攻读博士学位研究生入学考试：题型介绍及模拟题集(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：方凡

出版社：浙江大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试：题型介绍及模拟题集试读：

前言

本书旨在使考生了解“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”的详细题型和解题思路，向考生提供与试卷难度一致的模拟试题，使考生在复习时做到有的放矢，并通过模拟题的训练了解自己的实际水平，以便应试时胸有成竹。

沈旭华和唐洁参与了本书的编写工作，在编写过程中，各位同行和浙江大学出版社等都给予了大力支持和帮助，在此深表诚挚的谢意！

由于编者水平有限，书中难免有错漏之处，敬请批评指正！编者2013年4月

第一章 题型解析

近年来，许多高校“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”有各种要求，一般涉及五个部分，总分为100分。第一部分为听力测试，分三种题型，每题1分，共20分。第二部分为词汇测试，每题1分，共15分。第三部分为一篇400~500词的完形填空，共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。第四部分为4篇400~500词的阅读理解题，每篇5题，每题1分，共20分。第五部分是翻译题，要求考生将一篇400~500词的文章翻译成英文，共25分。各部分解题思路将在以下五小节中分别阐述。

第一节 听力理解（listening Comprehension）

一、考试要求“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”听力部分分为Part A、Part B和Part C三种题型。

Part A是补全句子题，要求对所听内容涉及的一些具体信息（如数字、时间、具体的表象特征等）进行填空。该部分主要考查考生对特定或具体信息的理解能力。要求考生根据所听到的一段200~400词的独白或对话，用3个以内（包含3个）的词或数字补全句子中的空白，同时要求填写的词或数字使该题整个句子的语法正确。本题型共5小题，每题1分，共5分，录音材料放两遍。

Part B是简答题，该部分主要考查考生对具体或总体信息的理解能力。要求考生根据所听到的一段200~400词的独白或对话，用5个以内（包含5个）的词简要回答问题。本题型共5小题，每题1分，共5分，录音材料放两遍。

Part C为选择题，该部分主要考查考生获取特定信息，理解主旨要义，推测词义，判断说话者意图、观点或态度的能力。要求考生根据所听到的录音材料（独白或对话，每段长度为200~300词），从每题（一段材料后有3~4题）所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案。本题型共10小题，每题1分，共10分，录音材料只放一遍。

二、答题步骤

1.仔细阅读题干和选项，预测听力材料的内容，确定精、泛听侧重点

在录音材料正式播放以前有一段时间用来阅读录音材料中提供的题目，考生应该充分利用这段时间快速阅读，利用题干和选项中的信息和部分细节提示来预测所听材料的内容，通过这种听前预测，考生就可以确定精听和泛听的部分。

2.边听边记，迅速捕捉信息

考生在第一遍听材料的时候，重点是听懂材料的大致意思，在听到与填写信息直接相关的内容时，应迅速利用多种手段记录特定和具体要填写的信息。考生还需注意，边听边记录的目的是把握全面重要的信息，切不可因为忙于记录某个单词的某个字母而漏听下文的重要信息。同时，在记录关键词语的时候，一定要尽量准确记录有语法变化的部分。例如：记录动词时要同时注意其词尾变化（时态形式、主动或被动形式、是否虚拟语气等），记录名词时要同时注意其复数的词尾。因为听力过程比较短暂，考生往往会因为过于紧张，将注意力全部集中于听懂内容，而忽视书面的语法形式，即使在检查时也容易忽略填写的答案与听力材料语法形式的一致性。所以，在边听边记的过程中应尽可能避免语法形式错误，减少丢分的可能。

3.二次再听，确认或补全信息

第一遍听的目的主要在于在理解的同时为填写答案记录关键信息，第二遍听的目的则是确认第一遍听力理解的正确与否，记录信息的准确与否，修正理解有偏差的记录，补全信息。如果前后两题答案在听力材料中出现的间隔很短，即使在第二遍听的过程中，考生也不必要求自己将答案一个字母都不漏地全部写出来，仍然可以像第一遍时一样做记录，为有意漏掉又能靠记忆和语法提示（如冠词、介词、时态中的动词形式等）而再现的信息留下足够的填写空间，以便在最后检查时迅速填补完整。

4.最后检查，确保信息完整准确，语法正确，拼写无误

Part A 和Part B 不仅考查考生的听力理解能力，同时也考查考生对信息的归纳能力和书写再现能力。因此，信息的完整、准确，语言的精确和拼写的正确都是考生必须注意的要点，也是评分标准的要点。因此，在时间允许的情况下，考生务必将写出的内容与记录的笔记、记忆中听力材料的信息进行再次核对，利用语法和拼写知识最后检查答案。

三、练习技能

鉴于“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”听力部分题型的特殊性，考生在备考阶段除了应完成本书的模拟题，不妨找些2003—2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语听力模拟题、六级听力辅导书、Step by Step等材料作为考前练习。基于对历年试卷上考生容易出现的错误的分析，我们建议考生在平时的听力练习中应强化以下技能的培养：（1）要在理解大意的前提下，掌握具体的事实细节信息，例如做一些有关数字听力的准确理解方面的训练。（2）掌握常用国家名、城市名的英语发音和拼写。（3）除了大量练习学术性的讲座和论述题材外，也需要有针对性地听一些与日常生活有关的题材，如天气预报、旅行度假、交通住房等。（4）尽可能对隐含的事实、细节和结论作一定的推理和判断。（5）把握说话者的观点、态度和意图。（6）推断理解听力中少量富含文化意义或在材料中有引申特定含义的表达方式及概念的深层含义。（7）拼写关一定要过，保证掌握六级词汇。（8）一定要强化基本的语法概念。语法不只是用于回答语言知识部分的题目，更重要的是要贯穿始终，体现在回答所有的问题上。历年试卷中听力Part A和Part B所暴露的语法问题主要涉及名词词组和动词词组两大类。

1）涉及名词词组的语法问题主要集中在冠词的使用、可数名词单数前必须有限定词、可数名词的单复数以及关键的修饰限定形容词这四点，尤其要掌握组合形容词的构词规律。

2）涉及动词词组的语法问题主要是动宾之间的搭配问题，要注意动词是及物的还是不及物的，不及物动词需要增加相应的介词。还要注意动词后的宾语是单数还是复数形式的。（9）听力部分涉及的阅读是考查学生的快速阅读能力，所以考生在备考过程中不仅要训练自己的阅读水平以应对阅读理解这部分题型，也要抽出一定时间有意识地训练自己的快速阅读能力，保证在考试时能够迅速、准确地找到关键词，有针对性地听音。（10）要练习快速锁定关键词的能力。题干中的关键词指的是那些包含意义核心、并能使之有别于其他选项的词，以名词和动词居多。（11）从题干中找到关键词只是解题的第一步，更重要的还是要能够从录音文章中准确识别这些关键词，并且能够从关键词出现的四周找到答题需要的信息。所以考生要熟悉句型的转换方式，了解原文中关键词的出现有时候会隐藏在其他修饰、限定类词组和句子中间。由于题干有时候是对原文进行概括，而有时候是对原文中某一句甚至是某几句的概括，因此考生需要注意的范围可能是以关键词为中心向四周辐射的好几句话，切不可将自己的注意力放得过细，反而漏掉了重要信息。（12）听写的能力。听写是提高听力最有效的方法，也是考生训练短时记忆力的最佳途径。听写练习很花时间，但只要坚持一段时间，一定会有收获。听写材料可以就地取材，用已有的与考试题型、题材相近的段落来练习即可。

第二节 词汇题（Vocabulary）

一、考试要求“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”词汇部分共15小题，每题1分，共15分。试题形式是要求考生从四个选项中选出最佳答案填入所给出的句子，使其语意通顺、结构完整。其测试重点为考查考生对近义词、近形词等相关词汇的词义和用法的辨析能力，以及在句子层面理解和使用词汇及相关语法结构的能力。对考生来说，要在这一部分拿高分，应掌握1万词左右的词汇量，且能熟练掌握六级词汇及其常用搭配。

二、命题手段

词汇题的常用命题手段基本有以下四种：

1.词义辨析

选项与选项之间构成近形词、近义词的关系，或近形词、近义词混搭构成选项。有时出题者的目的在于考查考生对某些单词词义的精确理解，这类题基本都是四大类实义词（名词、动词、形容词和副词）的辨析，有些题还需要借助上下文的提示。

例如，concede一词，可以考近义词：【例1】 Some assembly members advocate a plan under which school as merit schools because of improved student achievement should receive a bonus.

[A] alluded [B] conceded [C] conferred [D] designated

allude暗指，提到；concede承认，让步；confer授予称号；designate指定，任命，后跟as。根据句意此题应选D。

concede一词也可以考近形词：【例2】 Seeing that winning is nowhere in sight, the senator the election before all the votes were counted.

[A] conceited [B] conceded [C] convinced [D] convened

本题四个选项十分形似，容易误认，但意思很容易辨别：conceit骄傲自满的；concede承认失败，退让；convince使确信，说服；convene召集，传唤。根据句意此题应选B。

2.难词识记

有时出题者会把形、义都相去甚远的词放在一起作为选项，考查考生对生僻词的识记，有时也考查考生选择能起到特定语法功能的某个词性的词的能力。【例3】 The panel’s report criticized the history textbook severely; among the many ______defects were inaccuracies, bias, and omittance of many important facts.

[A] renounced [B] shammed [C] alleged [D] blemished

本句句意为：调查小组的报告对这本历史教科书做出了严厉批评，在众多______缺点中，包括对许多重要事实的歪曲、偏见以及遗漏。renounced断绝关系的；shammed伪装的；alleged断言的，提出的；blemished被玷污的。根据句意，此题应选C。

3.短语辨析

以介词的用法和动词短语搭配为主，多考查特定语境中名词、形容词以及动词与介词、副词的搭配和用法。【例4】 The children promised to sit quietly and to go to bed immediately afterwards, and______ these terms they were allowed to sit up and watch the film with their parents.

[A] for [B] in [C] on [D] under

本句句意为：孩子们可以坐起来和父母一起看电影，条件是他们得保持安静，并且看完立刻去睡觉。考查介词短语on…terms （在……条件下）。for一般用于for a term of…意为“期限为……”；in terms of意为“按照，以……方式”；under terms of意为“根据”。根据句意，此题应选C。

也有动词短语辨析。【例5】 For their fiftieth wedding anniversary, the retired engineer plunked down $50,000 in cash for a mid-size Mercedes as a present for his wife—a purchase ______ with money made in the stock market the week before.

[A] paid off [B] paid through [C] paid out [D] paid for

根据句意，该处应填表示“支付（购买礼物的钱）”的意思的词组。pay off意为“偿还，付清”，一般指还债；pay through用于pay through the nose这一固定短语，意为“被敲竹杠”；pay out意为“付出，出钱”；pay for意为“为……付钱”。因此，答案为D。

4.语法结构

主要是指主语从句、宾语从句、定语从句以及虚拟语气、倒装句等一些其他语法现象。例如，比较经典的what, that, which, all等从句引导词的选择。【例6】 Human evolution is a lengthy process of change ______ people originated from apelike ancestors.

[A] of which [B] by which [C] for which [D] by that

本句除了考查定语从句引导词，还考查了介词短语by the process。定语从句和介词短语经常放在一起考，以增加句子复杂程度，考生应注意。因此，答案为B。

在以上四种命题手段中，前两种占到九成以上，尤其是第一种，考查重点是考生按照句意及内在的逻辑关系准确选词的能力。从近几年的真题来看，词组和搭配的考查明显减少，而且这一块复习起来漫天撒网，广种薄收，性价比极低，建议考生不必多花工夫。

三、试题特点

考博的词汇题经常具有题干长、难度大、生僻词多、重视单词辨义等特点。题干的句子往往是一个较长的复杂句或复合句，有时可能是复杂的复合句，比如：【例7】 So long as the US takes the inequitable arrangements ______ in current agreements as a starting point for negotiation, however, there is no chance that US carriers will be granted more regional right which further unbalance the economic opportunities available to each side.

[A] enshrined [B] engraved [C] enhanced [D] entitled

此题的句子结构复杂、词汇较生僻、选项具有迷惑性。句中carrier一词为多义词，常用义项有①邮递员、②运输业者、③运载工具、④航空母舰，等等。从economic opportunities一词可判断应该取义项②，且全句涉及贸易谈判的问题。意为：但是，只要美国把当前协议中______的不平等条款作为谈判的出发点，美国运输公司就绝不可能在这一地区得到更多的权利，因为这会使得双方获得的经济机会更不平衡。四个选项意思分别为：enshrine把……奉为神圣；engrave雕刻；enhance增大，加强；entitle使……有资格，其中很容易误选C，但是enhance有“和过去比较”的意思，而本句没有。因此，答案为A。

题干也可能是一组较短句子的集合，要理解空格处所填词语，必须理解上下文，比如：【例8】 Mountain biking demands hill-walking strength as well as track-riding skills.Initially,choose gentle routes among familiar terrain—or risk ______ shoulder-carriers!

[A] long-term [B] elongated [C] prolonged [D] lengthened

这一题的前一句提供了背景知识，山地自行车运动对山路行走和骑行技巧都有要求，因此考生就不难理解后一句：刚开始（从事这项运动）应该选择熟悉的地形和平缓的路径，否则可能要长时间地把车扛在肩上走了。四个选项都有“长”的意思：long-term长远的；elongate在空间上而非时间上拉长；lengthen时间或空间上的延长；prolong延续到超过正常的时间限度。因此，答案为C。

四、解题思路

上面两个例句体现了对词义精确辨析的要求；此外，语义逻辑关系的推断也是解题的重要手段，这在近年考题中其重要性也越来越突出。出题者往往在题干中蕴涵空格所填词的含义，这种蕴涵常常通过同义或反义关系得到体现，也就是说，把题干中的某个词的同义词或反义词填入空格，就是答案。【例9】 In its vast area the US contains most of the physical conditions: forest and desert,______ swamp and Arctic waste, mountains and endless plains, empty spaces and crowded cities, and the world’s largest river system.

[A] temperate [B] subtropical [C] extratropical [D] tropical

本句中，forest—desert，mountains—plains，以及empty—crowded均构成反义词，因此不难判断空格处所填的词应该和Arctic （北极的）构成反义词，因此 tropical （热带的）最合句意。其余选项分别为：temperate温带的；subtropical亚热带的；extratropical热带以外的。因此，答案为D。

另外词与词之间的关联性也值得注意，有时面对长句难句，出现看不懂的情况实属正常，但是，有时不需要看懂也可以解题。解词汇题其实如与高手过招——须内外兼修。内功是词汇量，招式则为分析句子、词汇语义逻辑关系。关于内功，考生需自行修炼；关于招式，下面将举几个例子予以说明。【例10】 In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which ______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.

[A] reclaim [B] reconcile [C] rectify [D] relieve

这道题因为题干所述内容比较专业，很多考生看完题后根本不知所云，但是如能注意到其中的逻辑关联词in order to，以及在目的状语从句和后面的主句中重复出现的stress一词，问题就解决了一半。既然是要prevent stress，那空格处就应该填prevent的近义词。reclaim收回，开垦；reconcile使和解；rectify矫正，调整；relieve减轻，缓解。因此，答案为D。

下面再看一个利用近义词求解的例子。【例11】 Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of ______ grouping is advisable.

[A] homogeneous [B] instantaneous [C] spontaneous [D] anonymous

此题需填入的是说明grouping的方式的词，because引导的原因状语从句说明前面的主句正是对这一方式的具体描述，解该题的关键词组是similar abilities。四个选项分别为：homogeneous同类的，均一的；instantaneous瞬间的，即刻的；spontaneous自发的；anonymous匿名的。因此，答案为A。

还有一些题目找不到具体的关键词，这时就需要整句分析，例如：【例12】 Others viewed the findings with ______, noting that a cause-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remains to be shown.

