从而能在贫瘠、强酸、强碱或有毒性土壤中获得更高产量以满足各种需求。地球上还有广袤的土地未被开采,或是未被用来生产有重要经济价值的作物。在加利福尼亚,一项耐盐性研究基本上完全采用太平洋的海水灌溉作物,却仍取得了可观的市场效益。人们曾使用这种基因方法在盐湖附近种植大麦,同样获得了产量,因此它也适用于其他作物。作为一种粮食作物,使用海水灌溉的大麦并没有什么异样,而且产量可观。这种进步是未来的趋势,通过基因改造从而利用那些巨大的、迄今为止无法使用的水资源获得产量。这项新技术几乎不会受到什么监管约束。在未来的农作物生产中,凭基因控制植物所需养分必将起到关键作用。

基因资源将继续用来提高粮食作物的营养(生理)价值。谷类食品依旧占据着多数人的饮食结构。人们已经在通过基因提高谷粒中的蛋白质和人体必需氨基酸含量上取得显著成效。

第四部分:汉译英(本题共60分,第一段40分,第二段20分)。1“给力”是当前在中国极为流行的网络热词,它的字面意思是“给予力量”。最早在网络上流行起来的是“给力”的反义词。“给力”现在被广泛用做形容词,描述某事物很“酷”“牛”“带劲儿”。

后来,“给力”一词逐渐演化,发展出按照汉语音译的英文版本和法文版本。2010年11月10日,“给力”一词出现在当天《人民日报》头版头条的标题中。一个网络热词竟然登上了相对比较保守的党报,这件事让千百万网民们又惊又喜。【参考译文】

Nowadays, the cyber buzzword “geili” is very popular in China. Originating from its antonym—“bugeili”, geili’s literal meaning is “to empower”. However, it is now widely accepted as an adjective describing something that’s “cool,” “awesome” or “exciting.”

Gradually, the word has evolved an English word “gelivable” and a French word “très guélile”, based on its Chinese pronunciation. On November 10, 2010, “Geili” featured in a headline on the front page of the People’s Daily. Millions of internet users were thrilled to find that such a cyber buzzword could appear on a comparatively conservative Party newspaper.2

2010年12月,为了向年轻一代普及航天科学教育,海南省开始在文昌市建设航天主题公园。公园占地1800亩,紧邻文昌卫星发射中心。工程预计花费30亿元,在2013年完工。这个航天主题公园将分四个展览区,包括地球、月球、火星和太阳。游客甚至可以进入发射台,实地观看火箭发射。【参考译文】

To promote aerospace science and general aviation knowledge among the younger generation, in December 2010, Hainan province begins to build a Space Flight Theme Park in Wenchang City. Covering an area of 1,800 mu (120 hectares), the theme park is located at Wenchang Satellite Launch Center. The whole project is estimated to cost 3 billion yuan (455 million U.S. dollars) and is expected to be finished in 2013. The park will have four exhibition sections, featuring the earth, moon, Mars and the sun. Visitors can even enter the launch station and watch the actual rocket launch.

2012年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解

第一部分:将下列术语翻译成中文,并用中文简单解释(本题共15分,每一题1分)。

1. Abstract translation【答案】摘要翻译(古阿德克提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七中翻译策略之一。)

2. Adequacy【答案】充分性(某些译评者讨论源文本与目标文本关系属性时所采用的术语。)

3. Agent【答案】经纪人(塞杰用来指“处于译者和译品最终使用者中间位置”之人的术语。)

4. Appeal-focused texts【答案】感染型文本(功能翻译理论的创始人莱斯提出的概念,指的是对话性的语言形式的文本,目的是感染读者或接受者并使其采取某种行动。)

5. Multi-media texts【答案】多媒体文本(赖斯用来指补充其基本文本类型的辅助文本类型的术语。)

6. Naturalness【答案】自然性(此术语用于指疑问在目标语中语言表达清晰,不矫揉造作的程度。)

7. Loan translation【答案】借译(该术语用来只把源语词项的单个成分(如单词的各个词素)直译成目标语对等的成分的过程。)

8. Coherence【答案】连贯(在一般用法中按照弗米尔的解释模式被界定为“文本与情境保持一致”。)

9. Commission【答案】委托(弗米尔在译者行动框架内使用的术语,指译者在做出目标文本时所遵循的工作要求。委托可以指来自客户或其他第三方一系列明确的指令和要求。)

10. Consecutive interpreting【答案】连续传译(用来指两种基本口译模式之一的术语。)

11. Domesticating translation【答案】归化翻译(韦努狄用来描述翻译策略的术语,在此类翻译中译文采用明白流畅的风格,以使目标读者对外来文本的陌生感降到最低。)

12. Pre-editing【答案】译前编辑(此术语用来表示为机器翻译系统准备原文本的过程。)

13. Explicitation【答案】明示(明示是指这样一种现象,即目标文本往往比原文本能以更明确的形式来陈述源文本的信息。)

14. Poly-system theory【答案】多元系统理论(伊文左哈提出的说明文学系统行为和演变的理论。多元系统指相互联系各因素组成的一个多层次集合体,随着其中各个因素的相互作用,该集合体也会发改变和变异。)

15. Under-translation【答案】欠额翻译(纽马克采用的术语,指译本中常见的两种现象之一。)

第二部分:将下列术语翻译成英文,并用英文简单解释(本题共15分,每一题1分)。

1. 借用【答案】Borrowing (One of seven translation procedures described by Vnay and Darbelnet.)

2. 可比语料库【答案】Comparable Corpus (A term used by Baker to refer to “two separate collections of texts in the same language.”)

3. 文化置换【答案】Cultural Transportation (A general term used by Hervey & Higgins to describe the various degrees of departure from literal translation that one may resort to in the process of transferring the contexts of a ST into the context of a target culture.)

4. 自然语言【答案】Natural Language (A language that has evolved naturally as a means of communication among people.)

5. 语法分析【答案】Grammatical Analysis (The process of analyzing a string of symbols, either in natural language or in computer languages, conforming to the rules of a formal grammar.)

6. 中间语言【答案】Interlanguage (The term for an idiolect that has been developed by a learner of a second language (or L2) which preserves some features of their first language (or L1), and can also overgeneralize some L2 writing and speaking rules.)

7. 隐形【答案】Invisibility (The reproduction of the meaning of original texts based on the target language in translation.)

8. 显型翻译【答案】Overt Translation (The translation method that shows the implicit information in the original text in the translation.)

9. 术语库【答案】Term banks (It’s a linguistic tool which translates terminology among different languages. The database contains a lot of entries and is updated regularly.)

10. 视译【答案】Sight Translation (The reading of a text by the interpreter from the source language into the target language, simultaneously, in a

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