作者:谭思宁
出版社:浙江大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
雅思写作一本通试读:
前言
对于中国考生来说,雅思写作是永远的痛,也是雅思考试中的传统低分单项。究其根本,中国考生写作分数低主要有三方面的原因。首先,语法错误多。中国考生学得最多的是语法,然而最差的依然是语法,许多考生在准备考试时往往没有对语法引起足够的重视,结果导致作文中语法错误层出不穷。写作对语法的要求是听说读写四个单项中最高的,扎实的语法基础是写作高分的关键。其次,词汇匮乏或使用不当、句式简单。在写作中,很多学生词汇匮乏,缺乏同义替换的能力,还有个别学生则在文章中堆砌一些大词、生词,许多都是生僻词汇,因而往往出现用词不当的情况。这些都会导致作文分数不高。词汇贵精不贵多,学生应该多多积累相关词汇和句型,力求做到用词准确,避免重复。最后,思路窄。雅思写作的话题往往具有一定的社会意义,需要考生有独立思考的能力。但在考试中,考生普遍对这些问题了解甚少,用中文都感觉无话可说,更不用说英文,或者即使有话可说,也写不出有力的论据,这些都会影响作文分数。
本书针对这三个问题,从写作的重点语法入手,选用普通例句、阅读真题例句和写作佳句做阐释,让学生在理解语法的同时积累重点词汇和句型,为自己的写作打好基础;以重点语法为基础总结了众多中国考生雅思写作中的常见错误,整理出改错练习和填空翻译练习,确保学生真正做到活学活用;此外,本书还归纳了历年雅思考试中最常考的话题,选取了最地道的高分例文帮助考生从词到句,从句到篇,全面提升写作功力。本书中所有的内容讲解均配有详尽、精准的解释,并配有来源于雅思真题的实例,详细为“烤鸭”们剖析考试难点、写作技巧,尤其适合英语基础比较薄弱、准备周期在六个月以上的学生学习。
写作需要大量的实践练习才能产生明显的实效,单凭一本书不可能解决雅思写作的所有问题,但它可以给考生正确的指导,并让考生感受英语学习的必经过程,从基础做起,真正提高英语能力,为自己未来的国外学习和生活打下坚实的基础。在此,祝所有雅思“烤鸭”考试顺利,早日进入自己心仪的学府深造。谭思宁第一章时态
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:(1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时、情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。(2)第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。(3)过去式:主要用于一般过去时。(4)现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。(5)过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:词尾变化举 例一般加-shelp, read–helps, reads在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母oteach, push, pass, fix, do–teaches, 后面加-espushes, passes, fixes, does以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为itry, study–tries, studies再加-es
与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ed构成,这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:词尾变化举 例词尾读音动词后面加-edhelp–helped 清辅音之后读/t/work–worked watch–watched动词后面加-edwant–wanted /t/、/d/之后读/id/need–needed动词后面加-edturn–turned play–元音和浊辅音(/d/played除外)之后读/d/以不发音的 “e”结尾的词,加-dlove–loved serve–served结尾是辅音字母 + y时,y变i,再加-study–studied try–edtried结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节stop–stopped 清辅音之后读/t/词,双写辅音字母再加-eddrop–dropped
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。例如:weep→wept,sleep→slept,sweep→swept。
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成,规则如下表:词尾变化举 例一般加-inglook–looking, try–trying以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉e,再加-ingwrite–writing, dance–dancing以一个辅音字母(x除外)结尾的重读闭音节begin–beginning, swim–词,先双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ingswimming,run–running, sit–sitting以-ie结尾的词,变ie为y,再加-ingdie–dying, lie–lying
为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:现在、过去、将来、过去将来。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了16个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do为例,列表如下:时态一般进行完成完成进行现在时does/doam/is/arehas/have+donehas/have+been +doingdoing过去时didwas/werehad donehad been doing+doing将来时shall/willshall/will beshall/will haveshall/will+have been +do+doing+donedoing过去 将来时should/should/wouldshould/would+ should/would+have would+do+be doinghave donebeen doing
这16个时态中,雅思写作中常用的有5个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
下面对这五种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。第一节 一般现在时一、一般现在时
通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式,如do或does。(1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often,usually,sometimes,once a week,every,on Sunday等。
I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning.我每天早上7点从家里出发去上学。(2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国的东部。(3)表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
★注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例如:Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。(4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don’t want so much.我要的不多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安的英语写作很好,但口语并不好。(5)在由when,as soon as引导的时间状语从句或者是由if引导的条件状语从句中,主句用将来时,从句用现在时。
When Li Ming comes,I will tell you.李明来的时候,我就告诉你。
I will e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing.一到北京,我就给你发邮件。
★比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.我现在往杯子里放糖。
