作者：读书堂
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
奥运英语须知（4）试读：
内容提要
文中以中英文相对应的方式，讲述一些日常需知的英文常识，例如谈论日常生活习惯；英语常用的口语对话；拜访朋友常用的语句以及一些英文赠言等。此外还介绍了很多奥运常识，例如历届奥运举办时间、地点、金牌榜；奥运常用的口语知识等。这里的知识，都是作为一个中国人，为迎接奥运应该学习的。
时态比较
在英语中，时态是英语语法中的难点之一，它种类多，容易混淆，下面笔者通过几种时态比较，帮助英语学习者理解和掌握时态的用法。
1.现在一般时与现在完成时
1）I come from Shanghai（上海人）
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2）You read very well.（强调能力）
Youve read very well.（强调一次刚完成的动作）
3）I forget.（一时想不起来了）
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）
4）The book is written in simple English.（表状态）
The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）
5）Every time I see him, he's been reading.（两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, he's been reading.（强调两个动作同时进行）
6）He is gone.（强调状态）He has gone（强调动作和时间）
7）He wont come till the play begins.（演出开始时）
He wont come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）
8）After I leave school, Ill go to college.（两个动作紧密相接）
After I have left school, Ill go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）
9）It is a long time since I saw you last. Its been a long time since I saw you last.（这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）
10）Where are you？（在哪）Where have you been？（去了哪）
2.现在一般时与现在进行时
1）He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2）What do you do？（干什么工作的）What are you doing？（在干什么）
3）Here comes the bus！（表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4）I forget him name. Im forgetting his name.（差点把他的名字忘了）
5）You dont eat much.（强调胃口不大）
Youre not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6）The match starts at 7 oclock.（比较固定，不宜改变）
The match is starting at 7 oclock.（可以改变）
7）Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.（表示不满，责备）
8）Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.（这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9）I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
Im telling you.（我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10）He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.（后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）
11）I expect you to phone me.（几乎等于命令）
Im expecting you to phone me.（婉转）
12）What do you say？What are you saying？（你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12）I find that the book is too difficult for me.（强调结果）Im finding that the book is too difficult for me.（强调过程，逐渐感到）
13）Apples cost more these days.（强调事实）
Apples are costing more these days.（越来越贵）
14）He always thinks of others.
Hes always thinking of others.（表示赞扬）
15）Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.（强调两个动作有先后）Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.（强调两个动作同时进行）
16）I hope youll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.（表示语气婉转）
17）I must go.（我应该去）I must be going.（我该走了）
18）We can discuss this while we eat.（说话是没用餐）
We can discuss this while we are eating.（进餐已开始）
3.现在完成时与过去一般时
1）Ive seen him this morning.（还在上午的时间里）
I saw him this morning.（时间已不在上午了）
2）Whos opened the window？（窗户还在开着）
Who opened the window？（与现在无关，窗户可能已关上）
3）Have you ever heard him sing？（他可能不是爱唱歌）
Did you ever hear him sing？（你曾听过他唱歌吗，他可能是歌唱家）
4）Have you ever heard of such a thing？（你听过这种事吗）
Did you ever hear of such a thing？（这种事，你听说过吗？是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。）
5）What have I done to make you so angry？（对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry？（暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
6）How has he done it？（他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it？（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
7）He has lived in New York for eight years.（他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
8）He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.（他曾被誉为思想家）
9）Youve heard what I said.（你听见我的话了）
You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）
10）Ive lost my pen.（笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
11）He has already been there.（曾去过哪）
He was already there.（当时在哪）
12）Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day.（病已好了）
13）Have you slept well？（暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）
Did you sleep well？（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）
4.过去完成时与过去一般时
1）I came here after I finished middle school.（两个动作每间隔）
I came here after I had finished middle school.（两个动作有间隔，强调先后概念）
2）I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him.（这两个句子差不多，过去完成时更普遍）
3）We hoped he would come.（我们希望他来）
We had hoped he would come.（我们本希望他来的）
4）I dont think he sang as well as he once did.（指具体一次）
I dont think he sang as well as he had once done.（泛指以前，现在可能不唱了）
5）Before I came here, I was a soldier.（我来此以前在当兵）
Before I came here, I had been a soldier.（我来此以前，曾当过兵）
6）Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.（表示Jim在说话时仍很结实）Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.（表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过）
7）They were friends from many years.（表示现在还是朋友）
They had been friends for many years.（意味这友谊结束了）
8）He did the work at 6.（强调时间）
He had done the work at 6.（6点工作已做完）
9）I learned French during my holiday.（强调学了）
I had learned French during my holiday.（强调学会了）
10）When she sang she sat down.（表示唱着坐下）
When she had sung she sat down.（表示唱完坐下）
11）I went to bed when I did my homework.（不明确）
I went to bed when I had done my homework.（作业做完）
12）I have lived here since I was a child.（从我长大成人）
I have lived here since I had a child.（从我孩提时）
5.过去进行时与过去一般时
1）I read a book yesterday.（书已看完）
I was reading a book yesterday.（书尚未看完）
2）The guests arrived.（客人已到）
The guests were arriving.（客人陆续到达）
3）He woke from a dream.（表示全醒）
He was waking from a dream.（表示初醒）
4）The old man died.（已死）The old man was dying.（要死）
5）John told me about it.（告诉我了，我都知道了）
John was telling me about it.（跟我谈起过，我想了解更多的事情）
6）They persuaded me to go along with them.（已经说服）
They were persuading me to go along with them.（还在劝说）
7）The wind blew hard all night.（强调事实）
The wind was blowing hard all night.（强调风刮个不停）
8）I expected you. I was expecting you.（客气，表示可能等了很旧了）
9）He knocked at the door.（强调一次性）
He was knocking at the door.（强调多次性）
6.将来一般时与现在进行时
1）Will he come？Is he coming？（时间发生的比较近）
2）How long will you stay hear？（表示意愿）
How long will you stay here？（表示打算）
3）Shell have a baby.（表示肯定）
Shes going to have a baby.（表示推测，计划）
4）Ill see him this evening.（表示意愿）
Im seeing him this evening.（表示打算，已有安排）
7.现在一般时与过去一般式
1）Do you wish to see me？
Did you wish to see me？（表示婉转客气）
2）Thats all I have to say.（我的话就这些）
Thats all I had to say.（我要说的就这些）
3）How do you like the film？（看电影过程中）
How did you like the film？（看完电影后）
4）It is nice to see you.（见面时说）
It was so nice to see you.（离别时说）
5）I never like him.（没时间性）
I never liked him.（从来没喜欢过）
6）I think I know that voice.（没见客人时）
I thought I know that voice.（见到客人时，证明自己正确或错误）
7）Who is that？（哪人还在）
Who was that？（人已不在场了）
8）This cake is made at home.（家里常做这种蛋糕）
This cake was made at home.（这种蛋糕是自家做的）
8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1）Someone has phoned you.（打了电话）
Someone has been phoning you.（一直在打电话）
2）Ive read the novel.（已读完）
Ive been reading the novel.（还没读完）
3）He has lived here for six weeks.
