作者：安晓灿,郭万群,冀慧颖
出版社：暨南大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
21世纪应用型本科教育行业英语系列教材:空调制冷行业英语试读：
前言
2002年教育部启动新世纪大学英语教学改革，2007年颁布《大学英语课程教学要求》。在该教学文件的指导下，大学英语课程教学改革与建设蓬勃发展，取得了令人瞩目的成绩：创建了以现代信息技术特别是网络技术为支撑的教学模式；确立了学生在教学过程中的主体地位，建设了资源共享的大学英语学习网站和自主学习视听说学习中心，使英语学习朝着个性化和自主式方向发展；课程内容体系也开始朝综合英语类、语言技能类、语言应用类、语言文化类和专业英语类的必修课程和选修课程相结合的方向扩展。
在过去的10年中，许多地方院校的应用型本科院校的大学英语课程建设经历了从专科教育向本科教育的过渡，在师资队伍建设、教学文件建设、教学内容体系和教学方法的改革等方面取得比较显著的成效。但是，目前大多数院校把教学内容定位在基础英语，教学目标定位在大学英语四级考试合格率上。显然，这样的教学目标与地方院校应用型人才的培养目标和社会需求是不完全吻合的。地方高校大学英语教学深化改革面临的重大研究课题应该是：根据应用型人才的培养目标和社会需求扩展课程内容体系，做到辅助专业，注重实用，面向社会，服务行业。开发应用型本科教育行业英语教材正是基于上述的分析和改革的需要，目的是培养学生在涉外职场环境下使用英语进行交际的能力，为提升就业竞争力及未来的可持续发展打下必要的基础。
本套教材的开发是通过与专业课教师的积极合作，针对应用型本科院校大学英语开设拓展课程的教学需要进行设计的。本套教材的突出特色是：（1）突出行业职场交际所需要的英语知识与技能的训练，注重交际语言和技能的实用性、通用性、时效性、典型性和可模拟性。（2）选用的材料反映该行业的发展史和在技术应用方面的最新或重大成果。听说材料与职场情境密切相关，简短精练；阅读文章的题材以“行业人”的涉外职场交际需求为主线，体裁多样化，如行业人物访谈、行业发展趋势与动向、企业或公司简介、新产品/技术引进与开发介绍等，既体现行业涉外交际的需要，又生动有趣；选用的应用文体现职业需求，简短典型，易读易模拟。（3）练习的设计以完成职场任务和引导学生主体参与的教学理念为导向，充分利用group work, pair work, discussion, presentation, project, survey report等学习方式，使练习体现职业性、实践性、交际性和协作性，不仅能为学生创造参与课堂活动的机会，还能指导他们到相关企业进行现场学习和实践，完成group project, survey report等学习任务。
本系列教材的每册书包括八个单元，每个单元由五部分组成，即听与说（Let's Listen and Talk）、读与写（Let's Read and Write）、职场项目（Workplace Project）、职业沙龙（Career Salon）和单元词汇（New Words and Expressions）。本书各单元后还附有学习伴侣部分，详细说明了该单元的背景知识、语法知识和词汇。书后还附有练习答案、听力会话、参考译文和短文的文字材料和光盘。
本书以空调制冷行业为背景，涉及的内容包括空调制冷领域的发展史及技术简介、品牌企业、空调制冷设备、市场推广与宣传、市场份额与经济发展、行业法规、行业交流和行业前沿等。
本系列教材的总主编是韶关学院外语学院安晓灿教授和中原工学院外国语学院郭万群教授；空调制冷行业英语是由中原工学院外国语学院和能源与环境学院合作完成的，主编是中原工学院外国语学院的冀慧颖、能源与环境学院的张超，副主编是中原工学院外国语学院的姚燕萍；编者有冀慧颖（第一、八单元）、姚燕萍（第二、六单元）、曹喜梅（第三、五单元）、王惠瑜（第四、七单元）。本书由能源与环境学院的张超担任专业指导，对编写规划和选材都进行了指导，并对阅读短文的翻译进行了修改和校正。
本系列教材的开发是一次大胆的尝试，目的是推进应用型本科教育大学英语课程的改革与建设，其中难免会存在不当和疏漏之处，敬请使用者批评指正。编者2015年3月Unit 1An Overview of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning【答案链接】Unit Objectives
◆ Learn about the definition and the purpose of refrigeration.