[A] caution [B] passion [C] optimism [D] deliberation

四个选项分别为：caution谨慎；passion热情；optimism乐观；deliberation深思熟虑。四个选项都表示态度，解题时需要注意noting这个现在分词结构引导的原因状语，其中宾语从句的谓语remains to be shown表示“不确定，有待证明”，那么当然要以谨慎态度（caution）对待。有考生会因为没有体会到deliberation更强调一种决策过程而误选D。因此，答案为A。

最后再看一个用词汇关联性解决的经典例子。【例13】 The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.

[A] implementation [B] expedition [C] demonstration [D] manifestation

此题的题干即使翻译过来也很难理解：一种文化现象的______通常是人们生活方式当中某些物质层面的逻辑性结果。如果不能从整个句子来解题，那么我们根据词汇关联搭配——判断哪个动词可以与phenomenon构成最好的搭配来解题。implementation实现，执行；expedition远征；demonstration表达；manifestation表现。因此，答案为D。

以上为大家介绍了在不理解全句的情况下答题的技巧，关键在于对语义逻辑关系的把握：对于连接成分，我们应该注意正关系（and，引导同位语为正关系）、反关系（rather than，not…but...，前面有either或whether为反关系（or））、因果关系（since, because, for, therefore）、转折关系（although, though, but, even, while）、并列关系（and，分号，逗号，句号）、解释及补充说明（从句，非谓语动词）等关系。无论文字如何变化，只要把握基本逻辑关系，以不变应万变，解题能力是可以在短期内有所突破的。

第三节 完形填空（Cloze Test）

一、考试要求“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”完形填空部分共20小题，每题1分，共20分。试题形式是要求考生从四个选项中选出最佳答案，使其意思通顺、结构完整。完形填空是一种较为全面的综合测试手段，即在语篇水平上对考生的语言知识和语言能力进行测试。它不仅涉及语法知识、词汇辨义、短语搭配、习惯用法，而且还涉及阅读理解、篇章结构与层次和逻辑判断等。对考生来说，要在这一部分拿高分，需要有比较扎实的英语语言功底和综合运用知识的能力。

二、命题重点

完形填空题目设计并不是拿来一篇文章，随便去掉几个词就能成为测试题的，设计者需要遵循一定的要求和准则进行设计，保证测试的效度和信度。它不仅测试考生在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试考生以语篇为单位，在阅读理解的基础上综合运用语言的能力。因此，要做好完形填空，考生必须通读全文，在把握大意和结构的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段确定最佳选项。因此，完形填空着重考核两方面内容：

1.语法词汇

同词汇与语法结构题一样，它的考点覆盖了语法、短语搭配等方方面面，有英语动词的时态、语态、语气及情态动词、非谓语动词；名词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和代词等的用法；句法有简单句、并列句和主语从句、定语从句、状语从句等复合句的结构和用法，省略句、比较句、强调句、倒装句等的用法；另外，还会考查结构功能的应用和动词与其他词语的搭配使用。

2.篇章阅读

一般认为，即使从篇章中抽去一些词语，其余部分仍能提供足够信息使考生对篇章有整体性的理解。考生只要对空缺处的上下文进行分析，就可以运用自己的语言知识和能力，推测空缺内容，重新填入，使文章的结构和意思恢复完整。如果考生缺乏篇章阅读能力，不能理解文章的内容，就难以选出正确的词。这也是完形填空超越了词汇和语法结构题的地方。可见，阅读理解是解题的基础，做题时必须通篇考虑，掌握大意，综合运用语言知识和语感进行推理判断。

三、解题步骤

完形填空的解题可以通过以下四个步骤进行：

1.速读全文，了解大意

所谓了解大意即通读整篇文章，弄清文章的大意和结构，获得相关背景知识，为填空做好充分准备。很多考生担心自己的阅读水平，碰到空格就莫名其妙地紧张起来，认为缺失的信息会很大程度地干扰自己对文章的理解。其实完形填空的出题原则就是：去掉20个空格后不会影响考生对文章大意的理解。所以考生没必要产生畏难情绪。考生在第一遍阅读时，要善于从文章开头的几句话中把握短文的背景、主题或结构，并结合常识判断构建一定的预期，并在随后的阅读中不断修正，以求与原文一致。在通常情况下，文章开头的几句话都是完整的信息，这些句子揭示文章的背景知识或主题思想，考生一定要仔细研读，为后面的阅读奠定基础。

2.寻找线索，准确答题

完形填空不同于句子与结构，必须从整篇文章入手，通篇考虑，结合上下文才能找出正确选项。有些题目，从单纯的句子来考虑，可能四个选项都可以选择，因此要求从上下文的线索入手，这样才能排除其中的三个。“寻找线索”考查学生的语言知识，强调对文章内容的整体把握。

3.回头补缺

考生在做题时，遇到难题一时做不出时，应先跳过此题，继续往下做。只要考生往下做题，随着空格变得越来越少，对文章的理解也越来越深，就能从上下文的线索和暗示中找到答案，这样再回头做空缺的题目就比较有把握了。

4.通读全文，核实答案

当所有的空缺都填完后，应花两到三分钟时间对文章再通读一遍，从整体篇章的角度进行核查，同时注意以下三点：（1）上下文的一致性——时态、语态的一致；代词、名词单复数的一致；（2）从语法和惯用法及固定搭配入手，检查是否符合上下文的逻辑；（3）句与句、段与段之间的衔接是否连贯通顺。

考生除了注意以上三点外，还要依靠自己的“语感”来检查填错的词和补全未填出的空格。

四、解题思路

解题思路是针对出题思路而言的，在填空时，考生如能洞悉出题者的出题思路，那么选对答案的概率就会大大增加。一般而言，出题者有以下几种出题思路：（一）词汇方面

1.固定搭配或习惯用语

英语中存在大量的固定搭配或习惯用语，有些是没有规律可循的，需要考生平时多记多背，积少成多。【例1】 Most people have no idea of the hard work and worry that I have when collecting those fascinating birds and animals that they pay to see in the zoo.One of the questions that is always asked of me is how I became an animal collector in the first.

[A] choice [B] mood [C] place [D] casewww.

解析：in the first place是固定短语，意为“首先”，相当于for the first time。此句意思是：别人经常问到的问题之一是：当初我是如何爱上动物的。因此，答案为C。

2.近形词、近义词或同义词

有时相同或相近的单词会在文章中反复出现，以达到文章衔接的目的。在解完形填空题时，就可以利用这种衔接方式找到要填入单词的同义词或者近义词，也就找到了试题的答案。这也包括了同源词复现，即相同词根构成的不同词性的单词在文章中反复出现。【例2】 The way you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually save you money or can add to the cost… Before you buy an expensive, or a service,do check the price…

[A] item [B] element [C] particle [D] component

解析：本题的短语buy an expensive ______和上文中的purchasing an article是同义关系。要填入的单词应该是article （物品）的同义词。因此，答案为A。

3.反义词

有时反义词会在文章中反复出现，以达到文章衔接的目的。我们可以利用这一衔接手段在文章中寻找要填入单词的反义词。【例3】 Forcing yourself to recall never helps because it doesn’t your memory; it only tightens it.

[A] loosen [B] weaken [C] decrease [D] reduce

解析：前后两部分互为解释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义复现。从下文的tighten可以判断，该处应选A。（二）语法方面

1.动词时态

考生在解题时要注意上下文中与某些时态伴随使用的时间状语，如与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：in 1990s, three weeks ago, at that moment…；与完成时连用的时间状语有：since, up till now, so far…。【例4】 The demand for paper for wrapping encourages the cutting down of forests around the world.Making plastic shopping bags huge amounts of oil.

[A] need [B] needed [C] needing [D] needs

解析：此题是一道语法题，考查动词时态。根据句子时态，答案为D。

2.语态

这里所指的不仅有谓语动词的主动和被动语态，还有非谓语动词的主动和被动语态。特别是对于结构复杂的长句子，要找出句子的逻辑主语，才能判断语态是否需要用被动语态。【例5】 The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes.We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we______ up to believe they are…

[A] have brought [B] have been brought

[C] have been bringing [D] brought

解析：此题是一道语法题，考查动词语态。因此，答案为B。

3.非谓语动词

非谓语动词包括动名词、动词不定式和分词。分词作状语，一般表示原因、时间、条件、让步或伴随情况等。不定式作状语，一般表示目的、原因、结果，不定式还可以充当主语、宾语。分词和不定式都可以作定语，但单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面，而不定式放在被修饰词的后面。动名词具有动词和名词的特征，可以作主语、宾语或表语，还可以作介词宾语，而分词和不定式则不能。【例6】 In a sense, the period of preparation is all of the writer’s life.It is the Deep Well.It is especially a period of concentration which gives the unconscious mind an opportunity ______ with the conscious mind.When remembrance of things past reach the conscious level of the writer’s mind, he is ready to go on with the process.

[A] to communicate [B] communicating

[C] communicated [D] being communicated

解析：此题是一道语法题，考查非谓语动词。因此，答案为A。

4.虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示说话人提出的假设与事实相反或实现的可能性极小，或者表示说话者的愿望、请求、命令、建议等。考生应该熟悉虚拟条件语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的各种形式和用法，以及其他需要使用虚拟语气的从句。【例7】 It is high time a world code to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.

[A] should be created [B] is created [C] be created [D] were created

解析：此题是一道语法题，考查虚拟语气。It is high time引导的句子中的动词需要用虚拟语气。因此，答案为D。（三）逻辑推理方面

1.替代词

替代词可以代替词、词组甚至句子。常见的替代词有：do （does, did）, so, such, one（ones）, this （these）, that （those）, it （they）, ours （yours, theirs, hers, his, its）等。【例8】 Actually, however, most people make several job choices during their working lives,partly because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve ______ position.

[A] its [B] his [C] their [D] our

解析：此题考查考生的逻辑推理能力。因此，答案为C。

2.引导从句的代词或副词

引导各类名词性从句作主语、宾语或表语的连接代词和连接副词也可以作关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句。考生应能借助句子结构、逻辑意义和主从关系等手段分析句子，然后确定符合语法结构、使语意完整的合理选项。【例9】 These days, people usually do all their shopping at a supermarket they can buy everything they need under the same roof.

[A] which [B] where [C] they [D] it

解析：此题考查考生的逻辑推理能力。能代替supermarket的应是where。因此，答案为B。

3.句与句之间的关系

句与句之间的关系主要包括因果关系、列举关系、解说关系、分类关系、比较关系、对照关系等。解答逻辑推理题需要理顺要填入的逻辑关系词前后文的语义，从中判断两句话的关系。【例10】 One third thought Columbus reached the New World after 1750.Two thirds cannot correctly lock the Civil War between 1850 and 1900.______ when they get the answers right, some are just guessing.

[A] Even [B] Though [C] Thus [D] So

解析：根据上文说“三分之二的人不能正确判断内战发生在1850年至1900年”。下文又说“即使他们说出了正确答案，一些人也仅仅是猜测”。所以此处用副词even “即使……也……”，以加强语气。因此，答案为A。

第四节 阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）

一、考试要求“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”的阅读理解部分为试卷的第四部分，共四篇阅读文章，每篇文章后有五个问题，每题1分，总分为20分，考生要从四个选项中选出最佳答案，要求具有一定的词汇量，并对文章的理解达到相当的深度。

二、试题特点

文章的题材覆盖广泛，一般多数为科技、文化、教育、政治、经济、环境等方面的社科类说明文。用词方面，一般含义明确、简洁，可能有少量科技新词和专业术语，但不会太过专业。句型方面，会出现内部层次复杂的长难句。

三、解题步骤

大部分考生习惯整体阅读法，即每篇文章从头开始阅读，在阅读完一遍，理解了文章大意后才去做后面的选择题。这种解题步骤的优点是考生对文章的把握比较全面，有整体的了解，对比较宏观的题目容易做出正确的选择；而对考查细节性信息的选项就较难做出正确的选择，需要重新阅读。

现在有很多考生喜欢先看题目，然后带着题目去阅读文章。这样的阅读具有一定的针对性，可以提高答题的效率。可由于只看题目，不看选项，对于细节题目把握没有预期，同样需要返回原文查找细节信息。

也有考生习惯看完题目和选项以后阅读文章，这种方法比较适合记忆力强的考生，毕竟要记住20个选项并非易事。

还有一种是读完第一段后做第一题，然后带着第二个问题往下看，做完第二题后，再带着第三个问题回到文章中继续往下读，以此类推。

英语阅读的解题步骤因人而异，考生可以根据自己的习惯选择不同的解题步骤。

四、解题技巧

阅读是一个判断、归纳、推理、总结的过程。考生需要把分散在文章中的各种信息联系起来，得出对文章的认识。一个好的读者能猜测出下文是什么，然后在阅读的过程中不断验证或调整自己的预测。阅读理解的解题技巧是建立在良好的阅读基础之上的，要提高阅读理解的正确率需要平时的学习积累。只有在看懂全文的基础上，技巧才有用武之地。任何一篇文章，若要看懂它，起码需要两个条件：认识单词、看明白句子。考博词汇有6000多个，需要考生进行系统、有效的记忆。另外，考生在考试前应系统地梳理英语的语法知识。语法基础薄弱会影响对句子结构的理解，从而导致考生不理解稍长的句子，不明白文章的内容。

考生应注重平时的积累，养成定期阅读英文期刊、报纸的习惯。在学习过程中，多关注社会热点议题、最新的科技发展等，扩展自己的知识面；同时要熟悉英语的思维方式，增强语感，注意英语对同一个概念、同一个事物的不同表达方式及其用词多样性。只有这样，才能在做阅读理解题时不会觉得文章选题特别陌生、文字表达特别晦涩，从而要增强答题的信心。

考博题型一般分为：主旨题、细节题、推理题和词汇题。（一）主旨题

此类题目主要考查考生对文章整体理解的能力，标志词有：best title, mainly about, mainly focus on, main idea等。在回答此类问题时，应该细读第一段，然后找出各段的主题句（往往是第一句）。一般来说，第一段点出主题，加上各段主题句，基本上考生就可以把握篇章的大意。【例1】

By the 1820’s in the United States, when steamboats were common on Western waters, these boats were mostly powered by engines built in the West （Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, or Louisville）, and of a distinctive western design specially suited to western needs.The first steam engines in practical use in the UK and the United States were of low-pressure design.This was the type first developed by James Watt, then manufactured by the firm of Boulton and Watt, and long the standard industrial engine.Steam was accumulated in a large, double-acting vertical cylinder, but the steam reached only a few pounds of pressure per square inch.It was low-pressure engines of this type that were first introduced into the United States by Robert Fulton.He imported such a Boulton and Watt engine from the UK to run the Clermont.But this type of engine was expensive and complicated, requiring many precision-fitted moving parts.

The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design.It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of American industrial progress, Oliver Evans（1755—1819）.The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power.As early as 1802 he was using a stationary steam engine of high-pressure engine design in his mill.Engines of this type were not unknown, but before Evans they were generally considered impractical and dangerous.

Within a decade the high-pressure engine, the new type, had become standard on western waters.Critics ignorant of Western conditions often attacked it as wasteful and dangerous.But people who really knew the Ohio, the Missouri, and the Mississippi insisted, with good reasons, that it was the only engine for them.In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was important; a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation.The high-pressure engine was far lighter in proportion to horsepower, and, with less than half as many moving parts, was much easier and cheaper to repair.The main advantages of low-pressure engines were safe operation and economy of fuel consumption, neither of which meant much in the West.

Q: What is the passage mainly about?

[A] Steamboat engines in the Western United States.

[B] River travel in the Western United States.

[C] A famous United States inventor.