e has been living here for six weeks.（区别不大，后者更口语化）
4）Have you met her lately？
Have you been meeting her lately？（强调动作的重复，经常见面）
5）Whos eaten my apples？（苹果没有了）
Whos been eating my apples？（有感情色彩，表示愤怒不满）
9.现在一般时与过去完成时
1）I hope that hell come.
I had hoped he would come.（与事实相反）（经常这样用的词有：expect, think, intend, mean, suppose）
What my Mother Taught Me
My Mother taught me LOGIC……
“If you fall off that swing and break your neck, you cant go to the store with me.”
My Mother taught me MEDICINE……
“If you don't stop crossing your eyes, they're going to freeze that way.”
My Mother taught me TO THINK AHEAD……
“If you don't pass your spelling test, you'll never get a good job！”
My Mother taught me ESP（超感觉）……
“Put your sweater on；don't you think that I know when you're cold？”
My Mother taught me TO MEET A CHALLENGE（挑战）……
“What were you thinking？Answer me when I talk to you……Dont talk back to me！”
My Mother taught me HUMOR……
“When that lawn mower cuts off your toes, dont come running to me.”
My Mother taught me how to BECOME AN ADULT……
If you don't eat your vegetables, you'll never grow up.
My mother taught me ABOUT SEX……
“How do you think you got here？”
My mother taught me about GENETICS（遗传学）……
“You are just like your father！”
My mother taught me about my ROOTS……
“Do you think you were born in a barn？”
My mother taught me about the WISDOM of AGE……
“When you get to be my age, you will understand.”
My mother taught me about ANTICIPATION（预测）……
“Just wait until your father gets home.”
My mother taught me about RECEIVING……
“You are going to get it when we get home.”
And my all time favorite thing-JUSTICE……
“One day you will have kids, and I hope they turn out just like YOU. then you'll see what it's like.”
英语歌词（Lyric）（2）
27 世事不可强求 Que Sera, Sera
When I was just a little girl, I asked my mother，“What will I be？Will I be pretty？Will I berich？”Heres what she said to me，“Que sera sera. Whatever will be will be.The futures not ours to see.Que sera sera.What will be will be.”
When I grew up and fell in love, I asked my sweetheart，“What lies ahead？Will we have rainbows day after day？”Heres what my sweetheart said，“Que sera sera. Whatever will be will be.The futures not ours to see.Que sera sera.What will be will be.”
Now I have children of my own. They ask their mother，“What will I be？Will I be handsome？Will I be rich？”I tell them tenderly，“Que sera sera.Whatever will be will be.The futures not ours to see.Que sera sera.What will be will be.”
28 雨点不断落在我头上 Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head
Raindrops keep falling on my head, and just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed, nothing seems to fit. Those raindrops are falling on my head；they keep falling.So I just did me some talking to the sun, and I said I didn't like the way he got things done-sleeping on the job.Those raindrops are falling on my head；they keep falling.But there's one thing I know-the blues they send to meet me wont defeat me.
It won't be long'til happiness steps up to greet me. Raindrops keep falling on my head, but that doesn't mean my eyes will soon be turning red.Crying's not for me，'cause I'm never gonna stop the rain by complaining, because I'm free, nothing's worrying me.
29 某处，吾爱 Somewhere My Love
Somewhere, my love, there will be songs to sing, although the snow covers the hope of spring. Somewhere a hill blossoms in green and gold.And there are dreams, all that your heart can hold.
Someday we'll meet again, my love, someday whenever the spring breaks through. You'll come to me out of the long ago, warm as the wind, soft as the kiss of snow.
'Til then, my sweet, think of me now and then. God speed my love，'til you are mine again.Lara, my own, think of me now and then.God speed my love，til you are mine again, mine again.
30在雨中哭泣 Crying In The Rain
I'll never let you see the way my broken heart is hurting me. I've got my pride and I know how to hide all my sorrow and pain.Ill do my crying in the rain.
