计算机英语短语与习惯用法词典(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：鲁人,王红娟等

出版社：清华大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

计算机英语短语与习惯用法词典试读：

前言

随着计算机技术、网络技术及通信技术的迅猛发展，人类已进入网络信息时代。计算机技术、网络技术、通信技术以及多媒体技术的密切结合，带来了一场新的信息革命。这场革命正以前所未有的深度和广度渗透到工业、农业、国防、军事、航天、医学等各个方面以及社会生活、工作、文化、娱乐等各个角落。这场信息革命也正以前所未闻的速度促进着人类文明的发展、改变着现代人类的生活，引领人类迈向美好未来。

有关计算机技术、网络技术、通信技术以及多媒体技术的英语图书、期刊杂志、专利、论文、学术报告以及网络信息资源，浩如烟海，繁若星辰。为了及时汲取国外的有关先进技术，促进我国计算机工业和信息技术的快速发展，跟上信息时代快速发展的脚步，以及为了向国外快速推广我国的先进计算机技术和信息产业技术，抢占国际市场，对于我国广大信息产业科技工作者来说，熟练掌握乃至精通计算机英语是十分必要的。

计算机英语短语和习惯用法是计算机英语的精髓，也是计算机英语文献阅读、理解、翻译和写作的一大难点，因此，认真学习和熟练掌握它们是至关重要的。《计算机英语短语与习惯用法词典》正是为适应这一需要而编写的。本词典所用的短语，也叫片语或词组，是不含主语和限定动词的一组词，用做句子的一部分，达到言简意赅的效果。本词典所用的习惯用法，也叫惯用法或习惯表达方式，是符合英语用法习惯的一组词。此类习惯用法是在语言使用过程中逐渐提炼而约定俗成的。

编者于2003—2005年访问美国密西根大学期间，阅读了有关计算机技术、网络技术、通信技术和多媒体技术及其应用等学科和领域的最新的原版英语专著300余册，期刊杂志、论文、会议录、专利文献以及特种报告400余篇，计算机词典等20余部，从中精选了计算机英语中使用频率最高的基础短语和习惯用法2130余条以及与之搭配的英语例句5000余条，又经过两年精心加工，多方吸取一些专家和学者的意见，才完成了该词典的编写。

计算机英语短语的筛选基于常用性和标准性两原则，即使用频率高和符合规范语言标准；与之搭配的英语例句则基于广泛性和专业性两原则，即广泛佐证短语的各种用法和尽量表述计算机专业知识。

书中每条短语和习惯用法依次附有释义、例句和例句汉译，必要时还补充了用法说明或词义辨析。短语和习惯用法的释义力求做到罗列全面，以便读者根据语言环境挑选恰当的释义。例句翻译尽量做到准确无误，文从字顺，言简意赅，符合科技表达习惯。例句中出现的专业术语的翻译尽量做到吻合国内通用的说法。

编者奉献给读者这本实用的《计算机英语短语与习惯用法词典》，旨在帮助计算机技术、网络技术以及通信技术等领域的广大从业人员、大专院校师生、中小学校教师，以及广大英语爱好者加速掌握计算机英语，快速提高科技英语阅读、理解和翻译水平，改进科技英语写作能力和教学水平。

在本词典的资料收集和编写过程中，编者得到杜德涛、田野和秦凤环等许多专家和学者的指点和帮助，在此一并表示衷心感谢。

由于编者水平所限，专业知识不甚全面，词典中定然存在缺点和不足之处，期盼读者和同行不吝指正。鲁人于北京大学燕北园2007年3月用法说明

1　本词典各条目按黑体英文词条进行排序，英文词条所表示的短语和习惯用法中所有字符均参加排序，即依次是空格、上撇号（’）、省略号（爥）、逗号（，）、圆括号、方括号、数字和英文字母。

2　对于短语和习惯用法，凡不定式，不定式的符号to排在实义动词之后，其前加逗号。该不定式的实义动词部分参加排序，逗号及其之后及其部分不参加排序。如：

answer for, to ask for, to do damage to, to dream of, to think about, to think of, to

3　由to be[become, get]+形容词或分词构成的复合谓语，to be[become, get]放在形容词或分词之后，其前加逗号。该复合谓语的形容词或分词部分参加排序，逗号及其之后部分不参加排序。如：

aware of, to be based on, to be familiar with, to become rich in, to be

4　由to be+前置词短语构成的短语，to be放在前置词短语之后，其前加逗号。该短语的前置词短语部分参加排序，逗号及其之后部分不参加排序。如：

in a position, to be under way, to be

5　用在短语和习惯用法中的[]，表示可用括号内的词代替括号前的词。如：

aware of, to be[become, get]

fall on[upon]，to

6　用在短语和习惯用法中的（），表示可省略括号内的词。如：

admit to（hospital），to make（full）use of, to run the risk（of），to

7　【说明】用来说明短语和习惯用法，或用做词义辨析。A

A bag of　一袋；一包；许多

Office is a bag of great software programs.

Office是一种包含许多大型软件的程序包。

There is a whole bag of computer stores that are OK.

有不少计算机商店还是不错的。【说明】该短语的复数形式为bags of。

A battery of　几个；一组；一系列

Small business folks have no chance in the competitive world without a battery of PCs and the incomprehensible hardware, software, and accessories to go with them.

没有一系列的个人计算机和必不可少的硬件、软件及与之配合使用的附件，小型企业的人员是没有机会参与世界竞争的。【说明】该短语常用于修饰可数名词，说明类似的事物。

A beam of　一束；一缕；一道

A beam of light shines through the timing hole while the floppy disk is rotating.

当软盘旋转时，光束通过索引孔照出。

To write data, a powerful beam of laser light burns the tiny spots or pits into the coating that covers the surface of these optical disks.

为了写入数据，强激光束在覆盖这些光盘的涂层上烧出一些小点或者小坑。

A beam of light produced by a laser can be narrowed to a much smaller area than that affected by a magnetic read/write head.

由激光所产生的光束，可聚焦到比读写磁头所影响的区域要小得多的一个区域内。【说明】该短语之后经常接hope, light, welcome等不可数名词。

A big step forward　巨大的跃进；飞跃

There have been some steady improvements over the years and Windows 2000 is a big step forward.

多年来已经有了一些稳步的改进，Windows 2000就是一个巨大的跃进。

A bit　一点儿；一些；少许

In order to use your computer effectively, you need to understand a bit about its filing system.

为了有效地使用计算机，需要对其文件系统有所了解。

Your eyes will feel a bit painful when you worked in front of the computer for more than four hours or so in a row.

如果你在计算机前连续工作4个多小时左右，眼睛就会感到有点儿酸痛。

The protocols of the Internet are a bit complex, and you need some background knowledge before you can set them up.

因特网的这些协议有点儿复杂，在设置之前，需要一些背景知识。【说明】该短语主要用做宾语、主语；也可用做状语，用来修饰形容词、副词或谓语。

A bit more　更加；更为

Sometimes nicknames are a bit more useful than just a shortening of an E-mail address.

有时绰号要比仅仅将电子邮件地址缩短更加有用。

We have discussed Windows brie-fly before, but now we’re going into a bit more detail.

前面我们已经简要地讨论了Windows，现在要讨论得更为详细一些。

A bit of　一点儿；少许；少量的；有点儿像……

If the program is defective, and its failure costs you a fair bit of time or money, then negotiating with the publisher will be a bit more challenging.

如果这个程序有缺陷，并且它的失效给你造成不少的时间或金钱损失，那么与出版商进行协商则是更加必要的问题。

If there is a fair bit of Internet tra-ffic, you are better off with a faster connection.

如果因特网业务较忙，改用速度较快的连接情况就会好转。

He is a bit of a computer expert as he operates the computer so skillfully.

他有点儿像一位计算机专家，因为他操作计算机如此熟练。【说明】该短语多用于修饰不可数名词，如抽象名词和物质名词。有时，其后跟表示人的名词，意思是“有点儿像……”。

A body of　一批；许多；大量

Based on the results of research, experimentation and practical experience over a period of more than thirty years, a considerable body of knowledge now exists to help us build databases that will be as useful as possible.

根据30多年来取得的研究、实验成果及实践经验，现在已积累了大量的知识，用来帮助我们创建尽可能有用的数据库。

The Internet is a massive body of people, computers, software programs, and data, spreading all around the world and constantly interacting.

因特网是由遍布世界各地并不断交互的人员、计算机、软件程序及数据组成的庞大的网络。【说明】该短语是数量词词组，既可用来修饰可数名词，又可用来修饰不可数名词。该短语中的body常用large, massive等词来限定，以表示更大的数量。

A box of　一盒；一箱

You'll need a box of disks, and printer paper.

你需要一盒软盘，及一箱打印纸。

You have to prepare a large box of diskettes as you often should throw away the bad diskettes.

必须准备一大盒软盘，因为常常要把那些坏软盘扔掉。

A bunch of　一束；一串；一群；一帮

Large metropolitan areas usually have a bunch of central offices, each serving a specific geographical area.

大都会地区通常有许多中央办公室，各为一个特定的地理区域服务。

Establishing ISDN service involves making a bunch of decisions before you actually establish the service.

创建综合业务数字网（ISDN）服务需要先做出一连串的决策，然后才实际创建这种服务。

The Internet is actually a bunch of computers—thousands and thousands of them—that are connected together.

因特网实际上是由成千上万台计算机连接在一起的群体。

A bundle of　一捆；一束；一堆

A bus is simply a bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components.

总线只不过是在不同构件之间传输信号和供电的一束导线。

You also should have a bundle of cables for connecting the system components such as keyboards, monitors, and so on.

还应当有一束电缆，用于连接键盘、显示器之类的系统部件。【说明】该短语后接可数名词复数或物质名词。其复数形式是bundles of。

A carton of　一纸箱；一纸匣

That's pretty good for a piece of hardware roughly the same size as a carton of frozen vegetables.

对于大小约与一纸箱冷冻蔬菜相同的一个硬件来说，这是相当好的。

A carton of milk or orange juice will make your valuable computer useless.

一纸箱牛奶或者橘汁，会使贵重的计算机变得毫无用处。【说明】该短语用于表示物质的数量，其结构是：数词（a）+表示容量的名词+of。在英语中还有大量这类的数量词词组，例如a bottle of, a box of, a cup of, a pool of。

A certain amount of　一定数量

Some E-mail systems offer a certain amount of free storage space for each user.

某些电子邮件系统为每个用户都提供一定数量的自由存储空间。

A certain amount of free space must be left for the recycle bin.

必须给回收站留有一定数量的自由空间。

Many computer users even those with a certain amount of experience using word processing and spreadsheet programs, are intimidated by database programs.

许多计算机用户，甚至是在使用文字处理和电子数据表程序方面有一定经验的用户，都会被数据库程序所吓倒。

A class of　一类；一种

Finally, a newer class of storage devices is removable, enabling you to carry the data storage unit with you.

最后，一种更新的存储设备是可移动的，这就使得人们能够随身携带这种数据存储设备。

There is a class of software that you can have at no cost.

有一类软件是可以免费获得的。【说明】该短语与a kind of, a sort of的用法大体相似，其后可接表示物或人的复数名词，也可以后接不可数名词。当a class of……等用做主语时，一般和单数谓语连用。

A collection of　收集；汇集；大量；……的集合体

Actually, the Internet is a loosely linked collection of smaller networks and individual computers, all of which agree to share information using the various Internet protocols.

实际上，因特网是由许多较小的网络和单个计算机松散连接而成的汇集，它们使用各种因特网协议共享信息。

The Information Superhighway is a collection of computers, networks, online services, telephone lines, satellites, fiber optic cables, and all the equipment and programs that these computers use to communicate with each other.

信息高速公路是计算机、网络、在线服务、电话线路、卫星、光缆及这些计算机用来互相通信的一切设备和程序的集合体。

A database is a collection of files that is created and managed by a database management system.

数据库是由数据库管理系统所创建并管理的文件的集合体。

A couple of　两三个；几个

Within a couple of years FORTRAN had come to dominate all the other languages for scientific applications.

在近几年内，FORTRAN已渐渐超过用于科学目的的所有其他语言。

There are a couple of ways to use Archie servers.

使用Archie服务器有好几种方式。

When you get a shareware program you can install it on your computer and use it for a couple of weeks.

当得到一个共享件程序时，可以把它安装在计算机上，并用上两三周。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词，其含义跟a few, several相近。

A crop of　一批；一群；大量

If you have run across the name of a specific Web site with a crop of software or freeware programs, you can access what your Web browses.

如果你碰到过具有大量软件或免费件程序的某个特定万维网网站的名称，你就可以访问在这个网站上浏览到的东西。

A factor of……倍

Mainframes are roughly a factor of ten faster than the fastest single chip microprocessors, but they cost a thousand times more.

