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全国自考《英语国家概况》历年真题及详解试读：
2015年10月全国自考《英语国家概况》真题及详解
课程代码：00522选择题部分I.MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET. (50 points, 1 point each)
1. The Vikings, who came from _____, attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.
A. Norway
B. France
C. Germany
D. Denmark【答案】A【解析】从8世纪末开始，挪威海盗和丹麦人开始入侵英格兰，Vikings指的是8~11世纪劫掠欧洲西海岸的北欧海盗，8世纪末入侵英格兰的海盗主要来自挪威。故选A。
2. The Celts began to arrive at Britain around _____ and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.
A. 600 BC
B. 600 AD
C.700 BC
D. 700 AD【答案】C【解析】凯尔特人在约公元前700年来到不列颠岛，后来罗马人征服了他们。故选C项。
3. Among the British kings, _____ was known as “the Confessor” because ofhis religious piety.
A. Henry II
B. King Alfred
C. King Harold
D. King Edward【答案】D【解析】英国国王中，爱德华因其无比虔诚的宗教信仰被称为“忏悔者”。故选D项。
4. The Domesday Book states all the following EXCEPT _____.
A. the history of the land
B. the ownership of the land
C. the value of the land
D. the extent of the land【答案】A【解析】1086年，威廉派出大臣到全国进行调查，编成土地调查书（即《末日审判书》），详细记载土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权，并没有记载土地的历史。故选A。
5.The spirit of Magna Carta was _____.
A. the increasing of the powers of serfs
B. the limitation of the powers of the king
C. the increasing of the powers of the Church
D. the limitation of the powers of the Norman lords【答案】B【解析】1215年,英国大封建领主和教会反对英王约翰的一些政策，迫使他签署了保证他们公民权利和政治权利的文件，即《大宪章》（Magna Carta），限制国王滥用王权。《大宪章》的精神实质就是把国王的权利限制王权。故选B
6. The causes of the Hundred Years’ War were partly _____ and partlyeconomic.
A. racial
B. political
C. religious
D. territorial【答案】D【解析】百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土因素与英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地有关，这是战争的根源。故选D项。
7. In British history, the First Civil war broke out in _____.
A. 1640
B. 1642
C. 1645
D. 1649【答案】B【解析】英国第一次内战是国王和议会斗争的产物，战争开始于1642年8月22日，结束于1651年。故选B。
8. The main causes for Henry VIII’s religious reform of the Church were the following EXCEPT _____.
A. pressure from the Pope
B. Henry’s need for money
C. accumulated desire for change and reform in the Church
D. public resentment for the privilege and wealth of the clergy【答案】A【解析】亨利八世进行教会的宗教改革，主要原因有：改革教会的渴望已有多年，现在又受马丁·路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；人们痛恨教职人员的特权和财富；亨利需要钱。亨利八世进行宗教改革不包括来自教皇的压力，故选A项。
9. _____ was the only monarch that was condemned to death and executed inBritish history.
A. Charles I
B. Charles II
C. James I
D. James II【答案】A【解析】查理一世（1600-1649）在第二次英国内战中被击败，随后他被捕，审判，是英国历史上唯一一位被处死的国王。故选A项。
10 .A good result of the agricultural enclosure was that _____.
A. tenants were evicted from their lands
B. riots erupted in many areas where the peasant farmers went
C. a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships
D. farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small【答案】D【解析】在圈地运动的过程中，随着大农场兼并小农场，农场变得越来越大，人们消费的蔬菜，奶及奶制品也越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富。这是圈地运动的积极影响。故选D项。其余三项皆为消极影响。
11. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the _____.
A. late 16th century and early 17th century
B. late 17th century and early 18th century
C. late 18th century and early 19th century
D. late 19th century and early 20th century【答案】C【解析】工业革命指的是18世纪末到19世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及由此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。故选C项。
12. Which of the following is TRUE about Britain in World War II?
A. It lost all her national wealth.
B. It was left gravely impoverished.
C. It devoted half of her strength to the war.
D. It entered a period of economic and financial boom.【答案】B【解析】第二次世界大战发生于1939~1945年，英国对德国宣战。二战使英国经济遭到破坏，实力大大削弱。故选B项。
13. _____, who found that his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable，was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3.1939.