I am doing my homework now.我正在做家庭作业。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作,如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以用现在进行时。二、阅读真句分析(1)Moreover,recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.(剑7 Test 3–Reading Passage 1)单词与词组moreover adv.此外adaptable adj.能适应的sophisticated adj.复杂的句型结构more…than was thought 比想象中的更……译文此外,最近有证据表明蚂蚁的谷类种植业可能比想象中的更加复杂且更有适应能力。(2)Hence,there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.(剑7 Test 3–Reading Passage 3)单词与词组hence adv.因此throughout prep.遍及句型结构There is a real concern about… 对……有真正的担忧。译文因此,整个欧洲对会威胁到这三个基本职能的破坏森林生态环境的问题有了真正的担忧。(3)Smell is cultural,hence it is a social and historical phenomenon.(剑8 Test 2–Reading Passage 3)单词与词组cultural adj.文化的historical adj.历史的phenomenon n.现象句型结构…is a social and historical phenomenon.……是社会和历史现象。译文气味是与文化相关的,因此它也是一种社会和历史现象。(4)Every organism has a life span which is highly characteristic.(剑8 Test 3–Reading Passage 3)单词与词组highly adv.高度地characteristic adj.独特的life span 生命期限句型结构…is highly characteristic.……是极其独特的。译文每个生物体都有极其独特的生命期限。(5)Teachers say they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school,setting extra work if necessary.(剑8 Test 4–Reading Passage 1)单词与词组individual adj.个别的set v.布置extra adj.额外的if necessary 如果有必要句型结构to set extra work if necessary 如有必要,就安排额外的工作/作业译文老师们说,他们会在下课前或放学后给个别学生辅导功课,如有必要,会布置额外的作业。三、写作佳句赏析(1)The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight.
赏析:在一般现在时态的使用中,注意主谓一致性。
译文:来自媒体的压力是巨大的,在聚光灯下没什么隐私可言。(2)So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.
赏析:情态动词在一般现在时态中的使用比较多。注意此句中的动词justify。
译文:因此,所有因素都可以说明巨额收入的合理性。(3)A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation of crops.(剑8 Test 1–Writing Task I)
赏析:本句的谓语属于系表结构,due to还可以被be attributed to或result from替代。
译文:还有28%的全球土地退化是缘于庄稼的过度耕种。(4)Other causes account for only 7% collectively.(剑8 Test 1–Writing Task I)
赏析:此句的谓语是account for,在处理数据和百分比较频繁出现的小作文里,使用比较多。同时,请注意此句的副词collectively,与其相关的副词是respectively。
译文:其他因素加起来也只占7%。(5)The graph illustrates the quantities of goods transported in the United Kingdom by four different modes of transport between the time period of 1974 and 2002.(剑8 Test 4–Writing Task I)
赏析:注意本句包含了一个过去分词短语作后置定语,和三个介词短语(分别是地点状语in the United Kingdom,方式状语by four different modes of transport以及时间状语between the time period of 1974 and 2002)。
译文:该图说明了英国在1974年至2002年间通过四种运输方式运输的货物量。四、改错练习(1)People should act according to what they are believing.
____________________________________________________________(2)In general,I think our government spent too much money on space travel.
____________________________________________________________(3)Nowadays,many people in my country have sent their children to single-sex schools.
____________________________________________________________(4)These days,more and more people travelling to very distant places for their holidays.
____________________________________________________________(5)I am hoping it is not too late to save the environment.
____________________________________________________________(6)Younger drivers is more likely to be involved in a car accident.
____________________________________________________________第二节 一般过去时一、一般过去时
一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示,即did。(1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。
Where did you go just now? 你刚刚去哪儿了?(2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child,I often played football in the street.我小的时候经常在街上踢足球。
Wherever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.那时,布朗一家无论去哪里拜访,都会受到热烈的欢迎。(3)句型:
It is time for sb.to do sth.到某人……时间了/该某人……了。
It is time sb.did sth.某人做……时间已迟了/某人早该……了。
would (had)rather sb.did sth.宁愿某人做某事
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
I’d rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。(4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。
★比较:一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,也有可能指刚离去。)
★注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
A.动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。
Did you want anything else? 您还需要什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me.您能帮帮我吗?