与最快的单片微处理器相比，特大型计算机快大约10倍，但造价高出千倍以上。

A family of　一族；一系列

Once you understand Office is really a family of products, how you should learn the individual Office programs becomes crystal clear.

一旦了解到Office实际上是一系列产品，应当如何学习Office的各个程序就十分清楚了。

TCP/IP is a large family of protocols that are used to organize computers and communication devices into a network.

传输控制协议与网间协议（TCP/IP）是用来把计算机和通信设备组织成网络的大的协议系列。

The Internet uses a large family of protocols to ensure that all the different types of computers and programs can work together.

因特网利用大的协议系列来确保各种不同类型的计算机和程序协调工作。

A few　几个；少数；一些

What is amazing is that, within a few short years, the Internet has changed our civilization permanently and has introduced us to two completely new ideas.

令人惊异的是，在短短几年中，因特网已经永久地改变了我们的文明，并给我们带来了两种全新的概念。

In this chapter, we will start with the idea of computer networks, introduce a few basic ideas and terms, and then move quickly to the Internet itself.

本章开始介绍计算机网络的概念，先介绍一些基本概念和术语，然后很快转向介绍因特网本身。

When trying to improve performance, I recommend you first try a few general tuning methods.

当设法改善工作性能时，建议首先试用几个常见的调谐方法。【说明】该短语用于修饰可数名词，表示肯定的意思，而few则表示否定的概念。与该短语用法相似的a little和little用于修饰不可数名词，相应表示肯定和否定的概念。

A few of　几个；少数；一些

Now we explore a few of the most obvious differences among the computer types.

现在，我们来探讨不同类型计算机之间几个最明显的差别。

As you learn about Internet ser-vices, you will find that you actually need to learn only a few of the most important commands.

在学习因特网服务时，将发现实际上仅需学习几个最重要的命令。

To conclude this chapter, we will discuss a few of the most widely used mail gateways, and we will show you how to use an Internet-style address to send mail to users on these networks.

本章最后将讨论几种使用最广泛的邮件网关，并将介绍如何使用因特网式的地址给这些网络用户发送邮件。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词，用于表示约数；可用several, some替换。

A flock of　一群；大量；众多

The almost-instant success of the IBM PC drew a flock of competitors.

IBM（国际商用机器公司）个人计算机的几乎是一蹴而就的成功吸引了众多的竞争者。

A flood of　一股；一片；一大阵；一大批

In the last 40 years, we have witnessed a flood of new inventions and discoveries that are based on the technology of microelectronics.

过去40年中，我们已经目睹了一大批以微电子学技术为基础的新发明和新发现。

When we are looking at a flood of web documents titles, we'll find that they have been alphabetized.

当查阅大量万维网文献题目时，我们将会发现，它们都已按字母顺序排列好了。

Tea or coffee should not be placed near your computer as a flood of water will ruin your favorite computer.

茶水或咖啡不要放在计算机附近，因为一股水流就会毁掉你心爱的计算机。【说明】该短语之后既可接anger, light, rain等不可数名词，也可接complaints, tears, words等可数名词复数。

A fraction of　一小部分；零点几；几分之几

Personal computers have a limited storage capacity and are connected to the message transfer agent a short fraction of the day.

个人计算机的存储容量是有限的，因而每天要花一点儿时间使个人计算机与消息传送代理连接。

A computer can solve complex problems in a fraction of a second.

计算机在零点几秒的时间内就能够解决一些复杂的问题。

This all happens in a fraction of a second, so the mouse pointer on screen appears to move the same instant your hand moves the mouse.

这完全是在零点几秒的时间内发生的，因此屏幕上鼠标指针的移动，与以手移动鼠标同时发生。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词或不可数名词，其含义与a very small amount[number]of类似。

A general rule of thumb　一般经验；比较粗糙的方法；通常

A general rule of thumb is that you should allot 50 MB of disk storage space for each user on the LAN.

通常，应当给局域网的每个用户分配50 MB的磁盘存储空间。

A generation of　一代；世代

The Compaq desktop 386 was the first of a new generation of personal computers in 1986 to use the Intel 80386 microprocessor.

康柏（Compaq）台式386计算机是1986年生产的新一代个人计算机中率先使用英特尔80386微处理器的。

Development of the microprocessor ushered in a new generation of computer technology, making the invention of the microcomputer possible.

微处理器的开发开创了计算机技术的一个新时代，从而使微型计算机的发明成为可能。

The concepts were simple, and a new generation of computer users was born.

这些概念很简单，同时新一代的计算机用户诞生了。

A gigantic leap　飞跃；大跃进

When superconductor transistors become a reality, there will be a gigantic leap in computer performance.

当超导晶体管变成现实时，计算机工作性能将会有一个飞跃。【说明】该短语与a big step forward的含义和用法相同。

A golden mine of opportunity　绝好的机会

Despite this fact, kiosk using the WWW will remain for many users a golden mine of opportunity along the Information Superhighway.

撇开这个事实，对许多用户来说，利用万维网的信息亭仍然是一次发挥信息高速公路作用的绝好机会。

A good deal of　许多；大量

Windows Vista provides a good deal of aid and convenience when it removes programs from your system.

当Windows Vista从系统卸下程序时，它提供了许多帮助和方便。

A tremendous number of resources are available on AOL, and you will undoubtedly spend a good deal of time exploring new and interesting areas.

美国在线（AOL）有大量可用资源，无疑你将花费很多时间去探索崭新有趣的领域。

A superserver almost certainly has a fast CPU and a good deal of internal memory（or more of RAM）.

超级服务器几乎肯定具有快速的中央处理器和大容量的内部存储器（乃至更大容量的随机存储器）。

A good many　许多；众多

It's obvious and logical that a good many governments could already be experimenting, perhaps even field testing such computer viruses.

许多政府可能已在实验，甚至现场测试这些计算机病毒，这是很明显的，而且是合乎逻辑的。

A good many utility programs were compatible too.

许多实用程序也是兼容的。

A great deal　许多；大量

If you type a great deal, you should be concerned about the feel of the keyboard.

如果键入工作量很大，就应当关心键盘的手感。

Personal computer performance depends a great deal on the computer's CPU and its rated speed.

个人计算机的性能在很大程度上取决于自身的中央处理器及其额定速度。

Computers have changed the language a great deal already, and the changes continue.

计算机已经使语言发生很大变化，而且变化还在继续。【说明】该短语既可以作状语，又可以作主语和宾语，与a good deal of的含义和用法相同。

A great deal of　许多；大量

Before you begin sending out a great deal of E-mail and many news articles, you should make sure that you know your electronic mailing address.

在开始发送大量电子邮件和许多新闻稿件之前，应当确保你知道自己的电子邮件发送地址。

A microcomputer used in this way needs a great deal of main memory to handle all the input from each terminal.

以这种方式使用的微型计算机，需要庞大的主存储器来处理来自每个终端的所有输入。

A hard disk adds a great deal of storage capacity to the computer system and significantly improves the speed of such disk operations as saving and retrieving files.

硬盘极大地增加了计算机系统的存储容量，因而显著地提高了保存和检索文件之类的磁盘操作的速度。【说明】该短语与a good deal的含义和用法相同，两者经常和不可数名词连用。

A great many　许多；很多

Once users understand some of the basic concepts of the UNIX operating system, they can do a great many things in a simple way.

一旦用户了解UNIX操作系统的一些基本概念，他们便能够以简单的方式做很多事情。

There are a great many viruses around the PC world.

在个人计算机世界，存在着大量的病毒。

If you are using UNIX to access the Internet, there are a great many advantages to having some technical knowledge of the system.

如果使用UNIX操作系统访问因特网，掌握一些有关这种系统的技术知识会有许多好处的。【说明】该短语与a good many的含义和用法相同，都既可以作主语和宾语，又可以作定语来修饰可数名词。两者使用都很广泛，经常互换使用。

A great many of　许多；不少

A great many of the graphics programs available allow you to create some very good looking art in a very short time.

许多可用的图形程序，都可用来在很短的时间内创建某种精美的艺术品。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词，其用法和含义与a great many相同。

A great number of　许多；多种；大量

There are a great number of cool tricks you can use to manipulate the windows at the desktop.

有许多极好的手段可用来操纵桌面上的窗口。

A great number of the menus in Windows Vista contain a series of shortcuts easily accessible through the Explorer.

Windows Vista的许多菜单都包含一系列的快捷方式，很容易通过资源管理器访问。【说明】该短语与a good[great]deal of和a great amount of的含义相似，但用法有别，其后接可数名词。

A great[good, whole]lot　许多；很多，大量

When you are investigating your first computer purchase, you may think that speed does not have a great lot to do with you.

当为初次购买计算机进行调查时，你可以认为速度对于你没有多大关系。

Physicians can read a great lot more about SARS from the Internet.

医生们从因特网上可以阅读许多有关非典型性肺炎（SARS）的信息。【说明】该短语与a good[great]deal相似，用做主语、宾语或状语。

A grip on　抓住；控制；掌握；支配

This book is designed to help pa-rents get a grip on computers and the Internet.

本书旨在帮助家长们掌握计算机和因特网。

Once entering in a computer and getting a grip on it, the worm would try to copy itself to other computers.

一旦蠕虫进入并控制了计算机，就将自身复制到其他计算机。【说明】该短语经常与动词get或take连用，所构成的词组与take hold of的含义相同。

A group of　一组；一群

A network is a group of connected computers that allow people to share information and equipment.

网络是一组连接在一起的计算机，让人们共享信息和设备。

A Wide Area Network（WAN）is a group of computers connected to a communications system.

广域网（WAN）是与通信系统相连的一组计算机。

The Internet is the name of a group of worldwide information resources.

因特网是一组全球性的信息资源的名称。【说明】该短语总是与可数名词连用，与a number of和a team of的含义和用法相似，可互换使用。

A handful of　一把；一捧；一小撮；少数；少量

A handful of software contractors began to explore the idea of converting some of their existing software artifacts into packages.

少数软件承包商，开始探讨将其现有的某些软件制品转变为软件包的想法。

A handful of laptops use batteries made of other materials, such as molybdenum sulfide, molybdenum, lithium, or lead acid.

少数膝上计算机使用由其他材料（如硫化钼、锂、钼或者铅酸）制成的电池。

Fortunately, there are only a handful of basic Internet services you need to learn.

幸好，需要学习的因特网基本服务只是少数几个。【说明】该短语之后既可接可数名词，又可接不可数名词，如rice, silver, water。其复数形式为handfuls of。

A horde of　一群；一组；一些

Thanks to Madison Avenue, Hollywood, and a horde of science fiction writers, some people have come to believe that computers have minds of their own and are capable of thinking for themselves.

多亏了麦迪逊大街、好莱坞及一些科幻作家，一些人已开始相信计算机有自己的头脑，而且能够为自己思考。

A host of　一大群；许多；一大堆

Desktop publishers, multimedia developers, software companies, and a host of others can deliver their software pro-ducts economically and efficiently via ISDN.

桌面出版系统开发者、多媒体开发者、软件公司及其他许多人，都可通过综合业务数字网（ISDN）经济而有效地交付他们的软件产品。

This network is governed by a host of protocols, or rules, that describe what software and hardware should do and how.

这种网络受许多协议或规则的管控，这些协议或规则说明软件和硬件应当做什么及如何做。

Cable television companies, cellular phone companies, and a host of compu-ter hardware and software vendors are merging and establishing partnership arrangements in order to more effecti-vely compete for the hardware, software, and network connectivity.

为了更有效地在硬件、软件及网络连通性上进行竞争，有线电视公司、蜂窝式电话公司及许多计算机硬件、软件商正在合并和建立伙伴关系。【说明】该短语之后一般接可数名词，其复数形式为hosts of。

A huge number of　许多；很多；大量

A huge number of software packages are designed to run on IBM compu-ters.

许多软件包都是为在IBM计算机上运行而设计的。

A hard disk is a computer acce-ssory that is used to hold a huge number of software programs and computer files.

硬盘是一种计算机附件，用来存储大量的软件程序和计算机文件。【说明】该短语与a great number of和a large number of的含义相近，但语气更强，其后接可数名词。

A hunk of　一大块；一大片

Without software, the computer would just sit there like a hunk of iron.

没有软件，计算机只不过是一个铁块放在那儿。

A large amount of　大量；许多

To move a large amount of space, you may click and drag the scroll box a proportionate distance in the direction you want to move.

为了移动大量的空间，可以单击滚动框，并沿想要移动的方向拖动滚动框一个相应的距离。

A database program is a large amount of information that is broken down into categories and organized for easy access.