A. Churchill
B. George VI
C. Chamberlain
D. Elizabeth II【答案】C【解析】第二次世界大战是从1939年至1945年。英国时任首相张伯伦（任期：1937~1940）发现他对德国侵略所采取的绥靖政策（appeasement）已站不住脚，被迫于1939年9月3日对德宣战。故选C项。丘吉尔任期为1940~1945和1951~1955。乔治四世生于1762年，于1830年去世。伊丽莎白二世自1953加冕以来，一直在位至今。
14. In January 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the _____.
A. Commonwealth
B. European Economic Community
C. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
D. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries【答案】B【解析】1973年1月，英国终于成为欧洲经济共同体的正式成员国。故选B项。英联邦（Commonwealth）成立于1931年，从成立之初，英国就是其成员。北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）成立于1949年，英国当年加入。石油输出国组织（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）成立于1960年，为亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲等石油输出国为对抗西方国家而成立的组织，英国不是其成员国。
15.The interval between General Elections in the U.K. is _____ years.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. 8【答案】C【解析】根据英国的议会制度，大选每5年举行一次。故选C项。
16. The two major parties in Britain since 1945 are _____.
A. the Whig Party and the Tory Party
B. the Labor Party and the Liberal Party
C. the Labor Party and the Conservative Party
D. the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party【答案】C【解析】根据英国的政党制度，自1945年以来，一直由保守党或工党轮流执政，所以两大党派即指保守党和工党。故选C项。
17. In the U.K., government ministers are responsible collectively to _____ for all Cabinetdecisions.
A. the Queen
B. the Parliament
C. the Privy Council
D. the Prime Minister【答案】B【解析】在英国，内阁的所有决定都由大臣集体向议会负责。故选B项。
18. In Britain, _____ is the largest of the Free Churches, originated in the 18th century following the evangelical revival under John Wesley (1703-1791).
A. the Methodist Church
B. the Baptist Church
C. the Church of England
D. the Church of Scotland【答案】A【解析】卫理公会是自由教会中最大的一支，起源于18世纪的约翰·卫斯理(1703-91)领导下的福音派复兴。故选A项。
19. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Open University?
A. It is a non-residential university.
B. It is open to all to become students.
C. It admits students only from Britain.
D. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages.【答案】C【解析】英国开放大学向所有未来的学生和成人开放，并不仅仅局限于英国本国的学生。故选C项。
20. _____, the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England.
A. Golf
B. Football
C. Cricket
D. Basketball【答案】B【解析】足球是英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，在19世纪得到发展。故选B项。
21. In the late 15th century, supported by the Spanish queen, Christopher Columbus, _____, discovered the New World.
A. an Italian navigator
B. a Danish navigator
C. an English navigator
D. a Portuguese navigator【答案】A【解析】15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗·哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下，于1492年率领船队航行，发现了新大陆。故选A项。
22. One of the features of the early colonist which play a role in the formation of American character is _____.
A. religious intolerance
B. respect of individual rights
C. strong form of government
D. discouragement of individual enterprise【答案】B【解析】殖民主义者许多特点在形成美国人的性格中发挥了作用，这些特点是：代议制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容以及强烈的个人进取心。故选B项。
23. In September 1783, ______ was signed and Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
A. the Articles of Confederation
B. the Bill of Rights
C. the Declaration of Independence
D. the Treaty of Paris【答案】D【解析】1783年9月，《巴黎条约》签署，英国承认美国独立。故选D项。邦联和永久联合条例》(Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union)是在1776年北美宣布独立后不久，第二届大陆会议就提出并着手起草全国宪法，简称为《邦联条例》。the Bill of Rights为《人权法案》，是1791年美国通过的前十项修正案。1776年7月4日，大陆会议通过并批准了《独立宣言》，这一宣言断绝了与英国的联系，建立了一个新的国家。
24. The Articles of Confederation was very important in all the following EXCEPT that _____.
A. it provided for no king
B. it declared independence from Great Britain
C. it was a written constitution for the United States
D. it created a central government in the form of a Congress【答案】B【解析】《独立宣言》（The Declaration of Independence）是宣告美国独立于英国的文件。故选B项。
25. The American Civil War broke out mainly because _____.
A. Abraham Lincoln was elected president
B. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom s Cabin was published
C. the southern states controlled land, raw materials and labor that the North needed
D. the southern states broke away from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America【答案】D【解析】美国内战爆发的主要原因是南部的州脱离联邦，成立美利坚联盟，但总统林肯决心维护联邦的统一。故选D项。B项《汤姆叔叔的小屋》是引发内战的导火线。
26. On August 4,1914, America President _____ issued an official statement proclaiming American neutrality in the First World War.
