作者：博士研究生入学考试命题研究组
出版社：机械工业出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
考博英语名校真题精解及全真预测试卷 第7版试读：
“英语周计划系列丛书”是针对我国读者的英语学习特点开发的、以“周”为谋篇布局单位、以“日”为具体实施单元的极具特色的英语辅导用书，具有思维创新、规划科学、目标明确、讲练结合、直击实战等特点。《考博英语名校真题精解及全真预测试卷周计划》是本系列针对考博英语的一个分册。本书收录15所国内名校的45套真题和与这些名校对应的15套全真预测试卷，真题加上预测试装合计达60套题，是目前市面上涵盖全国名校最多、内容最广、真题最新的考博辅导书。同时，本书增加的15套预测试卷也在同类图书中独树一帜。作为“英语周计划系列丛书”的一个分支，本书建议读者有计划地做好考前复习和备战，虽然本书并未提供复习时间表，但是真题的学习作为考博复习必不可少的一部分，建议读者能够与其他周计划专项分册的复习有机结合，合理地搭配到符合自己实际情况的周计划的学习进程中，为顺利通过考试助一臂之力。
图书在版编目（CIP）数据
考博英语名校真题精解及全真预测试卷/博士研究生入学考试命题研究组编著.—7版.—北京：机械工业出版社，2019.4（英语周计划系列丛书）
ISBN 978-7-111-62490-5
Ⅰ.①考… Ⅱ.①博… Ⅲ.①英语-博士生入学考试-习题集 Ⅳ.①H310.421-44
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封面无防伪标均为盗版丛书序
我们的一生有太多的考试，考博只是部分人部分考试中的某一场而已。横跨这道门槛的人，无论顺利与否，在备考中都会感到忧心和煎熬。作为一个在考博一线奋斗多年的人，因为理解考生，所以能感同身受；因为懂得考生，所以更期望大家顺利。
很希望能为大家做一套书，做一套好书，为了这个简单的目标，我们一直在努力。
2013年的11月，“英语周计划系列丛书”之“卓越考博英语应试教材”系列应运而生。这是一套由国内知名考前培训机构环球卓越策划、由众多资深辅导专家联手打造的辅导丛书。针对中国成人学习英语的特点，同时深度考虑相当一部分在职人员继续深造的局限性，我们特意将全套书与“周计划”结合，将备考规划详细落实到了每周每天，用科学、合理的布局来加强和督导考生的备考计划和行动，力争务实和高效。参与本丛书策划与编写的老师均为北京、上海及广州等地著名的考博英语辅导专家，丛书内容是他们多年辅导经验的提炼和结晶，实用性非常强，已得到众多考博英语辅导机构的实践检验。
本丛书第1版包括《4周攻克考博英语词汇周计划》《4周攻克考博英语阅读周计划》《4周攻克考博英语写译周计划》和《考博英语名校真题精解及全真预测试卷周计划》4个分册，从基础到综合再到实战演练，是一套在当时我们看来已经比较全面的图书，在上市后迅速取得了良好的市场反响，并在短短不足两个月的时间里，首印便销售一空。
与此同时，我们也接到了来自四面八方考生的呼吁：能否做得更细致、更全面、更周到，不只是满足大众院校的共同题型，同时还能有不同院校不同要求的小题型?
众所周知，考博并非全国统考，而是各高校自主命题，且各个高校的题型并不一致。就英语考试而言，北大、南开、北师大等高校有听力题型，中科院、南大、复旦等高校有词汇题型，人大、川大、华中科大等高校有完形题型，北大、清华、南开等高校有改错题型，等等。市面上现有的考博图书，更多地只是从各个高校都考的共同题型出发，而能够收录各类小题型的图书几乎没有。
本着尊重考生，满足读者实际需求的宗旨，2015版丛书里，我们新增了一本专项考博英语图书：《4周攻克考博英语听力、词汇、完形、改错周计划》，2016年，新增《考博英语一本全周计划》，用我们切实的行动，去满足大家真正的需要。2020版，即本套书的第7版，我们根据读者的反馈对本套书做了比较多的改进，力求新颖、精准、全面、实用。
一、新颖。所有的分册在内容修订上都力求新颖、有代表性。由于各高校的考纲处于不断的变化中，只有不断更新才能与时俱进。《考博英语名校真题及全真预测周计划》分册持续更新众多名校的真题，是目前市面上集全国名校最多、内容最广、真题最新的一本书。其他分册也根据各校考博最新动态，在内容讲解、题型设置、例题和练习上做了大幅度调整。
二、精准。备考是个痛并煎熬的历程，泛泛的内容只会加剧考生的痛苦，且事倍功半。本次修订，力求内容更加精准、贴切，同时通过精讲精练的方式，让考生切实把握住知识和要点。
三、全面。本丛书不仅仅包含了考博英语的大众题型，譬如阅读、写译、真题及模拟，同时还有不同院校的小题型，譬如听力、词汇、完形、改错等。无论是哪个院校的考生，本丛书都足以满足其全面需要。
四、实用。通过与“周计划”的紧密结合，将考博英语的点和面充分贯彻到每周每天，让考生在科学规划备考的同时，能80/20原则分明，有的放矢，真正达到实用和高效的目的。
当下的中国正在上演着空前的挑战：在校学生就业形势严峻，在职人士的加薪、升职甚至是保住饭碗日益残酷。现实促使越来越多的人不得不选择考学和继续深造，仅考博人数就达到了每年数十万之众，而且这一规模还在迅速增长中!