数据库程序由大量的信息组成，这些信息被分类并组织好，以便容易访问。【说明】该短语与a great amount of的含义和用法相同，其后接不可数名词。

A large number of　许多；数目众多；大量

A large number of computer crimes occur because of lax security.

大量的计算机犯罪都是由于安全措施松懈而发生的。

The writing and production of How to Use the Internet required the help of a large number of people and a huge amount of effort and time.《怎样使用因特网》一书的写作和出版，需要许多人的帮助及大量的精力和时间。

If you have a large number of employees to be trained, you probably want to consider hiring consultants from some big computer companies.

如果你有许多员工需要进行培训，则多半会考虑从一些大的计算机公司聘请顾问。【说明】该短语与a great number of的含义和用法相同，其后接可数名词复数。

A large percentage of　很大一部分；占很大比例；多数

A large percentage of the problems that people have were related to their modems.

人们遇到的多数问题，都与他们的调制解调器有关。

The current level of computer technology cannot be considered to represent a large percentage of the many capabilities of human beings.

不能认为当前计算机技术水平代表了人类许多能力的绝大部分。【说明】该短语之后既可接可数名词，可用a large number of代替；又可接不可数名词，可用a large portion[part]of代替。

A layer of　一层

A layer of dust in your computer causes more problems than mere aesthetics.

计算机上的一层灰尘所造成的问题不仅仅是审美问题。

A layer of dust can act as an insulating material trapping heat that would be dissipated through the normal fan-controlled air circulation system.

一层灰尘可起隔热材料的作用，把本来通过正常的由风扇控制的通风系统耗散的热量阻挡住。

A length of　一段；一节

A magnetic stripe is a small length of magnetic tape that is adhered to led-ger cards, badges and credit cards.

磁条是附加在账目卡、证件及信用卡上的一小段磁带。

They want to buy a length of cable for their computer.

他们想给自己的计算机买一段电缆。

A line of　一排；一行；一系列；一套

IBM systems use a line of microprocessors developed by Intel Corporation.

IBM系统采用了英特尔（Intel）公司所开发的微处理器系列。

The VAX series has evolved into a complete line of compatible computers from desktop micro to mainframe and uses the same VMS operating system in all its models.

VAX系列已发展成为从台式微型计算机到特大型计算机的完整的兼容计算机系列，并且在其所有型号中都采用同样的VMS操作系统。

A list of　一种列表；一览表

The software program might even check your name against a list of names to make sure that you are allowed to use the program.

这种软件程序甚至可对照一系列名字核对你的名字，以便确认你有权使用这个程序。

You can see a list of various search tools at the following Web sites.

从下列万维网址可以看到各种搜寻工具的列表。

As you have learned, a program（software）is a list of instructions the computer performs.

正如已学过的，程序（软件）是计算机所执行的一系列指令。【说明】该短语与a line of, a series of和a set of的含义和用法相同，可互换使用。

A little　一些；一点儿

Getting to know your hard drive may seem a little more complicated.

想要了解硬盘驱动器，这似乎更复杂一点儿。

Because each type of print client creates print job a little differently, a variety of print server services are required to receive and prepare jobs.

由于每种类型的打印客户创建的打印作业有所不同，所以要求各种打印服务器服务来接受和准备作业。

If one toolbar can increase efficiency a little, and two toolbars a little more, then why not have a toolbar for every purpose？

如果一个工具栏能够提高一点儿效率，而两个工具栏能够提高效率更多，那么为什么不对每个目的都设一个工具栏呢？【说明】该短语可用做宾语、定语和状语，作定语时用于修饰不可数名词。a little用于表示肯定的意思，little则用于表示否定的意思。

A little bit　少量；少许；一点儿

File servers are so important and widespread that it is worth saying a little bit about how they are used.

文件服务器是很重要的，并且使用很广泛，因而对如何使用它们略加说明是值得的。

Learning a little bit about your operating system is an essential step in learning to use your computer.

要对操作系统有所了解，这是学会使用计算机的重要一步。

Users should know a little bit about the various components and their functions of the computer they use.

用户对所使用计算机的构件及其功能应当有所了解。【说明】该短语可用做主语、宾语和状语。

A little bit of　一点儿；少量；少许

With a little bit of creativity and a lot of patience, you can also turn Word into a fairly decent desktop publishing program to create your own newsletters, brochures, and flyers.

如果有一点点儿创造性和巨大耐心，你还能够将Word变成一个相当好的桌面出版程序，以创建自己的业务通讯、小册子及广告传单。

Before we begin our work, it would be useful to discuss a little bit of printer theory.

在开始工作之前，先简略地讨论一下打印机理论是有用的。

Computer-to-computer communications often requires a little bit of legerdemain.

计算机—计算机通信常常要求拿出一点儿技巧来。【说明】该短语之后总是接不可数名词。

A little more　更多；更加

Windows NT is also a little more complex and a little more difficult to learn and use than Windows 95.

Windows NT比Windows 95更加复杂，因而更加难学和难用。

A long way　长足；很大

Word processing has come a long way in the last ten years.

在过去10年中，文字处理技术已获得长足发展。

The evolution of computers has come a long way in the past few decades.

在过去几十年中，计算机已有了很大发展。【说明】该短语经常与不及物动词come, go连用，构成to come a long way, to go a long way等。

A lot　很多；许多；大量

Perhaps, it is not too surprising that you can do a lot to improve your Windows environment by learning more about your Start menu's capabilities.

通过多了解“开始”（Start）菜单的功能来做很多事情以改善Windows的环境，也许这并不太令人吃惊。

Kids and computers are a lot alike：great when they work, maddening when they misbehave.

孩子和计算机很相似：正常时很棒，“淘气”时令人恼火。

There are two things that will make your work with a remote host a lot easier.有两件事将使利用远程主机工作更容易做。【说明】该短语既可用做主语和宾语，又可用做定语和状语。

A lot more　更多；更加；更大

A word processor for the writing professional includes a larger number of complicated features, but there are a lot more easy-to-use features as well.

用于专业写作的字处理器具有许多复杂的特征，不过也有更多易于使用的特征。

These disks hold a lot more data than floppies.

这些磁盘存储的数据比软盘多得多。【说明】该短语较多地用做定语，其后既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。

A lot of　很多；许多；大量

If you do a lot of scanning, you will probably want to purchase a scanner with a SCSI interface.

如果你要做大量扫描处理，多半会购买一台带有SCSI接口的扫描仪。

Windows Vista gives you a lot of help in solving whatever problems might occur.

在解决可能出现的不论什么问题方面，Windows Vista都会提供大量帮助。

The disadvantage of such a system is obvious：you have to memorize a lot of commands.

这种系统的缺点是显而易见的：你必须记住许许多多的命令。【说明】该短语之后既可接可数名词，又可接不可数名词；既可用于替代much，又可用于替代many。其复数形式为lots of。

A majority of　多数；大多数；半数以上；大部分

Hundreds of thousands of computers and network businessmen come from every state in this country, a majority of European nations, and many nations elsewhere in the world.

成千上万的计算机和网络商人从这个国家的各个州、大多数欧洲国家及世界其他许多国家赶来。

A great majority of managers and professionals will, in all likelihood, demand access to training on an on-going basis.

多半情况下，大多数经理和专业人员都要求不断进行培训。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词，且经常用great, vast等词修饰，以表示更大的数量。

A mass of　大量；大堆；一团；一块

When you log on to the Internet, you are going to be faced with a large, inconceivable mass of information.

当注册到因特网时，你将面临想象不到的大量信息。

When you get on to the Internet, you will find a great mass of valuable information.

当上因特网时，你将发现大量有价值的信息。

A matter of……的问题；差不多；大约

Understanding how a computer works is often just a matter of understanding the function of the individual components such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, floppy disk drive, and hard disk drive.

了解计算机是如何工作的，往往只不过是了解键盘、鼠标、监视器、软驱及硬盘驱动器之类的各个构件的功能的问题。

Whether or not your printer server is dedicated, printing to the network printer is a matter of telling the network software that you want your printouts redirected across the network.

不论打印机服务器是否专用，往网络打印机发送打印任务就是告诉网络软件，你想把你的打印输出在网络上重新定向。

To become familiar with the use of a computer is a matter of several weeks.

熟悉计算机的使用，只需大约几周时间。

A multitude of　许多；大批；众多

There's a multitude of peripherals that let you do lots of things.

有许多可用来做很多事情的外部设备。

There are a multitude of small local computer stores and some small computer chains.

有许多本地计算机小商店及一些计算机小连锁店。【说明】该短语经常与可数名词连用。其复数形式为multitudes of。

A myriad of　众多；大量

Like anything else related to a computer, a myriad of monitors are out there in the market.

像有关计算机的其他任何东西一样，市场上有各种不同的监视器。

The computer can perform a myriad of calculations for you with lightning speed, taking all the calculations off your shoulders and reducing the risk of error.

计算机能够以极快的速度进行大量计算，为你卸下计算的重担，并减少发生错误的风险。【说明】该短语之后经常接可数名词，与a multitude of的含义相似，但使用不如a multitude of广泛。

A number of　一些；几个；许多

Between 1963 and 1966 ARPA funded a number of small-scale research projects to explore the emerging technology of computer networking.

在1963年和1966年之间，（美国国防部）高级研究计划署为一些小规模研究项目提供资金，来探索计算机网络互联这项新兴技术。

A communications network is a number of communication channels that interconnect terminals and computers.

通信网络是将终端和计算机互联的一些通信信道。

There are a number of reasons to connect computers into networks but two most important are：to allow human beings to communicate and to share resources.

将计算机连接成网络的理由有很多，但其中最重要的两个是：让人类能够通信和共享资源。【说明】该短语与可数名词连用，短语中的number常用great, huge, large, small, substantial等词修饰。

A pair of　一对；一双；一条

You can install a single DIMM in a Pentium-based computer instead of a pair of SIMMs.

可以在以奔腾（Pentium）为基础的计算机中安装一个双列直插式内存组件（DIMM），来代替一对单列直插式存储组件（SIMM）。

The PC BIOS is a pair of computer chips that oversee all of the input and output operations your PC performs.

个人计算机基本输入输出系统（BIOS）是一对计算机芯片，用来监视个人计算机所进行的一切输入输出操作。

In any telecommunication link between computers, a pair of modems is required, one for each computer.

在两台计算机之间的任何远程通信链路中，都需要一对调制解调器，为每台计算机配备一个。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词，这些名词往往是成双成对出现的，如pliers, scissors, shoes, trousers。该短语的复数形式为pairs of。

A percentage of　一部分；一定比例

In the past, only a small percentage of people had hands-on contact with computers.

在过去，仅有少数人亲手接触过计算机。

Lehigh University Computing Center described the Lehigh virus that attached to their computer system in 1987，destroying a large percentage of their public disks.

Lehigh大学计算中心描述了1987年依附于其计算机系统的Lehigh病毒，这种病毒破坏了他们大部分的公用磁盘。【说明】该短语中的percentage常用large, small等词修饰。

A piece of　一张；一件；一片；一个

Data is both singular and plural, and can mean a piece of information and many pieces of information.

英语data（数据）一词既是单数又是复数，既可指一条信息，又能指许多条信息。

For a computer to communicate with another computer over the telephone lines, a piece of hardware called a modem is needed.

为使一台计算机与另一台计算机通过电话线通信，需要一种称为“调制解调器”的硬件。

The program that you use on your computer is a piece of software—instructions your computer uses to help you accomplish specific tasks.

在自己的计算机上使用的程序是一个软件——计算机用来帮助你完成特定任务的指令组。【说明】该短语之后既可接可数名词，又可接不可数名词，使用很灵活。其复数形式为pieces of。

A pool of　一池；一汪；一滩；一些；许多

An attorney's office, for example, may have a common pool of documents that various secretaries can access and update.

例如，一位律师的办公室可能有一个公用文件池，每个秘书都能够访问和更新这些文件。

If people on your LAN need to access modems frequently, you can establish a pool of modems and“use”a communication server device.

如果上局域网的人需要频繁访问调制解调器，就可以设立一个调制解调器池，并“使用”通信服务器设备。

A portion of　一部分

The Web's subject trees catalog only a small portion of the Web's millions of documents.

万维网的主题树只将万维网的数百万文档中的一小部分编入目录。

A large portion of the resources of an organization is put into gathering and storing data about business transaction, competitors, the marketplace, and a host of other topics.

一个机构将大部分资源投入到有关业务交易、竞争者、市场及其他许多主题的数据收集和存储。

Internet worm, in November in 1988，in a single night, overloaded and shut down a large portion of the computers connected to the Internet at that time by replicating itself over and over on each computer it accessed, exploiting a bug in UNIX systems.