A. Harry Truman
B. Theodore Roosevelt
C. Woodrow Wilson
D. Franklin D. Roosevelt【答案】C【解析】1919年4月，美国总统威尔逊发表正式声明，宣布美国在第一次世界大战中保持中立。故选C项。A项杜鲁门总统任期为1945~1953年。B项西奥多·罗斯福总统任期为1901~1909年。D项富兰克林•德拉诺•罗斯福总统任期为1933~1945年。
27. In the U.S., the first blow to the stock market came on October 24,1929, which was called _____.
A. the black Monday
B. the black Friday
C. the black Thursday
D. the black Tuesday【答案】C【解析】1929年10月24日，美国股市遭受第一次重击，这一天被称为黑色星期四。故选C项。
28. The aim of President Roosevelt’s New Deal was to _____.
A. abolish social security systems
B. reduce government regulation and control
C. discourage industries from developing too fast
D. “save American democracy” as he himself put it【答案】D【解析】大萧条期间，经济危机引起政治危机，严重打击了美国。罗斯福新政的直接目的是摆脱经济危机，实现经济复兴，根本目的是拯救美国的民主，巩固资本主义制度。故选D项。
29.The American containment policy towards the Soviet Union, made by President Truman in 1949, lasted until _____.
A. 1975
B. 1989
C. 1991
D. 1998【答案】B【解析】1947年3月，美国总统杜鲁门在向国会提出的国情咨文中，提出以遏制苏联为指导思想的杜鲁门主义，遏制政策正式形成，一直持续到1989年。故选B项。
30. _____ was the result of the struggle between the great powers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan.
A. The Cold War
B. The Korean War
C. The First World War
D. The Second World War【答案】D【解析】大国争夺世界霸权，纳粹德国、法西斯主义的意大利和军国主义的日本进行军事扩张，其结果导致了第二次世界大战。
31. _____ was NOT a cornerstone of the postwar American economic boom.
A. Increasing investment in agriculture
B. An ever-increasing military spending
C. Automobile manufacturing for the growing new communities
D.A construction boom to provide houses and schools for all children【答案】A【解析】二战后，美国经济进入长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣主要依靠汽车、住房和国防工业，并不包括农业。故选A项。
32. In February 1972, President _____ visited China and met Chairman Mao and the two countries issued the Shanghai Communique.
A. Nixon
B. Carter
C. Ford
D. Reagan【答案】A【解析】1972年2月，美国总统尼克松访华，会见毛主席，两国政府发表了《上海公报》。故选A项。
33. In the postwar years the United States continued to emphasize government involvement and adopted the _____ in running the economy.
A. Keynesian theory
B. Marxist theory
C. Truman Doctrine
D. Monetarist policies【答案】A【解析】战后美国继续强调政府干预，并在经济管理上采用凯恩斯主义。
34.Apart from the stagnation, the American economy is now facing another problem of _____.
A. foreign debts and trade deficit
B. foreign debts and trade surplus
C. overproduction and trade deficit
D. overproduction and trade surplus【答案】A【解析】除了经济停滞之外，美国经济现在还面临着不断增加的外债和日益扩大的贸易逆差问题。故选A项。
35.The three giants in auto industry in the U.S. are _____.
A. General Motors, Ford, Chrysler
B. General Motors, Toyota, Chrysler
C. General Motors, Nissan, Chrysler
D. General Motors, Volkswagen, Chrysler【答案】A【解析】美国三大汽车厂商是：通用、福特和克莱斯勒。故选A项。Toyota是日本丰田汽车公司；Nissan是日本尼桑汽车公司；Volkswagen是德国大众汽车公司。
36. According to the provisions for constitutional amendment, the Congress may initiate an amendment by a _____ vote in each house.
A. half
B. one-third
C. two-thirds
D. three-fourths【答案】C【解析】根据宪法修正案规定，国会须经众、参两院三分之二以上议员提议，方能修改宪法，宪法修正案须经3/4州议会或州制宪会议批准后予以实施。故选C项。
37.In order to be successful, a candidate for the U.S. Presidency must receive at least _____ electoral votes.
A. 200
B. 270
C. 435
D. 538【答案】B【解析】为了获得成功，美国总统候选人必须至少获得270张选票。故选B项。
38.The ambassadors，ministers and consuls appointed by the U.S. President must be confirmed by the _____.
