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山东大学外国语学院817专业英语历年考研真题及详解试读：
2015年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解
Part One LinguisticsⅠ. Make comments on the following definitions of linguistic terms （The term defined is underlined） （20 points）:
1. Linguistics is often defined as the science of language or as the scientific study of language.【答案】Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields: the study of language form, that of language meaning, and that of language in a broader context. The first subfield of linguistics, the study of language structure or grammar, focuses on the elaborate and formal systems of rules that are followed by fluent language speakers. This subfield encompasses morphology, syntax and phonology. The second subfield, that of meaning, focuses on how language users make the inferences required to fully understand another person’s statement and how ambiguity can arise. This subfield encompasses semantics and pragmatics. Many other sub-disciplines of linguistics tackle language within a broader context. These other sub-disciplines of linguistics include: evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics; sociolinguistics; psycholinguistics; neurolinguistics; language acquisition, and discourse analysis.
2. The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.【答案】Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. Morphemes are usually arbitrary. There is no natural connection between their sound and their meaning.
3. The technique frequently used in the analysis of the structure of sentences was immediate constituent analysis （IC analysis）, which is a method of analyzing sentences into their component parts.【答案】IC analysis refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—words groups, which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. As a new approach to sentence study, this kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are. IC analysis is not arbitrary segmentation. It must be based on a set of principles, two of which are basic ones. The first one is that divisions should conform to meaningful relations, i.e. divisions depend on meaningful relations between morphemes. Another principle is that divisions should be compatible with morphological rules, the rules that determine how morphemes are combined to form new words.
4. Presupposition refers to the context for the intended meaning of a sentence to be regarded as acceptable.【答案】A presupposition is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. It is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. So it is the speaker, not sentence, that has presuppositions and the speaker assumes it is known by listeners. A presupposition must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. It will generally remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and can be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature （presupposition trigger） in the utterance.
5. Coherence is the relationship which links the meaning of utterances or sentences in a discourse.【答案】Coherence is what makes a text semantically meaningful. It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax, and it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text. Discoursal/textual coherence can be realized by employing carious cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, etc.
Ⅱ. Analyze the following （15 points）:
1. Although words are the smallest of the linguistic units in speech and writing, they have an internal structure. That is, they are said to be made up of meaningful units of their own, as exemplified in the following. Analyze the structure of these words.
careful→care＋ful
sadness→sad＋ness
realize→real＋ize【答案】（1） careful→care＋ful
The word “careful” can be analyzed into two parts: “care” and “-ful”, in which “care” is a free root, a base part of word “careful”. What’s more, it can also be used without being added to any other morphemes. “-ful” is regarded as suffix, as it is placed at the end of the word and meanwhile it can only be used together with other morphemes. From the above word, one can work out a rule: a new word form of adjective can be created by adding “-ful” to a noun, such as “meaningful”or “helpful”.（2） sadness→sad＋ness
The word “sadness” can be analyzed into two parts: “sad” and “-ness” where “sad” is a free root, a base part of word “sadness”, and it can also be used without being added to any other morphemes. “-ness” is regarded as suffix, as it is placed at the end of the word and meanwhile it can only be used together with other morphemes. From this word, one can work out a rule: a new word form of noun can be created by adding “-ness” to an adjective, such as “happiness” or “brightness”.（3） realize→real＋ize
The word “realize” can be analyzed into two parts: “real” and “-ize” where “real” is a free root, a base part of word “realize”, and it can also be used without being added to any other morphemes. “-ize” is regarded as suffix, as it is placed at the end of the word and it can only be used together with other morphemes. According to this word, one can work out a rule: a new word form of verb can be created by adding “-ize” to an adjective, such as “modernize” or “visualize”.
2. Ambiguity involves expressions with more than one normal interpretation. Disambiguate the following sentence.“Flying planes can be dangerous.”【答案】（1） The ambiguity comes from “flying planes”. It can be deciphered as “the planes that are flying” or “to fly planes”. Thus, the given sentence can be interpreted as “The planes that are flying can be dangerous.” or “To fly planes can be dangerous.” As for the above two meanings, they have the same surface meanings, but they differ in deep meanings, which can be clearly shown by their tree diagrams.（2） The tree diagram of the first meaning:（3） The tree diagram of the second meaning:
Ⅲ. Distinguish the following linguistics pairs （20 points）:
1. denotation and connotation【答案】Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the “dictionary definition.” For example, if you look up the word “snake” in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is “any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles, having a long, tapering and cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions.” Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word “snake” could include evil or danger.