[D] The world’s first practical steamboat.

解析：这篇短文的第一段描述了在19世纪20年代美国西部的江河水域里，汽船的使用已经相当普遍，这些船只基本上都是由西部地区制造的蒸汽机提供动力，并且有着明显的西部设计特点，特别适合西部地区的使用需要。第二段首句说的是在西部地区成为通例使用的蒸汽机是一种设计上标新立异的蒸汽发动机。第三段首句说的是十多年内，这种新型的高压蒸汽机在西部水域已被广泛使用。因此，答案为A。（二）细节题

此类型的题目往往占到总的阅读题目的60%以上，此类题目往往能在短文中找到答案。细节题是每篇文章中最多的一种题型。做此类题目的要点是：返回原文，找准出处。然后仔细对照，如果选项可以在文章找到确切依据，则是正解；如找不到，则不是正解。正确选项的特征：一般不会与原文一模一样，通常是对原文的解释。做此类题目一定要学会排除干扰项，干扰项往往有以下特点：

1）内容是原文中的信息，但与题目不符。

2）符合常理，但文中未提及。

3）含有原文原句中的单词，尤其是生词、难词，则通常不是正确选择。

4）将原文中非绝对的观点绝对化，非具体的内容具体化。

5）无关或相反信息。【例2】

Drunken driving—sometimes called America’s socially accepted form of murder—has become a national epidemic.Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade.

A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours.Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American macho image and judges were lenient in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.

Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18.After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18- to 20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21.

Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.

New laws have led to increased arrests and tests and, in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities.Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks.A tavern in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who“obviously intoxicated” and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy.

As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, what President Hoover called the “noble experiment.” They forgot that legal prohibition didn’t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime.As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.

Q: Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?

[A] Because detailed statistics are now available.

[B] Because the news media have highlighted the problem.

[C] Because judges are giving more severe sentences.

[D] Because drivers are more conscious of their image.

解析：此题问的是为什么公众对酒后驾驶的态度有了变化，这是典型的细节题。考生可以较容易地在第二段找到与此题相关的信息：“Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American macho image and judges were lenient in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.”过去人们认为酗酒是美国大男子气概的表现，而且大部分法庭的法官对酗酒行为持宽容态度。但是酗酒引起的残杀造成了许多被媒体大力度宣传的悲剧，特别是那些涉及孩子的，让公众对酗酒行为再也无法忍受了。可见选项A为无关信息，C为相反信息，D的信息在文章中没提到。因此，答案为B。（三）推理题

此类题目要求考生根据文章中的已有信息推出相关信息，标志词有：imply, infer, suggest, draw the conclusion等。

一般情况下，推出的内容与原文有关系但不会与原文一模一样。推出的内容可以分为以下几种：（1）根据某一句/段或全文，推出合乎逻辑或常理的内容，标志词有：imply, infer, learn等。【例3】

Many things make people think artists are weird.But the weirdest may be this: artists’only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

This wasn't always so.The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy.But somewhere from the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.

You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery.But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising.The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery.They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer, too.

Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy.Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling.Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes.And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.“Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

Q: We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes.

[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness

[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing

[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied

[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms

解析：文章最后一段，作者归纳上文得出结论：在今天这样一个快乐唾手可得的年代，我们必须记住一点，那就是，只有在面临巨大的失去和失望的风险后取得的才是真正的快乐。而今天我们需要一样东西来提醒我们，就像当初的宗教那样。那就是反快乐文化。作者在最后提到，“它很苦但是很清新”。这里与选项B的意思是一样的。选项A的错误在于它故意混淆了作者引用宗教的意图，作者只是说宗教提醒人们各种痛苦的存在。选项C的错误就是与作者说“人们需要接受痛苦；而不是说享受痛苦”相矛盾。在最后一段里，我们无法推断出选项D的意思：经济繁荣的时候反快乐艺术也流行。因此，答案为B。（2）从字里行间推出作者的言外之意。标志词有：indicate, suggest, imply等。【例4】

Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor.Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children.These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles.But by the middle of this century, men’s and women’s roles were becoming less firmly fixed.

In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American.But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture.The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals.The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices.Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives.In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes.In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier.Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.

In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people.But its influence spread to many parts of American society.Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns.Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on “overtime” work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families.Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.

In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or women’s liberation, produced additional economic and social changes.Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers.Most of them still took traditional women’s jobs as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work.But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work.Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion.

Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women.Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.

Q: In the passage the author suggests that the counterculture.

[A] destroyed the United States

[B] transformed some American values

[C] was not important in the United States

[D] brought people more leisure time with their families

解析：counterculture出现在文章的第二段, 从句子 But its influence spread to many

parts of American society.Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns.可以看出反主流文化影响了美国社会，人们开始改变他们的经济和社会模式。而文章的最后一句话也提到：要适应这种改变有难度。从这些信息，就可以得出B为正确答案。（3）推出段落或全文的结论。此类考题考查考生的逻辑思维及归纳能力，要求考生能将阅读文章或段落进行归纳。标志词有：conclude, conclusion等。【例5】

If the old maxim that the customer is always right still has meaning, then the airlines that ply the world’s busiest air route between London and Paris have a flight on their hands.

The Eurostar train service linking the UK and French capitals via the Channel Tunnel is winning customers in increasing numbers.In late May, it carried its one millionth passenger, having run only a limited service between London, Paris and Brussels since November 1994, starting with two trains a day in each direction to Paris and Brussels.By 1997, the company believes that it will be carrying ten million passengers a year, and continue to grow from there.

From July, Eurostar steps its service to nine trains each way between London and Paris, and five between London and Brussels.Each train carries almost 800 passengers, 210 of them in first class.

The airlines estimate that they will initially lose around 15%—20% of their London-Paris traffic to the railways once Eurostar starts a full service later this year （1995）, with 15 trains a day each way.A similar service will start to Brussels.The damage will be limited, however, the airlines believe, with passenger numbers returning to previous levels within two to three years.

In the short term, the damage caused by the 1 million people-level traveling between London and Paris and Brussels on Eurostar trains means that some air services are already suffering.Some of the major carriers say that their passenger numbers are down by less than 5% and point to their rivals—particularly Air France—as having suffered the problems.On the Brussels route, the railway company had less success, and the airlines report anything from around a 5% drop to no visible decline in traffic.

The airlines’ optimism on returning traffic levels is based on historical precedent.British Midland, for example, points to its experience on Heathrow Leeds Bradford service which saw passenger numbers fold by 15% when British Rail electrified and modernized the railway line between London and Yorkshire.Two years later, travel had risen between the two destinations to the point where the airline was carrying record numbers of passengers.

Q: The passage is taken from the first of an essay, from which we may well predict that in the following part the author is going to.

[A] praise the airlines’ clear-mindedness

[B] warn the airlines of high-speed rail services

[C] propose a reduction of London/Paris flights

[D] advise the airlines to follow British Midland as their model

解析：本文从欧洲之星线路开通对航空公司的影响讲起，谈论火车和飞机之间的竞争。文章的最后一段：航空公司的乐观是源于先例。随着英国火车的电气化和现代化，航空公司的乘客量相应减少。所以接下来作者会谈论高速铁路对航空公司的威胁，因此，答案为B。（4）推测作者或文章中某人的观点、态度。态度题最重要的是“看清楚是谁对谁的态度”、“谁对什么的态度”。作者的态度一般会隐藏于文章的行文之中，一些形容词、副词都能表现作者的态度。双重否定表示作者的强烈肯定或强烈否定，所以，此时作者的态度便不太可能是objective （客观的）了，一般多掺进了作者自己的感情好恶。有时作者也不直接表明态度，会通过举例或引用他人的话来说明自己的态度。此时应注意：所举的例子与作者所论述的观点是否一致，可借此来判断作者自己的态度。关于观点和态度的词汇有：

积极：approving, support, interesting, enthusiastic, admiring…

消极：suspicious, worried, pessimistic, biased, disgusting, disappointed…中性：indifferent, impartial, impersonal, impassive…【例6】

The statistics I’ve cited and the living examples are all too familiar to you.But what may not be so familiar will be the increasing number of women who are looking actively for advancement of a new job in your offices.This woman may be equipped with professional skills and perhaps valuable experience, she will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr.Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice President’s Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday.

She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of Feminism.She is the modern woman who is determined to be.Her forerunner was the radical feminist who interpreted her trapped position as a female as oppression by the master class of men.Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society.Thus, the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children.Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life.

The radical feminists found strength in banding together.Coming to recognize each other for the first time, they could explore their own identities, realize their own power, and view the male and his system as the common enemy.The first phases of feminism in the last five years often took on this militant, class-warfare tone.Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country.Consciousness-raising groups allowed women to explore both their identities and their dreams-and the two were often found in direct conflict.

What is the stereotyped role of American women? Marriage, a son, two daughters, breakfast, ironing, lunch, bowling, maybe a garden club of for the very daring, non-credit courses in ceramics.Perhaps an occasional cocktail party.Dinner.Football or baseball on TV.Each day the same.Never any growth in expectations—unless it is growth because the husband has succeeded.The inevitable question: “Is that all there is to life?”

The rapid growth of many feminist organizations attests to the fact that these radical feminists had touched some vital nerves.The magazine Ms.was born in the year of the death of the magazine Life.But too often the consciousness-raising sessions became ends in themselves.Too often sexism reversed itself and man-hating was encouraged.Many had been with the male chauvinist.

It is not difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward moderation.Consciousness-raising increasingly is regarded as a means to independence and fulfillment, rather than a ceremony of fulfillment itself.Genuine independence can be realized through competence, through finding a career, through the use of education.Remember that for many decades the education of women was not supposed to be useful.

Q: What was the author’s attitude toward the radical?

[A] He supported it wholeheartedly.

[B] He opposed it strongly.

[C] He disapproved to some extent.

[D] He ignored it completely

解析：文章的最后两段提到：许多女权运动组织迅速发展证明这些激进争取女权的人触到了某些活跃的神经。Ms.杂志就在《生活》停刊那年诞生。可是唤起觉醒的会议常常成为这些活动的目的。歧视妇女也常常颠倒过来，憎恨男人得到提倡，许多人曾是男权至上主义者。因此，不难察觉到缓和的趋势。提高觉悟的做法越来越被认为是独立与成就的方式，而不是庆贺成就本身的仪式。真正的独立是能够通过能力，通过寻找一份事业，通过应用教育加以实现。要记住，几十年来，对妇女的教育被认为是无用的。如果是倒数第二段作者对激进分子持批评、不满的态度，那么最后一段就是作者的观点：独立是靠踏实工作、提高妇女自身的能力来实现的。因此，答案为C。（5）推出作者的写作目的。此类题型考查考生对文章内容的深度理解和消化，只有完全看懂了文章，才能做出正确选择。【例7】

Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment.The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace.As a matter of fact, it is the other way round.Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions.Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter.The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

Q: In the paragraph, the author is trying to.

[A] be critical of custom

[B] say that anthropology is more important than psychology

[C] strengthen the role custom plays in experience and belief

[D] draw our attention to the importance of custom

解析：此段指出传统习俗是具体行为的总和，令人称奇，非任何个人行为可以演化来的。尤为重要的是习俗在经验、信仰中起着至关重要的作用，它的表现形式丰富多样。可见，作者的目的是强调习俗的重要性。因此，答案为D。（四）词汇题

此类题型考查考生对短语或生词的理解。只有在特定的语境里，短语或单词才有确定的意义，因此考生可以借助上下文的信息进行判断或猜测，找到正确答案。【例8】

Although the top men in smuggling business must work together, most of a syndicate’s small fry, especially the mules, know only their immediate contacts.If caught there is little they can give away.A mule probably will not even know the name of the person who gives him his instructions, nor how to get in touch with him.Usually he even does not know the person to whom he has to make delivery.He will be told just to sit tight in a certain hotel or bar until someone contacts him.In this way if he is blown, coming through airport customs he cannot unwittingly lead agents to the next link in the chain.All the persons at the receiving end do is to hang around the airport among the waiting crowd, and see that the mule comes through safely.If he does not, he is dimply written off as a loss.To make identification of mules easier, several syndicates have devised their own “club ties” so that a mule wearing one can immediately be picked out.

Mules often receive careful training before embarking on their first journey.One Beirut organization, for example, uses a room with three airline seats in it.There the trainee mules sit for hours on end wearing weighted smuggling vests beneath their clothes, so that they become accustomed to standing up after a long flight in a natural way, and without revealing what they are carrying.An outfit in Brussels maintained a comfortable apartment where the mules could relax and get a firm grip on themselves on the night before their first journey; they were helped to dress before setting out for the airport in the morning.More often than not a courier will not know precisely where he is going or what flight number is until he is actually handed his tickets at the airport.This prevents the careless boast in some bar or to a girl friend the night before.

Mules occasionally run off with the goods to keep the profit themselves.As insurance against this, a syndicate often sends a high-up on the same plane to keep a wary eye on couriers, particularly new ones.Even then things can go badly wrong.One international currency smuggler who was having trouble getting money out of Britain was offered help by a group of men who said they were in a position to “fix thing”—for a fee of course.Foolishly, the smuggler agreed to accept their help.When he got to London’s Heathrow Airport, he handed over to one of the men a black suitcase containing nearly $90,000 in cash, destined for Frankfurt.Just to keep an eye on things, the smuggler went along on the same plane.When they landed at Frankfurt he was handed back his suitcase.He beat a straight path to the men’s toilet, opened the case, and found only old clothes.The courier had switched suitcase en route, but the smuggler could hardly run to the police and complain that “the man who was smuggling money out of England for me has stolen it.”

Q: What is a “mule”?

[A] A person who sends smuggling goods for a syndicate is called mule.

[B] A person in charge of smuggling goods is called mule.

[C] A person who makes delivery for a syndicate is called mule.

[D] A person who receives instructions from a smuggler is called mule.