If I wait for cloudy skies, you won't know the rain from the tears in my eyes. You'll never know that I still love you so.Though the heartaches remain.Ill do my crying in the rain.
Raindrops falling from heaven could never wash away my misery. But since we're not together, I look for stormy weather to hide these tears I hope you'll never see.Someday when my crying's done, I'm gonna wear a smile and walk in the sun.I may be a fool, but'til then, darling, you'll never see me complain, Ill do my crying in the rain.
31跳舞吧，小女孩 Dance On, Little Girl
Dance, dance on, little girl, in the arms of someone new. I should dance；I should twirl.My heart, it dances with you.Dance, dance on, little girl.Tell me what I've done wrong.Why should he hold you tight while they're playing our song？
Oh！I am watching you, oh-oh-oh it cannot be. While I'm watching you, I'm wishing it were me.Dance, dance on, little girl.Tell me why did we part？Dance, dance on, little girl, dance out of my heart.Oh, I am watching you.Oh, oh, oh, it cannot be.While I'm watching you, I'm wishing.Im hoping and worried.Go ahead and dance, little girl.Tell me why did we part？Dance on little girl, dance out of my heart.
Oh！Look at you. There you go, silly girl.Yes, I know that you're wrong, wrong, wrong, because you know that you're gone, gone, gone
32爱你在心口难开 More Than I Can Say
Oh, oh, yea, yea, love you more than I can say. Ill love you twice as much tomorrow.Oh, oh, love you more than I can say.
Oh, oh, yea, yea, I miss you every single day. Why must my life be filled with sorrow？Oh, oh, love you more than I can say.
Dont you know I need you so？Tell me please；I got to know. Do you mean to make me cry？Am I just another guy？
33玫瑰，玫瑰我爱你 Rose, Rose, I Love You
Rose, Rose, I love you with an aching heart. What is your future now we have to part？Standing on the jetty as the steamer moves away.Flower of Malaya, I cannot stay.Make way, oh, make way, for my Eastern Rose.Men crowd in dozens everywhere she goes.In her rickshaw on the street or in a cabaret，“Please make way for Rose，”you can hear them say.All my life I shall remember oriental music and you in my arms.Perfumed flowers in your tresses, lotus-scented breezes and swaying palms.
Rose, Rose, I love you with your almond eyes. Fragrant and slender，neath tropical skies.I must cross the seas again and never see you more, way back to my home on a distant shore.
Rose, Rose, I leave you；my ship is in the bay. Kiss me farewell, now theres nothing to say.East is east and west is west.Our worlds are far apart.I must leave you now, but I leave my heart.
34清晨 In The Morning
In the morning when the moon is at its rest, you will find me at the time I love the best, watching rainbows play on sunlight, pools of water, ice from cold nights. In the morning，tis the morning of my life，tis the morning of my life.
In the daytime, I will meet you as before. You will find me waiting by the ocean floor, building castles in the shifting sand, in a world that no one understands.In the morning，it's the morning of my life，tis the morning of my life.In the morning of my life, the minutes take so long to drift away.Please be patient with your life.It's only morning and youve still to live your day.
In the evening, I will fly you to the moon, to the top right-hand corner of the ceiling in my room, where we'll stay until the sunshines. Another day to swing on clotheslines.May I be yawning；'tis the morning of my life，tis the morning of my life.
35往日情怀 The Way We Were
Memories light the corners of my mind, misty watercolor memories of the way we were, scattered pictures of the smiles we left behind, smiles we gave to one another, for the way we were.
Can it be that it was all so simple then, or has time re-written every line？If we had the chance to do it all again, tell me would we, could we？
Memories may be beautiful and yet what's too painful to remember, we simply choose to forget. So, it's the laughter we will remember, whenever we remember the way we were.The way we were.
36北上阿拉斯加 North To Alaska
Way up north（north to Alaska）. Way up north（north to Alaska）.North to Alaska, they go north；the rush is on.North to Alaska, they go north；the rush is on.Big Sam left Seattle in the year of92 with George Pratt his partner and brother Billy, too.They crossed the Yukon River and found the bonanza gold.Below that old white mountain, just a little southeast of Nome.
Sam crossed the majestic mountains to the valleys far below. He talked to his team of huskies as he mushed on through the snow, with the Northern Lights a running wild in the land of the midnight sun.Yes, Sam McCord was a mining man in the year of 1901.Where the river is winding, big nuggets theyre finding.
George turned to Sam with his gold in his hand. Said，“Sam, you're looking at a lonely, lonely man.I'd trade all the gold that's buried in this land for one small band of gold to place on sweet little Jenny's hand，'cause a man needs a woman to love him all the time.Remember, Sam, a true love is so hard to find.I'd build for my Jenny a honeymoon home below that old white mountain just a little southeast of Nome.”