2. synthetic language and analytic language【答案】A synthetic language is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio, as opposed to a low morpheme-per-word ratio in what is described as an isolating language. This linguistic classification is largely independent of morpheme-usage classifications （such as fusional, agglutinative, etc.）, although there is a common tendency for agglutinative languages to exhibit synthetic properties. An analytic language is a language that conveys grammatical relationships without using inflectional morphemes. A grammatical construction can similarly be called analytic if it uses unbound morphemes, which are separate words.
Ⅳ. Make comments on the following statement（s） and explain how far you agree or disagree with it （them） （15 points）:
Chinese is typically an intonation language while English is a tone language.【答案】
Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall- rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length. In a tone language, different tones （like in music, but not as many） will change the meaning of the words, even if the pronunciation of the word is the same otherwise.
It is improper to say that Chinese is typically an intonation language while English is a tone language. On the contrary, it’s better to conclude that Chinese is typically a tone language while English is an intonation language.
In a tone language, as is mentioned above, tone changes are used in a different way, affecting the meanings of individual words. In Chinese Putonghua, a syllable such as [pa] can have at least four meanings depending on the tone on which it is spoken. More meanings are found if we consider the different characters with the same pronunciation and tone form. So language, like Chinese, is known as tone language. However, in English, there are no tones existing in a word which can distinguish meanings of that word. So English cannot be regarded as a tone language.
As intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, in English, for example, the fall-rise tone typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly. The difference in tone changes the meaning of a group of words and, when this happens, it is called a difference in intonation. The rising tone at the end of an utterance is often used for asking yes-no questions and showing politeness or surprise, whereas the falling tone sometimes leads to rudeness and abruptness. Thus, it’s better saying that English is an intonation language.Part Two British Literature
Ⅰ. Identify the authors of the following literary works （10 points）:
1. Romeo and Juliet【答案】William Shakespeare
2. Of Studies【答案】Francis Bacon
3. Captain Singleton【答案】Daniel Defoe
4. A Modest proposal【答案】Jonathan Swift
5. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard【答案】Thomas Gray
6. My Heart’s in the Highlands【答案】Robert Burns
7. Don Juan【答案】George Gordon Byron
8. Mansfield Park【答案】Jane Austen
9. Wuthering Heights【答案】Emily Bronte
10. To the Lighthouse【答案】Virginia Woolf
Ⅱ. Define the following literary terms （6 points）:
1. Enlightenment Movement【答案】The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement, which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the ththtime. It was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14 to the 17 century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrated reasons or rationality, equality and science. The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement.
2. Ode【答案】Ode is a type of lyrical stanza. A classic ode is structured in three major parts: the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode. It is an elaborately structured poem praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally. There are three typical forms of odes: the Pindaric, Horatian, and irregular. Pindaric odes follow the form and style of Pindar. Horatian odes follow conventions of Horace; the odes of Horace deliberately imitated the Greek lyricists such as Alcaeus and Anacreon. Irregular odes use rhyme, but not the three-part form of the Pindaric ode, nor the two- or four-line stanza of the Horatian ode.
Ⅲ. Identify AND comment on the following literary text （9 points）:【答案】（1） This is an excerpt of the monologue by Hamlet in Hamlet written by William Shakespeare. This monologue reflects a kind of dilemma. It evokes a question: is there any meaning of man’s existence after death? Hamlet reflects Shakespeare’s humanist spirit. Hamlet’s personality of hesitation causes his tragedy.（2） This excerpt is a soliloquy of Hamlet. It gives expressions to a complicated state of mind feeling of Hamlet and provides a point of view on the events of the play. It seems that death is a better choice because it can put an end to all sorrows and misfortunes. But on his second thought, he was wondering about what would happen after death, because in his eyes, death is a mysterious kingdom, which might be more terrible than this world. From this excerpt, it can be seen that Hamlet is full of anger and resentment and pointed out the evils and corruption in the country. The world was full of “slings and sorrows”, life was nothing but a sea of troubles: people are bound to suffer from thousand natural shocks, so they were groaning and toiling.
Ⅳ. Essay question （15 points）:
Please discuss the causes for Tess’s tragedy in Tess of the d’Urbervilles.【答案】（1） The external factors include: the impoverishment and decay of small farmers, Alec and Clare, Tess’s ignorant father and mother and Victorian hypocritical moral value. This novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.
①The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.
②Then, in this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly. There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate. She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec—the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare—the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy. It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tess more cruelly.
③Thirdly, the attitudes of her parents determined Tess’s tragedy end in a lager property. Tess’s father is a lazy peddler, and he hated to work hard. Her mother was a woman with a simpler ambition that she wanted her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage. For these two facts, she knew her great responsibility to work hard to support the whole family. If Tess was not born in this poor family or her family was also a noble one then, if she was not so responsible for her duty and she was not so kind, maybe her life wound not end up in this way.
