南开大学外国语学院语言学基础历年考研真题及详解(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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南开大学外国语学院语言学基础历年考研真题及详解

南开大学外国语学院语言学基础历年考研真题及详解试读:

2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解

考试科目:应用语言学

I. Illustrate each of the following terms briefly. (45 points)

1. prescriptive linguistics【答案】Prescriptive linguistics: the linguistics that tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviors. It seeks to tell people how language ought to be used by those who wish to use it.

2. Displacement【答案】Displacement: Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.

3.IPA【答案】IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.

4.suprasegmental【答案】Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle Suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.

5.blendings【答案】Blending is a process in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. For example, the word “smog” is blended from “smoke” and “fog”.

6.denotation【答案】Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.

7.hyponymy【答案】Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example, the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.

8.stem【答案】A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. For example, “friend-” in friends, and “friendship-” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.

9.inflectional morpheme【答案】Inflectional morpheme: It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.

10.back-formation【答案】It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, from “editor” the word “edit” was generated.

11.c-command【答案】C-command: A c-commands B if and only if: 1) A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A; 2) The first branching dominating A also dominates B.

12.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis【答案】Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.

13.context of situation【答案】Context of situation: It refers to the linguistic and situational environment in which a word, utterance or text occurs. The meaning of utterances, etc., is determined not only by the literal meaning of the words used but also by the context or situation in which they occur.

14.corpus linguistics【答案】Corpus linguistics: an approach to investigating language structure and use through the analysis of large databases to real language examples stored on computer. Issues amenable to corpus linguistics include the meanings of words across registers, the distribution and function of grammatical forms and categories, the investigation of lexico-grammatical associations, and issues in language acquisition and development.

15.CALL【答案】CALL: It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.

II. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (10 points)

1.[]【答案】voiceless postalveolar fricative

2.[j]【答案】palatal approximant

3.【答案】glottal plosive

4.[w]【答案】bilabial approximant

5.[x]【答案】voiceless velar fricative

6.[υ]【答案】high back lax rounded vowel

7.[æ]【答案】low front lax unrounded vowel

8.[p]【答案】voiceless bilabial plosive

9.【答案】voiceless aspirated affricate

10.[d]【答案】voiced post-alveolar affricate

III. Read each of the following statements carefully and decide whether it is true or false. (10 points)

1.Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.【答案】T【解析】本题考查语义三角理论。奥格登和理查兹在《意义的意义》一书中提出了语义三角的理论。他们认为词与所指事物之间没有直接的关系。它们是以概念为中介的。概念是抽象的,没有物质存在,只能通过我们的思维来感知。因此该表述正确。

2.In Hymes’ view, the learner acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as lexical.【答案】F【解析】本题考查Hymes的语言交际能力的相关知识。语言交际能力认为语言学习者不仅学习语法知识,也学习运用语言交际的能力。因此该表述有误。

3.The concept competence originally refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situation.【答案】T【解析】本题考查语言能力的含义。乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在认识称为他的语言能力,语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。因此该表述正确。

4.An achievement test assesses how much a learner has mastered the contents of a particular course.【答案】T【解析】本题考查成就测试的目的。成就测试是为了评估一个学习者对某一特定课程内容的掌握情况。

5.In the Classical theory, Chomsky’s aim is to make linguistics a science. This theory is characterized by three features; (1) emphasis on prescription of language; (2) introduction of transformational rules; and (3) grammatical description regardless of language formation.【答案】F【解析】本题考查乔姆斯基的经典理论。经典理论强调语言的生成能力,引入了转换规则,强调语法描述。因此该表述有误。

6.Generative grammar is a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.【答案】T【解析】本题考查生成语法的含义。乔姆斯基用“生成语法”这一概念来指“一套用来给句子进行结构描写,定义明确严格的规则系统”。因此该表述正确。

7.Blank verse consists of lines in iambic pentameter which do not rhyme.【答案】T【解析】本题考查无韵诗的特点。无韵诗是由不押韵的五音步诗组成的。因此该表述正确。

8.The initial consonants are identical in alliteration.【答案】T【解析】本题考查头韵的特点。头韵作为一种修辞,指的是两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同。因此该表述正确。

9.The co-operative principle was proposed by Grice.【答案】T【解析】本题考查合作原则的提出者。合作原则是由格莱斯提出的,因此该表述正确。

10.The term Stream of consciousness writing was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind.【答案】T【解析】本题考查意识流的相关知识。“意识流”是美国机能主义心理学家先驱詹姆斯在其《心理学原理》一书中创造的用来表示意识的流动特性:个体的经验意识是一个统一的整体,但是意识的内容是不断变化的,从来不会静止不动。因此该表述正确。

IV. Answer the following questions. (40 points)

1.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?【答案】

Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements—for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.

If language had no such design feature, then it would be like animal communicational system which consists only a number of basic sounds, and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words), which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the umber of messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.

2.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?【答案】When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless, consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way; but when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.

3.What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?【答案】

Morphophoneme refers to the phoneme (or string of phonemes) that constitutes the various allomorphs of a morpheme.

Relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme:

Generally speaking, the concept of morphophoneme adds a grammatical meaning to the concept of phoneme. For example, as to the phoneme /s/, it is in fact a configuration of allomorphs of different rdmorphemes, such as the plural morpheme and the 3 person present simple morpheme. Therefore, we would regard this phoneme as a morphophoneme, represented as |s|.

4.How do you understand the claim that there are only two tenses in English, present and past?【答案】

The English verbs are inflected for two tenses: present (walks) and past (walked). In other words, tense is indicated by morphological marking: zero/-s for present tense and -ed for regular past tense. Tense is not necessarily straightforwardly related to what TIME the event represented by the verb takes place. For instance, the simple present tense can be used to refer to various times.