◆ Learn how to ask about a job opening.
◆ Learn about the history of the technology of refrigeration and air
conditioning.
◆ Learn how to write a letter of job application.Let's Listen and TalkListeningSituation 1 Talking about Refrigeration
Task 1
Listen to a conversation and tick the facts about refrigeration.
□ 1. Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, to lower its temperature.
□ 2. A refrigerator is based on refrigeration.
□ 3. Refrigeration is one invention that has changed the way we conduct our daily lives.
□ 4. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat.
□ 5. Before refrigeration technology was developed, preserving food was a big job.
□ 6. We only use refrigeration technology to store food.
□ 7. Our happy life now owes much to the invention of refrigeration.
Task 2
Listen to the conversation again and complete the following sentences according to what you've heard.
Wang Xin：Hi, Zhang Ming! What are you doing here?
Zhang Ming：I'm here to see my aunt. How about you?
Wang Xin：I'm a student in a university in this city.
Zhang Ming：Really? What's your major?
Wang Xin：I major in 1 .
Zhang Ming：Refrigeration? What's it about?
Wang Xin：Well, refrigeration is the process of 2 from an enclosed space, or from a substance, to 3 its temperature.
Zhang Ming：Is 4 based on it?
Wang Xin：Yes, 5 that produce refrigeration are called refrigerators. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat. The liquid, or 6 , used in a refrigerator evaporates at an extremely low temperature, creating 7 temperatures inside the refrigerator.
Zhang Ming：So refrigeration is very important to human beings.
Wang Xin：Absolutely. Before refrigeration technology was developed, 8 was a big job.
Zhang Ming：Well, I would say refrigeration is one 9 that has changed the way we conduct our daily lives. We can preserve food more easily nowadays, so the food 10 is more stable.
Wang Xin：That's true. Our happy life now owes much to the invention of refrigeration.Situation 2 Talking about the Purpose of Refrigeration
Task 3
Listen to a passage and answer the following questions.
1. What is the main reason for having a refrigerator?
2. What is the basic idea behind refrigeration?
3. How does the refrigerator make milk stay fresh?
4. How long can the milk last by freezing?
5. What are the most common forms of food preservation used today?
Task 4
Listen to the passage again with some blanks for you to fill in.
The fundamental reason for having a refrigerator is to 1 . Cold temperatures help food stay fresh longer. The basic idea behind refrigeration is to 2 the activity of bacteria which all food contains so that it takes longer for the bacteria to 3 the food. For example, bacteria will spoil milk in two or three hours if the milk is 4 on the kitchen counter at room temperature. However, by reducing the temperature of the milk, it will 5 for a week or two—the cold temperature inside the refrigerator 6 the activity of the bacteria that much. By 7 the milk you can stop the bacteria altogether, and the milk can last for months. Refrigeration and freezing are two of the most common forms of food 8 used today.SpeakingSituation 3 Talking about the History of Air Conditioners
Sample Dialogue 1
Anchor：Welcome to the programme.
Hawkins：Well. Thank you.
Anchor：I assume you've got your air-conditioner going great guns.
Hawkins：Oh, yes, we do. Full blast in fact.
Anchor：All right. Take us back, ah, where was the first air-conditioned movie theater in the United States?
Hawkins：Ah, well, it's probably in the Central Park Theater in Chicago, Illinois. Willis Carrier, the king of cool and the founder of air-conditioning, sold his inventions to movie theater operators. And they actually had some of the largest audiences than anywhere else in the country.
Anchor：So does the air-conditioner get credit or maybe the blame, um, for the advent of summer blockbusters?
