暨南大学外国语学院808外国语言文学综合考试历年考研真题及详解(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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暨南大学外国语学院808外国语言文学综合考试历年考研真题及详解

暨南大学外国语学院808外国语言文学综合考试历年考研真题及详解试读:

2011年暨南大学808外国语言文学综合考试考研真题及详解

SECTION A

Ⅰ. Fill the blanks with proper answers (10%)

1. The English sonnet, also known as _____ sonnet, usually has a regular rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g.【答案】Shakespearean【解析】莎士比亚的诗作,改变了彼得拉克的格式,由三段四行和一副对句组成,即按四、四、四、二编排,其押韵格式为“ABAB,CDCD,EFEF,GG”。每行诗句有十个抑扬格音节。

2. It was in 1798, with the publication of William Wordsworth’s _____, in collaboration with S.T. Coleridge, that romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.【答案】Lyrical Ballads【解析】1798年,华兹华斯与柯勒律治将各自的诗歌合为一册,定名为《抒情歌谣集》。

3. The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the _____.【答案】dramatic monologue【解析】勃朗宁对英国诗歌的最大贡献,是发展和完善了戏剧独白诗这样一种独特的诗歌形式,并且用它鲜明而生动地塑造了各种不同类型的人物性格,深刻而复杂地展示了人的内在心理。

4. The Graveyard Poets were a number of pre-Romantic English poets of the 18th century characterized by their gloomy meditations on mortality in the context of the graveyard. A contemplative and mellow mood is achieved in the celebrated opening verse of Gray’s _____.【答案】Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard【解析】这首诗充满感伤情调,成为18世纪后期感伤主义诗歌的典范之作。

5. As one of the great innovators of the modern novel, Virginia Woolf developed the technique of _____ in her writing, which focuses on the complex lives of characters’ inner minds instead of outward actions.【答案】stream of consciousness【解析】弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙(1882年1月25日—1941年3月28日)。英国女作家、文学批评家和文学理论家,意识流文学代表人物,被誉为“二十世纪现代主义与女性主义的先锋”。

6. It was _____, as the primary author who wrote “the Declaration of Independence”, together with other four men including Benjamin Franklin.【答案】Thomas Jefferson【解析】《独立宣言》是一份于1776年7月4日由托马斯·杰斐逊起草,并由其它13个殖民地代表签署的最初声明美国从英国独立的文件。

7. _____’s “The Raven” is a dark reflection on lost love, death, and loss of hope.【答案】Edgar Allen Poe【解析】《乌鸦》是埃德加·爱伦·坡于1844年创作的诗集,诗歌主题除了爱情就是死亡、幻灭和伤悼。

8. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter is a story about a woman named _____ living in seventeenth-century Boston, then a puritan settlement.【答案】Hester Prynne【解析】《红字》讲述了发生在北美殖民时期的恋爱悲剧。女主人公是海丝特·白兰。

9. Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights, _____, established an international reputation with such plays as The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape.【答案】Eugene O’Neill【解析】尤金·奥尼尔(1888年10月16日—1953年11月27日)美国剧作家,表现主义文学的代表作家,美国民族戏剧的奠基人。主要作品有《琼斯皇》《毛猿》《天边外》《悲悼》等。

10. Hemingway’s stature as a writer was confirmed with the publication of his novel _____ in 1929, which portrayed a farewell both to war and to love.【答案】A Farewell to Arms【解析】《永别了,武器》是美国小说家欧内斯特·海明威创作的长篇小说,是其早期代表作,首次出版于1929年9月27日。通过描述二人的爱情,作品揭示了战争的荒唐和残酷的本质,反映了战争中人与人之间的相互残杀以及战争对人的精神和情感的毁灭。

Ⅱ. Define the terms listed below according to your knowledge of English and American literature and criticism. (20%)

1. Gothic novel【答案】Gothic Novel, as a literary genre, combines elements of both horror and romance. These novels, in rebelling against the increasing commercialism and rationalism, show the dark, irrational side of human nature. They are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles. The originator of English Gothic novel is Horace Walpole, and his Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story is the first work of the kind.