解析：从第一段的“especially the mules, know only their immediate contacts.If caught there is little they can give away.A mule probably will not even know the name of the person who gives him his instructions, nor how to get in touch with him.Usually he even does not know the person to whom he has to make delivery.”可以得出：骡子是绰号，指为走私集团交货的人。选项A是为走私集团运送走私货物的人。只运送、不交货不能成为骡子。选项B负责走私货物的人。也不对，负责者不一定运送和交货。选项D从走私者那里接受指示的人。因此，答案为C。

第五节 翻译（Translation）

一、考试要求“攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（英语）”的翻译部分为第五部分，即最后一个大题。题型只有汉译英，没有英译汉试题，要求考生将一篇400~500字的文章译成英文，共25分。

二、试题特点

文章的题材覆盖广泛，一般多为科技、文化、教育、政治、经济等方面的说明文，符合研究生较常接触的文体风格，以社科类为主，时效性较强。用词方面，一般含义明确、简洁，可能有少量科技新词和专业术语，但不会太过专业。难点在于内部层次复杂的长句与上下文严密逻辑关系的表达。

三、解题步骤（1）通读原文，准确理解。虽然考生的母语为汉语，不可能看不懂原文，但要注意多义词、成语、逻辑关系及修辞手法的运用。（2）着眼段落，谋篇布局。由于英、汉两种文字语序和断句不同，有时可能需要拆句或并句，或转换主、被动语态。在这一步骤中，应该划分汉语句子成分，确定英语表达法与句型。（3）选择单词，注意搭配。根据所选句型确定主、谓、宾等句子成分的用词，注意英语的习惯搭配。（4）联系上下，完善语法。整句译完后，检查与上下文的衔接是否通顺，注意时态、语态、人称、数、格等是否一致。（5）通读译文，修改定稿。最后，一定要从头至尾读一遍译文，看是否条理分明，概念清楚，用词准确，拼写正确。

四、翻译技巧

考生应该都知道翻译切忌拘泥于原文，从字面上对号入座，造成所谓的Chinglish，但是，怎样才能在汉译英过程中避免中式英文的出现，而尽可能在句式和用词上都合乎英语的表达习惯呢？如果一味追求译文流畅优美，是否又会忽略甚至偏离原意，或遗漏信息点呢？在直译和意译之间的平衡，才是翻译的要义所在。

考生应注重平时的积累，养成定期收听BBC和VOA广播、阅读英文报刊的习惯。在学习过程中，有三个重点：首先，这些报道和专题会介绍社会热点议题、最新的科技发展等，都是翻译题喜欢选取的材料，考生可从中学习一些新词汇和新概念的地道表达法。此外，应特别关注涉及中国问题的文章，掌握一些具有中国特色概念的英语表达。最重要的是，熟悉英语的思维方式，增强语感，注意英语对同一个概念、同一个事物的不同表达方式及其用词多样性。

下面介绍一些常用的翻译技巧和注意事项，希望可以帮助打开思路。（一）词的译法

1.准确选词

汉语的一词多义现象比较普遍，而英语则经常出现多个词具有相同汉语释义的情况，因此选词时要真正弄懂汉语词语及所用英语词语的准确含义，不能仅按字面翻译。

比如“工作单位”一词，以前经常译成work unit，但其实unit在英文中常用于指“部队”一类的机构，所以最好能把“单位”具体翻译成factory, school, company等，也可以用比较笼统的institution，workplace等词语来代替，或者意译成where one works。

再比如“解放”一词：

中国人民解放军和平解放了北京：The PLA entered Beijing without the use of force.比peacefully liberated Beijing表达更地道，意思也更明确。

解放思想：emancipate the mind; free oneself from the obsolete ideas

最后来看几个关于“改革”的表达方法：

改革开放：the policy of reform and opening up （不是the open-door policy）

深化改革：further carry out reforms （deepen一词不适合修饰reform，而是常与knowledge, understanding等抽象概念连用）

机构改革：institutional restructuring/reorganization, structural streamlining （机构改革的含义是调整结构、精简、重组等）

以上例子说明选词的关键是理解词的深层意义，同时要注意习惯搭配，因此要采用“意译”而非“直译”思维。

2.固定搭配

英汉两种语言各自存在大量的固定搭配和习惯用法，平时学习过程中应注意积累它们的恰当译文，有些在两种语言中有较匹配的表达形式，如“浑水摸鱼”译成fish in troubled water。而有些则有其文化特定性，如“班门弄斧”如果译成wield the axe before Lu Ban，不知道典故的外国人必会不知所云，解决办法之一是在Lu Ban后面加上the master carpenter详细解析鲁班的身份，或者用英文中对应的成语teach the grandma to suck eggs。当然，并不是所有出现在成语中的古人都那么容易解释清楚，比如“说曹操，曹操就到”，如果你不知道英语中有完美对应的习语talk/speak of the devil （and he will appear），那么可以用someone来代替devil，总之曹操的名字还是不要出现为好，否则就需要讲讲三国故事了。

除了成语，习惯用法也是一种不可根据字面意义直译的情况。例如：

三思：think twice（不是three times）

红茶：blacktea （不是red tea）

红糖：brownsugar （不是red sugar）

花茶：scented/jasminetea （不是flower tea）

标牌上写着：the sign reads（不是writes）

忙了半天：spend a lot of time（不一定是half a day）

3.词性转换

从英汉两种语言各自的句法特点来看，汉语多用动词短语，名词、介词短语较少使用；而英语恰恰相反，动词不如名词、介词使用频繁。因此，在汉译英过程中，经常用到动词和名词、形容词、介词短语之间的转换，名词和形容词甚至副词之间也可以转换，考生应根据实际情况灵活选择词性，力求表达客观、准确、简洁。常用的转换有：（1）动词 → 名词

无法使自己的活动与自然环境相适应，这终将导致人类的灭亡。

Humanity’s inabilityto fit its doings into the patterns of nature will ultimately lead to its own destruction.（2）动词 → 介词（短语）

你是支持还是反对转基因食品？

Are you for or againstgenetically-altered food?（3）名词 → 形容词

调查显示，群众对于政府机关办事效率的满意度有所提高。

The survey shows that people are more satisfiedwith the efficiency of government agencies now than before.（4）名词 → 动词

两者在数量和质量上都有区别。

The two differin both quantity and quality.（5）动词+副词 ? 形容词+名词

产品花色品种在不断增多。

The products are now available in an ever-richer variety.

贸易的发展给两国带来了极大的好处。

The development of trade has tremendously benefitedboth countries.

4.词序调整

汉语和英语的基本语序相同，但是修饰成分的语序有很多不同之处，此时就应进行合理的调整与变换，使译文符合英语表达习惯，而处理的重点是定语和状语。（1）定语

汉语的定语通常放在所修饰词语之前，而英语则经常用到后置定语，尤其是当定语较长时，要处理成短语或从句。例如：

所有在场的人：everyone present

尽可能快的速度：the highest speed possible

祝寿的人群：the party who came to send birthday congratulations（2）状语

汉语的状语通常在主语之后，谓语之前，英语的状语则位置比较自由，可放在句首、句末，谓语之前、之后，或助动词之后，考生应根据强调成分的需要灵活掌握。例如：

他缓慢而坚定地站了起来。

Slowly but resolutely, he stood up.（副词本身是需要强调的成分）在很大程度上，这取决于我们自己。

It depends largelyon ourselves.（修饰谓语动词depend）

5.词的增补、省略、重复（1）适当增词

有些词类，在英语中用得极为广泛，甚至是必不可少的，但在汉语中却显得多余。比如冠词和系动词，汉语中没有这个概念，其他如介词、连词、代词等汉语也用得不如英语普遍。因此，为保证语法结构完整，含义明确，在汉译英时必须增补这些成分。例如：

西湖秀美，太湖浩渺。

The West Lake possesses

graceful delicacy, while

the Taihu Lake boasts vast expanse.（中文原句当中暗含的谓语动词，翻译时需要补足；此外，本句还应增添逻辑连词while表示对比关系。）

汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。

The system

of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in our history.（这一句中system和our这两个词原句中没有出现，而是暗含的意思，考生必须自己体会。）

重工业和轻工业、农业的关系必须处理好。

The relationship between heavy industry on the one hand and light industry and agriculture on the other hand must be properly handled.（为了说明究竟是谁和谁的关系，有必要添加逻辑性连词。）

这样的事即使想要避免也不可能。

Such happening cannot be avoided even if you

want to avoid it.（本句中，avoid在前半句是被动形式，后半句是主动形式，因此不能像汉语原文那样省略；而“想要”的主语也需要自己添加，可用you或者people。）

该地区气温比十年前大约上升了2oC。

The temperature of the local area is approximately 2oC higher than that of a decade ago.（作比较时，经常需要增添此类代词。）（2）合理省略

有增必有减。英语中有汉语中显得多余的词，反之亦然。因为表达习惯的差异，汉语经常用到一些像“现象、工作、作用、情况、方法”等表示范畴的词，以及“大大地、坚决、彻底”这类表示强烈程度的词，而英语很多词汇本身就带有这些概念，不必重复。此外，汉语中重复名词较多，英语中可用代词替代；而重复出现的动词也可以视情况用so, do替代或直接省略；汉语的单位名词和表示复数概念的词在英语中大多可直接省略。例如：

我们研究的不是个别的影响因素，而是总体的影响因素。

We study not individual influencesbut aggregate ones.（“影响因素”不译成affecting factors，“因素”是范畴词，可省略；第二次出现时用ones代替。）

中国需要了解世界，世界也需要了解中国。

China needs to know the world, and vise versa.（后半句不需要完整写出，可用vise versa一词概括。）

我们确定进行两个开放：一个是对内开放，一个是对外开放。

We have decided onan open policy in two respects: namely, to open up bothinternally andexternally.（“进行”一词含义清楚，不必译出。）

公司需要彻底革新技术。

The company needs to overhaulits techniques.（overhaul一词表示“彻底检查，大修”，因此不用再加thoroughly, fully等词语。）

水的原始温度越高，冷却越快。

The hotterthe water initially, the faster it cools.（原文有“温度”一词，但译文不必出现temperature，因为hot和cool已经能够说明问题。）

历史使人明智，数学使人周密，逻辑学和修辞学使人善辩。

Histories make menwise, mathematics subtle, logic and rhetoric able to contend.（省略重复的谓语动词，句子显得简洁。）（二）句的译法

1.正反句的处理

汉语和英语表达否定概念的方式有时类似，但有时又差异很大，所以，在翻译时要根据两种语言各自的思维方式和表达习惯做必要的处理，否定句不一定要翻译成否定句，肯定句也不一定要翻译成肯定句。在用词方面，英语除了no和not这两个表示否定意义的基本词之外，还有至少三种词汇层面的否定手段：

1）由no构成，具有绝对否定意义的词，例如：nobody, nothing, none, nowhere, never, neither…nor等。

2）由否定前缀un-, in-, im-, dis-, non-和否定后缀-less等构成的词。

3）具有几乎否定或半否定意义的词，例如：little, few, seldom, scarcely, hardly, barely, rarely等。

以上三种构词手段是汉语所没有的，汉语的否定方式主要是动词谓语的否定，下面是如何在中译英时灵活处理正反句的例子。（1）汉语否定句 → 英语否定句

任何人不得入内。

Nobody maycome in.（此句是英汉差异的典型，“任何……不”是汉语常用的否定式，而直译成any…not显然不适合英语表达习惯。）

所有的人都不相信这一点。

Noneof them believe this.（此句的经典错误译法为：All of them do not believe this.因为not在这里作用于all，而不是believe，所以只有部分否定的功能，相当于Not all of them believe this.即：不是所有人都相信。）

我们认为，这不符合国际惯例。

We don’t thinkit is conforming to accepted international practice.（英语中表示想法、猜测的动词，如think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等，通常要求把宾语从句的否定词提前。）

比例不像人们想象的那样有了提高。

The percentage did not increaseas people expected.（汉语否定状语从句，而英语否定主句谓语。）（2）汉语否定句 → 英语肯定句

健儿们没有辜负祖国的期望。

The athletes well lived up tothe expectations of their motherland.

他对公司的困境视而不见。

He turned a blind eye tothe company’s dilemma.（有些汉语否定表达在英语中习惯使用肯定形式。）

他似乎没有不知道的事。

He seems to know everything.（汉语双重否定句一般转换为英语肯定句。）（3）汉语肯定句 → 英语否定句

以否定形式表示肯定意义，一般是表达强调的语气，用双重否定的情况较多。例如：

同意之至。

I can’tagree more.

直到一个世纪后，真相才水落石出。

The truth had notbeen revealed until100 years later.

我们唯一的选择是离开。

We have no choice butto leave.

这一年所发生的事我们会终身铭记。

We would never forgetall the stories of this year.

2.合译法和分译法（1）合译法

汉语句子通常较短，且结构松散，因此在很多情况下我们需要使用合译法。可以把汉语的一个句子译成英语的一个分句，从而把几个句子合并成一个；也可以把汉语的分句译成英语词组甚至单词，使结构紧凑、严谨。例如：

在气候温暖的国家，冬天时间不太长，也不太冷，因此动物没有冬眠的必要。

In warm counties, where the winters are not very long or very cold, hibernation is not necessary.（在状语中使用定语从句，化解了原句的因果关系。）

科学和技术是不同的概念。科学是新知识的产生，但这种知识不一定被应用；而技术是把知识应用于新产品的开发与生产。

Science and technology differ in the sense that the former is the production of new knowledge that may or may not be applied, while the latter is the application of knowledge to the development and production of new products.（后句补充说明前句，所以用in the sense that将后句转化为前句的状语，用the former…the latter串联分号前后内容。）（2）分译法

汉语中并列复句使用较多，有时句子很长，层次较多，包含了较多信息量，如果勉强译成一句话，可能会冗长繁复，难以理解，这时，就应考虑将长句拆分。例如：

跨国合资企业必须应对许多棘手的文化冲突问题，其中决策过程是最麻烦的问题之一，而解决这一问题最难的一点是，要意识到决策是一个文化上的问题，而不仅仅是技术上的问题。

The decision-making process is among the most troublesome cultural conflicts that international joint ventures have to cope with.To find a solution, the biggest difficulty is （to）understand that decision-making is not simply a technical issue, but rather a cultural one.（原句逻辑关系层次复杂，不如按照它的内在阶段性分为两句。）

医学并不只是应用生物学的一个分支，它还包括心理学、社会学、人类学、经济学的许多方面。

Medicine is not only a branch of applied biology.It also subsumed many aspects of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics.

3.句型转换法

单句可以转换为复句，复句也可以转换为单句。有些汉语单句无法对应翻译成英语简单句，常常可以转为并列或主从复合句。而汉语复句在英语中无法找到对应结构词时，也可以转化为单句。比如：（1）单句 → 复句

有许多人喜欢张艺谋导演的电影。

There’re many people who like films directed by Zhang Yimou.

我每次去都看见他在画画。

Every time I went there, I saw him painting.（2）复句 → 单句

听到这消息，人们感到十分惊奇。

They were quite surprised at the news.

水结冰后，体积不是变小，而是变大。

Frozen water expands rather than shrinks in volume.

4.汉语特殊句式（1）“把”字句

这种句式用“把”（或“将”）字把动词的支配对象放在动词之前，一般可以还原为动宾结构，有些表达式也有相应的英语短语。例如：

把环保产业列入优先发展的行业

give priority tothe environmental protection industry （固定短语give priority to）

把不可能看成可能

regardthe impossible aspossible （固定短语regard/treat/see…as）

这种机器可以把面包切得很薄。

The machine can cut bread thin.（“主—谓—宾—补”结构）

我们需要把新旧知识联系起来学习。

We have to connectthe newly learned knowledge withwhat is already in our system.

或者：We have to establish a connection betweenthe newly learned knowledge and what is already in our system.（2）连动句

这种句式的谓语部分由两个或多个谓语构成，都直接描述句子的主语。根据谓语之间的逻辑关系，翻译时需要进行不同的处理，不能一概以and连接。例如：

他们乘飞机去了北京。

They went toBeijing byair.

教授应邀来讲课。

The professor cameatour request to givelectures.

科学家们把材料放入磁场，观其反应，并从中了解更多这些材料的性能和使用价值。

Scientists placethe materials into the magnetic fields to seehow they react, thus learning more about their capacities and applications.（“放”和“观”前后发生，同时包含目的关系，而“了解”在此过程中发生，因此处理成分词状语。）（3）无主句

在汉语中，无主句相当普遍，但有时并不是因为没有主语或主语难以确定，而是大家都知道主语是谁是什么。比如“下雨了。”就是一个很常用的无主句，它的主语“天”在英语句子中必须出现，所以翻译时要补上。但也不是所有的无主句都需要补足主语，一般有以下几种处理方法：

1）添加泛指代词，如we, you, they, one, anyone等。例如：

坚持就会胜利。Hold on, and we will make it.

2）译为被动句或there be句型。例如：

全过程应保持恒温。

Constant temperature should be maintained during the entire process.

在伦敦有大本钟和塔桥这样的历史建筑。

In London there are historical constructions like the Big Ben and the Tower Bridge.

3）采用倒装语序。这种方法适用于表示存在、出现与消失的无主句，因为其结构形式与英语倒装句类似。例如：

通过丝绸之路传入了包括玻璃、香水、葡萄、核桃、石榴在内的诸多外来产品。

Imported through the Silk Road are exotic products such as glass, perfume, grapes, walnuts, and pomegranates.

