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江苏大学外国语学院243英语（二外）历年考研真题及详解试读：
2015年江苏大学外国语学院243英语（二外）考研真题及详解
Part Ⅰ Writing (40 minutes) (15%)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 40 minutes to write a short essay on the following question. You should write at least 180 words.
Children who grow up in families which are short of money are better prepared to deal with the problems of adult life than children who are brought up by wealthy parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (Write your composition on the answer sheet)【参考范文】
Some feel that the children of low income families are better equipped to deal with difficulties posed by the “real world” when they grow up and they also believe the privileged children of wealthy families are less fit to deal with these difficulties. The implications and veracity of this argument seem self-evident, but in fact require closer examination.
The popular wisdom is that children of poorer families learn early on the value of every penny, and are thus naturally better suited to stretching money when times get tough in adulthood. Inversely, the children of wealthy families, those born with a silver spoon in their mouths, are believed to be completely ignorant of the value of money, having had everything provided for them in their youth and oftentimes erroneously expecting the same situation in adulthood. They are believed to be prone to overspending and financial irresponsibility. This belief, though logical, overlooks one key point which is, of course, education. Both wealthy and poor children are equally likely to acquire an education in money, whether it is formal, or in the school of hard knocks. Conversely, both children are as likely to ignore this education.
A poor child may believe that one can get along, if not as easily, without wealth. A wealthy child may be well trained by a parent steeped in the knowledge of money management; the key to developing this skill is education.【解析】
分析题目要求，即对“穷人孩子早当家”的观点发表自己的看法。本文开篇首先点明这一观点引出话题，并对此提出自己的看法，“这一观点无可厚非。但有待深入探讨”。在接下来的一段中，作者对自己的这一论点展开详细叙述，一方面肯定该观点的合理性，一方面提出其不完善之处。最后对上文所述做出总结，无论贫穷富有，理财能力的关键是教育，从而深化主题。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (65 minutes) (60%)
Section A (10%)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.
Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.
A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the Knowledge Society. It all translates to a fundamental (1) ______ in the way we work. Already we’re partly there.
The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen (2) ______ in the western world. Today the (3) ______ of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More (4) ______ are in the work force than ever before. There’re more part-time jobs and the breadth of the economic (5) ______ is no longer being measured by numbers alone.
We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a (6) ______ invention of the chip, would transform our world (7) ______ to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow’s achievements in biotechnology artificial intelligence or even some still (8) ______ technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic change, but one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who (9) ______ it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of (10) ______ routine tasks will be valued above all else.
A. unimagined
B. predictable
C. majority
D. opportunities
E. women
F. thanks
G. recall
H. single
I. change
J. automatically
K. dramatically
L. performing
M. possess
N. general
O. utilizing【答案与解析】
1. I 句意为“这一切都意味着我们工作方式的根本改变。”故应填change（变化，改变）。
2. K 分析句子成分，基本成分主谓宾已有，故缺定状补，又跟在动词fall后面，则该处应填副词。automatically自动地；机械地；无意识地。dramatically戏剧地；显著地，剧烈地。只有dramatically与句意相符，故选K。
3. C the majority of表示“……的大多数”，为固定用法。
4. E 显然此处缺少主语，且为名词，选项中只有women最为合适，意为“职场中女性较以往越来越多”。
5. D 分析句子成分可知，在此应填入名词，与economic构成名词短语，因此填入opportunities。
6. H 句意为“即使向后预测20年，可能也没人可以预见到单一的一个发明——芯片”。single在此表示“仅一个的，单一的”。
7. F 由transform ... to（使……转化为……）可知此处为名词，选项中thanks较为符合题意，表示“……因为它在个人电脑、数字通信和生产机器上的应用而改变我们的世界”
8. A unimagined指“（好、大得）无法想象的，想象不到的”，在该句中用来表达未来技术的发展不可预料，与后面的but one thing is certain对应。
9. M 该空后面的it指代information and knowledge，则由题意此处possess最为合适，表示“拥有，具有（某品质或能力）”。
10. L instead of后面应该跟动词的-ing形式，选项中只有performing和utilizing符合语法，而根据后面routine tasks可得出performing更符合题意，表示“执行日常任务，履行日常工作”。
Section B (10%)
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Animals on the Move
A) It looked like a scene from “Jaws” but without the dramatic music. A huge shark was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. Suddenly sensitive nerve ending in the shark’s skin picked up vibrations of a struggling fish. The shark was immediately transformed into a deadly, efficient machine of death. With muscles taut, the shark knifed through the water at a rapid speed. In a flash the shark caught its victim, a large fish, in its powerful jaws. Then, jerking its head back and forth, the shark tore huge chunks of flesh from its victim and swallowed them. Soon the action was over.Moving to Survive
B) In pursuing its prey, the shark demonstrated in a dramatic way the important role of movement, or locomotion, in animals. Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food. They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore new territories. The methods of locomotion include crawling, hopping, slithering, flying, swimming, or walking. Humans have the added advantage of using their various inventions to move about in just about any kind of environment. Automobiles, rockets, and submarines transport humans from deep oceans to as far away as the moon. However, for other animals movement came about naturally through millions of years of evolution. One of the most successful examples of animal locomotion is that of the shark. Its ability to quickly zero in on its prey has always impressed scientists. But it took a detailed study by Duke University marine biologists S. A. Wainwright, F. Vosburgh, and J. H. Hebrank to find out how the sharks did it. In their study the scientists observed sharks swimming in a tank at Marineland in Saint Augustine, Fla. Movies were taken of the sharks’ movements and analyzed. Studies were also made of shark skin and muscle.Skin Is the Key
C) The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal’s high efficiency in swimming through the water. The skin contains many fibers that crisscross like the inside of a belted radial tire. The fibers are called collagen fibers. These fibers can either store or release large amounts of energy depending on whether the fibers are relaxed or taut. When the fibers are stretched, energy is stored in them the way energy is stored in the string of a bow when pulled tight. When the energy is released, the fibers become relaxed.
