作者：博士研究生入学英语考试命题研究组
出版社：中国人民大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
考博英语模拟试卷与精解试读：
前言
目前，我国博士生英语入学考试采取的是各招生院校自行命题、自行组织考试的办法，各个院校的考试重点、命题特点有相当大的不同。国内没有统一的考试大纲，这主要是由于国内没有对博士生入学英语考试采取统考形式。从整体上看，各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生外语水平的要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。国际化人才首先要具备良好的外语水平，包括听、说、读、写、译的综合能力。
教育部《硕士、博士学位研究生英语教学大纲》提出，博士生入学考试的3门课程之一——博士生英语入学考试的理论指导标准是：“博士生入学时，其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平”；应具有“熟练的阅读能力”、“较好的写作能力”和“一定的听说能力”。博士生英语入学考试很大程度上是一种水平测试，很多考生能用英语进行流利的交流，但在博士生入学考试中外语成绩却没能过线。考博英语考查的不只是英语方面的基础知识，而是对基础知识与实际应用能力的综合考查。从全国重点院校的博士研究生入学考试英语试卷来看，向主观题型发展是今后考试的趋势。有的院校考博试卷中全是主观题型，仅考汉译英、英译汉和写作；北京大学考博试卷中有篇章改错题，还曾采用没有阅读类客观题、只有主观问答和阅后写总结的试题形式，现在又增加了英文解释和选择。因此，考生要想取得好成绩，应重视主观题型的备考和能力的提高。
英语成绩一直是筛选考生入选博士研究生的最重要的尺度，也是博士生入学考试中最大的障碍和挑战。许多考生并非由于专业课的缘故，而是英语考试未达到所报考学校最低录取分数线而与自己理想的学校失之交臂。
根据统计可知，全国博士生入学英语考试录取分数线总体呈上升趋势，这主要是由于报考人数增加和考生整体水平提高。有些院校的录取分数线几年之内没有任何变化，呈持续稳定趋势。近年来各院校博士生入学英语考试实际录取分数线在50～60分波动，有的院校少数专业破格录取分数也可能降到50分以下。从试题难度来说，难度最大的应当是中科院、社科院和北京大学的试题。通过分析全国大多数院校的历年考博英语试题可知，其他院校测试难度基本低于这三所院校。
听力的难度有所增大，是因为听写在听力考试中逐渐被采用和推广。听写与其他听力选择题的区别是，在听写时，当考生听不懂的时候，一分都不可能猜写出来，而其他听力选择题有可能猜对。翻译和写作都属于非标准化的题型，即主观测试题，这说明了博士生入学英语考试中能力测试的比重很大。尤其是有的院校还增加了英语口试。
通过对国内重点院校近年考题进行分析可知，翻译（汉译英和英译汉）和写作平均占总分的30分左右，最高的为财政部财科所的65分，最低的为北京大学的15分。一些院校考试题型中特别强调某一方面的测试，如北京师范大学的题型比较特殊，翻译和写作占55分，阅读占30分，听力占15分；财政部财科所的试卷中翻译和写作就占了65分，并且听力没有和笔试合计，这说明了该研究所对翻译和写作要求较高；而天津大学博士生入学英语测试中没有阅读理解，用其他考试题型代替阅读理解。因此在复习的时候，考生应该有针对性地强化训练。对于同时报考两所院校的学生，尤其要注意不同院校的题型差别。
为了更好地帮助考生复习，了解各高等院校考博英语命题特点和出题动态，我们参照一些名校博士生入学英语考试大纲，在认真研究50多所高校150多份历年考博英语真题，仔细分析近几年全国多所院校博士生入学英语考题中的考点、难点、重点及命题套路之后，倾情奉献了这本《考博英语模拟试卷与精解》。本书特点如下：
一、作者阵容强大，预测具有权威性
本书的编著者都是考博英语的主讲专家，他们都在全国一线亲自辅导广大考生的考前复习，有相当丰富的辅导和教学工作经验，深谙命题规律和出题的动态，他们集合清华大学、北京大学和中国人民大学等名校的权威讯息，浓缩成本书。
二、紧扣最新考试形式与出题动态，高效预测
本书紧紧联系当前各个高校考博英语的考试动态以及最新考试形势与政策，注重实际操作演练。每套试卷均由一线著名专家精选材料，仔细推敲，优化设计命制完成。
三、启迪备考，极具操作性
许多考生缺乏实际临场经验，本书精辟阐明解题思路，全面展现题型变化，将浩瀚的习题浓缩于有限的模拟题精华中，迅速提高考生快速、准确、灵活的解题能力。为考生全程领航和理性分析，引领考生高效通过考博难关。每套试卷都有详细的标准答案和解析。考生可以利用模拟试卷进行考前模拟实战训练，检验自己的学习成果，及时查漏补缺，有针对性地进行复习备考。希望考生能在仿真的环境下进行模拟训练，这样效果最佳。
由于时间有限，不当之处在所难免，望广大读者和专家批评指正。编著者博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试卷一SectionⅠVocabularyDirections:
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1.Japan is a______society of one nationality and a few underrepresented minority groups,such as the ethnic Chinese and Koreans.