B.情态动词could,would。
Could you lend me your bike? 您能借我自行车吗?二、阅读真句分析(侧重写图表作文例句)(1)Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850,with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period.(剑8 Test 2–Reading Passage 2)单词与词组global adj.全球的句型结构…begins to rise slowly.……开始缓慢上升。译文全球气温从1850年起开始慢慢地上升,为现代温暖期拉开了序幕。(2)The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’.(剑4 Test 1–Reading Passage 1)单词与词组frequent adj.常见的description n.描述self-evident n.不言而喻的句型结构The most frequent response to something is… 对某事最常见的回答是……译文第一个问题最常见的回答是由“热带雨林”这一术语所带来的显而易见的描述。(3)Perhaps encouragingly,more than half of the pupils (59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests.(剑4 Test 1–Reading Passage 1)单词与词组encouragingly adj.令人鼓舞地identify v.认为句型结构More than half of…identify that… 超过一半的(受访者)认为……译文令人鼓舞的是,超过一半(59%)的学生认为是人类的活动在破坏热带雨林。(4)Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities,where food supplies were a constant concern.(剑8 Test 2–Reading Passage 2)单词与词组commodity n.商品constant adj.持续的concern n.关注句型结构…is a constant concern.……总是堪忧。译文过去,鱼类在发展中的城镇和城市里是一种至关重要的商品。在这些地方食物供给总是堪忧。(5)Large samples of international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment,but there was also a larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England,where,incidentally,the variation in attainment scores was much greater.(剑8 Test 4–Reading Passage 1)单词与词组sample n.样本comparison n.比较attainment n.学识,学历proportion n.比例incidentally adv.伴随地variation n.变化句型结构Comparisons of something establish that… 对某事的比较确定了这样的事实……译文自20世纪60年代起,一系列大型的国际小学生成绩样本比较活动已经确定了以下事实:年龄在13岁的日本小学生平均成绩较高;英格兰的低分生占更大比例,而且成绩的差异也更明显了。三、写作佳句赏析(侧重写图表作文)(1)These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s,with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation,while the impact of this on Oceania and North America was minimal,with only 1.7% and 0.2% of land affected respectively.(剑8 Test 1–Writing Task I)
赏析:雅思小作文中,涉及描述不同阶段的信息时,需要利用过去时来表达。
译文:在20世纪90年代,这些因素对不同地区产生了不同的影响,比如由于伐林,欧洲的土地退化比例高达9.8%,而这一因素对大洋洲和北美洲的影响则微乎甚微,受影响的土地比例分别仅为1.7%和0.2%。(2)Europe,with the highest overall percentage of land degraded (23%),also suffered from over-cultivation (7.7%)and over-grazing (5.5%).(剑8 Test 1–Writing Task I)
赏析:注意此句的介词with引导的是介词宾语短语,过去分词degraded作宾语补足语。
译文:欧洲总的土地退化比例是最高的(占23%),其中一部分也归因于过度耕作(占7.7%)和过度放牧(占5.5%)。(3)In contrast,Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing (11.3%).(剑8 Test 1–Writing Task I)
赏析:注意代词this的使用。
译文:相反的,大洋洲的土地退化比例达到13%,主要归因于过度放牧(占11.3%)。(4)North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%,and the main causes of this were over-cultivation (3.3%)and,to a lesser extent,over-grazing (1.5%).(剑8 Test 1–Writing Task I)
赏析:注意此句的数据5%和例(3)的数据13%是在不同的结构中出现的。
译文:北美洲的土地退化比例要小一些,只有5%。那里土地退化的主要原因是过度耕作(占3.3%),还有一小部分原因在于过度放牧(占1.5%)。(5)In all three years,the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries.(剑8 Test 2–Writing Task I)
赏析:这句话在小作文总结信息时使用。
译文:在整整三年里,最大的开支是员工的工资。(6)But while other workers’ salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001,teachers’ pay remained the biggest cost,reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.(剑8 Test 1–Writing Task I)
赏析:此句用while来引出小作文中的信息对比,注意while从句的谓语动词saw,很生动,类似witness的使用。
译文:当其他工种的工资从1981年的28%降到2001年的15%的时候,教师的工资却一直占据预算的最大份额:1991年达到总开支的50%,而2001年也达到了45%。(7)In contrast,the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend.(剑8 Test 2–Writing Task I)
赏析:此句仍然使用了动词saw。
译文:相比较而言,家具以及设备的费用呈现相反的趋势。(8)Overall,teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school,and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance,there were corresponding drops in expenditure on things such as books and on other workers’ salaries.