Way up north（north to Alaska）
37老鹰之歌 El Condor Pasa
I'd rather be a sparrow than a snail. Yes, I would.If I could, I surely would.I'd rather be a hammer than a nail.Yes, I would.If I could, I surely would.Away, I'd rather sail away like a swan that's here and gone.A man gets tied up to the ground.He gives the world its saddest sound, its saddest sound.I'd rather be a forest than a street.Yes I would.If I could, I surely would.I'd rather feel the earth beneath my feet.Yes, I would.If I only could, I surely would
小品词构成的动词短语
在英语中，有动词和小品词（up, down, in, out, on, off, over, away）构成的动词短语很多，有时很难猜出它们的意义，笔者收集了常见的动词短语，通过分析小品词的意义，对这一类的短语进行分类，找出它们的规律，以便更好地掌握它们，注意有些短语意义很接近，这要结合例句和上下文掌握它们的用法。
1.up
1）向上（toward or into a higher position）
lift～举起 climb～爬上 come～上升 get～起来 stand～站起来 pick～检起 draw～升起 grow～长大 hand～拖起 put～举起 send～使上升 rise～升起 look～抬起头 zip～拉上 hold～举起 pile～堆起 dig～挖出 take～拿起 build～树立 set～建立
2）完成，结束（expressing completeness and finality）
finish～完成 drink～喝干 eat～吃光 burn～烧光 wash～洗净 use～用光 fill～装满 pay～付清 settle～解决 lick～甜净 sum～总结，open～透露 end～结束 let～中止，减少 draw～停止 close～停止，关闭 swallow～吞没 beat～痛打 cover～掩盖 break～结束，分解 wind～结束
3）离开，消灭（expressing separation and destroy）
break～拆开，驱散cut～切碎 split～分裂 divide～分割 smash～捣毁 blow～炸毁 wither～枯死 tear～撕碎 give～放弃 fold～垮台 dry～枯竭，干涸crack～撞坏 clutter～使散乱 litter～乱丢杂物
4）增加，变强（to a state of greater activity, force, strength, power and degree.（1）. mount～增加pick～振作，加快pluck～振作 turn～开打，开大，出现 shake～震惊 steam～使发怒 stir～激起，搅起ease～放松 warm～兴奋 speak～大声说 heat～变热 total～加总 tense～紧张 gather～收集 speed～加速 screw～振作 build～增大 show～显现 cheer～振作起来stir～刺激 work～激动，刺激（2）.用在带“-en”后缀的动词后（used after the verbs with suffix of-en）
brighten～发亮 fatten～发胖 freshen～使新鲜 harden～变硬 sharpen～变快 smarten～变精明strengthen～加强sweeten～变甜 tighten～使紧密 toughen～使强壮soften～变软
5）.变好，改善（as to be better and proper）bring～抚育 check～核对 clear～清理，晴天clean～整理 do～整理 patch～修理 polish～擦亮，改进light～点亮 tune～调整 tidy～整理 rub～擦亮 train～训练，培养 make～化装，和解，弥补buy～囤积 figure～计算 fix～修理，整理 take～从事
6）关住，锁紧，固定住（firmly, tightly and closely）
shut～关闭 lock～锁住 tie～栓住 chain～锁住 nail～钉住 fasten～系住 pin～钉住 bind～装订 bar～关住 block～堵塞 choke～堵塞 save～存起来 store～贮藏 stock～储存 cover～掩盖 wrap～包住 lay～储存 hold～延误 keep～坚持
7）向说话人的方向（to the place where the speaker is）
go～run～rush～drive～walk～catch～swim～march～come～
2.down
1）向下的位置（to or into a lower position）
cast～扔下 cut～砍倒 get～下来 hand～传下来 knock～撞倒 lay～放下 let～放下 pour～倾盆而下 pull～拉下 set～放下 sit～坐下 step～走下来 throw～扔下 turn～拆下 take～取下 blow～吹倒 bring～打倒 hang～垂下 sink～沉落 slip～失足 squat～蹲下 swallow～吞下 stoop～伏身 splash～飞溅而下 touch～降落 bend～弯下 bow～鞠躬 kneel～跪下 lie～躺下 strip～脱下
2）减少（强度，量和体积）（a decrease in intensity, amount, bulk）
dwindle～减少 die～变弱，逐渐停止go～平静下来 mark～削减 hold～压低 burn～（火）减弱，烧坏slow～慢下来 burn～烧掉 wash～冲淡 clean～弄干净 rub～擦干净 bring～降低 keep～缩减 trim～裁减 water～冲淡 thin～减少 run～用光衰弱 wear～削减，磨损come～下跌 knock～降价
3）停止，减弱（to a state of less activity, force, strength and power）
close～关闭 drop～突然停止 break～坏了，中止run～停止 settle～平静下来 cool～冷静下来 turn～拒绝 die～停止 lay～失望 put～镇压 4）紧紧地，牢牢地（firmly, tightly）fasten～系牢 chain～链住，栓住clamp～夹住 nail～钉住 pin～扣牢 hammer～钉上 tie～栓住 bind～捆绑 draw～停下来 5）写下，记下（on paper or in writing）write～写下 copy～抄下 note～记下 take～记下 put～记下 get～记下 have～写下
.