1988年11月，因特网蠕虫利用UNIX系统的隐错，通过在它所访问的每台计算机上反复复制自身的办法，一夜之间就使当时接入因特网的大部分计算机超载并关闭。【说明】该短语含义与a part of相同，都用来表示整体的或大或小的一部分，而a length of和a section of表示长度的一部分或一段。

A quantum leap　巨大的飞跃

Then translators produced a breakthrough leading to a quantum leap in the development of computers in lower costs, reliability, and speed of operation.

随后翻译程序取得一个突破，导致计算机开发在降低造价、提高可靠性和运算速度方面的突飞猛进。

Appearing in the mid 1990s, fifth-generation computers will represent another quantum leap in computer technology.

第5代计算机出现于20世纪90年代中期，代表了计算机技术的又一次巨大飞跃。【说明】该短语的含义和用法与an enormous leap相同。

A range of　一系列；一整套

Electronic mail was a completely new communications medium, and brought with it a range of social issues that social scientists have only recently begun to address.

电子邮件是一种全新的通信媒体，它带来了一系列的社会问题，这些问题社会科学家仅仅在最近才开始解决。

General Electric announced a range of three computers—one small, one medium-size, and one large—in late 1963.

通用电气公司在1963年年底宣布了由三种型号组成的计算机系列：小型的、中型的及大型的。

Microsoft Word is a state-of-art word processing program with a wide range of features that are both powerful and easy to use.

Microsoft Word是达到目前最新技术水平的字处理器，具有很多特征模块，既功能强大又易于使用。【说明】该短语应用广泛，在不同的语言环境下有不同的意义，翻译时需灵活掌握。

A row of　一排；一行

The Macintosh always displays a row of menu files at the top of the screen.

在屏幕的顶部，Macintosh总是显示一排菜单文件。

Users know there will be a row of menu options at the top of the screen, and basic tasks are always performed the same.

用户知道在屏幕的顶部会有一排菜单选项，而基本任务总是以相同的方式完成。

A sequence of　一种序列；一系列；一连串

A file is a sequence of bytes of data that reside in semi-permanent form on some stable medium such as a magnetic disk or compact disc.

文件是以半永久形式驻留于磁盘或光盘之类的某种稳定媒体上的数据字节序列。

A program consists of a sequence of instructions that the computer follows.

程序由计算机所执行的指令序列组成。

A series of　一系列；一套；连续不断

Source code is a series of statements or commands, used to instruct the computer to perform your desired tasks.

源码是一系列的语句或命令，用来指令计算机完成所期望的任务。

A beta test is a series of tests that are made on a software program before it is sold in stores.

β测试是在商店出售软件之前对其进行的一系列测试。

On the left side of the window, you may see a series of document titles.

在窗口的左边，可以看到一系列的文档标题。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词，其含义与a group of, a sequence of, a set of相似。

A set of　一种集合；一组；一套；一系列

Every computer requires an operating system, which is a set of introductions for setting up a file system and for launching programs.

每台计算机都需要一个操作系统，而操作系统则是建立文件系统和启动程序所用的指令的集合。

An operating system is a set of programs that manages the overall operations of the computer system.

操作系统是管理计算机系统全面运行的程序的集合。

A communications protocol is a set of hardware and software standards for transmitting data between terminals and computers.

通信协议是在终端和计算机之间传输数据所用的一套硬件和软件标准。【说明】该短语之后经常接可数名词。

A slew of　许多；大量

Windows Vista boasts a slew of new features and options that make it very attractive for IBM-compatible computers.

Windows Vista以有许多新特征和选项而自豪，这使之对IBM兼容计算机有很大的吸引力。

A slice of　一片；一块；一部分

On a typical desktop PC running typical programs, the operating system gives each process a slice of the processor's time.

在运行典型程序的典型台式个人计算机上，操作系统给每个过程都分配一个处理器时间片。

A sort of　一种；一类；某种

A PC also has a sort of brain, the processor, which controls everything going on within it.

个人计算机也有一种“大脑”，即处理器，用于控制计算机内发生的全部事情。

To continue his work on the road, the writer wants to use a sort of portable computer.

为了在旅途中继续工作，这位作家想使用一种便携式计算机。【说明】该短语与a kind of的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

A spectrum of　一种谱系；一系列

Middleware can cover a broad spectrum of software and generally sits between an application and an operating system, a network operating system, or a database management system.

中间件可以覆盖广泛的软件谱系，它一般介于应用程序和操作系统、网络操作系统或数据库管理系统之间。

To support such a distributed system, a spectrum of capabilities has been developed.

为了支持这种分布式系统，已经开发出一系列能力。

A stack of　一堆；一垛；一叠

The hard disk magnetically stores data on a stack of rotating disks, called platters.

硬盘在称为“盘片”的一叠旋转盘上以磁手段存储数据。

A fixed disk drive is like a stack of diskettes, all accessible at once.

固定硬盘驱动器好像一叠可同时访问的软盘。

A stream of　一种……流；一股；一连串；一缕

To the Internet, your E-mail message is a stream of packets, each bearing the address of the destination.

对于因特网，电子邮件消息是一种信息包的流，每个信息包都携带着其目的地的地址。

The network must operate reliably and deliver a continuous stream of interactive data to multimedia applications.

这种网络必须运行可靠，并连续不断地将交互式数据流交付给多媒体应用程序。

A string of　一串；一行；一列；一根

A long string of computers similar to the IBMs—called compatibles—began trickling into the market.

类似IBM计算机的一大系列计算机——称为“兼容机”——开始渐渐投放市场。

A suite of　一套；一组；一种套件

One local provider in my area charges$19.99 a month for 300 hours of Internet access time and gives you a full suite of Internet utilities, including programs for E-mail, searches, Web browsing, and global chat.

在我所在的地区，一家本地提供者为每月300小时因特网访问时间收费19.99美元，提供一整套因特网公用程序，其中包括电子邮件、搜索、网页浏览及全球聊天使用的程序。

A suite of Internet applications can be offered to provide access to the guest's own network resources.

可提供一种因特网应用套件，以便访问客人自己的网络资源。

A sum of　总数；总额；总计

Long files take a long time to download, which means that you can spend quite a sum of money for the phone and connect time required to receive your“free”software.

长文件下载花费时间很长，这就意味着你可能为电话及接收“免费”软件所需要的连接时间支付总额相当可观的一笔钱。

A system of　一种系统；一种体系

A network is a system of linked computers that can share files.

网络是一种能共享文件、连接在一起的计算机系统。

Distributed processing is a system of computers connected together by a communications network.

分布式处理技术是通过通信网络连接在一起的计算机系统。【说明】该短语与a series of和a set of的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

A team of　一组；一队

In 1954，John Backus and a team of designers at IBM began to formulate a high-level programming language to solve scientific, mathematical, and engineering problems.

1954年，IBM公司的John Backus和设计师小组开始编写一种高级程序设计语言，以解决科学、数学及工程问题。

Once you learn how to use it, WAIS is like a team of simple-minded, but efficient librarians, ready to search for whatever it is you need, whenever you need it.

一旦学会如何使用广域信息服务系统（WAIS），它就像一组单纯而有效的图书馆员一样，随时准备搜索你所需要的东西。【说明】该短语与a group of或a number of的含义和用法相同。

A ton of　许多；大量

There are a ton of modem standards, most of which won't make a lot of difference to you as a user.

有许多调制解调器标准，其中大多数对于用户来说并没有多大差别。

A total of　总数；总额；共计

You can do a total of six operations, all of which have been covered in this chapter.

你可以进行总计6种之多的操作，所有这些都已在本章讨论过了。

Each account is allocated a total of ten megabytes of space for Web pages.

每个账号都分配总数为10 MB的网页空间。

A total of nine process states are recognized by the UNIX operating system.

UNIX操作系统识别总数达9种的过程状态。【说明】该短语之后既可接可数名词，又可接不可数名词，其含义和用法同a sum of。

A trail of　一缕；一串；一种踪迹

Once the computer crime has been revealed, it is not easy to find a clear trail of evidence.

一旦计算机犯罪被揭露出来，要查找清晰的证据踪迹并不容易。

A tremendous amount of　大量；巨大

Computers can store a tremendous amount of data.

计算机能够存储大量的数据。

A modem gives you access to a tremendous amount of information previously available only in the most up-to-date libraries.

调制解调器使你存取以前只有最新的图书馆才能提供的大量信息。

A universe of　无数；大量；无穷

Once you log on to NASA Space Link, a universe of scientific resources is opened for you from your own computer.

一旦注册到美国宇航局（NASA）航天链路系统，计算机就为你打开无数的科学资源。

Any piece of software presents a vast universe of teachable items.

任何一个软件都提供了无数适合教学的功能项。

There is a universe of gardening-related Internet sites.

有许多有关园艺的因特网网站。

A variety of　各种；各种各样；种种

To you, the speed issue means how quickly your computer can start a program, save a file, or perform a variety of other tasks.

对你来说，速度问题意味着计算机启动程序、保存文件或完成种种其他任务能有多快。

Computers come in a variety of shapes and sizes, small and large, portable and immovable.

计算机形状和大小各异，小型的与大型的，便携的和不可移的。

One of the reasons why the Internet is so popular is because its users have such a wide variety of computers and operating systems.

因特网如此受欢迎的理由之一是用户有这么多种计算机和操作系统。【说明】该短语之后接可数名词，表示同类事物中的不同东西。

A vast amount of　大量；很多

A modem lets you connect to the Internet and online services, which let you access to a vast amount of information and meet thousands of people with similar interests.

调制解调器可用来接入因特网和在线服务，从而使你能够访问大量信息和结识许多趣味相投的人。

The Internet offers a vast amount of information, and people and companies benefit from it.

因特网提供大量信息，许多人和公司从因特网获益。

A vast amount of information appears on a daily basis on the World Wide Web.

万维网上每天都出现大量的信息。【说明】该短语之后通常接不可数名词，短语中的amount可用great, huge, large, small, vast等词修饰，以表示更大的数量。

A wealth of　大量；丰富；许多

A wealth of interesting, usable, and even valuable programs can be quickly accumulated in this way.

大量有趣、有用、乃至很有价值的程序，能以这种方法很快积累起来。

If you are one of the computer beginners, you will find a wealth of information about the development and improvement of the computer and software.

如果你是一名计算机初学者，就会发现有关计算机和软件的开发和改进的大量信息。

Online services are covered in depth in Part　Ⅲof this book, but you should know that they could be used to find a great wealth of information.

本书第三部分深入地介绍了在线服务，但你应当知道，它们可用来查找大量信息。【说明】该短语常用于修饰不可数名词，有时也可以修饰可数名词。

A while　一会儿；一时；一段时间

If you work with a traditional mouse and move on to a touch pad, you will have to practice a while before you learn to use the touch pad well.

如果是用传统的鼠标工作并在触摸垫上滑动，就须先练习一段时间，才能学会熟练地使用触摸垫。

If you are going to be away from your mail for a while, you may want to set up an automatic vacation message to go out to anyone who sends mail to you while you are gone.

如果一段时间内不打算使用邮件，就可能想建立一个自动休假信息，送给当你外出期间向你发送邮件的任何人。

A whole lot　很多；大量

The network and what you can do with it are a whole lot more interesting than your computer by itself.

网络及用网络能够做的事情，比计算机本身更加有趣。

One little bit doesn't tell the computer a whole lot, so it strings together a bunch of bits to create a more complicated message.

一小比特并不告诉计算机很多信息，因此要串接起许多比特，才能创建一个更复杂的消息。【说明】该短语经常用做状语和宾语。

A world of　大量；许多；无数；一片

By itself, a personal computer is a powerful and interesting tool, but when it can communicate with other compu-ters, a whole new world of applications open up.

个人计算机本身就是一种功能很强和很有趣的工具，而当它与其他计算机通信时，便开辟许多崭新的应用领域。

You will have a world of programs available to help you accomplish the tasks you want to.

利用现有的许多程序，可以帮助完成希望完成的任务。

The mouse is another smaller, seemingly insignificant device that can make a world of difference in how well you use your computer.

鼠标是另一种体积较小且仿佛无足轻重的装置，而它在如何用好计算机方面却产生很大作用。【说明】该短语与a universe of的含义和用法相同，其后通常接可数名词，但有时也可接不可数名词。

Abide by, to　坚持；遵守

Subdirectory name abides by the same guidelines used for file names.

子目录名遵守文件命名所用的同样指导准则。

Able to, to be　能够；有能力

On a network, you'll be able to use network resources such as printers and modems and multiple hard drives.