Other English language tenses, as many as thirty of them, are marked by other words called auxiliaries. The future, for instance can be made in a number of ways, by using the modal auxiliary will, or the semi-auxiliary be going to. Since the expression of future time does not involve any inflection of the verb, we do not refer to a "future tense". Strictly speaking, there are only two tenses in English: present and past.

5.What is the purpose of studying language and mind?【答案】The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of “language and mind” is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.

6.Please explain the original idea in the speech act theory.【答案】

Speech act theory, originally proposed by Austin, is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication.

Austin made a distinction between what he called “constatives’’ and “performatives”. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

Later on, for a variety of reasons, Austin gave up his initial distinction between constatives and performatives. He set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

7.Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.

A: When is the bus coming?

B: There has been an accident further up the road.【答案】On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not provide a direct answer to A’s question. But A would assume that B is cooperative in the conversation, and would try to explore the link between the seemingly irrelevant response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret B’s utterance in such a way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be able to come.

8.Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech.【答案】

The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:

(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.

(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.

(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.

(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.

(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.

(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.

The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.

(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.

9.On noticing a friend wearing a new tie, John says to him “That’s really a nice tie”. Please comment on John’s compliment in light of Brown and Levinson’s notion of face.【答案】

Face, according to Brown and Levinson, has two aspects, a positive one, by which a person’s status as an autonomous, independent, free agent is affirmed; and a negative one, which stresses a person’s immunity from outside interference and undue external pressure. Analogously, we could define positive freedom as the freedom to express oneself, to vote, to travel, to choose one’s own company; negative freedom would mean being free from oppression, from threats to one’s safety, from political persecution, police harassment, importuning sales people, and so forth.

Acting cooperatively, people try to build up their interlocutors’ positive faces, while trying to avoid posing threats to their ‘negative faces’. John’s compliment will obviously make his friend happy; this therefore will not become threat to his friend’s face.

10.What are the differences between simile and metaphor?【答案】

Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. For example, the phrase as cold as ice is a common simile.

Although metaphor also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, this comparison is implied rather than stated. That is, it differs from simile in that the words such as like or as do not appear. For example, “The life is a stage” is a metaphor.

V. For the following words, state the conditions under which the different forms of the past tense appear. What determines whether /t/, /d/, or /id/ is used? What distinctive features define conditioning environment? (15 points)【答案】/t/ appears after these sounds: /F, p, k, s, tF/, /id/ is found after /t, d/, and /d/ occurs after /g, l, b, v, T, n, au, m, N, ei/. The general factor to determine whether /t/, /d/, or /id/ is used is the distinctive feature of voicing. Therefore, /t/ occurs after a voiceless sound, except /t/; /d/ occurs after a voiced sound, except /d/; and /id/ occurs after either the consonant /t/ or /d/.

VI. Use IC analysis to reveal the structural ambiguity of the following sentences. (15 points)

(1) The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon.

(2) The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son.

(3) Frank spotted the old woman’s fried with a telescope.【答案】

(1) a. (The mother of (the boy and the girl) )

b. (The mother of the boy) and (the girl)

(2) a. (The son of (Pharaoh’s daughter)) is ((the daughter of Pharaoh)’s son).

b. ((The son of Pharaoh)’s daughter) is ((the daughter) of (Pharaoh’s son))

(3) a. Frank ((spotted the old woman’s friend) with a telescope).

b. Frank (spotted (the old woman’s friend with a telescope)).

VII. How do you understand the role of linguistic research in social and economic development? (15 points)【答案】

To see the role linguistics plays in social and economic development, we could specifically consider the integration of linguistic research with other fields of social life, such as computational linguistics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropological linguistics.

As to the applied linguistics, it is undeniable that linguistic research has greatly influenced the language teaching and learning. For example, various linguistic schools have shed insight into the methodology of language teaching, especially foreign language teaching. Those different models of language teaching are all aimed at a more successful and effective language teaching.

As is known, for a human being in the society, communication is very important. In the social communication, linguistic research also made some important interpretations and explanations. Such as Grice’s Cooperative Principle, Brown& Levinson’s face and politeness theory, etc, those theories have good inspirations as to how to create a successful communication, and how to avoid and deal with miscommunication

In a word, although without linguistic research society and economics could still develop in their own way, yet linguistics with its effort to explain what is the nature of the activities concerning language, and how these activities works, has undoubtedly made it easier for the social and economic development.

2005年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解

考试科目:应用语言学

I. Explain the following terms (30 points)

1.professional communicator【答案】By “professional communicators” we mean anyone for whom communication is a major aspect of his or her work. This includes a very board range of positions in businesses and in government, from executives or executive secretaries to translators and copywriters.

2.register【答案】Register. It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions. For example, there is the register of military language, register of political language, and so on.

3.genre【答案】Genre is a type of discourse that occurs in a particular setting, that has distinctive and recognizable patterns and norms of organization and structure, and that has particular and distinctive communication functions. For example: business reports, news broadcasts, speeches, letters, etc. In constructing texts, the writer must employ certain features conventionally associated with texts from which the genre in which he or she is writing. In reading a text the reader similarly anticipates certain features of the text based on genre expectations.

4.world knowledge【答案】By “world knowledge” we mean the knowledge of language itself, the contextual knowledge of language use or principles of language use. It is the sort of “encyclopedic” knowledge of one’s world.

5.C-B-S style【答案】The purpose of professional communication is to convey information, and the philosophy of communication is that the information should be conveyed as clearly, briefly, directly and sincerely as possible. Richard Lanham has called this the C-B-S style, for “clarity,” “brevity” and “sincerity”. This very focused form of communication is widely put forward as the most effective and even simply the “normal” form of professional communication.

6.key

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