3 on
1）继续（continuously）
carry～drive～fight～hold～keep～live～sleep～sing～walk～go～hurry～move～read～follow～struggle～insist～坚持
2）连上，固定住，（in or into a state of being connected）
act～对……起作用catch～抓牢 come～跟随 count～依赖 draw～带上，穿上fasten～纠缠，抓牢fit～固定 get～接近 paste～粘住 turn～打开 switch～打开 pin～钉住 put～穿上 try～试穿 pull～穿上 hang～不挂断 build～建立于 leave～留住 take～穿下 rely～依靠 depend～依靠
3）向前，向上（forward, onward）
add～加上 mark～标上 paint～漆上 press～向前 pass～传递 send～转送 stamp～盖章于 get～上车 hand～传送
4）开始某活动（in or into an active operation）
work～从事 fall～攻击 hit～突然向起 bring～引起 get～取得进展 look～旁观，观看call～拜访 figure～打算，希望 fix～决心 get～进步，友好相处pick～批评 plan～打算 decide～决定 reflect～思考，反思remark～评论，议论settle～决定 spur～鼓励 urge～督促
4.off
1）离开（indicating departure）blow～吹掉 drive～击退 get～下车，动身lift～离开地面 make～逃走 move～离去 pack～打发走 see～送行 ship～运往 start～动身 send～送行，解雇call～叫走 let～放出 take～起飞 touch～发射 give～发出 clear～走开 carry～夺走
2）去掉，断开（indicating removal or disconnection）
cut～切断 tear～扯掉 take～拿走 chip～切下 come～脱落 cross～除去 drop～跌落 fall～脱落 flick～弹掉 peel～剥掉 pull～撕开 rub～擦掉 scrape～挂去 shave～剃去 wash～洗掉 shake～抖落 throw～扔开 rip～扯开 turn～关掉 strip～脱去 switch～关掉 take～脱掉 shut～关掉 wear～磨损 go～爆炸 break～中断
3）完成，停止（indicating completion）
finish～结束 pay～付清 break～停止，中断send～结束 leave～停止 pass～终止，停止sign～停止播音 wear～消失，write～注销，购销bring～完成 call～取消 lay～停止，解雇
4）着地（down to the ground）
fall～落下 jump～跳下 knock～击倒 slip～滑倒
5.in
1）进入，向里（into, inside, indoors）
barge～闯入 beat～打进 break～闯入，插嘴breathe～吸入 burst～闯入，打断drop～偶然拜访 fall～跌入 get～插入，收进 knock～打入 lead～导入 let～进入，嵌入 move～迁入 step～走进 settle～迁入 smuggle～偷偷运进cut～插嘴 call～来访 draw～（火车）进站intervene～介入 involve～卷入
2）包围，关闭（to be surrounded, or enclosed）
close～包围，封闭lock～禁闭 shut～关进 wall～围住
3）加入，记入（to be added, or included）
book～登记 check～签到 count～记入 fill～填入 hand～交上 take～吸收 send～呈交
6.out
1）向外（away from the inside, outside）
keep～使在外 take～拿出 put～放出，伸出come～长出，bring～拿出 bar～关在外 breathe～呼吸出 eat～出去吃 get～弄出 go～出去 lay～摆开，展示lock～关在外面 look～向外看 move～搬出 point～指出 pour～诉说 pull～拉出 ship～运出 stick～伸出 spit～吐出 beat～敲出 knock～敲出 dine～外出吃饭 drive～驾车外出 leak～漏出 draw～拉出 see～送出门去 draw～出站 let～放出，释放
2）结束，消失，取消（to or at an end, not to be there or not to exist）
burn～烧尽，烧断clear～清除 dust～清除 fade～消失 put～扑灭 run～用完 use～耗尽 give～耗尽 comb～淘汰 kick～逐出 wipe～消灭 die～灭绝 rub～擦掉 blot～除去 blow～吹熄 bleach～漂白 carry～完成，执行leave～省去 see～完成 go～熄灭 come～罢工，结果cut～删去，停止hold～坚持到底 sell～买完 tire～筋疲力尽 wear～磨损
3）大声（in a loud voice, aloud）
sing～cry～shout～call～，喊，申斥 spell～speak～scream～read～yell～sob～burst～咆哮
4）分发，传开（to a number of people or in all directions）
give～分发 spread～传开 set～出发 hand～分发 share～分配 divide～分配 call～出动 start～出发 send～发送 break～爆发，逃脱serve～分发口粮 drop～离开，退出
5）搞清，弄明白（in or into notice and clearness）
find～找出 figure～算出，解决make～弄清 count～点清 come～出版，出现catch～看出 carry～完成，bear～证明 bring～发表，说出fill～使完全，添满write～写出
7.over
1）向下（downwards from an upright position）
knock～撞倒 turn～翻转 fall～脸朝下跌倒trip～拌倒 bend～伏身 look～从……上面看
2）自始至终，通过，重复（from beginning to end, through, again and again）
look～调查 think～考虑 see～查看 run～匆匆看 talk～商量 call～点名 read～读一遍 go～复习 do～重复 glance～浏览 skip～略过 ponder～思考
3）向上，向外，（indicating motion upwards or outwards）
run～溢出 spill～溢出 boil～因沸溢出 throw～呕吐
4）经过（from one side to the other, across a space or distance）
jump～climb～come～go～swim～pass～walk～move～fly～run～
5）结束，完成（finished, at an end）
get～结束，熬过 stand～延期stop～逗留hang～延期throw～抛弃go～看完 leave～剩下
6）转变，改变（indicating transference and change）
hand～移交take～接管buy～收买come～过来get～战胜，克服 gain～争取过来win～争取过来 switch～转交turn～变动，交付 make～移交
7）由于（because of）
cry～因……哭laugh～笑……fuss～因……着急
8.away
1）离开（to a distance, to another place）
go～走开run～跑开walk～走开ride～开走move～移开take～拿走carry～运走clear～收走draw～拉走get～逃走，离开 put～收起来break～逃脱come～离开keep～不准接近
2）减少，减弱（indicating loss, lessening, weakening）
burn～烧尽brush～刷掉die～消失drain～流走melt～融化pass～消失rub～擦掉wash～冲走wipe～擦掉boil～汽化
3）（indicating separation, apart）
cut～切掉give～赠送put～抛弃，收起
现在完成时
现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。
1.现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2.强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.