D) The Duke University biologists have found that the greatest stretching occurs where the shark bends its body while swimming. During the body’s back and forth motion, fibers along the outside part of the bending body stretch greatly. Much potential energy is stored in the fibers. This energy is released when the shark’s body snaps back the other way. As energy is alternately stored and released on both sides of the animal’s body, the tail whips strongly back and forth. This whip-like action propels the animal through the water like a living bullet.Source of Energy
E) What causes the fibers to store so much energy? In finding the answer the Duke University scientists learned that the shark’s similarity to a belted radial tire doesn’t stop with the skin. Just as a radial tire is inflated by pressure, so, too, is the area just under the shark’s collagen “radials”. Instead of air pressure, however, the pressure in the shark may be due to the force of the blood pressing on the collagen fibers.
F) When the shark swims slowly, the pressure on the fibers is relatively low. The fibers are more relaxed, and the shark is able to bend its body at sharp angles. The animal swims this way when looking around for food or just swimming. However, when the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place. The pressure inside the animal may increase by 10 times. This pressure change greatly stretches the fibers, enabling much energy to be stored. This energy is then transferred to the tail, and the shark is off. The rest of the story is predictable.Dolphin Has Speed Record
G) Another fast marine animal is the dolphin. This seagoing mammal has been clocked at speeds of 32 kilometers (20 miles) an hour. Biologists studying the dolphin have discovered that, like the shark, the animal’s efficient locomotion can be traced to its skin. A dolphin’s skin is made up in such a way that it offers very little resistance to the water flowing over it. Normally when a fish or other object moves slowly through the water, the water flows smoothly past the body. This smooth flow is known as laminar flow. However, at faster speeds the water becomes more turbulent along the moving fish. This turbulence muses friction and slows the fish down.
H) In a dolphin the skin is so flexible that it bends and yields to the waviness of the water. The waves, in effect, become tucked into the skin’s folds. This allows the rest of the water to move smoothly by in a laminar flow. Where other animals would be slowed by turbulent water at rapid speeds, the dolphin can race through the water at record breaking speeds.Other Animals Less Efficient
I) Not all animals move as efficiently as sharks and dolphins. Perhaps the greatest loser in locomotion efficiency is the slug. The slug, which looks like a snail without a shell, lays down a slimy trail over which it crawls. It uses so much energy producing the slimy mucus and crawling over it that a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy. Scientists say that because of the slug’s inefficient use of energy, its lifestyle must be restricted. That is, the animals are forced to confine themselves to small areas for obtaining food and finding proper living conditions. Have humans ever been faced with this kind of problem?
11. The dolphin’s skin offers less resistance to the water than the fish.
12. Automobiles, rockets and submarines are examples of human inventions that enable us to travel in almost any kind of environment.
13. The skin is the key to the shark’s swift locomotion in water.
14. Consuming the equal amount of energy as a slug does, a mouse can travel 12 times as fast as a slug.
15. Because it is also inflated by pressure, the area just under the shark’s collagen fibers is similar to a belted radial tire.
16. A laminar flow is formed when a fish swims slowly through the water.
17. When bending its body in swimming, the shark stretches its collagen fibers to the greatest extent.
18. In finding its food, the shark tries to feel the vibrations of a struggling prey.
19. According to the passage, collagen fibers can be compared to the string of a bow for both of them store energy when stretched.
20. When the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place in its body.【答案与解析】
11. B 可以将答案定位在小标题 Moving to Survive 下第二段的前两句话，“Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food. They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore now territories.”
12. B 汽车、火箭和潜艇的例子是为了说明可以使人类到达任何环境，其中的examples of automobiles, rockets and submarines 是关键词，可将答案定位在文章小标题 Moving to Survive下的Automobiles, rockets, and submarines transport humans from deep oceans to as far away as the moon.