但是正所谓“世上无难事，只怕有心人”，定下一个目标，付之以坚定的前行，收获的一定是更加灿烂的明天!衷心希望这套精心打造的考博图书能带给大家希望和收获。
祝大家考试成功!编 者2019年4月于北京第一部分 15所名校真题及答案精解——45套北京大学2013年真题
Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension（20%）（略）
Part Ⅱ Vocabulary（15%）
Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
11.Prince Charles, the longest-waiting________-to the throne in British history, has spoken ofhis “impatience” to get things done.
A.heir B.heirship C.heritage D.heiress
12.Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanese husbands gathered to screamout their feelings for their wives, promising________-and extra tight hugs.
A.attitude B.multitude C.gratitude D.latitude
13.The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, asfamilies saw a（n）________-in female breadwinners.
A.raise B.rise C.arise D.increase
14.The market for dust masks and air purifiers is________-in Beijing because the capital hasbeen shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.
A.booming B.looming C.dooming D.zooming
15.Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because they are too________-for theiryoung children, a study found.
A.scarce B.scary C.scared D.scarred
16.It has been revealed that nearly one in five degree courses has been________since the triplingof tuition fees to £ 9,000 a year.
A.scratched B.scraped C.scrabbled D.scrapped
17.Microsoft founder Bill Gates has________-about being a parent, stating that 13 is anappropriate age for a child's first cell phone.
A.opened up B.taken up C.put up D.held up
18.Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britons increasingly turn to the cheap and________-foodstuff for their cooking.
A.versatile B.multiple C.manifold D.diverse
19. “Gangnam Style”, the________-popular song from South Korean recording artist PSY hasjust become the most watched video on YouTube ever.
A.sanely B.insanely C.rationally D.insatiably
20.The________-British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview thatheaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.
A.imposing B.lofty C.prominent D.eminent
21.Some might consider it an ugly truth that attractive people are often more successful than those________-blessed with looks.
A.less B.more C.most D.least
22.
________-they think it will come to an end through the hands of God, or a natural disaster ora political event, whatever the reason, nearly 15 percent of people worldwide think the end of the world is coming, according to a new poll.
A.Either B.Whether C.Neither D.If
23.The European Parliament has banned the terms “Miss” and “Mrs”________-they offendfemale members.
A.as long as B.the moment C.so that D.in case
24.Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subway carriages, passengers can barelybreathe,
________-move about freely.
A.as well as B.disregard for C.let alone D.not mentioning
25.Japan is one of only three countries that now hunt whales and________-the government says itis an important cultural tradition.
A.that B.which C.whose D.where
Part Ⅲ Cloze（15%）
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and decide the best choice for each numbered blank.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
Ironically,the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated on the academic left.In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professors 26 being deposed by science,which they regarded as right-leaning.Postmodernism 27 ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is 28 and subject to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer.Science is just one of many ways of knowing,they argued,neither more nor less 29 than others,like those of Aborigines,Native Americans or women. 30,they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural 31.This argument 32 with many feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted,leading to the “political correctness” justifiably 33 by Rush Limbaugh and the “mental masturbation” lampooned by Woody Allen.
Acceptance of this relativistic worldview 34 democracy and leads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism.John Locke,one of Jefferson's “trinity of three greatest men,” showed 35 almost three centuries ago.Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism,each claiming to be the one true religion,and asked:How do we know something to be true?What is the basis of knowledge?In 1689 he 36 what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Any claim that fails this test is “but faith,or opinion,but not knowledge.” It was this idea—that the world is knowable and that objective,empirical knowledge is the most 37 basis for public policy that stood as Jefferson's foundational argument for democracy.
By falsely 38 knowledge with opinion,postmodernists and antiscience conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment era,leaving no common basis for public policy.Public discourse is 39 to endless warring opinions,none seen as more valid than another.Policy is determined by the loudest voices,reducing us to a world in which might 40 right—the classic definition of authoritarianism.