2. Byronic hero【答案】The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Bryon, like Child Harold and Don Juan. They are handsome, chivalrous, energetic, pathetic, lonely and remorseful over a sin, gloomy and misanthropic, sexually free, and capable of generous acts and magnanimity. There is a possible downside of their personality with individualistic spirit, aloofness, arrogance and occasional contempt for the common people.

3. Critical Realism【答案】The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and in the beginning of the 1850s. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a dramatic viewpoint and delineated the crying conditions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.

4. Transcendentalism【答案】It is a literary, philosophical and artistic movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe, and stressed the importance of the individual. To them, nature was the garment of the Oversoul. Their ideas were eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature, and Self-reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his Walden.

Ⅲ. Identify the following quotations by giving (1) the title of the work; (2) the name of its author, and (3) explain briefly the implications of the underlined parts. (20%)

1. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a without them, and above them, won by observation.【答案】

Of Studies; Francis Bacon

Its implication is that studies cannot teach us everything and we cannot believe everything that we learn from books, instead we need to learn from experience to test the knowledge we learned before.

2. If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;/If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;/A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share/The impulse of thy strength, only less free/Than thou, O Uncontrollable!【答案】

Ode to the West Wind; Percy Bysshe Shelley

Its implication is that though the speaker is like the wind at heart, untamable and proud—he is now chained and bowed with the weight of his hours upon the earth.

3. Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt, /Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without/Much the same smile? This grew: I gave commands: /Then all smiles stopped altogether.【答案】

My Last Duchess; Robert Browning

Its implication is that the speaker commands his wife not to smile to others because he thinks that she is too frivolous in doing so. From this, Browning portrays a dominating and selfish Duke.

4. He smiled understandingly—much more than understandingly…Precisely at that point it vanished—and I was looking at an elegant young roughneck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd. Some time before he introduced himself I’d got a strong impression that he was picking his words with care.【答案】

The Great Gatsby; F. Scott Fitzgerald

Its implication is that Gatsby is not the same as the speaker imagines, and the speaker thinks that his way of speech or behaviors are inconsistent with his wealth or power.

5. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds will separate between him and vulgar things.【答案】

Nature; Ralph Waldo Emerson

Its implication is that to experience the “wholeness” with nature for which we are naturally suited, we must be separate from the flaws and distractions imposed on us by society. Emerson believed that solitude is the single mechanism through which we can be fully engaged in the world of nature.

Ⅳ. Writing: Choose one of the following pair and write a comparative essay of no less than 200 words. (25%)

1. Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy【答案】

Both Charles Dickenson and Thomas Hardy were masters of critical realism in Britain in the nineteenth Century. Dickenson began to write in 1830s, and ended in 1850s; Hardy’s novels were mainly in the last 10 years of nineteenth Century. Because of their different life experiences and historical backgrounds, their writing styles are both identical and different.

Dickenson’s novels are tortuous, lively, and fascinating. His novels are interesting and readable, with the aim of attracting readers. The protagonists in Dickenson’ novels often succeed after thousands of hardships or frustrations in their lives. His novels are just like a piece of music, which begins with a melancholy melody and ends with cheerful notes, often making readers laugh with tears. This is the optimistic “Dickenson-style” novel ending. Hardy’s novels, like Dickenson’s novels, are readable and interesting. The plot is tortuous and fascinating, which is the characteristic of his novels, so he has a large number of readers. The plot’s twists and turns of Hardy’s novels are mainly manifested in the ups and downs, and a series of misfortunes and misfortunes plunging the hero into despair. His works are novel and unique with many occasional happenings and coincidences. His novels often end with a mournful tone, which makes readers sad.

The characters in Dickenson’s novels are single and will not change with the change of experience and environment. Therefore, the good people in Dickenson’s novels are often poor, but good and kind. Bad people are villains and gangsters. However, the characters in Hardy’s works not only have duality and complexity, but also change because of the influence of environment and experience. He does not regard the principle that “Bad deeds, as well as good, may rebound upon the doer.” as the ending of the novel, but just shows the fate of some characters to the readers according to the reality. Hardy had no illusions about life. His attitude towards life was quite resigned to fate.