13. C “鲨鱼在水中快速游动的关键是在皮肤”，其中key是关键词，可将答案定位在小标题 Skin Is the Key下首段的第一句话，“The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal s high efficiency in swimming through the water”与本题句子完全一致，所以可直接选C。
14. D 题干中的 collagen fibers to the greatest extent是关键词，可将答案定位在小标题Skin Is the Key下第二段的第一句话，“The Duke University biologists have found that the greatest stretching occurs where the shark bends its body while swimming.”这与本题句子的内容完全一致。
15. E 题干中a belted radial tire是关键词，可将答案锁定在文章小标题Source of Energy下第一段的第三句话，“Just as a radial tire is inflated by pressure, so, too, is the area just under the sharks’ collagen radials”其中的just as和 so说明了两者的相似之处在于inflated by pressure，所以答案应该是E。
16. G 题干关键词是a laminar flow，所以可将答案锁定在文章小标题Dolphin Has Speed Record下。根据该节第一段的倒数第三、四句话，“Normally when a fish or other object moves slowly through the water, the water flows smoothly past the body. This smooth flow is known as laminar flow. ”题干是对这两句话的改写，所以正确答案是G。
17. I 题干中 a slug和a mouse均为关键词，可直接定位在Other Animals Less Efficient标题下第一段的第二句话，“It uses so much energy ... a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy”题干是对该句的同义改写，故选I。
18. A 题干中的shark, prey, struggling均为关键词，可直接定位在A段“Suddenly sensitive nerve ending in the shark s skin picked up vibrations of a struggling fish. ”
19. C 题干内容出现在Skin Is the Key中，C段第二、三句话“The fibers are called collagen fibers.”故选C。
20. F 根据该句含义，在Source of Energy中，可以定位到第二段倒数第一句。故F为该题对应选段。
Section C (40%)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
The medical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment in hospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.
As part of a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and into public places, some of the country’s most talented artists have been called in to transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings. Of the 2,500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain, almost 100 now have significant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatment rooms.
These recent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up his studio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s. He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should be enjoyed by a wider audience.
A typical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week. What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the first exhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of the Manchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain’s first hospital artist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of six young art school graduates.
The effect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitor experiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.
The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
21. According to the passage, “to soften the hard edges of modern buildings” means _____.
A. to pull down hospital buildings
B. to decorate hospitals with artistic works
C. to improve the quality of treatment in hospitals
D. to make the corners of hospital buildings round
22. What can we say of Peter Senior?
A. He is a pioneer in introducing art into hospitals.
B. He is a doctor interested in painting.
C. He is an artist who has a large collection of paintings.
D. He is a faithful follower of hospital art.
23. According to Peter Senior, _____.
A. art is losing its audience in modern society
B. hospitals should be changed into art galleries
C. patients should be encouraged to learn painting
D. art should be encouraged in British hospital
24. After the improvement of the hospital environment, _____.
A. patients no longer need drugs in their recovery
B. patients are no longer wholly dependent on expensive drugs
C. patients need good-quality drugs in their recovery
D. patients use fewer pain killers in their recovery
25. The fact that six young art school graduates joined Peter shows that _____.
A. Peter’s enterprise is developing greatly
B. Peter Senior can paint better artistic works
C. hospitals can bring out talented artists
D. the role of art in helping patient recovery from illness is being recognized【答案与解析】
21. B 题干出现在文章第二段，联系上下文“some of the country’s most talented artists have been called in to transform older hospitals”以及“…hospitals almost 100 now have significant collections of contemporary art ...”可知B符合题意。
22. A Peter Senior不是“对绘画感兴趣的医生”，选项B错误；也不能说他是“医院艺术的追随者”（选项D也排除）；文章也没有提到“他有大量的绘画作品”，C项也不能选；只有A所说的“他是将艺术引进到医院的先驱者”最符合文章大意。
23. A 根据文章第三段最后一句“He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should be enjoyed by a wider audience.”可判断选项A为正确答案。
24. B 从文章最后两段可知，医院环境的改善对病人的康复是有益处的，病人的康复不仅仅依赖药物的作用。因此选项B是正确的。
25. D 六位艺术学校的毕业生加盟Peter Senior的事业说明了人们开始意识到改善医院环境的重要性，即选项D说法正确。Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Insurance is the sharing of risks. Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house-owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire; the ship-owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea; the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire, nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss. In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the many. This is the basis of insurance. Those who pay the contribution are known as “insured” and those who administer the pool of contributions as “insurers”.
Not all risks lend themselves to being covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated—and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.
The legal basis of ail insurance is the “policy”. This is the printed form of contract on paper of the best quality. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a named sum of money, called the “premium”(保险费), which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk or event insured against actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason for this. Over a large number of years many law cases have been brought to clear up the meaning of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts, in their Judgments, have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in policies even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.
26. According to this passage, insurance is possible because _____.
A. everyone at some time suffers loss
B. only a small proportion of the insured suffer loss
C. nearly everyone suffers loss
D. only insured people suffer loss
27. By “the pool of contributions” the writer means _____.
A. money paid by the insured
B. money paid by the insurers
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]