赏析:注意此句是由and连接的并列句,而第二个并列项内嵌套了while引导的从句。
译文:总体来讲,学校最大的预算开支是教师工资这一块。设备及保险的支出大幅增加的同时,相应的,在书籍和其他员工的工资等项目上的支出就会有所降低。
四、改错练习(1)In 1940 the proportion of people aged 65 or more stand at only 5% in Japan,approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the US.
____________________________________________________________(2)While the figures for the Western countries grow to about 15% in around 1990,the figure for Japan dip to only 2.5% for much of this period.
____________________________________________________________(3)After this technique was invented,it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines.
____________________________________________________________(4)Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating ‘artificial intelligence’ will be substantially solved.
____________________________________________________________第三节 一般将来时一、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:1.shall/will+动词原形
表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I,we用shall或will,其余用will。例如:
I shall be twenty years old next year.我明年20岁。
The sky is black.I think it will rain.天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon.你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon.火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?
★注意:(1)shall,will的缩写形式为’ll,如I’ll,you’ll,he’ll 和she’ll等。(2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人将来的意愿。例如:
I will give you a new pen for your birthday.我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺)
I will take the college entrance examination.我将参加大学入学考试。(决心)
Shall I open the window? 我去把窗户打开好吗?(征求允诺)
You shall have the book as soon as I get it.我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺)
The enemy shall not pass.决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)
I will do my best to help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)
Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令)2.be going+动词不定式(1)这种结构表示主体打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:
My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.我六点钟要到车站去接汤姆。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it.我们准备开个会来讨论一下。(2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:
Look at these black clouds,it is going to rain.看这些乌云,要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪了。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.恐怕我要得重感冒了。3.be+不定式
表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们将在下周六讨论该报告。4.be about to+不定式
意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要离开北京了。
★注意:be about to不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。二、阅读真句分析(1)Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions,for the US alone,will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single,most pressing health problem:providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation.(剑5 Test 1–Reading Passage 3)单词与词组pressing adj.紧迫的universal adj.全面的sanitation n.卫生句型结构to solve the most pressing…problem 解决最为紧迫的……问题译文然而,仅就美国而言,减少二氧化碳排放量的花费就要高于解决全世界最为紧迫的卫生问题:提供全面的清洁饮用水和卫生设施。(2)This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species,and so increase their value for detailed studies.(剑8 Test 4–Reading Passage 3)单词与词组ensure v.确保detailed adj.详细的句型结构This will ensure that… 这将能确保……译文这将会确保每个个体都属于同一类别,从而提高了对其进行详细研究的价值。(3)The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish,but on any given day,one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing.(剑7 Test 4–Reading Passage 2)单词与词组approximate adj.大约的particular adj.特定的句型结构to put a halt to something 制止某事译文渔民们知道一年中大体允许打鱼的时间,但是任意一个野外生物学家有权在任意某一天对某个特定区域颁布禁渔令。(4)The government needs to create sustainable,competitive and diverse farming and food sectors,which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy,and advance environmental,economic,health and animal welfare goals.(剑7 Test 2–Reading Passage 2)单词与词组sustainable adj.可持续发展的competitive adj.具有竞争力的diverse adj.多元化的sector n.行业thriving n.繁荣的句型结构…will contribute to a thriving and sustainable economy.……将有利于促成繁荣和可持续发展的经济。译文政府需要创建可持续发展的、有竞争力的和多元化的农业和食品行业,它们将有利于促成一个繁荣、可持续发展的农村经济,同时提升环境、经济、卫生和动物福利等方面的目标。(5)If we think of a book we studied months or years ago,we will find it easier to recall peripheral details—the colour,the binding,the typeface,the table at the library where we sat while studying it—than the content on which we were concentrating.(剑7 Test 1–Reading Passage 3)单词与词组recall v.回忆peripheral adj.次要的binding n.封面typeface n.字体句型结构to concentrate on something 专注于某事译文想想几个月或几年前读过的书,我们会发现,比起当时专注看的书的内容,我们更容易记起一些次要信息,如书的颜色、封皮、字体或者在图书馆读书时所坐的位置。三、写作佳句赏析(1)Overall,the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels,with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.(剑9 Test 4–Writing Task I)