Have you decided yet？
3.刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks
注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now（刚才）一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him？
I have visited my parents recently.
4.从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since，（可用作介词和连词）for
注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.
I have lived here since I came to this city
I have learned English since 10 years ago.
He hasnt come to visit us for a few months.
5.从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life
注意：这两句话的区别
I have seen him this morning.（时间还在上午）
I saw him this morning.（时间不是在上午了）
We have learned so many things from you so far.
I have seen any bird like this in my life.
6.对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times
注意：这两句话的区别
I have been to Beijing（去过北京）
I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来）
Have you seen tiger before？
I have been to Shanghai many times.
从上面几方面的分析，我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法。
Expressing Different Opinions 表达不同的观点
四十四、Expressing Different Opinions 表达不同的观点
646.He is a very creative student.他是个很有创造力的学生。
647.What you have said about this is very interesting.你说的很有意思。
648.I cannot agree with you on this point.在这一点上，我不能同意你的意见。
649.Youve got the point.你抓住了问题的实质。
650.Thats the point.这正是问题的关键。
651.The whole class is in a heated discussion.全班同学正在热烈讨论。
652.Lets just run through the arguments for and against.我们来看一下赞成和反对的理由。
653.Please sum up what you said just now.请把你刚才说的总结一下。
654.Has anybody else anything to say on this？关于这点，谁还有什么别的要说吗？
655.Does anybody share Davids opinion？有谁同意大卫的观点吗？
656.Is there any evidence to support what you have said？有什么证据可以支持你的说法吗？
657.Well, it depends.这得视情况而定。
658.I don't think it's necessary for us to discuss this question any
further.我想我们没有必要进一步讨论这个问题。
659.There are always two sides to everything.每件是都有两面性。
660.Finally, we came to an agreement.最后我们达成了一致。
英语绕口令（一）
She sells seashells on the seashore.
And the shells she sells are seashells, I am sure.
cause if she sells shell at the seashore，
The shells sells are seashells, for sure.
A big black bug bit the back of a big black bear.
The big black bear bit back the big black bug.
Robert Rolly rolled a round roll round.
If Robert Rolly rolled a round roll round，
Where is the round roll，
Robert Rolly rolled around？
Ann sent Andy ten hens and Andy sent Ann ten pens.
Cat, Cat, catch that fat rat.
Sally always suffers from sea-sickness when she is at sea.
Surely the sun shall shine soon.
The hunter and his huge horse hide behind in house.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Jack had a rat；Sam had a cat.
Sam's cat ate Jack's rat.
Jack asked Sam to pay for his rat.
Sam said，“Ill give you my cat for your rate.”
Good morning to all who walk，
Good morning to all who crawl；
Good morning to all who soar，
Or swim, good morning, I call.
To broad and to small to short and to tall；
Good morning, good morning to all.
The little addled adder added ads.
All Als sly allies lie.
John, where had had“had had，had had”had had'had had his master's approval.
A big bug hit a bold bald bear and the bold bald bear bled blood badly.
Blake the baker bakers black bread.
Betty Block blows big black bubbles.
A bachelor botched a batch of badly baked biscuits.
Bess is the best backward blue-blowing bugler in the Boston brass band.
Brught bloom the blossoms on the brooks bare brown banks.
A cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.
You cross a cross across a cross, or stick a cross across a cross.
If you must cross a coarse cross cow across a crowded-cow crossing, cross the cross coarse cow across the crowded=cow crossing carefully.
The drummers drummed and the strummers strummed.
Can a flying fish flee far from a free fish fry？
Fancy Nancy did not fancy doing fancy work. But fancy Nancys fancy auntie did fancy Nancy doing fancy work.
The glum groom grew glummer.
Hatches, catches, matches and dispatches.
He kisses the misses and she misses the kisses.
He who laughs last laughs best.
No pains, no gains. No cross, no crown；No gall, no glory.
There is no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight；for a night lights just a slight light.
Peter Potter splattered a plate of peas on Patty Platts pink plaid pants.
Soldiers shoulders shudder when shrill shells shriek.
Small, smart snakes smelling smoked steaks.
Six sharp sharks seek small snacks, so swim, Sam, swim！
If silly Sally will shilly-shally, shall silly Willy willy-nilly shilly-shally, too？
Thick ticks think thin ticks are sick.
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood？He would chuck the wood as much as he could if a woodchuck could chuck wood.
Shallow sailing ships should shun shallow shoals.
Selected from English Tongue Twisters by He Gaoda
Asking Questions 提问题
二十、Asking Questions 提问题
286.Where are you going？你去哪儿？
287.Where did you go for dinner yesterday？你们昨天去哪儿吃的饭？
288.When will he come to see you？他什么时候来看你？
289.When did you buy the car？你什么时候买的车？
290.Who told you？谁告诉你的？
291.Who will accompany you to the airport？谁将陪你去机场？
292.Why dont you agree？你为什么不同意？
293.Why not go out for a walk？干吗不出去散步？
294.How did you doing spend your holiday？你假期怎么过的？
295.How are you doing these days？这些日子你怎么样？
296.What did he say in the letter？他在信里说什么了？
297.What are you going to do with the books？你打算拿这些书怎么办？
298.What were you doing when I called？我打电话给你时你在干吗？
299.I was about to leave.我正要出门。
300.Can you guess what I was doing this morning？你能猜到今天上午我在做什么吗？
英语赠言（Words of Advice）For New Year
在朋友、同事、同学和家人之间，经常在节日、生日和结婚等场合给予赠言，下面是本人摘选的一些常用的英语赠言，供你选用。
For New Year
A beautiful wish to you and your family——live a happy life and everything goes well.