A. Senate
B. House
C. Supreme Court
D. State Department【答案】A【解析】由美国总统任命的大使、部长和领事必须得到参议院的批准。故选A项。
39. Which statement about the American political parties is NOT true?
A. In general, America has a two-party system.
B. The Constitution makes no provisions for political parties.
C. Political parties are the basis of the American political system.
D. The Democrats and the Republicans dominate politics only at the federal level.【答案】D【解析】民主党和共和党支配着联邦、州及地方的政治舞台。并不仅限于联邦。故选D项。
40. _____ were those American writers who reported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums in the last decades of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century.
A. Realists
B. Naturalists
C. Transcendentalists
D. Modernists【答案】B【解析】19世纪末20世纪初，美国自然主义作家在作品中对贫民窟的生活进行了真实而客观的报道。故选B项。
41. The Prairie Provinces which lie west of Ontario are ideal for _____ and arethinly settled.
A. fishing
B. mining
C. tourism
D. growing wheat【答案】D【解析】加拿大大草原诸省区很适于种植小麦，人口密度小。故选D项。
42. After the Seven Years’ War from 1756 to 1763，the French were forced to give up _____ of Canada to Britain.
A. parts
B. the east
C. the whole
D. the northwest【答案】C【解析】自1756年至1763年，在7年的英法战争后，整个加拿大属于英国统治。故选C项。
43. By the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada _____.
A. took Newfoundland as its tenth province
B. became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
C. found rich oil fields in Alberta and other western provinces
D. opened the St. Lawrence Seaway for further growth in economy【答案】B【解析】根据1931年的《威斯敏斯特条例》，加拿大成为英联邦国家的成员。故选B项。
44. In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty to _____.
A. start a civil war
B. keep Ireland out of World War II
C. found the Irish Republican Army
D. establish an Irish Free State in Northern Ireland【答案】D【解析】第一次世界大战之后，爱尔兰争取独立的运动更加高涨。1921年，英国签署《英爱条约》，建立拥有自治身份的爱尔兰自由邦，并在国教占统治地位的北爱尔兰建立分离的政府。故选D项。
45. Henry VIII was the first king to bring all _____ under English control.
A. Wales
B. Europe
C. Ireland
D. Scotland【答案】C【解析】亨利八世是首个将整个爱尔兰地区置于英国统治之下的国王。故选C项。
46. Most of Australia lies between 20°S and 35°S which is _____ a world.
A. hot and wet
B. hot and dry
C.dry and windy
D. dry and sunny【答案】B【解析】澳大利亚大部分位于南纬25度至35度之间，气候炎热干燥。故选B项。
47. In Australia, traffic drives on the _____ of the road.
A. single line
B. middle
C. right side
D. leftside【答案】D【解析】在澳大利亚，司机行车是在道路的左边。故选D项。
48. In Australia, as people with different traditions and customs interact with each other, a peculiar blend of different _____ will be emerging.
A. politics
B. societies
C. cultures
D. philosophies【答案】C【解析】在澳大利亚，由于不同传统和风俗背景的人相互交流，不同文化的奇特融合将会出现。故选C项。
49.The Lake of Taupo was formed by a(n) _____.
A. big tsunami
B. horrible flood
C. terrible earthquake
D. enormous volcanic eruption【答案】D【解析】陶波湖是新西兰最大的湖，也是世界最大的火山口湖，是由大规模的火山喷发形成的。故选D项。
50.Since _____, earthquakes in New Zealand do not usually cause many deaths.
A. the land is hilly
B. there are many mountain lakes
C. many areas of the country are not heavily populated
D. the central plateau in North Island is dominated by 3 volcanic mountains【答案】C【解析】由于很多地区人口密度小，新西兰地震通常不会造成大量人口死亡。故选C项。非选择题部分
II.SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points, 3 points each)
54.What does Oxbridge stand for?
答案：Oxbridge stands for the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
55.What is the major difference between the Puritans and the Pilgrims in American colonial times?
答案：The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen, but Pilgrim were mostly poor, laboring people.
56.What important proclamation did President Lincoln issue to make the Civil War a just one?
答案：President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation during Civil War.
57.What is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land?
答案：The Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land.
58.What is America’s most important patriotic holiday?
答案：Independency Day, falling upon the 4th of July every year, is America’s most important patriotic holiday.
59.What is the name of the radio educational system through which children learn their lessons in Australia?
答案：The Australia Broadcasting Corporationis the radio educational system through which children learn their lessons in Australia.
60.Politically how many states and territories does Australia have?
答案：Australia is politically divided into six states and two territories.