2. The Lost Generation & The Beat Generation【答案】“The Lost generation” and “the Beat Generation” came into being after the two World Wars in 20th Century. They emerged in different times and social situations. Faced with the loss of traditional values, they expressed dissatisfaction and rebellion to society in different forms.

After the First World War, the traditional civilization of Europe, of which the youth was proud, collapsed instantly, and Europe was in turmoil. After the war, the young man did not become the heroes that people worshiped. They cannot find jobs and cannot adjust to their towns and families and became incompatible with the reality. Moreover, World War I caused a more lasting trauma to intellectuals who were dissatisfied with the pursuit of economic interests but the overlook of spiritual content in society. All these changes resulted in a generation feeling confused and at a loss. They lost their old roots and could not find new directions but just expressed their protest against society with “lost” appearance. While as the society after World WarⅡ had completely suppressed human nature, the young people who had been hit could no longer endure in silence. The normal resistance was ineffective and they cannot behave as if everything had nothing to do with them like the “lost generation” being intoxicated in the individual world. Therefore, they decided to attract the attention of the society and the public by their peculiar and independent behaviors, thus expressing their resistance to the mainstream authority.

The two schools all displayed a mental outlook that was not compatible with the mainstream, but they revolted in different ways. “The Lost Generation” was “grace under pressure”, “The Beat Generation” was a naked howl. Although the former was pessimistic and ignored the outside world, they did not retreat passively. Under their “lost” appearance, they looked for something, expressing their pursuit of personal freedom from a deeper level. However, the latter expressed the same spirit of rebellion with insanity and naked exposure. They disliked the evil big city and moved to the west, to the original Mexico. In their times, people lost themselves and gradually alienated in the society of increasing physical and right desires. Therefore, they arouse the rebellious consciousness of the resigned with crazy behaviors to restore people’s freedom.

SECTION B

Ⅰ. There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer lo each question. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10%)

1. Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English simple past morpheme?

A. [d]

B. [t]

C. [ɪt]

D. [ɪd]【答案】C【解析】英语一般过去式的词素有三种词素变体:[d]、[t]、[ɪd]。

2. When -ion in “television” is removed to get a verb “televise”, we call this way of creating words _____.

A. suffixation

B. back-formation

C. blending

D. acronymy【答案】B【解析】逆构词法是将语言中已经存在的某个较长的词去掉想象中的词缀从而衍生出来的一个较短的词。

3. In the following conversation:

-Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it?

-And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.

The second person violates the _____ of the Cooperative Principle.

A. Quantity Maxim

B. Quality Maxim

C. Relation Maxim

D. Manner Maxim【答案】B【解析】质量准则第一条为“不要说自知是假的话”。

4. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be _____.

A. prescriptive

B. sociolinguistic

C. descriptive

D. psycholinguistic【答案】C【解析】现代语言学描述和分析语言事实。

5. The discovery of the Indo-European language family began with the work of _____.

A. Jacob Grimm

B. Bronislaw Malinowski

C. Leonard Bloomfield

D. Sir William Jones【答案】D【解析】威廉·琼斯最早正式提出印欧语假设。

6. One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called _____.

A. duality

B. productivity

C. displacement

D. arbitrariness【答案】B【解析】有了创造性,说话者便能够将基本的语言单位组成无限数量的句子,而这其中的绝大数句子却是以前从未有过或听说过的。

7. The consonant [ð] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features:

A. voiceless, alveolar, stop

B. voiceless, labiodental, lateral

C. voiced, dental, fricative

D. voiceless, labiodental, affricate【答案】C【解析】[ð]是浊音,齿音,摩擦音。

8. “I bought some roses” _____ “I bought some flowers”.

A. entails

B. presupposes

C. is inconsistent with

D. is synonymous with【答案】A【解析】第二个句子的意义可以由第一个句子衍推出来。

9. The process where a word or phrase refers forward to another word or phrase which occurs later in a text or conversation is called _____.