网络上能够利用打印机、调制解调器及多个硬盘驱动器之类的网络资源。

With the write-protection notch covered, your computer will not be able to write any data on the magnetic disk.

写保护缺口被遮盖时，计算机就不能在磁盘上写入任何数据。

The Internet is a strong proof that human beings who are able to communicate freely and conveniently will choose to be social and selfless.

因特网是一种强有力的证明：能够自由而方便地通信的人都是情愿社交且无私的。【说明】该短语与情态动词can同义，但can不能单独作谓语。该短语之后通常接主动语态的不定式。

Was[were]able to表示过去时态，shall[will]be able to表示将来时态。

Abound in, to　多；充满；盛产

Major employment opportunities for trained computer professionals abound in such areas as Georgia；Alabama；Washington, D. C；North Carolina；Los Angeles；New York, etc.

训练有素的计算机专业人员的主要就业机会，多在佐治亚、阿拉巴马、华盛顿特区、北卡罗来纳、洛杉矶、纽约等地。

Abound with, to　充满；充斥

The computer world abounds with viruses of all sorts, users must take di-fferent measures to fight against them.

计算机世界充斥着各种病毒，用户必须采取不同措施加以抵御。【说明】to abound in和to abound with用法有别：前者的主语为物，in之后接地点或场所；后者的主语为地点或场所，with之后接物。

例如，Fish abounds in this ocean. This ocean abounds with fish.

About the same　大致相同；差不多相同；几乎一样；大同小异

This large number of colors is about the same number of colors that the human eyes can differentiate.

这么多彩色的数目，与人的肉眼所能分辨的彩色的数目差不多。

All the NCSA versions look about the same, so the basic functions are the same.

所有的NCSA版本看上去大同小异，因此基本功能是相同的。

Your BIOS was made about the same time as your computer, but many things have changed since your compu-ter was manufactured.

基本输入输出操作系统与计算机的开发时间大体相同，但自从计算制造出来以后，许多事情都已经发生了变化。

About to, to be　正要；即将；马上

We're about to enter the age of digital communications via ISDN.

我们即将进入通过综合业务数字网（ISDH）进行数字通信的时代。

You are about to learn how to be a computer programmer.

你将学会如何成为一名计算机程序员。

In networking situations you need to be aware of the possibility that other processes may already be working with, or may be about to work with, the file you are about to open.

在联网的情况下，需要知道存在这样的可能性——即其他程序可能正在使用或者即将使用你要打开的文件。【说明】该短语用于表示按计划或日程安排即将发生的动作，即用现在时代替将来。

Above all　首先；尤其；最重要的是

Above all, the new computer would have to be cheaper, faster, and more reliable than the model 650.

首先，这种新的计算机必须比650型计算机价格更便宜，速度更快，性能更可靠。

But computers have not moved to the center of the stage in such fields as sociology, economics, and, above all, medicine, where the fundamental knowledge is not so precise and easily quantifiable.

但是计算机在社会学、经济学，尤其是医学等领域还没有成为注意的中心，因为这些领域的基础知识还不很精确，不容易用数量表示。

Like any good warehouse, a hard drive must, above all, protect your goods and then let you move stuff in and out of it quickly and efficiently.

像其他任何好的仓库一样，硬盘驱动器首先必须保护你的“货物”，而后让你迅速而有效地运进或搬出“货物”。【说明】该短语总是用做独立成分，在不同场合下，与especially, first of all, most important of all等的含义相同。

Abreast of　与……并驾齐驱；与……齐头并进

Regardless of the operating system you have, you should try to stay abreast of news regarding revisions and updates.

不论使用什么操作系统，都应当设法及时了解有关操作系统的修改和升级的信息。

Increasing attendances, and increasing interest in the Web, mean that Web conferences are now a significant marketplace for Web-related products and services, as well as an opportunity to keep abreast of technological developments.

与会人数的增多，及人们对万维网兴趣的增加，表明万维网会议现在已是与万维网有关的产品和服务的一个重要市场，同时也是保持与技术开发同步的机遇。【说明】该短语经常与动词to be, to keep或to stay连用，表达相似的概念。

Access to　访问；接入；存取；通达

The Internet, launched in the early 1990s, is the network that links millions of computers around the world, giving their users access to a seductive array of computer facilities.

20世纪90年代初开发的因特网，是连接全世界数百万台计算机的网络，使其用户能够访问诱人的一系列计算机设施。

Another major area of network use is access to remote database.

网络使用的另一种重要领域就是访问远程数据库。【说明】该短语经常与动词gain, get, have连用，表达类似的概念。

Accompanied by, to be　伴随；陪同

The vast advances in computers and their use have been accompanied equally by rapid improvements in communication technology.

计算机及其使用的巨大进展，伴随着通信技术的迅速改进。

Software is in most cases accompanied by a manual of instructions.

多数情况下，软件都配有使用说明书。

The advances in computer techno-logy are often accompanied by the corresponding dramatic advances in AI research.

计算机技术的进展，往往伴随着人工智能（AI）研究相应的巨大进展。

According to　根据；依照；随着……的不同

According to some research, nearly three-quarters of the Web browsers in use are versions of Netscape.

根据某项研究，使用中的万维网浏览器将近四分之三都是Netscape版本的。

Memories for personal computers are rated according to their capacity, which is measured in thousands of bytes.

个人计算机的存储器都是根据其容量来标称的，而容量则以千字节度量。

An acceptance-test, usually performed by the end user of the system, determines if the computer system is working according to the specifications in the contract.

通常由系统的最终用户完成的验收测试，确定计算机系统是否符合合同规定的技术规格。【说明】该短语为复合前置词短语，与in accordance with同义，其后接名词成分。

Account for, to　解释；说明；占（百分比，数量）

The semiconductor material most commonly used is silicon, and this accounts for the term silicon chip—the hardware manufacturer's solution to the problem of making computers faster, smaller, cheaper, and more reliable.

最常用的半导体材料是硅，这就说明了采用硅芯片这个术语的原因——这是硬件制造商解决让计算机速度更快、体积更小、价格更低及性能更可靠的问题的办法。

Actually, computer crime still accounts for only a small fraction of the losses American business suffers from compared to so-called white-collar crime.

实际上，计算机犯罪与所谓“白领犯罪”相比，其带来的损失仍然只占美国商业所遭受损失的很小一部分。

E-mail accounts for 80 percent of Internet use, according to one estimate.

根据一项估计，电子邮件占因特网使用的80%。【说明】该短语表示“占……比例”概念时，总是使用主动语态；而当该短语表示“说明”、“解释”概念时，既可用主动语态，又可用被动语态。

Accuse of, to　指责；控告

Some waste disposal companies have been accused of selling waste paper to people in search of information.

一些废品处理公司被指控将废纸卖给搜集情报的人员。

No one has ever accused DOS of being user-friendly.

还从来没有人因DOS的用户友好性来指责它。【说明】该短语用做主动语态时，作为宾语的人或物为受指控的对象， of短语表示缘由；用做被动语态时，句子中的主语为受指控的对象。

Accustomed to, to be　习惯于

Students who have become accustomed to using the Web in their everyday lives at school will come home and dust off those PCs that were used only for games and use them to cruise the Web.

在学校日常生活中已习惯于使用万维网的学生将回到家中，清扫掉过去仅仅用来玩游戏的个人计算机上的灰尘，用它们漫游万维网。

If you are accustomed to using Windows, and want to share files on a LAN, Windows for Workgroups can be an easy way to get started with networking.

如果已习惯于使用Windows，并想在局域网上共享文件，Windows for Workgroups可能是启动联网的简易办法。【说明】该短语之后经常接名词或动名词短语，短语中的to be常被to become或to get代替。该短语与to be used to的含义和用法相同，往往互换使用。

Acquaint with, to　熟悉；通晓

This chapter acquaints you with how to practice safe computing and shows ways of fighting computer viruses instead of just passively worrying about the danger of an intrusion into your computer system.

本章将使你熟悉如何进行安全计算，并讲述一些抵御计算机病毒的方式，而不只是被动地担心病毒入侵计算机系统的危险。【说明】该动词短语经常使用主动语态，其含义与to be[become, get]acquainted with相同。

Acquainted with, to be[get]熟悉；通晓

The book will be very useful for the person who needs to get acquainted with the issues of creating a successful Internet business.

对于需要熟悉建立成功的因特网业务这个问题的人们来讲，本书是非常有用的。

We are acquainted with this company's research plan of new network hardware and software.

我们熟悉这家公司新网络硬件和软件的研究计划。

Act as, to　用做；作为；起……作用

The ISDN network interface card acts as a bridge to connect your PC to other networks.

综合业务数字网（ISDN）的网络接口插件，起把个人计算机连接到其他网络的桥梁作用。

To use your computer, you need a disk operating system that acts as the link between you and your computer—you tell the computer what to do by using the operating system.

为了使用计算机，需要一个磁盘操作系统，充当你和计算机之间联系的纽带——通过使用操作系统，告诉计算机去做什么。

Flash disks are mainly used for copying data to and from your hard disk, acting as a kind of gateway between your computer and the outside world.

优盘主要用来将数据复制到硬盘及从硬盘上复制数据，在计算机与外界之间起一种通道的作用。【说明】该短语之后接名词或名词成分，其含义和用法与to function as, to serve as等相同。

Act like, to　起……作用；作用像

The UNIX system provides a standard interface between hardware peripherals and the operating system that acts just like a normal file.

UNIX系统在硬件外部设备和操作系统之间提供一种标准的接口，其作用正像一个普通的文件。

A file server that acts like a remote disk drive to the user in the network is also called a network server.

对于网络用户来讲，作用像一个远程磁盘驱动器的文件服务器又称“网络服务器”。

Act on[upon]，to　作用于；按照……行动；影响到

It is the operating system that lets you give orders to your computer and acts on your commands.

正是操作系统让你给计算机发出命令，并按照命令运行。

Response time is the time required for the host computer to act on one of your commands.

响应时间就是主机执行一条命令所需要的时间。

Commands in menus normally acts on only one object.

菜单命令在正常情况下仅对一个对象起作用。【说明】该短语既可采用主动语态，也可采用被动语态。在被动语态情形，前置词on或upon要保留在被动态的谓语之后，不可丢掉。

Adapt to, to　适应于；使适配

General-purpose computers can be adapted to many situations if given appropriate programs.

如果提供适当的程序，通用计算机适用于许多场合。

The basic definition of intelligence is the ability of a system to adapt appropriately to a changing world.

智能的基本定义是某一系统恰如其分地适应不断变化的世界的能力。

Many notebook computers sold today have what's called world current voltage, which means the power system of the PC can adapt to the voltage standards worldwide.

现今出售的许多笔记本式计算机，使用所谓“全球现用电压”，这就意味着个人计算机的电源系统能够适应全球的电压标准。

Unless it can adapt to system changes, the LAN management system will limit the growth of the network.

除非局域网管理系统能够适应系统的变化，否则它将限制网络的发展。【说明】该短语中的to为前置词，其后总是接名词或名词性成分。

Add up to, to　总计为；总数为；等于说；意味着

Your 133 MHz Pentium computer with 1 GB of RAM adds up to a lot more money than you expected to pay for a whole system—keyboard, monitor, and software.

花在具有1 GB随机存取器（RAM）的133 MHz奔腾计算机上的钱比要花在整个系统——键盘、监视器及软件——上的钱还要多得多。

Even really good network cards and cables should add up to less than$300.

即使真正好的网卡和电缆的总费用也不应超过300美元。【说明】该短语的含义和用法与动词词组to amount to相同。

Add……to, to　增加；增加到

When you say you are upgrading the memory in your computer, what you are really saying is that you are adding more memory to your computer.

当说正在升级计算机内存时，真正要说的意思是在给计算机增加更多的内存。

Some experienced computer users prefer to assemble or add to their computers by purchasing components from a variety of sources.

一些有经验的计算机用户偏爱通过购买来源不同的部件来组装计算机或添加计算机功能。

When you put a computer on a network, you add an access route to the computer, and you'll want the route to be secured.

当把计算机接入网络时，要给该计算机添加一个访问路由，并且希望该路由安全。【说明】该短语中的add为及物动词，其后接宾语，to引导的前置词短语为状语成分，用来表示处所。

Addicted to, to be　醉心于；沉溺于；迷恋于

A hacker is a programmer who is addicted to computers and spends unusual amounts of time programming.

黑客是迷恋于计算机并花费异乎寻常的时间编程的程序员。

Adept at, to be[become]善于；擅长；对……熟练

Today, you really don't need to know too much about how a computer works from an engineering viewpoint to become adept at using one.