III.TERM EXPLANATION
Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words. (20 points, 5 points each)
61.Black Death
答案：Black Death is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348~1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.
62.Civil List
答案：Civil List refers to an annual allowance, approved by parliament, made to the sovereign and members of the royal family for the expense involved in carrying out their public duties.
63.The U.S. Presidency
答案：The U.S. Presidency is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The Constitution requires the President at least 35 years of age. The presidential election is held every four years. The president starts his official duties with an inauguration ceremony.
64.The Cuban Missile Crisis
答案：The Cuban Missile Crisis was confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. In 1962, the Soviet Union sent both offensive and defensive medium and intermediate missiles with warheads to Cuba and started building missile sites there. President Kennedy finally decided on the use of naval force to prevent military material and arms from getting into Cuba and demanded the removal of the missiles. Then Khrushchev backed down and accepted American conditions.
2015年4月全国自考《英语国家概况》真题及详解
课程代码：00522选择题部分
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B，C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET. (50 points, 1 point each)
1. There are three _____ divisions on the island of Great Britain: England,Scotland and Wales.
A. social
B. cultural
C. religious
D. political【答案】D【解析】大不颠岛有三大政治区：英格兰（England）、苏格兰（Scotland）、威尔士（Wales），其中人口最多、面积最大的是英格兰（England）。因此选D项。
2. _____ among the British monarchs, was regarded as “the father of theBritish navy”.
A. Henry II
B. Henry VIII
C. Alfred the Great
D. William the Conqueror【答案】C【解析】阿尔弗雷德大帝（Alfred the Great）是韦塞克斯（英国历史上一个王国的名称）国王，他成立了一支强大的舰队，先是打败了丹麦侵略者，后又保护海岸并促进贸易，因此被称为“英国海军之父”。因此选C项。
3. The Celtic tribes are NOT ancestors of the _____.
A. Irish
B. Welsh
C. English
D. Highland Scots【答案】C【解析】大约从公元前500年开始，凯尔特人从欧洲大陆进犯并占领了不列颠诸岛。凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人（the Highland Scots）、爱尔兰人（the Irish）和威尔士人（the Welsh）的祖先。英格兰人（the English）是盎格鲁－撒克逊人。故选C项。
4. The Romans remained in control of Britain for about _____ years.
A. 100
B. 200
C. 300
D. 400【答案】D【解析】公元前55年，凯撒首次侵略不列颠，直到一个世纪之后的公元43年，克劳狄皇帝才成功地占领了不列颠。由于东欧野蛮人在罗马城门外的侵扰，皮克特人和苏格兰人（从爱尔兰北部入侵的“文身人”）的袭击，以及罗马需要在东海岸建立新的军事前线以阻挡德国撒克逊部落从欧洲入侵罗马，罗马人于公元410年撤离不列颠。期间罗马人统治不列颠将近400年，因此选D项。
5. One particular feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners took oath of allegiance for the land they held _____.
A. to their immediate lord, but not to the king
B. to the king, but not to their immediate lord
C. neither to their immediate lord nor to the king
D. not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king【答案】D【解析】1066年诺曼底征服大大加速了英国的封建化进程。在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。英国封建制度独有的特点是：所有的土地拥有者，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，为手中的土地不仅要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且还要宣誓效忠国王。因此选D项。
6. The Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important ones were the following EXCEPT that _____.
A. no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council
B. the Church should possess all its rights together with freedom of elections
C. London and other towns should give up their ancient rights and privileges
D. no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land【答案】C【解析】大宪章（the Magna Carta）共有63条，主要内容有：没有大评议会批准不得征税；除依照法律，不得随意逮捕、拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯；伦敦和其他城市应保留其古老的权利和特权。因此选C项。
7. The name of the Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) is given to the intermittent war between _____.
A. France and England
B. Spain and England
C. Germany and England
D. America and England【答案】A【解析】百年战争（Hundred Years’ War）是指百年战争是指从1337年开始，断断续续直至1453年结束的英法两国之间的战争。因此选A项。
8. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 in Britain _____.
A. was brutally suppressed
B. was a great success in English history
C. hindered the development of capitalism
D. had little significance in English history【答案】A【解析】1381年英国农民起义，是当时英国乃至欧洲史上一次伟大的反封建斗争。尽管被血腥镇压，但在英国历史上却留下了深远的影响。这次起义沉重地打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺平了道路。因此选A项。
9._____treated 5 questions—her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy,her succession to the throne, and her finance—as personal and private.
A. Elizabeth I
B. Elizabeth II
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