A. antecedent

B. cataphora

C. anaphora

D. reference【答案】B【解析】下指是对后文将要出现的内容或词项的替代。

10. Which pair of words in the following is a minimal pair?

A. dick, dug

B. bike, pike

C. cat, pet

D. page, lake【答案】B【解析】单词bike和pike只有第一个音素不同,从而导致两个单词意义不同。

Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases starting with the first letter given below. (10%)

1. S_____ is the smallest component of meaning.【答案】Sememe【解析】义素是词义的基本单位。

2. An e_____ construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center of head.【答案】endocentric【解析】向心结构是一种其分布在功能上等同或趋近于整个结构中作为中心或核心的成分的结构。

3. A c_____ is a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.【答案】corpus【解析】语料是以书面语篇或录音言语描写所收集的语言数据的集合。

4. A s_____ is a specification of what takes place in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology.【答案】syllabus【解析】教学大纲就是教学计划。它是对课程内容,教学步骤和学习经历的描述。

5. J. R. F_____ was the first professor of general linguistics in Great Britain and he turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain.【答案】Firth【解析】弗斯是英国语言学界的中心人物。他坚持语言理论研究有其独立性,不应被视为其他学科或语言教学的附庸。

6. IC analysis is the short form for i_____.【答案】immediate constituent【解析】IC是直接成分分析法的简称。

7. The i_____ function is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer or reader.【答案】informative【解析】信息功能指语言用来传达信息,即告诉他人一些事情,情况,信息等功能。

8. B_____ in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement.【答案】Bloomfield【解析】布龙菲尔德认为儿童的语言学习是通过“刺激—反应加强”链,而且成人的语言运用同样也是刺激—反应过程。

9. The P_____ School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. It most prominent scholar is Trubetzcoy.【答案】Prague【解析】布拉格学派最为出名,令人难以忘怀的是其对音位学的贡献,以及对语音学和音位学的区分。在这当中最有影响力的学者是特鲁别茨伊柯。

10. Philosophers use c_____ to mean the properties of the entity a word denotes.【答案】connotation【解析】哲学家们用内涵来表示单词所指实体的属性。

Ⅲ. Define the following terms. (25%)

1. arbitrariness【答案】It refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. There is no reason, for example, why English should use the sounds /dɒg/ to refer to the animal dog, or why Chinese should use “gou” to refer to the same animal. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental.

2. antonymy【答案】

The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms. Oppositeness can be found on different dimensions and different kinds of antonyms have been found.

Some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. So it is a matter of degree. For example, old and young are immediately recognized as antonyms, but they stand for two extremes, between which there exist intermediate forms representing differing degrees of being old or young, such as “middle-aged, mature, elderly”. “Good” and “bad” is also a pair of gradable antonyms. A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other. In other words, it is not a matter of degree between two extremes, but a matter of either one or the other. For example, a person can be either “alive” or “dead”, either “male” or “female”; there is no third possibility. Therefore, “alive” and “dead” is a pair of complementary antonyms and so is “male” and “female”. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites. For example, if A is the husband of B, then B is the wife of A. So “husband” and “wife” is a pair of relational opposites; so are “teacher” and “student”.

3. conversational implicature【答案】Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.

4. broad transcription【答案】Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a language, or it may be used to go further and specify the precise phonetic realization. In all systems of transcription there is a distinction between broad transcription and narrow transcription. Broad transcription indicates only the most noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in the utterance. The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum. One particular form of a broad transcription is a phonemic transcription, which disregards all allophonic difference, and, as the name implies, is not really a phonetic transcription at all (but at times coincides with it), but a representation of phonemic structure.

5. proposition【答案】A proposition is what a sentence says about the world. The same sentence can express different propositions on different occasions. Conversely, different sentences can express one and the same proposition.

Ⅳ. Give each of the following a brief account. (30%)

1. Linguistic determinism (10%)【答案】Linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity are two parts of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Linguistic determinism says that linguistic structure determines cognitive structure. That is, learning a language changes the way a person thinks.

2. Metaphor (10%)【答案】Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.

3. In what way is Saussure’s distinction between longue and parole different from Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? (10%)【答案】

Early last century, the famous linguist F. de Saussure made an important distinction between language and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech. Langue is the code, and parole is the message. Parole is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or writing. Langue is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening,

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