Hawkins：Um, both, I think it gets both.
Anchor：And also I assume that the theater just stayed open during the summer.
Hawkins：All year long, well, before they were primarily just open from November to May.
Anchor：Well, what are some of the other early places to be cooled down by air-conditioning?
Hawkins：Well, right after the movie theaters, the government buildings in Washington D. C. were air-conditioned, started with the U. S. House of Representatives building, the Senate building, even the White House.
Anchor：When did air-conditioning become a staple of the Middle Class?
Hawkins：Well, actually it started in the 1950s when sales exceeded over one million units. Nowadays, probably 82% of all homes either have room air-conditioning units or central air-conditioning units in America.
Anchor：Thank you for your information.
Hawkins：My pleasure.
Task 5
Pair work. Start a conversation with your partner according to the situation：
You're an anchor of a TV station, and now you are having an interview with the CEO of a refrigeration company to ask about the history and development of air-conditioning.Situation 4 Asking about a Job Opening
Sample Dialogue 2
Personnel：Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.（Panasonic）. May I help you?
Michael：Yes, I'm Michael Seaver. I'd like to inquire whether the job for a refrigeration system engineer advertised in the paper is still open.
Personnel：Yes, the job is still open. We'll accept applications in one month.
Michael：What are the qualifications for the job?
Personnel：The applicants should have at least a master's degree in Heat & Power Engineering, and with some work experience in related fields.
Michael：I've got the degree for three years, and I've been working as a design engineer at Haier for two years.
Personnel：That's good.
Michael：Can you tell me what the salary is?
Personnel：Well, the starting salary is $2,000 a month, with some basic benefits such as health insurance and paid vacations.
Michael：Sounds good. What should I do to apply for the job?
Personnel：You should send us your cover letter. You can also get easy access to the details about the job form in our website.
Michael：Thank you for your information.
Task 6
Pair work. Start a conversation with your partner according to the situation：
You've read about a job opening for a refrigeration system engineer advertised by an electric industrial company in“China Daily”and now you are calling the company to ask about it.Let's Read and WriteReading
Task 7
Read Passage 1 about“History of Refrigeration”and then work in pairs to speak out the common expressions given in brackets.
1. The first attempt to produce refrigeration mechanically depended on __________（冷却效应）of the evaporation of water.
2. In the __________（闭式循环）, air confined to the machine at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure was utilized repeatedly during the operation.
3. Franz Windhausen invented a closed-cycle machine and __________（申请了专利）in America in 1870.
4. In Germany, Carl Linde paved the way for great improvements in __________（制冷机械）by demonstrating how its thermodynamic efficiency could be calculated and increased.
5. In addition to its __________（热力学优势）, the pressures it required were easy to produce, and machines which used it could be small in size.
6. __________（二氧化碳压缩机）became important, because of the gas's harmlessness, in installations where safety was the primary concern, although they were not used extensively until the 1890s.
7. By 1890, mechanical refrigeration had proved to be both practical and economical for the __________（食品冷藏行业）.
8. Steady __________（技术进步）in the field of mechanical refrigeration marked the years after 1890.Passage 1 History of Refrigeration
For centuries, people have known that the evaporation of water produces a cooling effect. At first, they did not attempt to recognize and understand the phenomenon, but they knew that any portion of the body that became wet felt cold as it dried in the air. At least as early as the second century, evaporation was used in Egypt to chill jars of water, and it was employed in ancient India to make ice.