现今，确实不需要从工程角度对计算机如何工作了解太多，就能够熟练地使用计算机。【说明】该短语中的at可换成in，其含义和用法相同。

Adhere to, to　坚持；遵守；附着于

With few exceptions, every modern compiler adheres to this ANSI Standard C.

每个现代编译器都遵守美国国家标准协会（ANSI）的标准C，例外不多。

Whatever your skill is in the Internet and the Web, to achieve the best results you must adhere to the loose, mostly unwritten laws of the Internet.

不论在因特网和万维网方面的技能如何，为了获得最好的结果，都必须遵守因特网松散而多半不成文的法规。

E-mail systems do not adhere to a universal standard for addressing and sending messages.

电子邮件系统并不遵守寻址和发送消息方面的通用标准。【说明】该短语之后接名词或名词性成分。它与词组to stick to以及及物动词to observe的含义相同。

Affiliated with, to be　隶属于；附属于；从属于

Most of these users were affiliated with universities or other academic institutions.

这些用户中大多数都隶属于大学或其他学术机构。

Among the near 20 colleges and universities affiliated with the network are the universities of Illinois, Iowa, California, Maryland, Washington State, etc.

加入网络的将近20所学院和大学中，有伊利诺伊大学、依阿华大学、加利福尼亚大学、马里兰大学、华盛顿州立大学等。

Afraid of, to be　恐怕；害怕；担心

That fact alone might free you of experiment with novel uses of the computer, which you might be afraid of trying.

单就这一事实可能使你免于对计算机新颖应用的试验，而这些试验也许是你害怕尝试的。

If you are the manager or the owner of a computer system, you should be afraid of letting an untrained operator use your system in uncontrolled environment.

如果你是计算机系统的管理者或拥有者，那么让一个缺乏训练的操作者在未受控制的环境下使用计算机系统，你应当担心。

After a while　过一会儿；过一段时间

After a while, you won't have enough memory to run programs.

过一段时间，你就没有足够的内存来运行程序。

After a while, you will use up your batteries.

过一会儿，你将耗尽电池能量。

After all　毕竟；终究；还是

In case you delete text and suddenly decide you really need it after all, you have three options to restore that deleted text.

如果删除了文本但突然决定还是需要它，有三个选项可以复原被删除的文本。

Like biological viruses and worms, people can't see them and don't know they are present—they are, after all, designed to hide themselves.

像生物学上的病毒和蠕虫一样，人们不可能看到它们，也不知道它们的存在——毕竟它们就是要被设计得能够隐藏自己。

After all, the Internet is just a computer network and most of what we use computers for is pretty dull.

因特网毕竟只是一种计算机网络，我们对计算机的使用大多是相当单纯的。【说明】该短语总是用做独立成分，在句子中的位置很灵活。

Again and again　一再；再三；屡次

You will come across computer concepts on the following passages again and again.

在下面一些段落中，将反复碰到若干计算机概念。

The computer expert told him again and again that he should discharge the static charge by touching metallic articles before he made contact with the inside of the computer.

计算机专家一再告诉他，在接触计算机内部之前，应当触摸一下金属物体，把静电释放掉。

Agree on[upon]，to　商定；一致同意；就……取得一致意见

When two computers communicate over phone lines, the computers must agree on several settings, such as how fast they will send and receive information, how much information they will send and receive at one time, and so on.

当两台计算机通过电话线通信时，它们在几项设定上必须取得一致，如发送和接收信息将有多快，在同一时间发送和接收的信息将是多少。

If the buyer doesn't pay for the software by the time agreed upon, then the program self-destructed.

如果购买者不按商定的时间交付软件费用，程序便将自身销毁。

Except for being unanimous in their belief in the benefits and usefulness of computer, the 150 hackers agreed on virtually nothing else.

除了在计算机的好处和用途的认识上取得一致意见之外，这150位黑客在其他任何方面几乎都没有达成任何协议。【说明】该短语表示在建议、方案、计划、条件等方面取得一致意见。如果表示与某人意见一致，则应当使用to agree with。

Agree to, to　同意；赞同

Most of companies including the influential Microsoft and Intel, agreed to a system called plug and play.

大多数公司，包括有影响力的微软公司和英特尔公司，都赞同一种称为“即插即用（plug and play）”的系统。

Many of the computer experts from different companies agree to the development plan of this company.

来自不同公司的许多计算机专家都赞同这家公司的开发计划。【说明】该短语表示同意或赞同别人提出的建议、方案、条件等，而to agree on[upon]则表示双方意见一致。

Agree with, to　同意……的意见；与……意见一致；适合

As to how to further improve this kind of electronic mail system, these computer scientists agree with each other.

关于如何进一步改进这种电子邮件系统，这些计算机科学家的意见是一致的。

Notebook computers agree very well with salespeople.

笔记本式计算机非常适合销售人员使用。【说明】该短语之后接表示人或者意见的名词，有时表示“适合”的概念。

Ahead of　提前；早于；在……前面

A key point to remember in video conference is not to get too far ahead of the system when speaking or moving around.

使用电视会议时需要记住的一个关键问题是当讲话或四处走动时不可在系统前面太远。

The game side of the computer industry appears years ahead of the business side in terms of its use of 3D graphics.

从三维图形的使用来讲，计算机工业在游戏方面要比在商业方面似乎早了几年。

Ahead of time　提前；事先

The only way to enjoy smooth Internet access is to decide on an approach to take ahead of time.

享受顺利访问因特网乐趣的惟一方法就是提前决定采取的途径。

When you send someone a message using electronic mail, it is convenient to be able to use a text editing program to compose the message ahead of time.

当利用电子邮件给某人发送消息时，能够利用文本编辑程序提前撰写消息是很方便的。

Another shortcut you can take is to prepare the message ahead of time and store it in a file.

所能采用的另一个快捷方式是提前准备消息并把它存储在一个文件中。

Aid in, to　帮助；促进；有助于

Under ideal conditions, a manager should have a computer on his or her desk to aid in problem solving and decision-making.

在理想条件下，管理人员在自己的办公桌上应当有一台计算机，以帮助解决问题和进行决策。

Computer simulation aids engineers in identifying the most effective seat belt design to eliminate shoulder belt slack on impact.

计算机模拟可帮助工程师辨识最有效的安全带设计，以避免在冲撞时肩带松弛。

An expert system is an artificial intelligence application that uses a knowledge base of human expertise to aid in solving problems.

专家系统是一种人工智能应用程序，它利用人的专家经验的知识库来帮助解决问题。【说明】该短语之后接名词或名词性成分，可用to assist in代替。

Aim at, to　向……瞄准；针对着；目的在于；旨在

The use of licensing key is a secu-rity device aimed at reducing illegal duplication of licensed software.

使用授权密钥是一种安全手段，旨在减少对授权软件的非法复制。

Innovations in computer storage seem to be aimed at making improvements in three areas：speed, capacity, and cost.

计算机存储器的革新似乎旨在改善三个方面：速度、容量及成本。

Many research efforts are aimed at developing computer programs that perform tasks such as thinking, reasoning, making logical decisions, and remembering past experiences.

大量的研究项目旨在开发这样一些计算机程序：完成思维、推理、做出逻辑判定及记住过去经验之类的任务。

Akin to　近似；相似

First viewed as something akin to a joystick, which is used primarily for games, the mouse has grown in popula-rity until it has become an important part of many applications.

鼠标乍看起来有点儿像主要用于游戏的操纵杆，而现在变得很普遍，成为许多应用程序的一个重要组成部分。

The phone book itself is akin to a file or a set of information, also called database.

电话簿自身与一个文件或一系列信息相似，也称为“数据库”。

Alert to, to　提醒注意；报警

Software programs are used to check for viruses and alert you to their presence.

某些程序用于检查是否有病毒，并提醒注意病毒的存在。

Most good computer systems are equipped with a power failure detection circuit that will alert the processor to this event.

大多数好的计算机系统都配备有电源故障检测电路，这种电路将提醒处理器注意这种事故的发生。

Align with, to　使……成一线；使……成一行；对准

Like most cables, you must align the keyboard pins with the port openings before you can connect the cable.

像大多数电缆一样，在连接电缆之前必须使键盘插针对准端口开口。

All along　自始至终；一直；一贯

All along, from big cities to tiny towns we worked hard to explain the computer technology in terms people could understand.

从大城市到小城镇，我们一直辛苦工作，用人们能够理解的话解释计算机技术。

All around the world　全世界；世界各地

The massive, interconnected computer network known as the Internet gives you access to many diverse sources of information stored on computers all around the world.

称为“因特网”的庞大而互相连接的计算机网络，使你访问存储于世界各地的计算机内的不同来源的信息。

New Internet users will soon recognize the ease and speed with which data can be transferred all around the world.

新的因特网用户将很快认识到，使用因特网能够在全世界很容易和很迅速地传送数据。【说明】该短语与all over the world, around the world, round the world和the world over的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

All at once　忽然；突然；出乎意料地；同时

A nice feature when doing a little housekeeping in your Personal Filing Cabinet is the ability to mark several items and delete them all at once.

当对“个人归档柜”做一些内务处理时，它的一个好的特性就是一次性标记出几项并予删除。

A computer can be a client for many types of services all at once.

一台计算机能够成为同时提供许多类型服务的客户机。

All but　差不多；将近；除……其余都

Clearly, some kind of encryption is needed to make the data intelligent to all but their intended recipients.

很显然，需要某种加密，以使除预期的接受者之外的所有人都不能理解这种数据。

All but the smallest disks are usua-lly subdivided into directories.

除了最小的磁盘以外，其余通常都分割成目录。

All day　整天；全天

Obviously, the quality of the keyboard is critical if you type all day.

显而易见，如果整天做击键工作，键盘的质量是很关键的。

Unless you carry a laptop computer around all day, you probably print out your appointment schedule so you can carry it easily.

除非整天携带着膝上计算机，否则你很可能将你的约会时间表打印出来，以便携带方便。

All day long　整天；终日；一天到晚

If you have a scanner, you can scan a picture of your family into your computer, which might not be the best design, but at least you get a happy picture staring back at you all day long.

如果有一台扫描仪，你可以将你全家的合影扫描进计算机，这可能不是最佳设计，但至少得到一张整天凝视着你的幸福照。【说明】该短语与all day的含义和用法相同。

All else being equal　在所有其他条件相同的情况下

A hard disk with an average access time of 40 ms will generally accomplish a given task twice as fast as a disk whose access time is 80 ms, all else being equal.

具有40 ms的平均存取时间的硬盘，在所有其他条件相同的情况下，完成给定任务所需的时间，通常比存取时间为80 ms的硬盘快一倍。

All in all　总的来说；总之；整个地；完全

All in all, there's no shortage of information on computer hardware, software, and related products.

总的说来，并不缺乏有关计算机硬件、软件及相关产品的信息。

All kinds of　各种各样；各种；许多

ISDN lets you move all kinds of files quickly and reliably between PCs via the Internet.

综合业务数字网（ISDN）使你能够通过因特网迅速而可靠地在个人计算机之间传送各种文件。

E-mail can be sent over all kinds of systems and networks, regardless of the type of file that contains the message.

含有信息的文件，不管其类型如何，电子邮件都能够通过各种系统和网络发送。

When you look for files on the Internet, you'll find software and data for all kinds of computers.

当在因特网上搜寻文件时，你会找到各种计算机使用的软件和数据。【说明】该短语与all sorts of同义，通常接可数名词。

All night long　整夜；彻夜

Computers can operate robots that build automobiles all night long.

计算机可操作整夜制造汽车的机器人。

These computer scientists worked all night long in order to finish the report for the conference.

为了完成会议报告，这些计算机科学家彻夜工作。

All of　全部；完全；所有；一切

Not only is there no one who understands all of the Internet, there is no one who even understands most of the Internet.

不但没有什么人了解因特网的一切，甚至也没有什么人了解因特网的大部分。

All of their data was lost because of the power failure.

由于电源故障，他们的数据全部丢失。

All of us like to use the computers made by IBM.

我们大家都喜欢使用IBM公司制造的计算机。

All of a sudden　忽然；突然；冷不防地

All of a sudden, the computer on your desk in front of you doesn't seem quite as powerful.

突然，放在你面前桌面上的计算机功能似乎并不太强。

All of a sudden, in one night, all the computers of this company could not work properly because of an unknown virus.

一夜之间，这家公司的所有计算机由于一种未知的病毒突然全不能正常工作了。

All of the time　始终；一直；在整个时间内

When you load the mouse driver, your mouse will then be operative all of the time.

当装入鼠标驱动程序时，鼠标才能够一直工作。

All over again　再次；重新；重复

If you buy a new modem, you have to do all that stuff all over again for every program.