A.spontaneous
B.simultaneous
C.homogenous
D.instantaneous
2.Those persons whose religious______heavily relied on rituals,such as infant baptism,were more likely to support the Democrats.
A.confession
B.condemnation
C.establishment
D.acknowledgement
3.The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, as families saw a______in female breadwinners.
A. raise
B. rise
C. arise
D. increase
4.The market for dust masks and air purifiers is______in Beijing because the capital has been shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.
A. booming
B. looming
C. dooming
D. zooming
5.Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because they are too______for their young children, a study found.
A. scarce
B. scary
C. scared
D. scarred
6.It has been revealed that nearly one in five degree courses has been______since the tripling of tuition fees to ￡9000 a year.
A. scratched
B. scraped
C. scrabbled
D. scrapped
7.Microsoft founder Bill Gates has______about being a parent, stating that 13 is an appropriate age for a child's first cell phone.
A. opened up
B. taken up
C. put up
D. held up
8.Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britons increasingly turn to the cheap and______foodstuff for their cooking.
A. versatile
B. multiple
C. manifold
D. diverse
9.“Gangnam Style”, the______popular song from South Korean recording artist PSY has just become the most watched video on YouTube ever.
A. sanely
B. insanely
C. rationally
D. insatiably
10.The______British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview that heaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.
A. imposing
B. lofty
C. prominent
D. eminent
11.The stream overflowed and the flood______all of the farmland in the area.
A.submerged
B.sank
C.soaked
D.stripped
12.Powell calls for drawdown from Iraq by mid-2007.His comments break his long public silence on the issue and place him______with the administration.
A.at will
B.at ease
C.at times
D.at odds
13.We cannot be______the choices that our children are going to make,even though we have contributed to those choices.
A.subject to
B.susceptible to
C.accountable for
D.crazy about
14.It's easier to dismiss reports of low employee morale than face the facts and act______.
A.consequently
B.accordingly
C.successfully
D.excessively
15.She took a(n)______to the house as soon as she saw it.
A.preference
B.affection
C.attention
D.fancy
16.He always included something above the understanding of his hearers in order to prevent them from becoming______and to stimulate their desire to learn more.
A.pessimistic
B.complacent
C.perplexed
D.complicated
17.The students on the school bus were______for half an hour in the traffic so all of them were late for class that morning.
A.held up
B.kept off
C.taken back
D.put off
18.This special committee was established for well-integrated members of the society and not for______individuals.
A.marginal
B.minor
C.eccentric
D.distinctive
19.In the past,competition for jobs caused different______groups to be hostile toward each other.
A.sexist
B.ethnic
C.gracious
D.classic
20.The old musician decided to move to her country home______her advanced age and poor health.
A.with regard to
B.by virtue of
C.on account of
D.at the verge ofSection Ⅱ ClozeDirections:
There are 15 blanks in the following passage.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should choose the one that best fits in the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET 1 with a single line through the center.
During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on.Yet,the 21 phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.
We judge race usually 22 the coloring of the skin: a white race,a brown race,a yellow race and a black race.But 23 you were to remove the skin you could not 24 anything about the race to which the individual belonged.There is 25 in physical structure,the brain or the internal organs to 26 a difference.