The first attempt to produce refrigeration mechanically depended on the cooling effects of the evaporation of water. In 1755, William Cullen, a Scottish physician, obtained sufficiently low temperatures for ice making. He accomplished this by reducing the pressure on water in a closed container with an air pump. Since Cullen, many engineers and scientists have created a number of inventions for clarifying the main principles of mechanical refrigeration. In 1834, Jacob Perkins, an American residing in England, constructed and patented（取得专利权） a vapor-compression（蒸汽压缩） machine with a compressor（压缩机）, a condenser（冷凝器）, an evaporator（蒸发器）, and a cock（阀门） between the condenser and the evaporator. It was used to produce a small quantity of ice, but not commercially. Growing demand over the 30 years after 1850 brought great inventive accomplishments and progress. New substances, for example, ammonia（氨气） and carbon dioxide, which were more suitable than water and ether（乙醚）, were made available by Faraday, Thilorier, and others. Refrigerating machines appeared between 1850 and 1880, and these could be classified according to the substance（refrigerant（制冷剂））. Machines using air as a refrigerant were called compressed-air（压缩空气） or cold-air machines and played a significant role in refrigeration history. Dr. John Gorrie, an American, developed a real commercial cold-air machine and patented it in England in 1950 and in America in 1951.
Refrigerating machines using cold air as a refrigerant were divided into two types, closed cycle and open cycle. In the closed cycle, air confined to the machine at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure was utilized repeatedly during the operation. In the open cycle, air was drawn into the machine at atmospheric pressure and, when cooled, was discharged directly into the space to be refrigerated. In Europe, Dr. Alexander C. Kirk commercially developed a closed-cycle refrigerating machine in 1862, and Franz Windhausen invented a closed-cycle machine and patented it in America in 1870. The open-cycle refrigerating machines theoretically outlined by Kelvin and Rankine in the early 1850s were invented by a Frenchman, Paul Giffard, in 1873 and by Joseph J. Coleman and James Bell in Britain in 1877.
One of the earliest of the vapor-compression machines was invented and patented by an American professor, Alexander C. Twining, in 1853. He established an ice production plant using this system in Cleveland, Ohio, and could produce close to a ton per day. After that, a number of other inventors experimented with vapor-compression machines which used ether or its compounds. In France, F. P. E. Carre developed and installed an ether-compression machine and Charles Tellier（who was a versatile（多种技能的） pioneer of mechanical refrigeration）constructed a plant using methyl（甲基） ether as a refrigerant. In Germany, Carl Linde paved the way for great improvements in refrigerating machinery by demonstrating how its thermodynamic（热力（学）的） efficiency could be calculated and increased. Inventors of compression machines also experimented with ammonia, which became the most popular refrigerant and was used widely for many years. The use of ammonia in the compression refrigerating machines was a significant step forward. In addition to its thermodynamic advantage, the pressures it required were easy to produce, and machines which used it could be small in size. In the late 1860s, P. H. Van der Weyde of Philadelphia got a patent for a compression unit which featured a refrigerant composed of petroleum products. In 1875, R. P. Pictet at the University of Geneva introduced a compression machine that used sulfuric acid（硫酸）. In 1866, T. S. C. Lowe, an American, developed refrigerating equipment that used carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide compression machines became important, because of the gas's harmlessness, in installations where safety was the primary concern, although they were not used extensively until the 1890s. By 1890, mechanical refrigeration had proved to be both practical and economical for the food refrigeration industry. Europeans provided most of the theoretical background for the development of mechanical refrigeration, but Americans participated vigorously in the widespread inventive activity between 1850 and 1880.
Steady technical progress in the field of mechanical refrigeration marked the years after 1890. Revolutionary changes were not the rule, but many improvements were made, in several countries, in the design and construction of refrigerating units, as well as in their basic components, compressors, condensers, and evaporators.
Task 8
Read the passage again and supply the missing words or expressions to complete the following statements.
1. At least as early as the second century, ______ was used in ancient India to make ice.
2. A number of inventions for clarifying the __________ have been created by many engineers and scientists.
3. Compressed-air or cold-air machines which use __________ played a significant role in refrigeration history.
4. American professor Alexander C. Twining invented and patented one of the earliest of the __________ machines in 1853.
5. In the late 1860s, P. H. Van der Weyde of Philadelphia obtained a patent for a compression unit which __________ made up of petroleum products.
6. Inventors also tried ammonia as the __________ in compression refrigerating machines, and the use of ammonia became popular for many years.