4）固定译法。例如：

一般认为……：It is generally recognized that…

假定……：Assuming that…

以上介绍了一些中译英的大体思路，但是翻译之法无定法，最重要的是把握两种语言的思维方式与表达特点。要记住的是，汉英翻译的入手点是句子而不是词汇。在翻译时，尤其要注意语序的调整、修饰成分的位置以及英语句子结构的完整性。当然，词义的选择与表达、词量的增减、词类的转换等也非常重要。应灵活运用语言知识，完成“信、达、雅”的译文。

第二章 模拟题

Model Test 1

Section I Listening Comprehension （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Part A

Directions: You will hear a passage about the places to visit in Edinburgh.Listen and complete the sentences in Questions 1 to 5 with the information you’ve heard.Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.

1.One of the recommended ways to see this beautiful and historic city is by joining __________.

2.In the Scottish Visitors’ Centre you can see the __________ called The Making of Edinburgh.

3.The Edinburgh Zoo is open daily between ___________.

4.Hopetoun House is Scotland’s greatest Islamic mansion and a unique gem of _____________.

5.To get the information about the Scottish Omnibuses, you can call the phone number _______.

Part B

Directions: You will hear a passage about marketing concept.Answer the Questions 6 to 10 while you listen.Use no more than 5 words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.You now have 25 seconds to read the Questions.

6.To understand the concept of marketing, what is the difference we need to know?

7.What does the core of marketing focus on?

8.What are the steps in the marketing process?

9.In the slogan “You’re the boss”, what does the word “boss” refer to?

10.What was the attitude of most consumers towards the new favor of Coca-Cola in mid-1985?

Part C

Passage One

Directions: Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 15 seconds to read the 4 choices for Questions 11 to 13.

11.[A] To take part in a seminar.

[B] To exchange seismological information and promote cooperation across the Taiwan Straits.

[C] To visit the site of the 1999 earthquake in Taiwan.

[D] To provide valuable data for earthquake research.

12.[A] He’s the director of the Across-Straits Centre for the Exchange of Seismological Science and Technology.

[B] He’s a member of the Chinese Academy of Science.

[C] He’s an expert from the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

[D] He’s a spokesman of the mainland delegation.

13.[A] Because earthquake is a common enemy of people across the Straits.

[B] Because they could co-operate in many areas.

[C] Because co-operation will promote the friendship across the Straits.

[D] Because seismologists want to.

Passage Two

Directions: Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 15 seconds to read the 4 choices for Questions 14 to 16.

14.[A] It’s necessary.[B] It’s useless.

[C] It’s a taboo subject.[D] It should be left unsaid and untaught.

15.[A] To teach students how to be sexually active.

[B] To over-protect teenagers from sexual harm.

[C] To provide youngsters with the knowledge of sex and help them transit to maturity.

[D] To inform students how to deal with an unwanted pregnancy of diseases.

16.[A] Family relations.[B] Sexual and spiritual love.

[C] Human rights.[D] Respects for the old.

Passage Three

Directions: Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 20 seconds to read the 4 choices for Questions 17 to 20.

17.[A] About 10 percent annually.[B] About 8 percent annually.

[C] About 25 percent annually.[D] About 0.9 percent annually.

18.[A] Because China’s photographic marker has a higher growth rate than the US.

[B] Because there is no photographic product in major Chinese cities and rural areas.

[C] Because there’s vast market potential in China

[D] Because many photographic products have planned to enlarge their market in China.

19.[A] It will increase chain stores in China.

[B] It will invest heavily to promote China’s photographic market.

[C] It will stage more exhibitions.

[D] Both A and B.

20.[A] Only 99,000.[B] About 500.

[C] More than 4,500.[D] Approximately 11,900.

Section II Vocabulary （15 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completed the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

21.When visiting a person’s private home, whether for business or ______ reasons, we should time the call with due consideration for our host’s convenience.

[A] social [B] society [C] sociable [D] socialist

22.In those years decent jobs were scarce, and he had no choice but to take the cleaning work at a ______ camp in Vienna for Jews who left the Soviet Union to settle in Israel.

[A] transfer [B] transmit [C] transit [D] transcend

23.If you were to remove the skin you could not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged, is there anything in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to______ a difference?

[A] display [B] indicate [C] demonstrate [D] appear

24.Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more explicit and provides techniques for dealing with them more rigorously than does casual human inquiry.In looking at ordinary human inquiry, we need to ______ prediction and understanding.

[A] distinguish between [B] distract from

[C] distinct between [D] distinct from

25.Training and education can change the response of a group of people, and enable them to behave in a（n）______ way.The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new.

[A] ordinary [B] usual [C] strange [D] peculiar

26.Generally speaking, a Chinese is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is ______ only among those with whom he is acquainted.When a stranger is present, he often seems nervous, even embarrassed.

[A] relaxed [B] frustrated [C] amused [D] exhausted

27.For human beings to enjoy a quality life for years beyond the typical retirement age of 65, researchers are finding ways to prevent and even partially cure blindness, deafness, muscular deterioration, and other problems connected with ______.

2[A] retirement [B] old [C] maturity [D] aging

28.The new rifle can have video camera with a zoom lens that is linked to a video display attached to the soldier’s helmet, allowing him to aim ______ without exposing himself to enemy return fire.

[A] exactly [B] precisely [C] accurately [D] correctly

29.Foreigners may be surprised at the number of references ______ weather that the British______ to each other in the course of a single day.Very often conversational greetings are replaced by comments on the weather.

[A] about; say [B] to; make [C] to; take [D] about; discuss

30.Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone to making mistakes.It is actually caused by ______ of your “body clock”—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological functions.

[A] disruption [B] corruption [C] eruption [D] rupture

31.About the marital problems of Prince Charles and Princess Diana, the mass media always had______ accounts that fascinated many readers but made others a little uncomfortable.

[A] sensational [B] sensuous [C] sentimental [D] sentient

32.Linguists have always been impressed by how babies from multilingual families learn two or more languages simultaneously.They designed a series of research projects to study the______ between parents and babies to better understand how learning takes place.

[A] interchange [B] interrelation [C] intercourse [D] interaction

33.Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food unless it is badly cooked.The ______ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an attractively served meal will often improve a child’s appetite.

[A] procedure [B] process [C] way [D] method

34.The opponents of comprehensive education point with some justification to the fact that the high road to success in the sixties was via Oxford and Cambridge by ______ of a first-rate grammar school.

[A] dint [B] means [C] reason [D] way

35.Instructors of the summer camp have planned for a wide range of outdoor learning activities, including study tours and field trips.These activities will give you an even deeper ______ into our language and culture.

[A] inquiry [B] investigation [C] insight [D] input

Section III Cloze Test （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE that best completed the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water.For example, it appears from their brain 36that toothed species are unable to smell.Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some 37brain structures but it is not known whether these are 38.It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and 39to the top of the head, the

40pathway serving sense of smell may have been nearly all 41.Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste 42, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably

43.Trainers of 44dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ 45 to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species（particularly adults and 46, or members of the same subgroup）appear to make 47 contact.This contact may help to 48order within a group, and stroking or touching are 49of the courtship ritual in most species.The area around the blowhole is also 50 sensitive and the captive often object strongly to being touched there.

The sense of vision is 51to different degrees in different species.Baleen species studied at close 52underwater—specifically a gray whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and 53off Argentina and Hawaii—have obviously 54objects with vision under water, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air.However, the position of the eyes so 55the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.

36.[A] ability [B] capacity [C] structure [D] content

37.[A] related [B] different [C] specific [D] indeterminate

38.[A] correlated [B] functional [C] identified [D] effective

39.[A] transmitted [B] transferred [C] immigrated [D] migrated

40.[A] neural [B] original [C] neuron [D] initial

41.[A] replaced [B] sacrificed [C] missing [D] substituted

42.[A] cells [B] buds [C] pathways [D] organs

43.[A] mistaken [B] doubted [C] obsolete [D] extreme

44.[A] captive [B] cetacean [C] wild [D] free-ranging

45.[A] expressiveness [B] intuition [C] responsiveness [D] expression

46.[A] babies [B] youngsters [C] calves [D] seniors

47.[A] occasional [B] frequentative [C] frequent [D] irregular

48.[A] strike [B] establish [C] build up [D] maintain

49.[A] part [B] components [C] typical [D] manifestation

50.[A] somewhat [B] particularly [C] reasonably [D] unreasonably

51.[A] developed [B] varying [C] weakened [D] strengthened

52.[A] quarters [B] shelters [C] containers [D] rooms

53.[A] chased [B] filmed [C] observed [D] watched

54.[A] tracked [B] identified [C] followed [D] found

55.[A] confines [B] stricts [C] controls [D] restricts

Section IV Reading Comprehension （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 4 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some Questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Passage One

Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay.This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further.We must ask some primary questions about the future of work.Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for serf respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factor and the office, as centers of production and work?

The industrial age has been the only period of human history during which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs.The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns that it brought may have to be reversed.This seems a daunting thought.But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better future for work.Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.

Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes.Later, as transportation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage.In pre-industrial time，men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community.Now it became a custom for the husband to go out to be paid through employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.

It was not only women whose work status suffered.As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retied people want to live active lives.

All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without fun time jobs.

56.Research carried out in the recent opinion polls shows that ______.

[A] available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population

[B] new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures

[C] available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed

[D] the nowadays high unemployment figures are a truth of life

57.The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that ______.

[A] universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperity

[B] economic freedom came within everyone’s control

[C] patterns of work were fundamentally changed

[D] people’s attitudes to work had to be reversed

58.The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries meant that ______.

[A] people were no longer legally entitled to own land

[B] people were driven to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves

[C] people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land

[D] people were badly paid for the work they managed to find

59.The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that ______.

[A] the household and Village community disappeared completely[B] men now traveled enormous distances to their places of work

[C] young and old people became superfluous components of society[D] the work status of those not in paid employment suffered 60.The article concludes that ______.

[A] the creation of jobs for all is an impossibility

[B] our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are insufficient

[C] people should begin supporting themselves by learning a practical skill

[D] we should help those whose jobs are only part-timePassage Two

For many students，the college years are a trying time.While academic challenges are an expected part of higher learning, students can face personal challenges as well.One common problem is that of isolation.It is very easy to feel lost among a large group of many different sorts of people.If a student does not take part in any student activities, spends most or all of his or her time alone and has no meaningful relationships with other students, that student can be considered isolated.

Freshmen normally experience the most extreme feeling of isolation.They are suddenly in an unfamiliar environment away from relatives and friends, where everyone seems to be a stranger.Naturally shy students or those with strong family ties may not only feel homesick, but also threatened.There is also the added pressure to perform well academically.He or she may feel like everyone is watching and evaluating, ready to criticize or accuse.All of this may cause a student to emotionally and socially withdraw as a defense mechanism.Instead of thinking of other students as potential friends they imagine them as potential enemies.This makes establishing new friendships more difficult and the feelings of isolation more pronounced.

To make matters worse, isolation can lead to other emotional problems, primarily depression.Loneliness and other negative feelings are only deepened and reinforced by the fact that there is no one with whom the isolated student can share his or her feelings.Depression can drain a student’s energy and initiative, resulting in poor academic performance.In addition, it can damage what relationships the student may already have.Finally, it can also lead to more serious problems such as alcoholism and suicidal feelings.

University can take various initiatives to prevent students from becoming isolated.One of the most effective and common methods is to require students to share a dormitory room.Having a roommate makes it very difficult to be isolated since a student must interact with this person regardless of how shy he or she may be.Another method is to encourage a student to join in some sort of activity immediately after entering university.This can include joining a club, a student association, or a study group.Finally, a university can provide professional counseling for students with personal problems.

61.The underlined phrase “more pronounced” （Line 8, Para.2）is closest in meaning to “______”.

[A] clearer [B] louder [C] more talked about [D] more intense 62.In Paragraph 1, the author explains the concept of isolation by ______.

[A] giving examples of how schools can help isolated students

[B] characterizing the type of students who cause isolation in their classmates

[C] providing a definition of the concept and examples of those prone to it

[D] discussing factors affecting the barriers among students

63.According to the passage, what types of students most typically experience isolation?

[A] Students who prefer to focus on their studies rather than socialize.

[B] Students who are surrounded by large amounts of other students.

[C] Students who view others as potential enemies or accusers.

[D] Freshman students who are shy or overly attached to their families.

64.Which of the following best expresses the essential information of the first sentence in the

last paragraph?

[A] There are several ways in which universities can initiate feelings of isolation in the students.

[B] There are several strategies that universities can implement in order to reduce the chances of students becoming isolated.

[C] Isolated students can be prevented from entering certain universities.

[D] Students can start the process of avoiding isolation by suggesting strategies to their university.

65.What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?

[A] The reasons why students should make an effort to meet new people.

[B] Things the students can do to free themselves from isolation.

[C] The negative effects of isolation on the student.

[D] Ways in which the university contributes to isolation.Passage Three

Radiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues.These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 milligrams a year for the average American.

The largest single source of man-made radiation is medical X-rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards form this source are not as great as those from weapons-test fallout, since strontium-90 and carbon-14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime.The last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation, beginning with the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which reported in 1958, “Even the smallest amounts of radiation are liable to cause deleterious genetic and perhaps also somatic effects”.

A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X-rays contracted cancer.Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given prenatal pelvic X-rays.These studies have pointed to the need to re-examine the assumption that exposure to low linear energy transfer presented only a minor risk.

While the National Academy of Sciences Committee attributes these differences to chemical or other environmental causes, rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk.In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, and inconsistent, characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays.A Senate report concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion.One Federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned

66.According to the passage, scientists generally agree that ______.

[A] man-made radiation accounts for 100 milligrams per person

[B] the last two decades have witnessed intensified low-level radiation

[C] radioactive fallout constitutes a far greater threat than low level radiation medical X-rays

[D] linear energy transfer presents only a minor risk

67.The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.

[A] explain the difference between natural and man-made radiation

[B] arouse concern about the risks connected with the use of producers of low-level

Radiation, such as medical X-rays

[C] criticize the United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation

[D] advocate limiting the use of atomic-weapons testing since the fallout is extremely hazardous

68.It can be inferred that the chairperson, mentioned in the last paragraph, who resigned from the panel to develop a coordinated federal program for radiation regulation probably did so because ______.

[A] he disagreed with the findings of the Senate committee

[B] regulatory efforts have been balked by disputes, confusion, and bureaucratic delays

[C] his agency could not obtain fund or manpower for implementation of existing law

[D]supported the position of the National Academy of Sciences Committee and opposed regulation of radiation exposure

69.Of the following, the sources of radiation that are natural are ______.

[A] radioactive potassium in bone, strontium 90, uranium ore

[B] carbon-14 in tissues, cosmic rays, X-rays

[C] cosmic rays, radioactive potassium in bones, radioactive carbon in tissues

[D] plutonium, radioactive material in rock, strontium-90

70.It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

[A] the causes of particular types of cancers can be readily ascertained by identifying the source of radiation

[B] the amount of low-level radiation in the nation has increased measurably since 1958

[C] scientists, by and large, are unconcerned about environmental aspects of cancer causation

[D] the committees on radiation effects of the National Academy of Sciences and of the United Nations are in disagreement on the impact of low linear energy transferPassage Four

Ambient divers do not go underwater in submersible vehicles, such as a diving bell, a bathysphere, or in a pressure—resistant suit.They are divers who are exposed to the pressure and temperature of the surrounding （ambient）water.Of all types of diving, the oldest and simplest is free diving.Some free divers may use no equipment at all, but many use a face mask, foot fins, and a snorkel.Under the surface, free divers must hold their breath.Most free divers can only descend 30 feet （10 meters）beneath the surface, but some expert divers can go as deep as 100 feet （33 meters）.