There are four types of blood. 27 types are found in every race,and no type is distinct to any race.Human brains are the 28 .No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged.Brains will 29 in size,but this occurs within every race. 30 does size have anything to do with intelligence.The largest brain 31 examined belonged to a person of weak 32 .On the other hand,some of our most distinguished people have had 33 brains.
Mental tests which are reasonably 34 show no differences in intelligence between races.High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. 35 equal educational advantages,there will be no difference in average standings,either on account of race or geographical location.
21.A.complete B.full C.total D.whole
22.A.in B.from C.at D.on
23.A.since B.if C.as D.while
24.A.speak B.talk C.tell D.mention
25.A.something B.everything C.nothing D.anything
26.A.display B.indicate C.demonstrate D.appear
27.A.All B.Most C.No D.Some
28.A.same B.identical C.similar D.alike
29.A.remain B.increase C.decrease D.vary
30.A.Only B.Or C.Nor D.So
31.A.ever B.then C.never D.once
32.A.health B.body C.mind D.thought
33.A.big B.small C.minor D.major
34.A.true B.exact C.certain D.accurate
35.A.Provided B.Concerning C.Given D.FollowingSection Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:
Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don't abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs' continuing popularity polarized.And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or helicopters).Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.
36.According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain______.
A.used to enjoy high public support
B.was unpopular among European royals
C.cased his relationship with his rivals
D.ended his reign in embarrassment
37.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly______.
A.owing to their undoubted and respectable status
B.to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
C.to give voter more public figures to look up to
D.due to their everlasting political embodiment
38.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
A.Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
B.The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
C.The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
D.The nobility's adherence to their privileges.
39.The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles______.
A.takes a rough line on political issues
B.fails to change his lifestyle as advised
C.takes republicans as his potential allies
D.fails to adapt himself to his future role
40.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A.Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
B.Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
C.Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
D.Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
2
Today's college students are more narcissistic（自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors,according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.
“We need to stop endlessly repeating‘You're special’and having children repeat that back,”said the study's lead author,Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University.“Kids are self-centered enough already.”“Unfortunately,narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society,including the breakdown of close relationships with others,”he said.The study asserts that narcissists“are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived,at risk for infidelity,lack emotional warmth,and to exhibit game-playing,dishonesty,and over-controlling and violent behaviors.”Twenge,the author of Generation Me：Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive,Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before,said narcissists tend to lack empathy,react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.
Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work.But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically,noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.
Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced（非常明显的）that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies.“Permissiveness seems to be a component,”he said.“A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting.Less indulgence might be called for.”
Yet students,while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings,don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.
Hanady Kader,a University of Washington senior,said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded.But she is dismayed（气馁，灰心）by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status.“We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want,and nobody should stand in your way,”Kader said.“I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”
Kari Dalane,a University of Vermont sophomore,says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered.“People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where they're going to find a place in the world,”she said.“People want to look their best,have a good time,but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”
Besides,some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome,Dalane said.“It would be more depressing if people answered,‘No,I'm not special.’”
41.According to the passage,a narcissistic person may______.
A.hate criticism
B.be dishonest to his/her partner
C.be unwilling to help others
D.all the above
42.The italicized word“commended”（Line 1,Para.3）means______.
A.praised
B.criticized
C.recommended
D.disfavored
43.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A.Narcissism may result in bad consequences.
B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.
C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.
D.Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.
44.It is implied that______.
A.both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissism
B.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the study
C.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the study
D.college students are pessimistic about their future
45.It is proper to be______when you hear someone say“I'm special.”
A.objective
B.pessimistic
C.optimistic
D.worried
3
The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.
The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards,instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election,which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.
Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill.The National Association of Manufacturers,the National Federation of Independent Business,the U.S.Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers.“This isn't about preventing increased unionization,it's about protecting rights,”said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski,of his organization's opposition to bill.Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion（强迫，胁迫）from unions.
Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers.“Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't,”Samuel said.He cites the 31358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.
Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby,the secret ballot would not be eliminated.The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers.“On the ground,the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,”said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council,who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.
The bill has other provisions（规定，条款）as well.The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration（仲裁）when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months.An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years,a fact that Straczewski calls,“borderline unconstitutional.”“I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,”said Straczewski.
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]