7. Most of the __________ were provided by Europeans for the development of mechanical refrigeration.
8. Revolutionary changes were not the rule, but in several countries, many improvements were made in the __________ and in their basic components, compressors, condensers, and evaporators.
Task 9
Work in groups and discuss the following questions.
1. When and where did people begin to use the cooling effect of water evaporation?
2. How did William Cullen accomplish his ice making in 1755?
3. What are the two types of refrigerating machines that use cold air as a refrigerant?
4. What are the compressed-air machines?
5. What were used as refrigerants in refrigeration history?
Task 10
Read the following sentences taken from Passage 1 and work in groups to translate them into Chinese.
1. The first attempt to produce refrigeration mechanically depended on the cooling effects of the evaporation of water.
____________________
2. In 1834, Jacob Perkins, an American residing in England, constructed and patented a vapor-compression machine with a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, and a cock between the condenser and the evaporator.
____________________
3. In the open cycle, air was drawn into the machine at atmospheric pressure and, when cooled, was discharged directly into the space to be refrigerated.
____________________
4. Europeans provided most of the theoretical background for the development of mechanical refrigeration, but Americans participated vigorously in the widespread inventive activity between 1850 and 1880.
____________________
5. Revolutionary changes were not the rule, but many improvements were made, in several countries, in the design and construction of refrigerating units, as well as in their basic components, compressors, condensers, and evaporators.
____________________
Task 11
Work in pairs to complete the following statements with the information from Passage 2.
1. The term HVAC & R is a shorted form of __________ and __________.
2. An air conditioning is made up of components and equipment arranged in sequence to __________, to __________, and to control the indoor environmental parameters of a specific space within required limits.
3. According to their applications, air conditioning systems can be classified as __________ and __________.
4. Comfort air conditioning systems have various sectors including the commercial sector, the __________, the __________, the __________ and the transportation sector.
5. Hospitals generally use __________ to remove bacteria and particulates of submicrometer size from areas such as operating rooms, nurseries, and intensive care units.
6. Process air conditioning systems offer __________ for several areas such as manufacturing, product storage, research and development processes.
7. Temperature control can be performed by refrigeration systems only, but the simultaneous control of __________ in the space can only be performed by process air conditioning systems.Passage 2 Air Conditioning Systems
Air conditioning is a combined process that performs many functions simultaneously. It controls and maintains the temperature, humidity, air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential（差别） in a space within predetermined（预定的） limits for the comfort and health of the occupants of the conditioned space or for the purpose of product processing. The term HVAC & R is an abbreviation of heating, ventilating（通风）, air conditioning, and refrigerating.
An air conditioning, or HVAC & R, system is composed of components and equipment arranged in sequence to condition the air, to transport it to the conditioned space, and to control the indoor environmental parameters（参数） of a specific space within required limits. Most air conditioning systems perform the following functions：
1. Provide the cooling and heating energy required.
2. Condition the supply air, that is, heat or cool, humidify（加湿） or dehumidify（除湿）, clean and purify, and attenuate（使）变小
any objectionable noise produced by the HVAC & R equipment.
3. Distribute the conditioned air, containing sufficient outdoor air, to the conditioned space.
4. Control and maintain the indoor environmental parameters—such as temperature, humidity, cleanliness, air movement, sound level, and pressure differential between the conditioned space and surroundings—within predetermined limits parameters.
Air conditioning systems can be classified according to their applications as comfort air conditioning systems and process air conditioning systems.
Comfort Air Conditioning Systems
Comfort air conditioning systems provide occupants（居住者） with a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. The various sectors of the economy using comfort air conditioning systems are as follows：
1. The commercial sector includes office buildings, supermarkets, department stores, shopping centers, restaurants, etc. Many high-rise office buildings use complicated air conditioning systems to satisfy multiple- tenant（房客） requirements. In light commercial buildings, the air conditioning system serves the conditioned space of only a single-zone or comparatively smaller area.
2. The institutional sector includes schools, colleges, universities,
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