SCUBA diving provides greater range than free diving.The word SCUBA stands for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.SCUBA divers wear metal tanks with compressed air or other breathing gases.When using open-circuit equipment, a SCUBA diver simply breathes air from the tank through a hose and releases the exhaled air into the water.A closed-circuit breathing device, called a rebreather, filters out carbon dioxide and other harmful gases and automatically adds oxygen.This enables the diver to breathe the same air over and over.SCUBA divers usually use foot fins to help them swim underwater.They may wear only swim suits （skin diving）, or they may wear rubber wetsuits to help protect them from cold water.

SCUBA diving has been practiced since the nineteenth century, but it was not until 1942 that SCUBA diving became simple and safe.That was the year that Jacques-Yves Cousteau, a French naval officer, and Emile Gagnan, an engineer for a natural gas company, redesigned the regulator from an automobile engine so that it could be used to automatically regulate the flow of air to a diver.Cousteau and Gagnan attached the new regulator to hoses, a mouthpiece, and a pair of compressed air tanks and called this equipment the Aqualung.Aqualungs were soon being sold in dive shops around the world, and SCUBA diving became a popular sport.

In surface-supplied diving, divers wear helmets and waterproof canvas suits Today, sophisticated plastic helmets have replaced the heavy copper ones used in the past.Surface-supplied divers get their air from a hose connected to air compressors on a pier or on a boat.Surface-supplied divers can go deeper and stay submerged longer than any other type of ambient diver.Unlike SCUBA divers, many of whom are sports divers, almost all surface-supplied divers work on tasks such as underwater construction and salvage operations.

71.Ambient divers are those who ______.

[A] can descend to great depths [B] wear pressure-resistant suits

[C] use no equipment [D] are exposed to the surrounding water

72.What distinction does the author make between open-circuit SCUBA divers and closed-circuit SCUBA divers?

[A] Closed-circuit divers use air from a tank, but open-circuit divers do not.

[B] Closed-circuit divers breathe the same air again and again but open-circuit divers do not.

[C] Closed-circuit divers wear wet suits but open-circuit divers wear only swimsuits.

[D] Closed-circuit divers use compressed air, but open-circuit divers use other breathing gases.

73.In Paragraph 3, the author discusses how Cousteau and Gagnan ______.

[A] developed safer and simpler SCUBA equipment

[B] designed a new regulator for automobile engines

[C] adapted equipment from the natural gas industry for use by divers

[D] invented new tactics for military divers

74.Today, surface-supplied divers’ helmets are made from ______.

[A] copper [B] canvas [C] plastic [D] glass 75.Which of the following statements about surface-supplied divers is NOT true?

[A] They can dive deepest of all ambient divers.

[B] They can dive only from boats.

[C] They can stay underwater the longest of all ambient divers.

[D] They generally dive for work, not for recreation.

Section V Translation （25 marks）

Directions: Translate the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer Sheet II.

互联网发端于20世纪60年代，当时的网络很小，是由美国从事军方研究工作的院校和官方的一些计算机联网而成的。最初，互联网只供少数几所大学和政府机构的研究人员使用，但它很快成为一个遍布全球的网络，用户可以上网搜索到覆盖广泛的海量信息，还可以直接在电脑上向商家购买商品与服务。到20世纪末，能在家或在工作单位上网的美国人已达到8400万。今天，越来越多的美国人通过电脑在互联网上进行付账、购物、预订飞机票、买卖股票等业务。

网上银行也日益受到欢迎。由于员工和办公区等经常性开支费用减少，网上银行同传统银行相比可以提供较高的存款利率和较低的贷款利息。因此，传统银行也越来越多地通过交易网站提供网上银行业务，作为对传统业务的补充。目前，约15%的上网家庭通过互联网处理银行业务，在未来两三年间，该数字有望增加一至两倍。

网上商务的日益频繁加剧了人们对于网上交易安全问题和个人隐私权问题的担忧。互联网用户凭一张信用卡或借记卡就能从网上订购任何物品，然后等着送货上门。进行网上交易的公司需要拥有高级的安全措施以保障信用卡号、银号账户号、社会保障号等在网上交易过程中不会被未经许可的人员得到。任何组织若将其内部网络与全球互联网相连，必须严密控制接点，以确保外人无法扰乱组织内部网络，未经许可禁止他人进入其计算机系统，接触数据。

Model Test 2

Section I Listening Comprehension （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Part A

Directions:You will hear a weather forecast.Listen and complete the sentences in Questions 1 to 5 with the information you’ve heard.Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.

1.The weather in Central England is now ___________________.

2.This evening East Anglia will have turned __________________.

3.There will be ____________________ in Wales this evening.

4.Southern Scotland is starting _________________, but it will cloud over during the afternoon.

5.Temperatures in Central and Northern Scotland will range from 5 to 7 degree Celsius, winds mostly ___________________ in direction.

Part B

Directions: You will hear a passage about the basic principles of the United Nations.Answer the Questions 6 to 10 while you listen.Use no more than 5 words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.You now have 25 seconds to read the Questions.

6.How many other important jobs of the United Nations are mentioned at the beginning of the passage, besides keeping peace?

7.When was the San Francisco Conference held in 1945?

8.According to the delegates at the San Francisco Conference, what kind of conditions had to be created by the United Nations?

9.What is the document that lists principles the organization and all member states agree to respect?

10.What are the two principles mentioned that are designed to limit the power of the United Nations?

Part C

Conversation One

Directions: Questions 11 to 14 are based on the following conversation.You will hear the conversation only once.You now have 20 seconds to read choices for Questions 11 to 14.

11.[A] Recently, she has the habit of staying late after class.

[B] Liking to eating to in the cafeteria.

[C] Tending to tell jokes.

[D] Falling asleep during meals.

12.[A] They are not late for the classes.[B] They complete all their assignments.

[C] They study hard for his tests.[D] They fight for front row seats.

13.

[A] He is very angry.[B] Visitors make him feel good.

[C] He is not happy.[D] Visitors have no effects on him.

14.

[A] Responsibility.[B] Impartial.

[C] Full of sympathy.[D] Sensitive.

Passage One

Directions: Questions 15 to 17 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 15 seconds to read choices for Questions 15 to 17.

15.[A] The production of new industrial goods.

[B] Waste products.

[C] Some machines we need and use in our daily life.

[D] The release of artificial or natural substances into the environment.

16.[A] Both a litter problem and a waste of resources.

[B] Air and water pollution.

[C] Unnecessary buying.

[D] Excess consumption.

17.[A] Optimistic.[B] Pessimistic.[C] Ambiguous.[D] Balanced.

Passage Two

Directions: Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 15 seconds to read choices for Questions 18 to 20.

18.[A] Left-handers tend to be easy to get tired and careless.

[B] Right hander is easy to lose track of what we are doing.

[C] Left-handers are more likely to make minor mental errors.

[D] They are more skillful in handling equipment.

19.[A] He is left handed himself.

[B] He is chief of the study program.

[C] He said the study had limitation.

[D] He stressed that the study was not official project and said that the finding can’t be applied to left-hander.

20.[A] The lack of consideration for them in equipment design.

[B] Their slowness in responding.

[C] Their lack of concentration resulting from mental stress.

[D] The probability of their getting excited easily.

Section II Vocabulary （15 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE that best completed the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

21.All high school graduates ought to go to college, says common ______ and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.

[A] awareness [B] wisdom [C] sense [D] faith

22.In cases of teenage drug abuse, the environment is playing a vital part.If, for instance, a youngster belongs to a community, school, or peer group where other youngsters take drugs, he may soon be ______ to follow suit, for fear of non-acceptance.

[A] attempted [B] tempted [C] attracted [D] distracted

23.Do not talk too much to the child during meal times, but let him get on with his food; and do not ______ him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food so he can hurry back to his toys.

[A] consent [B] allow [C] force [D] persuade

24.Seated on the divan beside Robert, Sophie drank her tea and ate a scone, feeling the welcome effects of caffeine and food.Just then a bright idea ______ to her.

[A] happened [B] occurred [C] flashed [D] struck

25.Our ancestors had little use for ______ numbers; instead, their considerations would have been more of the kind “Is this enough?” rather than “How many?” when they were engaged in food gathering, for example.

[A] actual [B] real [C] practical [D] true

26.Thomas Hardy’s novels are said to suffer from the “long-arm of coincidence” because too many events seem to have a casual rather than a ______ connection.[A] incidental [B] substantial [C] causal [D] plausible

27.Now, in the summer of 1816, they had temporarily escaped from England and were settled in Geneva, among the splendors of lake and mountains, and in the stimulating ______ of their most faithful friend, the celebrated poet Byron.

[A] company [B] companion [C] accompany [D] accompaniment

28.The starry sky seems to have the power of elevating his soul from earth, of ______ his double existence: he may be overwhelmed by disappointments; yet, when he has retired into himself, He will be like a celestial spirit, within which no grief ventures.

[A] interpreting [B] knowing [C] absorbing [D] telling

29.When the planet Mars was first ______ through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was crisscrossed by a number of strange blue green lines, which were later called “canals” because they looked the same as canals on earth viewed from an airplane.

[A] studied [B] observed [C] researched [D] surveyed

30.Whatever the primitive drives that motivate human beings, satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to predict future circumstances.The attempt to predict is often played in a______ of knowledge and understanding.

[A] content [B] contact [C] contest [D] context

31.Although the nation has given due ______ to the development of education, there are still controversies over the fundamental conceptions of the constitution of education.

[A] priority [B] response [C] reaction [D] responsibility

32.I believe that advertisement is a creative and necessary part of an industrial society.I, too, want to improve my lifestyle and to buy better products, so I look to advertisements to______ me how to do it.

[A] present [B] show [C] instruct [D] help

33.It is not singular that, as the daughter of two persons of ______ literary celebrity, Mary Shelley should very early in life have thought of writing as a favorite pastime.

[A] distinguished [B] distinguishable [C] distinctive [D] distinct

34.Unfortunately, the steady rise in world population makes it likely that, for the world ______, environmental conditions will continue to worsen for some decades to come.

[A] in all [B] as a whole [C] in whole [D] at all

35.It may be that in the industrial districts the high wages that can be obtained at an early age have reduced the attractions of postponing wage earning ______ a university education.

[A] in favor of [B] in return for [C] in exchange of [D] in place of

Section III Cloze Test （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE that best completed the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

They play hard, they play often, and they play to win.Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, 36rivals with seeming ease.How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an 37and expensive network of sporting academies 38by science and medicine.At the Australian Institute of Sport （AIS）, hundreds of youngsters and 39live and train under the eyes of coaches.Another 40, the Australian Sports Commission （ASC）,41programs of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women.Both provide intensive coaching, training 42and nutritional advice.

Inside the academies, science takes 43stage.The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and 44with scores of others in 45and research centers.AIS scientists work across a number of sports, 46skills learned in one—such as 47muscle strength in golfers—to others, such as swimming and squash.They are backed up by 48who design instruments to collect 49from athletes.They all focus on one aim: winning.“We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help 50work with an athlete and improve 51”, says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.

A lot of their work comes down to 52—everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power 53of a cyclist.This data is used to wring improvements out of 54.The focus is on individuals, tweaking 55to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, and extra millimeter there.

36.[A] destroying [B] competing [C] demolishing [D] attacking

37.[A] extensive [B] extraordinary [C] evolved [D] excellent

38.[A] operated [B] manipulated [C] run [D] underpinned

39.[A] experts [B] pros [C] teenagers [D] outsiders

40.[A] group [B] body [C] agency [D] institute

41.[A] finances [B] supports [C] advocates [D] backs up

42.[A] programs [B] courses [C] projects [D] facilities

43.[A] center [B] important [C] first [D] crucial

44.[A] contacts [B] gets along [C] works [D] collaborates

45.[A] schools [B] hospitals [C] academies [D] universities

46.[A] studying [B] observing [C] employing [D] applying

47.[A] building [B] gathering [C] getting [D] accumulating 48.[A] technicians [B] sportsmen [C] assistants [D] professors

49.[A] feedback [B] responses [C] feeling [D] data

50.[A] coach [B] us [C] scientist [D] experts

51.[A] skill [B] performance [C] ability [D] score

52.[A] numbers [B] figures [C] measurement [D] details

53.[A] release [B] generation [C] output [D] charge

54.[A] performance [B] athletes [C] competitors [D] competition

55.[A] performances [B] behaviors [C] conducts [D] facilities

Section IV Reading Comprehension （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 4 passages in this Section.Each passage is followed by some Questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are4 choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Passage One

At the end of the 1800’s, Thomas Edison introduced the incandescent light bulb and changed the world.Remarkably, the incandescent bulb used today has changed little in over a hundred years.Inside the incandescent light bulb, electricity passes through a metal filament.Because of resistance, the filament becomes so hot that it glows.Given that 20% of the world’s electricity is used to power lights, this represents an enormous amount of wasted energy.

In the 1940’s a new, more efficient form of lighting, the fluorescent bulb, was introduced.Fluorescents work by passing electrical current through gas in a tube, producing invisible ultraviolet light.A phosphor coating on the inside of the tube then converts the ultraviolet to visible light.Little heat is wasted.Fluorescents have proved popular in offices, factories, and stores, but they never took over the residential lighting market.The harsh color isn’t as pleasing as the warmer glow of incandescent lamps.Besides, they have a tendency to flicker on and off and to produce an annoying buzz.

Now, lighting engineers are developing a new form of lighting that is both pleasing to the eyes and energy efficient.This is the light-emitting diode, or LED.LEDs are made up of layers of electron-charged substances.When an electrical current passes through the layers, electrons jump from one layer to another and give off light without producing heat.Different types of materials result in light of different colors.Red, green, and orange LEDs have been used for decades in devices such as digital clocks, calculators, and electronic toys.In the future, however, white-light-emitting diodes （WLEDs）may be used to light homes.Engineers say that they are significantly more efficient than either incandescent or fluorescent lights.

Arrays of colored LEDs are beginning to be used in traffic lights and auto motive lights.Today, colored light such as a red brake light is created by shining a white incandescent light through a colored plastic filter.This is incredibly inefficient because only the red light that passes through the filter is used.The rest is wasted.Because LEDs actually produce red light, no filter is needed and no light is wasted.

The next challenge for researchers is to develop an efficient, bright, inexpensive WLED.A few years ago, a Japanese scientist named Shuji Nakamura discovered that, by using layers of gallium nitride, he could create a powerful blue LED.Later, engineers devised two ways to use this blue LED to create a WLED.Red, green, and blue LEDs can be combined, creating a pleasant white light.Another way is to use a chemical coating similar to that inside a fluorescent bulb that converts the blue light to white.Nevertheless, it will still be some time before WLEDs are commonly used in homes.WLEDs are currently only twice as energy efficient as incandescent.They are also very expensive.But researchers believe that they can create WLEDs that are ten times as efficient and one thousand times as long-lasting as incandescent lights, making them cost effective.

56.The underlined word “Remarkably” （Line 2, Para.1）is closest in meaning to ______.

[A] logically [B] generally [C] amazingly [D] naturally

57.According to the passage, a red LED is different from a green LED because it ______.

[A] is made from different materials [B] uses a different amount of energy

[C] uses a red plastic filter, not a green one [D] produces less heat

58.It can be inferred from the passage that the most recently developed type of LED is a powerful ______.

[A] red LED [B] white LED [C] blue LED [D] green LED

59.The author compares one type of WLED with fluorescent light because they both ______.

[A] use ultraviolet light [B] are filled with gas

[C] employ a chemical coating [D] are energy efficient

60.From the information given in this passage, it is clear that WLEDs could be used in homes today if they were ______.

[A] not so expensive [B] easier to install

[C] twice as efficient as incandescent lights [D] available in various colorsPassage Two

A brown dwarf is a celestial body that has never quite become a star.A typical brown dwarf has a mass that is eight percent or less than that of the Sun.The mass of a brown dwarf is too small to generate the internal temperatures capable of igniting the nuclear burning of hydrogen to release energy and light.