A happy New Year to you.
恭贺新年。
Allow me to congratulate you on the arrival of the New Year and to extend to
you all my best wishes for your perfect health and lasting prosperity.
恭贺新禧，祝身体健康、事业发达。
At such a wonderful moment, I send you a gentle and warm care and wish：May every day be brilliant for you！
Best wishes for the holidays and happiness throughout the New Year.
恭贺新禧，万事如意。
Good health, good luck and much happiness throughout the year.
恭祝健康、幸运，新年快乐。
Good luck and great success in the coming New Year.
祝来年好运，并取得更大的成就。
I give you endless brand-new good wishes. Please accept them as a new
remembrance of our lasting friendship.
给你我无尽的新的祝福，让它们成为我们永恒友谊的新的纪念。
I hope you have a most happy and prosperous New Year.
谨祝新年快乐幸福，大吉大利。
I hope you have a most happy and prosperous（大吉大利）New Year.
May everything beautiful and best be condensed into this card. I sincerely
wish you happiness, cheerfulness and success.
愿一切最美好的祝福都能用这张贺卡表达，真诚地祝你幸福、快乐、成功！
May everything beautiful be condensed（融合）into this card.And I sincerely with you happiness, cheerfulness.
May fortune smile upon you and favor you with many blessings（祝福）！
May the coming New Year bring you joy, love and peace.
愿新年为你带来快乐，友爱和宁静。
May the joy and happiness around you today and always.
愿快乐幸福永伴你左右。
May the seasons joy fill you all the year round.
愿节日的愉快伴你一生。
May you come into a good fortune！
Good luck, good health, hood cheer. I wish you a happy New Year.
祝好运、健康、佳肴伴你度过一个快乐新年。
On the occasion of the New Year, may my wife and I extend to you and yours
our warmest greetings, wishing you a happy New Year, your career greater
success and your family happiness.
在此新年之际，我同夫人向你及你的家人致以节日的问候，并祝你们新年快乐、事业有成、家庭幸福。
Please accept my seasons greetings.
请接受我节日的祝贺。
Please accept my sincere wishes for the New Year. I hope you will continue
to enjoy good health.
请接受我诚挚的新年祝福，顺祝身体健康。
Please accept our wishes for you and yours for a happy New Year.
请接受我们对你及你全家的美好祝福，祝你们新年快乐。
Rich blessing for health and abundant happiness（福多）in my wish for you in the coming year！
Seasons greetings and best wishes for the New Year.
祝福您，新年快乐。
Seasons greetings and sincere wishes for a bright and happy New Year！
献上节日的问候与祝福，愿你拥有一个充满生机和欢乐的新年。
The greatest happiness in life is to feel peaceful；The greatest happiness in life is to possess friends. May you have all happiness in your life.
To wish you joy at this holy season. Wishing every happiness will always come to you！
To wish you joy at this holy season. Wishing every happiness will always be
with you.
恭祝新年吉祥，幸福和欢乐与你同在。
Wishing you happiness during the holidays and throughout the New Year.
祝节日快乐，新年幸福。
With best wishes for a happy New Year！
祝新年快乐，并致以良好的祝福。
With many good wishes for the holidays and the coming year！
With the compliments of the season.
祝贺佳节。
With very best wishes for your happiness in the New Year.
致以最良好的祝福，原你新年快乐幸福。
老子道德经汉译选
1）.知人者智，
自知者明。
胜人者有力，
自胜者强。
知足者富，
强行者有志，
不失其所者久，
死而不亡者寿。
He show knows others in wise；
He who knows himself is clever；
He who conquers others is forceful；
He who knows contentment is rich；
He who perseveres is a man of will；
He who does not lose his root can endure；
He whose Tao survives him is long-lived.
2）.知不知，
尚矣；
不知知，
病也。
夫惟病病，
是以不病。
圣人不病，
以其病病，
是以不病。
Knowing ones ignorance of certain knowledge
is the best attitude；
Not knowing certain knowledge yet pretending to know
is a bad attitude.
The sage is of no shortcoming，
Because he considers shortcoming as shortcoming.
He considers shortcoming as shortcoming，
Thus he has no shortcoming.
3）.信言不美，
美言不信。
善者不辩，
辩者不善。
知者不博，
博者不知。
圣人不积，
既以为人己愈有，
既以与人己愈多。
True words are not embellished，
The embellished words are not true.
A good man does not quibble；
He who quibbles is not good.
A man of true learning does not show off his learning.
He who shows off his learning does not have true learning.
The sage does not store up.
Helping others as best as he can.
He is helped even more.
Giving others as much as he can，
He becomes richer and richer still.
辜正乾 译 北京大学出版社 1995
The Cowboy excuses
Top Dallas Cowboy Excuses（for losing 1995 NFC Championship）
From David Letterman-Tuesday, January 17，1995
Afraid to play in Super Bowl against anyone but the Bills.
Distracted by delicious smell of barbecue coming from John Maddens announce booth.
Trying to make one of Marv Alberts blooper reels.
Our friends on New York Jets convinced us：“Winnings no big deal.”
Worried sick about Letterman botching the Academy Awards.
Those big guys on other team kept trying to knock us down.
Who needs all the pressure of a Super Bowl？Not us, Lonnie！
What a time to notice, them cheerleader outfits is skimpy！
Tired of going to Disneyland.