④The last but not the least, Victorian hypocritical moral value is also a main cause to Tess’s tragedy. In Mid- Victorian society beliefs about the role of women were firmly fixed. A woman was considered to be much inferior to the male and was look upon as his property. In law the children of the family were also the property of the husband. So in this novel, deeply influenced by this value, as Tess’s father didn’t work hard to support their family, Tess took the responsibility firmly, thus leading her to a way of tragedy.（2） The internal factor is the weakness of her character. Besides those external reasons, it is the weakness of her character that leads her to a sad fate. Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society. She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles. She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles. On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.Part Three American Literature
Ⅰ. Identify the authors of the following literary works （10 points）:
1. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg【答案】Mark Twain
2. Typee【答案】Herman Melville
3. Israfel【答案】Edgar Allan Poe
4. The Last Tycoon【答案】F. Scott Fitzgerald
5. Sartoris【答案】William Faulkner
6. The Gift of the Magi【答案】O. Henry
7. Miniver Cheevy【答案】Edwin Arlington Robinson
8. The Deerslayer【答案】James Fenimore Cooper
9. The Sea Wolf【答案】Jack London
10. The Divinity School Address【答案】Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ⅱ. Define the following literary terms （6 points）:
1. satire【答案】Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often to construct social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society. A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm, and parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing.
2. puritanismthth【答案】Puritanism, in the 16 and 17 century, a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America. Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.
Ⅲ. Identify AND comment on the following literary text （9 points）:
Shrouded in a thin drooping veil of mist, it hovered for a moment in the rainbow air; and then fell swamping back into the deep. Crashed thirty feet upwards, the waters flashed for an instant like heaps of fountains, then brokenly sank in a shower of flakes, leaving tile circling surface creamed like new milk round the marble trunk of the whale.【答案】（1） It is from Herman Melville’s John Milton’s Moby Dick.（2） Moby Dick is natural, beautiful and elegant. It is a gentle joyousness—a mighty mildness of repose in swiftness, invested the gliding whale. Not the white bull Jupiter swimming away with ravished Europe clinging to his graceful horns; his lovely, leering eyes sideways intent upon the maid; with smooth bewitching fleetness, rippling straight for the nuptial bower in Crete; not Jove, not that great majesty Supreme did surpass the glorified White Whale as he swam so divinely.（3） Moby-Dick embodies the stark forces of Nature; he is the symbol of imaginative life, of life which surpasses itself and continues beyond into realms where few men dare follow; and his strange whiteness is both the sign and veil of his mystery. Critics also points out that the whiteness of Moby-Dick adds him so surpassing a beauty, so malevolent a cunning. It suffices to state that the whiteness of Moby-Dick makes everyone insane and fearful because Melville says in essence “whiteness is not so much a color as the visible absence of color”. And at the same time the concrete of all colors.
Ⅳ. Essay question （15 points）:
Discuss the thematic concerns and artistic features of The Waste Land.【答案】（1） The Waste Land is a 434-line modernist poem by Eliot published in 1922. It has been called “one of the most important thpoems of the 20 century.” Despite the poem’s obscurity—its shifts between satire and prophecy, its abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location and time, its elegiac but intimidating summoning up of a vast and dissonant range of cultures and literatures—the poem has become a familiar touchstone of modern literature.（2） The style of the work in part grows out of Eliot’s interest in exploring the possibilities of dramatic monologue. The Waste Land is not a single monologue. Instead, it is made up of a wide variety of voices （sometimes in monologue, dialogue, or with more than two characters speaking）.（3） The style of the poem overall is marked by the hundreds of allusions and quotations from other texts （classic and obscure; high-brow and low-brow） that Eliot peppered throughout the poem. In addition to the many “high-brow” references and quotes from poets like Baudelaire, Shakespeare, Eliot also included a couple of references to “low-brow” genres. A good example of this is Eliot’s quote from the 1912 popular song “the Shakespearian Rag” by lyricists Herman Ruby and Gene Buck. There were also a number of low-brow references in the opening section of Eliot’s original manuscript, but they were removed from the final draft after Eliot cut this original opening section. In addition, The Waste Land is notable for its seemingly disjointed structure, indicative of the modernist style of James Joyce’s Ulysses. In the modernist style, Eliot jumps from one voice or image to another without clearly delineating these shifts for the reader. He also includes phrases from multiple foreign languages.（4） As for the theme, The Waste Land is primarily regarded as a poem that epitomizes the chaotic life of both individuals and society in ththe 20 century. Thematically, it reflects the disillusionment and
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