如果买了一台新的调制解调器，对每个程序都要重复所做的一切。

The application program processes the information as necessary, instructs the operating system to wait for the next keystroke, and the whole thing starts all over again.

应用程序于必要时处理信息，指令操作系统等候下一次键击，整个事情又重新启动一遍。

The only thing to do is to turn the computer off and start all over again.

要做的惟一事情就是关闭计算机并重新启动。【说明】该短语与again and again和over again的含义和用法相同。

All over the globe　全世界；世界各地；世界上

With Telnet, you can access computers all over the globe, regardless of your geographic location.

利用远程登录协议（Telnet），不论你在什么地理位置，都能够访问世界各地的计算机。

All over the world　全世界；世界各地；世界上

One can access the catalogs of several hundred libraries all over the world, including the great national libraries such as the library of Congress in Washington and British Library in London.

人们能够访问全世界的数百家图书馆的目录，其中包括华盛顿国会图书馆和伦敦不列颠图书馆之类的大型国家图书馆。

Electronic mail（E-mail）is certainly the most widely used service—you can exchange E-mail with millions of people all over the world.

电子邮件（E-mail）当然是使用最普遍的服务——你能够与全世界数百万人交换电子邮件。

Throughout the research and writing of this book, there are many Internet people from all over the world who contributed greatly.

在本书的研究和写作过程中，世界各地的许多因特网网民对本书做出了巨大贡献。

All sorts of　各种；各种各样；种种

Because C is a powerful and flexible language, programmers everywhere began using it to write all sorts of programs.

因为C语言是一种强大而灵活的语言，所以各地的程序员开始用它来编写各种程序。

If you're connected to the Internet, you can access all sorts of files as if they were on your own desk.

如果连上因特网，就能访问各种文件，仿佛它们都放在自己的书桌上。

Such computer criminals often know all sorts of measures to hide their activities and may even band together to share the fruits of their illegal endea-vors.

这类计算机罪犯往往知道掩盖他们犯罪活动的各种办法，他们甚至勾结起来分享非法图谋的果实。

All the same　完全一样；毫无区别；依然；照旧

The networks that comprise the ever-changing, ever-expanding worldwide Internet network are not all the same.

那些构成了世界范围的不断变化和不断扩展着的因特网的网络，并非毫无区别。【说明】该短语的含义和用法与just the same相同。

All the time　始终；一直；一向

Many people often purchase just one or two programs and run them all the time.

许多人往往只购买一两个程序，并且始终运行它们。

Since new viruses are invented all the time, antivirus programs need to be updated to deal with each new menace to your computers.

既然始终在发明新的病毒，所以就需要升级防病毒程序，以对付计算机构成的每一种新的威胁。

The speed at which modem can communicate is increasing all the time.

调制解调器能用于通信的速度一直在提高。【说明】该短语的含义和用法与all the while基本相同。

All the way　一路上；沿路；从远道；一直

Slide the Scroll Bar for the left pane all the way to the top.

将左边窗格的滚动条一直滑动到顶部。

When the scroll box is all the way at the end, that's the end of the list or of the window.

当滚动条一直滚动到末端时，这便是列表或窗口的末端。

All the while　一直；始终

All the while, your computer will act as a terminal of the remote compu-ter, which will respond to your command.

你的计算机始终用做远程计算机的一个终端，该远程计算机将响应你的命令。

All too　实在太；实在很；非常

Only IBM guaranteed a complete solution to business problem, and an IBM salesman was all too likely to remind a data processing manager of this fact.

只有IBM公司保证彻底解决商务问题，IBM公司推销员最有可能提醒数据处理管理人员注意这个事实。

All walks of life　各行各业；各种职业；各界

With the cost of desktop video conferencing systems falling under the$1，000 mark, people from all walks of life can benefit from it.

由于台式电视会议系统的费用下降到1000美元大关以下，各行各业的人们都能从中获益。

The online world may be accessed by people from all walks of life.

在线世界可由各行各业的人们访问。

Now people from all walks of life log onto the Internet daily.

现在，每天都有各行各业的人们注册到因特网。

All year round　一年到头；整年；一年四季

They work in their computer room all year round.

他们整年在计算机房工作。【说明】该短语也可写为all the year round。

Allow for, to　考虑到；估计到；体谅；允许

One of the primary functions of flash disks is to provide portable storage, allowing for the transfer of programs and data between computers.

优盘主要功能之一就是提供便携式存储器，以便在计算机之间传送程序和数据。

Flash disks and hard disks allow for the longterm storage of programs or data.

优盘和硬盘允许长期存储程序或数据。【说明】该短语的名词形式为allowance for，它经常与动词make连用。

Ally with, to　联合；关联

Bitnet, an academic network linking colleges and universities, is closely allied with the Internet, and if you are on the Internet, you can use E-mail to access list servers on Bitnet.

Bitnet是连接学院和大学的一种学术性网络，它与因特网密切联合。如果注册到因特网，就能利用电子邮件访问Bitnet上的列表服务器。

Along with　一起；一道；随着

Computer networking has changed enormously over the past decade, and this book has changed along with it.

在过去10年中，计算机联网技术已发生了巨大变化，本书也随之做了修改。

One of the nicest features of E-mail is the ability to send files along with your message.

电子邮件的最佳特征之一，就是同你的消息一起发送文件的能力。

The style and content of this book, along with its breadth of coverage, make this book a basic reference for non-specialists who need information about computers.

本书的风格和内容，加上覆盖面的广度，使之成为需要计算机信息的非专业人士的一种基本参考书。【说明】该短语的基本意思是in company with，即“随同、陪伴”；而together with只表示“一起、一道、一块”，没有主从的概念。

Amazed at, to be　发现……感到惊奇；对……惊愕；对……吃惊

You'll be amazed at how much kids know about computers and how helpful they can be.

对孩子们了解计算机有多少及它们有多大帮助，你将感到惊奇。

Among other things　除了别的以外；其中

New types of peripherals have been invented, disk drives have gotten larger, and new types of video cards with higher resolutions have been created, among other things.

除了别的以外，已经发明了新型的外部设备，磁盘驱动器容量已经变得更大，具有更高分辨率的新型视频卡已经创造出来。

Each site on the Internet has its own domain for receiving mail, among other things.

除了别的以外，因特网上的每个站点都有自己接收邮件的域。【说明】该短语与among others的含义及用法相同。

Among others　除了别的以外；其中

For years, Compaq, AST, NEC, and IBM, among others, forced you to buy their namesake memory chip, insisting that their proprietary design ran faster and more reliable.

多年来，除了其他公司以外，Compaq、AST、NEC及IBM公司促使你购买他们的同名的存储芯片，并坚持说他们的专有设计使芯片运行更快和更可靠。

Amount to, to　达到；总计为；等于；意味着

One solution is to have a second machine available as a backup, but this amounts to wasting a large computer.

一个解决办法就是用另一个现成的计算机作为备份，但这就等于浪费一台大型计算机。

The central operating program amounted to nearly a quarter of a million instructions.

中央操作程序差不多等于一百万条指令的四分之一。

Using a word processor amounts to typing on your computer's screen instead of on a piece of paper.

使用字处理器意味着在计算机屏幕上打字，而不是在一张纸上打字。【说明】该短语之后接名词，表示达到的总和或结果，其含义和用法与to add up to相似。

An amount of　一定数量；相当数量；一些

DOS could only use a limited amount of memory but that didn't matter because computers didn't have much memory.

DOS只能使用有限的内存，但这无关紧要，因为计算机并不具有很大的内存。【说明】该短语中的amount常由great, huge, large, small与vast等词修饰，以表示更大与更小数量。本书对这类短语另有说明。

An answer to……的答案；……的应答

A dialog box is a small window that is displayed on screen to highlight some action or to request an answer to a question.

对话框是显示在屏幕上的一个小窗口，用以加亮某个动作或请求应答某个问题。

An array of　一批；大量；一系列

With the graphics program, you have access to a wide array of drawing tools to help you generate your own sophisticated graphics.

利用图形程序，你可存取一大批绘图工具，帮助你生成精美的图形。

With a full array of tools in a variety of shapes and capabilities, MiniCAD Plus gives users sophisticated CAD features.

利用各种形状和功能的一整套工具，MiniCAD Plus为用户提供了高级的计算机辅助设计（CAD）特征。

From an array of print servers on a LAN, you learn how different printer sharing options enable you to send your printouts to a remote printer.

根据局域网上的一系列打印服务器，你了解到共享选项的不同打印机如何使你能够向远程打印机发送你的打印输出。【说明】该短语在很多情况下可用a series of或a set of代替。

An enormous amount of　大量；很多

If you have ever opened a compu-ter that has been running for a few years without an internal cleaning, you have found an enormous amount of dust.

如果你打开过已运行几年而未曾进行过内部清扫的计算机，你就发现大量灰尘。

Analogous to, to be　与……类似；与……相似

A directory is analogous to a file drawer in your desk, where you can put things.

目录与书桌内的文件屉相似，你可以在里面放置东西。

A folder is analogous to a DOS subdirectory in IBM compatible PCs.

文件夹好比IBM兼容个人计算机的DOS子目录。

Electronic software distribution is analogous to direct mail ordering.

电子软件销售与直接邮购类似。

And more　等等；诸如此类

Besides memory, processors, hard disk drive, and video systems, you can also upgrade your floppy and CD-ROM drives, your PC’s sound system, modem, system board, and more.

除了存储器、处理器、硬盘驱动器及视频系统之外，你还能够升级软驱和只读碟驱动器、个人计算机的声频系统、调制解调器、系统电路板等。

There are programs for word processing, finance, publishing, graphics, entertainment, and more.

有用于文字处理、金融、出版、图形、娱乐等的程序。

And much more　等等；诸如此类

A protocol can also refer to how packets are reassembled into data at a host computer, how signals are transmitted on a phone line, and much more.

协议还可指在主机中信息包如何重装为数据，信号如何在电话线上发送，等等。

You can also find bibliographic information, such as title, author, date of publication, keyword, and much more.

你还能找到文献目录信息，如题目、作者、出版日期、关键词，不胜枚举。

You can use application software to write letters, manage your finances, draw pictures, play games, and much more.

你可以使用应用软件来写信、理财、绘画、玩游戏等。

And others　等等；诸如此类

Application software programs have common features：interface features, file-handling features, and others.

应用程序具有共同特征：界面特征、文件处理特征等。

Any times, computer stores, colleges, universities, and others, will offer courses in various aspects of computing.

在任何时候，计算机商店、学院、大学等都将开设有关计算技术各个方面的课程。

IBM-compatibles use microprocessors manufactured by Intel and its competitors Cytix, AMD, Exgen, and others.

IBM兼容机采用英特尔公司及其竞争者Cytix、AMD、Exgen等公司制造的微处理器。

And so forth　等等；诸如此类

Computer A passes packets of information to Computer B, Computer B passes these packets on to Computer C, and so forth.

计算机A将信息包传递给计算机B，计算机B将这些信息包传递给计算机C，依此类推。

Human beings have many physiological and psychological characteristics that should be considered when designing computers, software, desks, lighting, chairs, and so forth.

当设计计算机、软件、书桌、照明设备、椅子等时，应考虑人类的许多生理和心理上的特点。

And so on　等等；诸如此类

People of all ages, colors, creeds, and countries freely share ideas, stories, data, and so on, on the Net.

各种年龄、肤色、信仰及国籍的人们，在因特网上都自由地共享理念、故事、数据等。

A computer component is any of the parts of your computer system, such as the central processing unit, monitor, printer, CD-ROM drives, sound card, modem, and so on.

计算机组件是计算机系统的任何一个部分，如中央处理器、监视器、打印机、只读碟驱动器、声卡、调制解调器等。

Information Superhighway refers to the existing Internet and its general infrastructure, including networks, online services, and so on.

信息高速公路指现存的因特网及其一般的基础设施，包括网络、在线服务，等等。

And such　等等；诸如此类；余者类推

So you can share printers, files, folders, and such, but how can you take advantage of your network？

因此，你能够共享打印机、文件、文件夹等，但是你怎样利用网络呢？

Almost every component in your PC—including the processor, memory, video card, disk drives, and such—are candidate to be upgraded.

个人计算机的几乎每个构件——包括处理器、存储器、视频卡、磁盘驱动器等——都是要升级的候选对象。

And the like　诸如此类；等等

Terms such as home page, document size, and the like, are heard almost daily in some quarters.

主页、文档大小之类的术语，在一些地区几乎天天听到。

The printers shown in the figure are used to generate reports, documents, graphics, and the like.

图中所示的打印机用来生成报告、文档、图形等。

A virus that does spread rapidly is one that alters application programs：spreadsheets, word processors, and the like.