A brown dwarf contracts at a steady rate, and after it has contracted as much as possible, a process that takes about 1 million years, it begins to cool off.Its emission of light diminishes with the decrease in its internal temperature, and after a period of 2 to 3 billion years, its emission of light is so weak that it can be difficult to observe from the Earth.

Because of these characteristics of a brown dwarf, it can be easily distinguished from stars in different stages of formation.A brown dwarf is quite distinctive because its surface temperature is relatively cool and because its internal composition—approximately 75 percent hydrogen—has remained essentially the same as it was when first formed.A white dwarf, in contrast, has gone through a long period when it burns hydrogen, followed by another long period in which it burns the helium created by the burning of hydrogen and ends up with a core that consists mostly of oxygen and carbon with a thin layer of hydrogen surrounding the core.

It is not always as easy, however, to distinguish brown dwarfs from large planets.Though planets are not formed in the same way as brown dwarfs, they may in their current state have some of the same characteristics as a brown dwarf.The planet Jupiter, for example, is the largest planet in our solar system with a mass 317 times that of our planet and resembles a brown dwarf in that it radiates energy based on its internal energy.It is the mechanism by which they were formed that distinguishes a high-mass planet such as Jupiter from a low-mass brown dwarf.

61.It is stated in the passage that the mass of an average brown dwarf ______.

[A] is smaller than the mass of the Sun

[B] generates an extremely high internal temperature

[C] is capable of igniting nuclear burning

[D] causes the release of considerable energy and light

62.According to Paragraph 2, a brown dwarf cools off ______.

[A] within the first million years of its existence.

[B] after its contraction is complete.

[C] at the same time that it contracts.

[D] in order to begin contracting.

63.What is stated in Paragraph 2 about a brown dwarf that has cooled off for 2 to 3 billion years?

[A] Its weak light makes it difficult to see from the Earth.

[B] It no longer emits light.

[C] Its weak light has begun the process of restrengthening.[D] Scientists are unable to study it.

64.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that ______.

[A] the amount of hydrogen in a brown dwarf has increased dramatically[B] a brown dwarf had far more hydrogen when it first formed[C] three-quarters of the core of a brown dwarf is hydrogen

[D] the internal composition of a brown dwarf is always changing

65.What is mentioned in Paragraph 4 about brown dwarfs?

[A] They are quite different from large planets.

[B] They are formed in the same way as large planets.

[C] They can share some similarities with large planets.

[D] They have nothing in common with large planets.Passage Three

Climatic conditions are delicately adjusted to the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere.If there were a change in the atmosphere—for example, in the relative proportions of atmospheric gases-the climate would probably change also.A slight increase in water vapor, for instance, would increase the heat retaining capacity of the atmosphere and would lead to a rise in global temperatures.In contrast, a large increase in water vapor would increase the thickness and extent of the cloud layer, reducing the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface.

The level of carbon dioxide, CO, in the atmosphere has an 2important effect on climatic change.Most of the Earth’s incoming energy is short wave length radiation, which tends to pass through atmospheric CO easily.The Earth, however, reradiates much of the 2received energy as long wavelength radiation, which CO absorbs and 2then remits toward the Earth.This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, can result in an increase in the surface temperature of a planet.An extreme example of the effect is shown by Venus, a planet covered by heavy clouds composed mostly of CO, which 2surface temperatures have been measured at 430°C.If the CO 2content of the atmosphere is reduced, the temperature falls.According to one respectable theory, if the atmospheric CO concentration were 2halved, the Earth would become completely covered with ice.Another equally respectable theory, however, stares that a halving of the CO 2concentration would lead only to a reduction in global temperatures of 3°C.

If, because of an increase in forest fires or volcanic activity, the CO content of the atmosphere increased, a warmer climate would be 2produced.Plant growth, which relies on both the warmth and the availability of CO, would probably increase.As a consequence, plants 2would use more and more CO.Eventually CO levels would diminish 22and the climate, in turn, would become cooler.With reduced temperatures many plants would die: CO would thereby be returned 2to the atmosphere and gradually the temperature would rise again.Thus, If this process occurred, there might be a long-term oscillation in the amount of CO preset in the atmosphere, with regular 2temperature increases and decreases of a set magnitude.

66.The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

[A] Why are projections of the effects of changes in water vapor levels on the climate so inaccurate?

[B] What are the steps in the process that takes place as CO 2absorbs long wavelength radiation?

[C] How might our understanding of the greenhouse effect be improved if the burning of fossil fuels were decreased?

[D] What might cause a series of regular increases and decreases in the amount of CO in the atmosphere?2

67.The author is primarily concerned with ______.

[A] explaining the effects that the burning of fossil fuels might have on climate

[B] illustrating the effects of CO on atmospheric radiation2

[C] discussing effects that changes in the CO level in the 2atmosphere might have on climate

[D] challenging hypotheses about the effects of water vapor and CO on climate2

68.The passage suggests that a large decrease in the amount of CO in the atmosphere would result in ______.2

[A] at least a slight decrease in global temperatures

[B] at the most a slight increase in short wave length radiation reaching the Earth

[C] a slight long-term increase in global temperatures

[D] a slight short term increase in atmospheric water vapor content 69.The author refers to Venus primarily in order to ______.

[A] show the inherent weakness of greenhouse effect theory

[B] show the extent to which Earth’s atmosphere differs from that of Venus

[C] support the contention that as water vapor increases, the amount of CO increases2

[D] support the argument that the CO level in the atmosphere 2has a significant effect on climate

70.The passage suggests that if there were a slight global warming at the present time, it would be ______.

[A] difficult to measure the increase of CO in the atmosphere 2because of local variations in amounts

[B] easy to demonstrate the effects of the warming on the water vapor in the atmosphere

[C] difficult to prove that the warming was caused by the burning of fossil fuels

[D] easy to prove that the warming was caused by an increase of cloud coverPassage Four

A Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mother, in childrearing, but what do fathers do? Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home.Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting.Two adults can support and make up for each other’s deficiencies and build on each other’s strengths.

Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities.Some are familiar: protector and role model.Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble.The pathway to adulthood for daughter is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from their mothers, how to relate to men.They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference.They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives.Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they are love-worthy.

Current research gives much deeper—and more surprising—insight into the father’s role in childrearing.One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play.From their children’s birth through adolescence, fathers tend to emphasize play more than care-taking.The father’s style of play is likely to be both physically stimulating and exciting.With older children it involves more teamwork, requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills.It frequently resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you how.Mothers play more at the child’s level.They seem willing to let the child direct play.

Kids, at least in the early years, seem to prefer to play with daddy.In one study of 2-year-olds who were given a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play with their fathers.The way fathers play has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement.It is particularly important in promoting self-control.According to one expert, children who roughhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable.“They learn when to shut it down.”

At play and in other realms, fathers tend to stress competition, challenge, initiative, risk-taking and independence.Mothers, as caretakers, stress emotional security and personal safety.On the playground fathers often try to get the children to swing ever higher, while mothers are cautious, worrying about an accident.

We know, too, that fathers’ involvement seems to be linked to improved verbal and problem-solving skills and higher academic achievement.Several studies found that along with paternal strictness, the amount of time fathers spent reading with them was a strong predictor of their daughters’ verbal ability.For sons the results have been equally striking.Studies uncovered a strong relationship between fathers’ involvement and the mathematical abilities of their sons.Other studies found a relationship between paternal nurturing and boys’ verbal intelligence.

71.The first paragraph points out that one of the advantages of a family with both parents is ______.

[A] husband and wife can share housework

[B] two adults are always better than one

[C] the fundamental importance of mothers can be fully, recognized

[D] husband and wife can compensate for each other’s shortcomings

72.According to Paragraph 3, one significant difference between the father’s and mother’s role in child-rearing is ______.

[A] the style of play encouraged [B] the amount of time available

[C] the strength of emotional ties [D] the emphasis of Intellectual development

73.Which of the following statements is true?

[A] Mothers tend to stress personal safety less than fathers.

[B] Boys are likely to benefit more from their fathers’ caring.

[C] Girls learn to read more quickly with the help of their fathers.

[D] Fathers tend to encourage creativeness and independence.

74.Studies investigating fathers’ involvement in child-rearing show that ______.

[A] this improves kids’ mathematical and verbal abilities

[B] the more time spent with kids, the better they speak

[C] the more strict the fathers are, the cleverer the kids

[D] girls usually do better than boys academically

75.The writer’s main point in writing this article is ______.

[A] to warn society of increasing social problems

[B] to emphasize the father’s role in the family

[C] to discuss the responsibilities of fathers

[D] to show sympathy for one-parent families

Section V Translation （25 marks）

Directions: Translate the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer Sheet II.

事实上，广播并没有因为电视、有线网和互联网而黯然失色。实际情况是，广播还是一如既往地让人们喜爱。根据民用电子设备生产者协会的调查，目前美国仍有6.75亿台无线电收音机。11岁以上的美国人平均每个工作日收听3小时18分钟的广播节目。

我提这些并不是要证明广播比其他电子媒介好（所有媒介我都用，而且都很喜欢），但我得说，广播与其他媒介不一样，很不一样。广播跟人们有着特殊的关系。在一个我们可以享受很多其他媒介的时代里，广播仍然能使人们对它忠心耿耿，这是电视的各种黄金频道和互联网的众多网址所做不到的。

这种忠诚在很大程度上源自于广播的局限性。广播不可能用壮观的画面使我们倾倒，它只能通过听觉效果吸引住我们。也就是说，它，必须通过语言或者音乐向我们诉说。同时，广播又是一种令人觉得非常亲切的媒介：人们往往觉得广播在和他们进行着一对一的交流。电视就不一样了，电视观众作为个人总是觉得他或她只不过是不计其数而又迥然各异的观众中的一个无名之辈，可有可无，微不足道。但由于收音机比其他接收设备都要“小”，这使每个听众觉得电波是在直接地、不受干扰地从电台麦克风专门为他的收音机而发送，而且播音员或者主持人也是在和他两个人说话，或是在为他一个人播放唱片。

Model Test 3

Section I Listening Comprehension （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Part A

Directions: You will hear a passage about underground travel.Listen and complete the sentences in Questions 1 to 5 with the information you’ve heard.Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box.You will hear the passage twice.You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.

1.Ticket prices for underground vary according to ______________________.

2.The underground network is divided into one central zone and _____________________.

3.Passengers should keep their ticket for ________________ at their destination.

4.One day travel cards can be bought from _______________ or tube stations after 9:30 a.m.at weekdays and any time at weekends.

5.Smoking is permitted, however, on the back of ________________ of buses.

Part B

Directions: You will hear a conversation at the police station.Answer the Questions 6 to 10 while you listen.Use no more than 5 words for each answer.You will hear the recording twice.You now have 25 seconds to read the Questions.

6.What kind of crime did the woman eyewitness?

7.Who was with her during the crime?

8.What was the man robber wearing?

9.How old was the woman robber in the woman’s mind?

10.What is the biggest thing that the woman can remember about the woman robber?

Part C

Passage One

Directions: Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 15 seconds to read choices for Questions 11 to 13.

11.[A] It was settled more than 300 years ago.

[B] Alexander Graham Bell visited there.

[C] A large number of its residents were deaf.

[D] Each family living there had many children.

12.[A] To establish his laboratory.[B] To have a vacation.

[C] To visit members of his family.[D] To study deafness among the families.

13.[A] The patterns of marriage have changed.

[B] Many deaf people have regained their hearing.

[C] Most of the original population has left the island.

[D] The island has become famous for its research facilities.

Passage Two

Directions: Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 20 seconds to read choices for Questions 14 to 17.

14.[A] On a Tuesday.[B] On a Wednesday.[C] On a Thursday.[D] On a Friday.

15.[A] There will be only multiple-choice questions.

[B] The exam will be both multiple-choice and essay questions.

[C] The exam will have an oral and a written section.

[D] There will be only essay questions.

16.[A] It will be easy to understand.

[B] Students will be tested on all the material discussed in class.

[C] It will cover topics from a wide of academic fields.

[D] Students must complete all parts of it.

17.[A] During the first week of class.[B] During midterm week.

[C] On the last day of class.[D] On the last day of exam week.

Passage Three

Directions: Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage.You will hear the passage only once.You now have 15 seconds to read choices for Questions 18 to 20.

18.[A] A recent textbook assignment.[B] Requirement for the final examination.

[C] Choosing research topics.[D] Preparing an outline for a paper.

19.[A] To present final papers.[B] To give a model of outline style.

[C] To discuss the preliminary outline.[D] To discuss final grades.

20.[A] With a thesis statement.[B] With a list of references.

[C] With a summary of the conference.[D] With the student’s name.

Section II Vocabulary （15 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE that best completed the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

21.Even when homeless individuals manage to find a ______ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number of them still spend the bulk of each day wandering the streets.

[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house

22.The situation will improve only when there are ______ programs that address the many needs of the unemployed.As Edward Zlotkoski, director of community service at Bentley college, puts it, “there has to be coordination of programs.”

[A] complicated [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating

23.Even in the 20th century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other means of transportation.Canals make it possible for boats to travel between ports along the coast without being ______ to the dangers of the open.

[A] shown [B] put [C] revealed [D] exposed

24.The southwestern area of China, including Yunnan Province, Sichuan Province, Tibet and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, is ______ to severe earthquakes and other geological activities.

[A] object [B] prone [C] subject [D] particular

25.As a ______ Catholic, Mother Teresa persisted in her steady fight against both abortion and birth control, which had invited harsh criticism from advocates of women’s rights, but she never backed down.

[A] conceived [B] conceded [C] convinced [D] confessed

26.Melbourne is described as two cities: a European city surrounded by a car-dependent one.Its large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based ______ as most other Australian cities.

[A] function [B] framework [C] design [D] structure

27.Many changes are taking place in the way men and women look at their roles in society.We see these roles most dramatically in job and business situations.It is no longer ______ to find a male nurse or a female construction worker.

[A] abnormal [B] improper [C] unusual [D] extraordinary

28.It has been known as a fact that the British has a fancy for the discussion of their weather and that, if given a chance, he will talk about it at length.Some people argue that it is because the British weather seldom ______ forecast and hence becomes a source of interest to everyone.

[A] supports [B] predicts [C] believes [D] follows

29.With the wide application of computer technology to our household appliances, different functions are increasingly ______.One day we may play video games on our washing machine while waiting for the laundry to be done.

[A] separated [B] segregated [C] integrated [D] intersected

30.Are we at the beginning of another Age of Colonization? As the population of the world increases towards the point ______ the earth can no longer support all the people crowded on it, the question becomes urgent.

[A] which [B] when [C] that [D] where

31.In contrast to classical music, which follows formal European traditions, Jazz is spontaneous and free in form.It bubbles with energy, ______ the moods, interests, and emotions of the people who create it.

[A] explaining [B] expressing [C] illustrating [D] demonstrating

32.Those interested in learning more about how genetics applies to trees will have to ______ the excellent technical journals where most of the pertinent material is found.

[A] subscribe for [B] resort to [C] snatch at [D] intercede with

33.Decades ago futurists had predicted that credit cards would virtually ______ currency by 1990.Apparently they had been overoptimistic and largely ignored the surprising and disturbing pieces of information along with the neat and promptly useful bits.

[A] eliminate [B] illuminate [C] limit [D] delete

34.In New Orleans, the funeral procession often had a band with them.On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion.But on the way home the mood changed, and spirits ______.

[A] raised [B] rose [C] lifted [D] lighted

35.Although there have been great ______ in medicine in the last century, viruses and bacteria also keep evolving into more sophisticated forms, hence new and unknown diseases keep developing.