赏析:此句的一般将来时常用在作文的结尾段,表示对未来趋势的展望。注意介词with的复合结构,此处属于独立主格结构。
译文:总而言之,美国将继续依赖矿物燃料,而可持续能源和核能的地位将维持相对不显著的状态。(2)A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that,by the age of three,most children have the potential to understand about 1,000 words—most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.(剑5 Test 3–Reading Passage I)
赏析:此句中的一般将来时态是用在同位语短语中,并处在定语从句的结构里。
译文:哈佛大学的一项历经13年的对早期儿童发展的研究表明,大多数孩子到了三岁,就已经可以理解大约1000个单词,这些词汇将是他们接下来的人生里每天都要用到的。(3)Route maps will be available from the registration point.(剑5 Test B–Reading Section I)
赏析:注意形容词available的用法。
译文:路线图可以去注册处领取。(4)The route will be signposted and marshaled.(剑5 Test B–Reading Section I)
赏析:并列的将来时结构。
译文:路线将被设置路标并编列。四、改错练习(1)It indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all three countries are expected to increase to almost 25% of the respective populations by the year 2040.
____________________________________________________________(2)On the other hand,dams,aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure still are built,particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met.
____________________________________________________________(3)Computers play an increasingly critical role in education,but it is not possible that they could replace teachers in the classroom.
____________________________________________________________第四节 现在完成时一、现在完成时
一律由has/have+过去分词构成。(1)表示动作发生在过去,但与现在的情况有联系或影响,忌用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。它常与包括“现在”在内的时间状语连用,如by now,so far,these days,this year等。也常与副词连用,如just,before,already,never,ever,yet,recently等。例如:
For example,the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years.例如,几千年来人类的平均寿命几乎没变。(in thousands of years是典型的现在完成时的时间状语)
If you have a problem with shoes you have recently bought,follow this four-step plan.如果您最近购买的鞋子有问题,请按照以下四个步骤进行解决。(2)表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,意为“做某事多长时间了”。时间状语的结构式“for+时间段”或“since+时间点/一般过去时的句子”。例如:
We have learnt English for three years.我们已经学了三年的英语。
They have known each other since they were young.他们在年轻的时候就互相认识了。(3)区别:过去时与现在完成时
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;
现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday,last week,…ago,in 1980,in October,just now
现在完成时的时间状语:
for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always
句子中如有表示过去的时间副词(如 yesterday,last week,in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
× Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
√ Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know等。
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,finish,die,become,get married等。
★注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用,即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
× I have received his letter for a month.
√ I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.(4)用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first/second time…that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次来这个城市。
It was the third time that the boy had been late.那是这个男孩第三次迟到了。
2)This is the…that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that)I’ve heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。二、阅读真句分析(1)The United States Natural Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.(剑8 Test 4–Reading Passage 2)单词与词组defense n.防护in use 在使用中句型结构…is the most popular of a list of something.……是某项名单中最常见的。译文美国自然资源保护委员会已经发现,在目前使用的危险化学物清单中,DDT是最常用的一种。(2)Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails,but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers.(剑5 Test 4–Reading Passage 1)单词与词组trail n.小径deforestation n.森林砍伐arise from 由……引起句型结构Much attention has focused on… 对于……已经给予了较多关注。译文人们对于主要道路的侵蚀问题已给予较多关注,但更为重要的也许是森林砍伐问题和需要为游客提供餐饮和洗澡的热水带来的水供应问题。(3)With Liu Changhong,a doctoral student from China,I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning.(剑4 Test 1–Reading Passage 3)单词与词组symbolism n.象征性represent v.代表句型结构to begin exploring… 开始探索……译文我和来自中国的博士生刘长虹开始探索盲人对例如心形这种并不直接代表其含义的图形的理解程度。(4)No one theory can explain improvements in performance,but the most important factor has been genetics.(剑4 Test 4–Reading Passage 1)单词与词组genetics n.遗传特征句型结构to explain improvements in… 解释在……方面的改善译文没有理论能够解释表现提升的原因,但其中最重要的因素是遗传。(5)Goods,once they have been made,are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place.(剑6 Test 1–Reading Passage 2)
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