Identifying People 辨别身份
五、Identifying People 辨别身份
61.Who are you？你是谁？
62.Im Jim.我是吉姆。
63.Who is the guy over there？那边那个人是谁？
64.Hes Bob.他是鲍勃。
65.Is that girl a student？那个女孩是学生吗？
66.No, she isnt.不，她不是。
67.What do you do？你是做什么的？
68.Im a farmer.我是个农民。
69.What does he do？他是干什么的？
70.Hes a manager.他是个经理。
71.She must be a model, isnt？她一定是个模特，不是吗？
72.I really dont known.我真不知道。
73.I have no idea about it.我一点都不知道。
74.Can she be a driver？她可能是个司机吗？
75.Yes, I think so.是的，我认为是。
英语学习游戏（English Learning Games）（1）
Students greatly welcome games. They can create a cheerful and light-hearted environment and arouse studentsinterest in learning English.Games are considered one of the most effective ways to improve efficiency（效果）in language learning.Following are some 50 games for various levels of English students.I collected some of them and created others.
Vocabulary and Phrase Games
1.A Game of Collocation Cards
Aim：To let students review and memorize collocations（搭配）.
Preparation：Make a set of cards with the verbs（or verb phrases）such as take, have, do, play, make, and give. Prepare a second set with nouns（noun phrases）such as homework, a meeting, a trip, a test, a lecture and basketball.
Procedure：Two or more than two students can play this game. The purpose is to form a collocation.
1）Put all those cards in random order in a pile on the table with students sitting around.
2）In turns, each student takes 6 cards from the pile one by one. Then one student takes one card from the pile.The studentkeeps it if he/she finds a collocation with one of the cards in his hand or he/she thinks he/she can find a collocation easily with this card later.Otherwise, she/he gives it to the next person.
3）The next person keeps it, if he/she finds a collocation with one of the cards in his/her hand.
4）Then the student chooses one of the difficult cards in his/her hand and gives it to the next person.
5）If he/she cannot form a collocation, he/she takes another card from the pile. The next person does the same until one of them forms three collocations.
The first person that forms three correct collocations wins.
Variation：You can play this game with prepositional phrases and adjective phrases, as well as verb phrases or you can put all these together.
2.Word Spelling Cards
Aim：To review and memorize the English words students have learned.
Preparation：Make at least 100 cards with the following written on them：letters, roots, suffixes（词缀），such as，-tion，-ment, and-or prefixes, such as，-un，-im and-ir, clusters of vowels, such as，-ow-，-ight and-oo-and consonants（辅音），such as, th-，ch-and sp-.
Procedure：Two or more than two students can play this game.
1）Put all cards in random order in a pile on the table with students sitting around.
2）Each student takes 4，5，or 6 cards from the pile one by one.（Students determine the number of cards they hold in their hands before the game starts. The bigger the number, the easier the game is.）
3）The object is to construct meaningful words（a word found in the dictionary）by putting the cards together. When successful, the student shows the word to the other players and puts the cards aside.At the same time, he/she gets the same number of additional cards from the pile.
4）The first player tries to form more words, which he/she shows to the other players. If he/she cannot form a meaningful word, he/she can take another card from the pile.
5）If he/she still fails to form a word, he/she chooses one from his/her cards and gives it to the next person.
6）The next person can get this card if he/she can form a word with the other cards. Each time a word is formed, the student shows the card（s）to the other players and puts the card（s）aside.
7）If the player cannot form a word with the card given by the previous player, he/she can get one from the pile and try to form a word. Again, if a player fails to form a word, he/she selects one of his/her cards and gives it to the next person.The next person will do the same.
Finally, the person who gets the most meaningful words wins.
3.Preposition Cards
Aim：To practise prepositions.
Preparation：Write a number of prepositions（say，10-20）on separate cards. Each student has a set of the cards.
Procedure：The aim is to make up sentences using common prepositions.
1）Students can hold the cards in their hands or put them on the desk.
2）The teacher says a noun, a verb or an adjective or a phrase（or writes on the blackboard.）
3）The students think of a sentence quickly using one of the prepositions on their cards. The student who thinks his/her sentence is right can raise his/her hand and the teacher nominates（指定）him/her.He/She reads out the sentence.If the teacher says“correct”（the sentence is correct in grammar and meaning），the student can put that preposition card aside.
4）The procedure is repeated. The student who surrenders all his/her cards first will win.
4.Bingo
Level：Absolute beginner to lower intermediate
Aim：to review or preview letters, or vocabulary
Materials：item list, bingo cards（students can make these）
Procedure：Draw a 9-square box（as in tic-tac-toe）and ask students to draw a picture with the target words in each box. You might draw each picture on the board in random（随机）order and have the students draw them in their grid.（This is very useful since you can review the words together with the whole class as you go along and help students with ideas of how to draw them）.Then draw the pictures in your box on the board and ask the students to choose a word.Choose the students at random.When they get a bingo（any three in a row），they get a team point, a card or a reward.A variation may be to reward them only if they get a bingo before you.This makes it more challenging and covers more vocabulary.
5.Slap it
Aim：to recognize words and listen for relevant information
Preparation：a set of 10-15 pictures of different kinds of food items for each team of 4 to 6 people
Procedure：Put the items on a desk and the students sit around the desk. The teacher describes the food item.When a student has an answer, she/he slaps the card and says the word aloud.If the student is correct, he/she gets a team point.If the student is wrong, he/she is out of the game.Alternatively, in each group each student plays
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