[A] advents [B] adventures [C] adverts [D] advances

Section III Cloze Test （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE that best completed the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

As more and more countries around the globe move towards industrialization in an attempt to compete in the global market, an environmental crisis over deforestation is looming for mankind.Over the last several decades, environmental 36have proposed various

37aimed at slowing down this process of deforestation in developing countries.Many of these proposals are indeed valuable ideas in that they are realistic attempts to 38some of the causes of deforestation.All of them rely on government 39of some kind.

There are three broad categories of solutions: 40economic policies, internal agreements, and international programs.Economic policies generally 41to limit the 42of small farmers through government actions.43can be used to encourage 44.That is, money may be 45to supplement the income of those farmers who make an effort to reduce the usual amount of 46to the forest that their farms cause.In addition, taxes can act as a 47to 48land use: an internal agreement may be made between governments and 49or native people living in the moist rainforests and open woodlands of the tropics, where the vast majority of this deforestation is 50.Such an agreement would allow people to carry on traditional activities 51for some economic benefit.One example is the rubber-tappers in Brazil.These native people draw sap from rubber trees in the rainforest, without damaging or killing the trees.The sap, 52, is sold to rubber companies, 53providing the native people with economic benefits.

Finally, international agreements usually 54the 55of monetary aid in return for government action to protect its forests.

36.[A] protectors [B] advocates [C] specialists [D] enthusiasts

37.[A] methods [B] approaches [C] strategies [D] schemes

38.[A] address [B] solve [C] point out [D] target

39.[A] decision [B] involvement [C] regulation [D] concession

40.[A] country [B] region [C] department [D] state

41.[A] aim [B] attempt [C] design [D] attend

42.[A] action [B] activity [C] behavior [D] act

43.[A] Subsidies [B] Money [C] Concessions [D] Favor

44.[A] protection [B] awareness [C] safeguard [D] conservation

45.[A] donated [B] distributed [C] paid [D] lent

46.[A] damage [B] destruction [C] disaster [D] demolishment

47.[A] hindrance [B] deterrent [C] obstruction [D] impediment

48.[A] undesirable [B] dissatisfactory [C] unlawful [D] unrestricted

49.[A] ignorant [B] indigenous [C] impoverished [D] needy

50.[A] occurring [B] found [C] devastating [D] existing

51.[A] adopted [B] changed [C] remolded [D] adapted

52.[A] therefore [B] hence [C] in the end [D] in turn

53.[A] eventually [B] thereby [C] accordingly [D] lastly

54.[A] refer to [B] include [C] involve [D] equal

55.[A] exchange [B] provision [C] promise [D] commitment

Section IV Reading Comprehension （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Directions: There are 4 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some Questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Passage One

The sea has been rising relative to the land for hundreds of years, geologists say, but the rise has accelerated over the last few decades The Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States have eroded an average of two to three feet （0.6 to 1.0 meters）, the Gulf Coast even faster.In some places the erosion has even been more dramatic.Highland Light, the oldest lighthouse on Cape Cod, was 400 feet （135 meters）from the sea when it was built in 1797.Now it is only about 100 feet （35 meters）from the ocean.Just in the last ten years, a series of harsh winter storms has eaten up over forty feet （10.3 meters）of the beach in front of the lighthouse.

The United States has over 19,000 miles （33,600 kilometers）of beaches, and nearly half of the population of the United States lives within 50 miles （80 kilometers）of the coast.Some estimates claim that between 80% and 90% of the US coastline is eroding.And the problem is not confined to the United States.Egypt, Thailand, India, the UK, Australia, and Japan—almost every country that has a coastline—share this problem.

During storms the action of heavy waves carries sand into the sea and leaves it on the ocean floor.During calm periods, erosion reverses.Sand is slowly moved landward by the action of gentler waves.In recent times, however, the buildup of sand has not kept pace with erosion.In many places, sand has been replaced by sediment.

Lately, the leading cause of the increased rate of beach erosion has been global warming.Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are generated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels.These gases are accumulating in the atmosphere, trapping in the sun’s heat.Forests are being cut down, leaving fewer trees to remove carbon dioxide from the air.Global warming has likely increased the frequency of severe storms that tear sand from beaches.Average temperatures are likely to rise higher in the near future, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, causing the levels of the sea to rise, and making coastal erosion even worse.

Clearly, something must be done.Too many people live and vacation in Miami Beach, Atlantic City, Malibu, Galveston, and Honolulu to simply allow roads, houses, and resorts to fall into the sea.Many engineers maintain that the best way to protect coasts is to build protective structures such as sea walls and breakwaters to protect beaches from the ravages of storms.These structures have been tried in a number of places along the US coastline and in other countries, notably Japan.

56.It can be inferred that the author of this passage ______.

[A] opposes the use of both protective structures and beach replenishment

[B] believes beach replenishment would be more effective than protective structures

[C] opposes any actions to prevent beach erosion

[D] denies that beach erosion is a serious problem

57.The author illustrates the problem of beach erosion in part by ______.

[A] using Highland Light as a dramatic example of how severe beach erosion can be

[B] exploring the economic cost of beach erosion on one seaside community

[C] comparing the situation at Highland Light with similar places in other countries

[D] saying that the situation on Cape Cod is typical for most seaside communities

58.The author probably mentions the fact that nearly half of the population of the United States

lives within fifty miles （eighty kilometers）of the coast to show that ______.

[A] patterns of population distribution in the United States are changing

[B] beach erosion affects a vast number of people in the United States

[C] the problem in the United States is more severe than it is in many other countries

[D] beach erosion is not a concern for more than half of the population of the United States 59.The author explains global warming by ______.

[A] giving its causes and showing how it affects beach erosion

[B] comparing and contrasting it with other causes of beach erosion

[C] giving examples of ways to reduce its impact

[D] evaluating how it may actually reduce beach erosion

60.The author mentions Japan in Paragraph 4 because Japan has ______.

[A] banned the use of protective structures [B] ignored the problem of beach erosion

[C] tried beach replenishment programs [D] built seawalls and breakwatersPassage Two

The idea of a fish being able to produce electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs—or even to run a small electric motor—is almost unbelievable, but several kinds of fish are able to do this.Even more strangely, this curious power has been acquired in different ways by fish belonging to very different families.Perhaps the most known are the electric rays, or torpedoes, of which several kinds live in warm seas.They possess on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large organ consisting of a number of hexagonal-shaped ceils rather like a honeycomb.The cells are filled with a jelly-like substance, and contain a series of flat electric plates.One side, the negative side, of each plate, is supplied with very fine nerves connected with a main nerve coming from a special part of the brain.Current gets through from the upper, positive side of the organ downward to the negative, lower side.Generally, it is necessary to touch the fish in two places, completing the circuit, in order to receive a shock.

The strength of this shock depends on the size of fish, but newly-born ones only about five centimeters across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and, if suitable wires are connected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes.

Another famous example is the electric eel.This fish gives an even more powerful shock.The system is different from that of the torpedo in that the electric plates run-longitudinally and supplied with nerves from the spinal cord.Consequently, the current pasts along the fish from head to tail.The electric organs of these fish are really altered muscles and like all muscles are apt to tire, so they are not able to generate electricity for very long.People in some parts of South America who value the electric eel as food，take advantage of this fact by driving homes into the water against which the fish discharges their electricity.The horses are less affected than a man would be, and when the electric eels have exhausted themselves, they can be caught without danger.

The electric catfish of the Nile and of other African fresh waters has a different system again by which current passes over the whole body from the tail to the head.The shock given by this arrangement is not so strong as the other two, but is none the less unpleasant.The electric catfish is a slow, lazy fish, fond of gloomy places and grow to about one meter long: it is eaten by the Arabs in some areas.

61.Which of the following can produce the strongest shock?

[A] The electric eel.[B] The electric catfish.

[C] The newly-born electric torpedoes.[D] The fully-grown electric torpedoes.

62.Why are horses used when people try to catch the electric eels?

[A] To frighten the eels.[B] To exhaust the eels.

[C] To attract the eels.[D] To stir the water.

63.The electric catfish has a different electric system in that ______.

[A] current moves from the head to the tail

[B] current moves from the tail to the head

[C] current moves from the left to the right

[D] current moves from the right to the left

64.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

[A] Electric fish come from different families.

[B] One can get a shock by touching the electric rays in two places.

[C] The electric plates in the rays are connected with the spinal cord.

[D] The electric catfish and eels are edible.

65.The language of the passage is mostly ______.

[A] descriptive [B] narrative [C] expositive [D] criticPassage Three

Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated.Advocates of organic foods—a term whose meaning varies greatly—frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.

The growing interest of consumers in the safety and nutritional quality of the typical North American diet is a welcome development.However, much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or inadequate in meeting nutritional needs.Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific evidence, the preponderance of written material advancing such claims makes it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction.As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.

Almost daily the public is besieged by claims for “no-aging” diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.

One thing that most organically grown foods seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods.But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown food.So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular form supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.

66.The “welcome development” mentioned is an increase in ______.

[A] interest in food safety and nutrition among North Americans

[B] the nutritional quality of the typical North American diet

[C] the amount of healthy food grown in North America

[D] the number of consumers in North America

67.According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about the term “organic foods”?[A] It is accepted by most nutritionists.[B] It has been used only in recent years.[C] It has no fixed meaning.[D] It is seldom used by consumers.

68.The author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with limited incomes buy organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods because ______.

[A] organic foods can be more expensive but are often no better than conventionally grown foods

[B] many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally grown foods

[C] conventionally grown foods are more readily available than organic foods

[D] too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops

69.According to the last paragraph, consumers who believe that organic foods are better than conventionally grown foods are often ______.

[A] careless [B] mistaken [C] thrifty [D] wealthy 70.What is the author’s attitude toward the claims made by advocates of health foods?

[A] Very enthusiastic.[B] Somewhat favorable.

[C] Neutral.[D] Skeptical.Passage Four

Eating disorders have been most commonly associated with women and therefore most studies on anorexia nervosa have been concentrated within the female population.Such gender bias however makes it less likely that a doctor will diagnose a male as having a disorder or anorexia nervosa even though the symptoms might be identical.

Men are far less likely to discuss an eating disorder with other men or with women.Their doctors are more likely to diagnose them as having a bout of depression due to stress or some kind of upset rather than suffering from an eating disorder because such disorders have been largely labeled female diseases.This is mostly due to the cultural differences between men and women.

Discussions about beauty, new diets and body weight are seen as the female arena of discussion that males seldom enter.Also, traditionally men’s beauty is displayed in body mass, building muscle, and body building and therefore to discuss issues surrounding weight loss is not seen as particularly masculine because men “Don’t have psychological problems” and “Don’t talk about their feelings” even though men do suffer from anorexia.

The disease is far more common in the Western world than anywhere else and there is much cause for concern as recent research suggests that the disease is on increase.The disease mostly manifests itself during adolescence when the signs of obvious weight loss become apparent.People who suffer from the disease have a genuine and constant terrifying fear of gaining weight, even when their weight is much less than people of their same height and stature.

Doctors have been able to characterize the disease because the sufferer’s body weight is about 15% below average for their height.Sufferers also tend to avoid fatty foods, use laxatives, diuretics or engage in excessive exercise.Because people live in a world obsessed with image and a fashion and cosmetics industry that forces an image of the ideal body, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish between anorexics and those who have a higher interest in their physical appearance than most people.Anorexics can be distinguished from a non-anorexics because weight loss is completely self-induced and the sufferer goes to extremes to lose weight, also engaging in self-induced vomiting until eventually the situation fast gets out of control.

Sufferers are also completely preoccupied with their bodies and actually believe themselves to be fat when in reality they are malnourished and starkly thinner than their peers.They also begin to lose interest in activities their peers are involved in such as socializing and very often become withdrawn.These are common symptoms in many adolescents but coupled with the obvious and drastic weight loss and lack of concentration it is easier to diagnose an adolescent with the beginning stages of anorexia.

The actual cause of the disease is unknown but scientists believe that biological and social factors play a role and sometimes the disease can be triggered by traumatic events such as a death in the family, stress or the onset of puberty.

71.Why might a doctor wrongly diagnose an eating disorder in males as stress related?

[A] Men suffer from stress much more than women.

[B] Women are much more likely to be concerned about their appearance.

[C] The statistics are far higher in women.

[D] Some diseases are thought to affect women more than men.

72.In the passage, why does the author infer that male beauty is different from female beauty?

[A] Women think make up is necessary to make them look beautiful.

[B] It’s not considered very manly to discuss fashion and one’s appearance.

[C] Men think women find muscles attractive.

[D] Male beauty focuses on the physical aspects of the body.

73.The author thinks it is sometimes difficult to distinguish non-anorexics from genuine sufferers since ______.

[A] our societies have become preoccupied with appearance

[B] most people these days avoid eating fatty foods

[C] exercise has become a recognized health hazard

[D] most young want to have the ideal body weight

74.According to the passage, ______ is the warning sign showing an adolescent might be developing the disease.

[A] severe mood swing

[B] an absolute terror of being or becoming fat

[C] a combination of physical and emotions symptoms

[D] lack of attendance at school

75.According to the passage, who will most likely get the disease?

[A] Only females between the ages of 10—16.

[B] It is mostly hereditary.

[C] Anyone who is not an adult.

[D] Anyone who experiences painful events.

Section V Translation （25 marks）

Directions: Translate the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer Sheet II.

纽约只有300多年的短暂历史。1626年，荷兰移民从印第安人手中“买下”曼哈顿岛。他们“付给”印第安人几块漂亮的布料、几块假钻石和一些其他的东西，其价值约为24美元。1664年，英国人来到此地。荷兰移民不堪一击，被英国人击败。在这以后，这个地方易名为纽约。

如果说有什么东西能使纽约闻名于世的话，那就是纽约的高楼大厦。曼哈顿岛长不过十二英里，最宽处也只有二英里半。这可能就是为什么这个城市向上发展而不是向外扩展的原因。漫步纽约街头是一种十分令人激动的经历。街道两旁的建筑高耸入云，直指蓝天。它使人有步入深谷之感。帝国大厦有102层。多年来，它一直是城里最高的建筑，但是现在却被另一幢更高的建筑——110层的世界贸易中心大楼超过了。

纽约是世界上最繁忙的城市之一。其人口大约为800万。但是并非所有的人都居住在曼哈顿，尽管大多数人在那里度过一天的大部分时光。每天清晨人群似潮水般从四面八方涌来。不一会儿，他们就消失在办公楼里，开始了一天的繁忙工作。下班后，大多数纽约人都回家看电视。也有人晚上回到办公楼。

夜幕降临时，纽约便失去其白昼的刚毅特点。朦胧的月光下，自由女神像的轮廓映现在静静的水面上。横跨哈得逊河和伊斯特河的曼哈顿桥梁上灯火通明。朝前望去，只见千百万五颜六色的彩灯，一排高过一排，一直亮到每座高楼的楼顶，就好像戴在这个美国城市女王头上的皇冠。尽管纽约不是美国的首都，甚至也不是纽约州的首府，但它却是一座“帝城”，是美国资本主义的主要堡垒。

Model Test 4

Section I Listening Comprehension （20 marks, 1 mark each）

Part A

Directions: You will hear a passage about the Austrian composer, Schubert.Listen and complete the sentences in Questions 1 to 5 with the information you’ve heard.Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box.You will hear the recording twice.You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.

1.The Austrian composer, Schubert, was born in ________________.

2.After his 3-years’ teaching, he lived with various friends.His friends and he were all_____________.

3.Schubert even slept _______________ in case he might have an idea for a song during the night.

4.The feeling of the song-cycle The Winter Journey is _________________.

5.Schubert had little academic training but a very sure __________________.

Part B

Directions: You will hear a passage about city traffic.Answer the

试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]

下载完整电子书