26.A.satisfied with B.angry with C.displeased at D.proud of
27.A.discounted B.doubted C.adopted D.shared
28.A.objective B.subjective C.cultural D.relative
29.A.variable B.valid C.valuable D.various
30.A.However B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Furthermore
31.A.assimilation B.inhibition C.representation D.oppression
32.A.resonated B.agreed C.appealed D.responded
33.A.liked B.approved C.verified D.hated
34.A.offsets B.produces C.undermines D.strengthens
35.A.when B.what C.why D.which
36.A.found B.defined C.dictated D.claimed
37.A.practical B.equal C.useful D.equitable
38.A.identifying B.equipping C.equating D.confusing
39.A.deduced B.introduced C.conduced D.reduced
40.A.decides B.causes C.makes D.creates
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension（20%）
Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One
A considerable part of Facebook's appeal stems from its miraculous fusion of distance with intimacy,or the illusion of distance with the illusion of intimacy.Our online communities become engines of self-image,and self-image becomes the engine of community.The real danger with Facebook is not that it allows us to isolate ourselves,but that by mixing our appetite for isolation with our vanity,it threatens to alter the very nature of solitude.The new isolation is not of the kind that Americans once idealized,the lonesomeness of the proudly nonconformist,independent-minded,solitary stoic,or that of the astronaut who blasts into new worlds.Facebook's isolation is a grind.What's truly staggering about Facebook usage is not its volume—750 million photographs uploaded over a single weekend—but the constancy of the performance it demands.More than half its users—and one of every 13 people on Earth is a Facebook user—log on every day.Among 18-to-34-year-olds,nearly half check Facebook minutes after waking up,and 28 percent do so before getting out of bed.The relentlessness is what is so new,so potentially transformative.Facebook never takes a break.We never take a break.Human beings have always created elaborate acts of self-presentation.But not all the time,not every morning,before we even pour a cup of coffee.
Nostalgia for the good old days of disconnection would not just be pointless,it would be hypocritical and ungrateful.But the very magic of the new machines,the efficiency and elegance with which they serve us,obscures what isn't being served:everything that matters.What Facebook has revealed about human nature—and this is not a minor revelation—is that a connection is not the same thing as a bond,and that instant and total connection is no salvation,no ticket to a happier,better world or a more liberated version of humanity.Solitude used to be good for self-reflection and self-reinvention.But now we are left talking about who we are all the time,without ever really thinking about who we are.Facebook denies us a pleasure whose profundity we had underestimated:the chance to forget about ourselves for a while,the chance to disconnect.
41.Which of the following statements regarding the power of Facebook can be inferred from the passage?
A.It creates the isolation people want.
B.It delivers a more friendly world.
C.It produces intimacy people lack in the real world.
D.It enables us to be social while avoiding the mess of human interaction.
42.Which of the following statements about the underside of Facebook is supported by the information contained in this passage?
A.It imprisons people in the business of self-presentation.
B.It causes social disintegration.
C.It makes people vainer.
D.It makes people lonelier.
43.Which of the following best states “the new isolation” mentioned by the author?
A.It is full of the spirit of adventure.
B.It is the extension of individualism.
C.It has a touch of narcissism.
D.It evolves from the appetite for independence.
44.Which of the following belongs to the category of “everything that matters” according to the passage?
A.Constant connection.B.Instant communication.
C.Smooth sociability.D.A human bond.
45.Which of the following conclusions about Facebook does the author want us to draw?
A.It creates friendship.B.It denies us the pleasure of socializing.
C.It opens a new world for us.D.It draws us into a paradox.Passage Two
Most scholars agree that Isaac Newton,while formulating the laws of force and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s,probably knew all the science there was to know at the time.In the ensuing 350 years an estimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been published in the natural sciences and mathematics.The modern high school student probably now possesses more scientific knowledge than Newton did,yet science to many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts.
One way scientists have tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized.Another strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largely ignore it.That shouldn't come as a surprise.Sure,you have to know a lot to be a scientist,but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist.What makes a scientist is ignorance.This may sound ridiculous,but for scientists the facts are just a starting place.In science,every new discovery raises 10 new questions.
By this calculus,ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge.Scientists and laypeople alike would agree that for all we have come to know,there is far more we don't know.More important,every day there is far more we know we don't know.One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new and better ways of being ignorant:not the kind of ignorance that is associated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated,high-quality ignorance.This gets to the essence of what scientists do:they make distinctions between qualities of ignorance.They do it in grant proposals and over beers at meetings.As James Clerk Maxwell,probably the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein,said,“Thoroughly conscious ignorance…is a prelude to every real advance in knowledge.”
This perspective on science—that it is about the questions more than the answers—should come as something of a relief.It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and,in fact,fun.Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles and puzzles within puzzles—and who doesn't like puzzles?Questions are also more accessible and often more interesting than answers;answers tend to be the end of the process,whereas questions have you in the thick of things.
Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mind to what I call the accumulation view of science—that it is a pile of facts way too big for us to ever hope to conquer.But if scientists would talk about the questions,and if the media reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered and the new puzzles they created,and if educators stopped trafficking in facts that are already available on Wikipedia—then we might find a public once again engaged in this great adventure that has been going on for the past 15 generations.
46.Which of the following would most scholars agree to about Newton and science?
A.Newton was the only person who knew all the science in the 1600s.
B.Newton's laws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 years.
C.Since Newton's time,science has developed into a mountain of facts.
D.A high school student probably knows more science than Newton did.
47.Which of the following is best supported in this passage?
A.A scientist is a master of knowledge.B.Knowledge generates better ignorance.
C.Ignorance is a sign of lack of education.D.Good scientists are thoroughly ignorant.
48.Why is it a relief that science is about the questions more than the answers?
A.Because people like solving puzzles.
B.Because questions make science accessible.
C.Because there are more questions than answers.
D.Because questions point the way to deep answers.
49.The expression “take a backseat”（Line 1, Paragraph 5） probably means________.
A.take a back placeB.have a different role
C.be of greater priorityD.become less important
50.What is the author's greatest concern in the passage?
A.The involvement of the public in science.B.Scientists'enjoyment of ignorance.
C.The accumulation of scientific knowledge.D.Newton's standing in the history of science.Passage Three
Information technology that helps doctors and patients make decisions has been around for a long time.Crude online tools like WebMD get millions of visitors a day.But Watson is a different beast.According to IBM,it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly,and more intelligently,than perhaps any machine before it—processing up to 60 million pages of text per second,even when that text is in the form of plain old prose,or what scientists call “natural language”.
That's no small thing,because something like 80 percent of all information is “unstructured”.In medicine,it consists of physician notes dictated into medical records,long-winded sentences published in academic journals,and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments.At least in theory,Watson can make sense of it all.It can sit in on patient examinations,silently listening.And over time,it can learn and get better at figuring out medical problems and ways of treating them the more it interacts with real cases.Watson even has the ability to convey doubt.When it makes diagnoses and recommends treatments,it usually issues a series of possibilities,each with its own level of confidence attached.
Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this.And at an unofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year,during the annual meeting of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society,more than 1,000 professionals packed a large hotel conference hall,and an overflow room nearby,to hear a presentation by Marty Kohn,an emergency-room physician and a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care.Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame,Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a game changer—not just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care,given that all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly,sometimes dangerous,treatment errors.
Drawing on his own clinical experience and on academic studies,Kohn explained that about one-third of these errors appear to be products of misdiagnosis,one cause of which is “anchoring bias”:human beings'tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information.This happens all the time in doctors'offices,clinics,and emergency rooms.A physician hears about two or three symptoms,seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those,and subconsciously discounts evidence that points to something else.Or a physician hits upon the right diagnosis,but fails to realize that it's incomplete,and ends up treating just one condition when the patient is,in fact,suffering from several.Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings.As such,Kohn believes,they may eventually become as ubiquitous in doctors'offices as the stethoscope.
“Watson fills in for some human limitations,” Kohn told me in an interview.“Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limited list of possibilities and using that list,but are far less adept at using huge volumes of information.That's where Watson shines;taking a huge list of information and winnowing it down.”
51.What is Watson?
A.It is a person who aids doctors in processing medical records.
B.It is an online tool that connects doctors over different places.
C.It is an intelligent computer that helps doctors make decisions.
D.It is a beast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution.
52.Which of the following is beyond Watson's ability?
A.Talk with the patient.B.Calculate probability.
C.Recommend treatment.D.Process sophisticated data.
53.Marty Kohn________.
A.gave a presentation at an academic conferenceB.works for the IBM Training Division
C.is a short person with a husky voiceD.expressed optimism for Watson
54. "Anchoring bias"________.
A.is a device ubiquitous in doctors'offices
B.is less likely to be committed by Watson
C.happens in one third of medical treatments
D.is a wrong diagnosis with incomplete information
55.Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?
A.Watson as a Shining Star.B.The Risks of Misdiagnosis.
C.The Robot Will See You Now.D.IBM's IT Solution to Medicine.Passage Four
The contribution genes make to intelligence increases as children grow older.This goes against the notion that most people hold that as we age,environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with and may have implications for education.“People assume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life,” says Robert Plomin.“What we found was quite amazing,and goes in the other direction.”
Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetics.To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age,Plomin's team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US,the UK,Australia and the Netherlands,involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins.In these studies,the researchers tested twins on reasoning,logic and arithmetics to measure a quantity called general cognitive ability,or “G”.Each study also included both identical twins,with the same genes,and fraternal twins,sharing about half their genes,making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.
Plomin's team calculated that in childhood,genes account for about 41 percent of the variation in intelligence.In adolescence,this rose to 55 percent;by young adolescence,it was 66 percent.No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age,but
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