传播迅速的病毒是一种更改电子表格、字处理器等应用程序的病毒。【说明】该短语与and more, and much more, and others, and so forth, and so on, and such的含义和用法相同，在多数情况下，它们可以互换使用。

Another name for……的又称；……的别称

An expansion card is another name for a computer board, an accessory that plugs into one of expansion slots inside your computer's CPU.

扩充卡是计算机电路板的别称，是插在计算机中央处理器内的扩展槽之一的一种附件。

Hard drive is another name for a“hard disk”，a computer accessory that is used to hold lots of software programs and computer files.

硬盘驱动器是“硬盘”的别称，是用于存储许多软件程序和计算机文件的一种计算机附件。

Desktop computer is another name for a personal computer or microcomputer.

台式计算机是个人计算机或微型计算机的别称。

Answer for, to　对……负责；为……担保；造成；代表

When using personal computer software, you will interact with the user interface—the software that answers for passing information to and from the person using a program.

当使用个人计算机软件时，你将同用户界面进行交互——该软件负责将信息传送给使用程序的人或从使用程序的人那里把信息传送出来。

The Control unit is the functional unit that answers for supervising the operation of the entire computer system.

控制单元是负责监控整个计算机系统的操作的功能单元。

The operator should answer for the security of the computer he uses.

操作员应当对所使用的计算机的安全负责。

Any time　每当

Any time you open a window, you have the immediate option to start Internet Explorer and sign into the Internet.

每当打开窗口，你便立即进行选项，来启动因特网浏览器，并注册进入因特网。

Anytime you tell your computer to remember or bypass a password, you add a little more risk.

每当告诉计算机去记住或旁路口令字时，你都会增加一些风险。

Any time you double-click one folder icon, you will pop up a window.

每当双击一个文件夹图标时，就会弹出一个窗口。【说明】该短语引导一个时间状语从句，可用each time, every moment, every time等短语代替，它们的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。该短语也可写为anytime。

Anything but　绝非；决不；并不

In March, Charles Mason attempted to establish new wireless and wireline services through Web sites, but the results were anything but satisfying.

三月，查尔斯·梅森试图通过万维网站建立新的无线服务和有线服务，但结果远非令人满意。

The future of PCs and their growing impact on our society and lives will be anything but underestimated.

个人计算机的未来及其对我们的社会和生活的不断增加的影响是决不能低估的。

A few people have also complained that the various Web pages are buggy or not feature complete if you use anything but Internet Explorer as your browser.一些人也抱怨说，如果你并不使用Internet Explorer作为你的浏览器，各种万维网页就都有些隐错，或者特性不完善。【说明】该短语中的but为前置词，之后可接名词、形容词、分词及代词。该短语在多数情况下可由not at all代替。

Apart from　除……之外；离开

The Shell is so vital that it usually isn't considered apart from the system as a whole.

命令解释程序（Shell）非常重要，通常认为它与整个系统不可分离。

Apart from very experienced and knowledgeable programmers, people cannot read and understand machine code.

除了非常有经验的和知识渊博的程序员，人们不可能读懂和理解机器编码。

Apart from cost, you should be looking for adequate print quality, the features you need or want, and a reasonable print speed.

除了费用之外，你还应当追求适当的打印质量、你需要或者希望的特征及合适的打印速度。【说明】该短语表示“除……之外还……”时，与aside from, in addition to的含义和用法相同，可互换使用，但该短语有时还表示“除……之外（别的）不能……”的意思。

Appeal to, to　诉诸；请求；迎合

WordPerfect appeals to users who need many sophisticated tasks from their word processors.

WordPerfect迎合那些要求用它们的字处理器完成复杂任务的用户的需要。

The Macintosh is designed to appeal to an audience of nonprogrammers, including people who have previously feared and distrusted computers.

Macintosh旨在迎合非程序员群体，包括以前惧怕和不信赖计算机的人。

Multimedia applications are designed to appeal to all of our senses and human communication capabilities.

多媒体应用程序的设计是为了适应我们一切感官和人类通信能力的需要。

Appear[come, enter]on the scene, to　出场；出现；受到人们注意

When Apple　Ⅱpersonal computers first appeared on the scene in the 1970s, computer buffs were fascinated, but the business world mostly yawned.

当Apple　Ⅱ个人计算机在20世纪70年代首次出现时，计算机爱好者被强烈地吸引住，而商务世界对此却缺乏热情。

Apply for, to　申请

When you apply for an Internet account, you will be assigned a user ID and a password.

当申请因特网账号时，你将分配到一个用户标识符（ID）和一个口令字。

The chief engineer of this company will apply for a visa to go to the U. S.A to visit IBM and Intel companies.

这家公司的总工程师将申请签证赴美参观IBM公司和英特尔公司。

Apply to, to　适用于；对……适用；将……施加于

Computer builders first applied the concepts that we have discussed to the computers known as mainframes—large-scale computers used to process large volumes of data.

计算机制造商将我们讨论过的概念首先应用到称为“主机”的计算机，即处理大量数据的大型计算机。

Parallel processing applies to computers that have more than one processor or even a very large number of processors.

并行处理适用于具有一个以上，甚至许多个处理器的计算机。

If you do have a ZIF Socket, gently apply pressure to the center of the processor until it is firmly seated in the socket.

如果你确有一个ZIF插口，就轻轻地往处理器的中心施压，直到它被牢固地插入插座内。

Apt to, to be　易于；往往会；有可能

Because the hard disk is enclosed, you are less apt to damage the disk（or the data）.

由于硬盘是封闭的，就容易损坏硬盘（或数据）。

The focus of this chapter is on di-gital computers because they are the most widely used and are the category of computers you are most apt to work with.

本章的重点是数字计算机，因为它们使用最广泛，而且也是你很可能使用的那类计算机。

A careful reading and understanding of the information presented will properly eliminate 75%the failures that are apt to happen on a computer system with floppy disks.

认真阅读和理解所介绍的信息，实际上就消除了具有软盘的计算机系统上易于发生的75%的故障。【说明】该短语之后接不定式，其含义和用法与to be inclined to和to be prone to相似。

Argue with, to　争论；与……意见不一致；不同意……的意见

Some computer scientists argue with each other about whether this class of computer virus is the most dangerous.

关于这类计算机病毒是否是最危险的，一些计算机科学家对此意见不一。

Arise from[out of]，to　由……引起；起因于；来源于

The large size of the hard disk arises from the very large number of commands and functions supported with the standard UNIX system.

硬盘的尺寸大起因于标准的UNIX系统支持的命令和功能的数目非常庞大。

The differences arise from the different functions associated with the two commands.

这些差别是由于同这两个命令有关的不同的功能引起的。【说明】该短语之后接名词，表示缘由，句子中的主语则表示结果。该短语可与to result from互换使用。

Armed with, to be　用……装备；具备

Once your computer is armed with a disk operating system, this operator can use it to finish the computing task ahead of time.

一旦计算机配备磁盘操作系统，这位操作员就能使用它提前完成运算任务。

Personal computer performance depends a great deal on the CPU the computer is armed with and its speed.

个人计算机的性能在很大程度上取决于计算机所配备的中央处理器及其速度。【说明】该短语与to be equipped with的含义和用法相同，可互换使用。

Armies of　许多；众多；一群群

Whole armies of analysts, programmers, and operators were needed to support the systems, and to develop and maintain applications for the users.

需要大量的分析员、程序员及操作员来支持系统，并开发和维护用户所需的应用程序。

Around, to be　存在；出现

Electronic mail, or E-mail, has been around for over two decades.

电子邮件，即E-mail，已存在20多年了。

If you are still using DOS, you are using an operating system that has been around in some form since 1981.

如果你仍在使用DOS，你就在使用自1981年以来以某种形式存在的操作系统。

FORTRAN has been around since 1957 and is still the most-used language for scientific problems.

FORTRAN自1957年以来一直存在着，并且仍然是为解决科学问题而使用最多的语言。

Around the world　全世界；世界上

Electronic mail has become the most efficient and effective means of exchanging information around the world.

电子邮件已变成世界上交换信息的最有效、最实际的手段。

The Internet is a network of computers around the world.

因特网是世界性的计算机网络。

As you work with the Internet, you may also want to collect information that you find on computers around the world.

当利用因特网工作时，你可能还想收集世界各地计算机上找到的信息。【说明】该短语与all over the globe, all over the world, in the world, round the world, the world over, throughout the world的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

Around[round]the corner　即将来临；即将发生；就要获得；在附近

Solar-powered laptops may be just around the corner, but for now, batteries and AC power are the standard sources of electricity for portable PCs.

太阳能供电的膝上计算机可能即将问世，而现在，电池和交流电源是便携式个人计算机的标准电源。

Not only must you consider the Internet applications your kids will be running today, but also you have to consider those that are just around the corner.

你不但必须考虑孩子们现今使用的因特网应用程序，而且还必须考虑就要出现的那些应用软件。

The age of information is just around the corner.

信息时代就要来临。

Arrive at[in]，to　到达；得出（结论，决定）

E-mail generally arrives at its destination within a few minutes or a few hours.

电子邮件一般在几分钟或几小时以内就到达其目的地。

When an E-mail message arrives at the host computer for the recipient, the E-mail is stored in an electronic mailbox if the recipient’s computer is not turned on.

当电子邮件消息到达收件人的主机时，如果收件人的计算机未开机，它就存储在电子邮箱内。

Each packet travels independently over the Internet and may take a diffe-rent path to arrive at the intended destination.

每个信息包都在因特网上独立传送，并可采取不同的路径到达所预期的目的地。【说明】to arrive at之后接县级以下及其他小行政区划单位，to arrive in之后则接市、州、省、国家、洲等大地方。

Arrive on the scene, to　出现；登场，到场

The phenomenon known as Windows Vista has arrived on the scene with more publicity than any software pro-duct in history.

称为“Windows Vista”的现象已经出现，它的名声胜过了历史上的任何软件产品。

When CD-ROM first arrived on the scene, they were the same mechanisms as audio CD players.

当只读碟首次出现时，它们的机理与音频CD播放机一样。

At the end of 1945 ENIAC arrived on the scene and solved its first problem in December of that year.

ENIAC于1945年年末出现，并在同年12月解决了它的第一个问题。【说明】该短语与to appear on the scene, to come on the scene, to enter on the scene的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

As a consequence　因此；因而；结果

As a consequence, you have the potential to organize your work and life with the help of computers in ways that are not only better for you, but are dramatically more effective and efficient.

因此，你有可能在计算机的帮助下以某些方法安排工作和生活，这些方式不仅对你更好，而且更为实际和有效。

As a consequence, you will find a wide variety of user interfaces as you begin to use personal computers.

因此，当你开始使用个人计算机时，将会找到各种各样的用户接口。

As a consequence of　由于；因为

Partly as a consequence of Internet Explorer's compliance with Windows 95 standard, some of the terminology it uses differs from that used elsewhere on the Internet.

部分由于Internet Explorer符合Windows 95标准，它所使用的一些术语与因特网别处使用的不同。

As a consequence of computer crimes, this computer expert was fired.

由于计算机犯罪，这位计算机专家被开除了。

As a general rule　一般；照例；通常

As a general rule, when your modem is uncooperative, it's for obvious reasons.

一般说来，当调制解调器不协同时，总有明显的理由。

As a general rule, if your computer is less than two years old and you simply want it to improve its existing capacities, you should upgrade.

通常，如果计算机使用不到两年，而你只是想提高它现有的容量，你应当对它升级。

As a general rule, if your upgrade exceeds$300，you should evaluate a new system purchase.

通常，如果升级费用超出300美元，你就应当对购买新的系统加以评价。【说明】该短语也可写为as a rule，两者使用都很普遍。

As a last resort　作为最后的手段；最后；终究

As a last resort, you may remove the new hardware and see if the system returns to its previous work state.

最后，你可以卸下这个新的硬件，看一看系统是否返回以前的工作状态。

As a last resort, you should upgrade the processor or add additional processors.

终究，你应当升级处理器或增加额外的处理器。【说明】该短语与as the last resort和in the last resort的含义和用法相同。

As a matter of course　当然；不用说；通常

All boot floppies should be write-protected as a matter of course.

当然，所有的引导软盘都应当是写保护的。

As a matter of course, they have finished their experiment with their new processor.

不用说，他们已经完成了有关新处理器的试验。

As a matter of fact　实际上；事实上

As a matter of fact, the only time the Mailbox does anything is when you receive mail.

事实上，邮箱做些事情的惟一时间就是在你接收邮件的时候。

As a matter of fact, most computers have two Alt keys, one on either side of the spacebar.

事实上，大多数计算机都有两个Alt键，分别位于空格键的两侧。

Although the art and science of connecting computers via network cable are fairly new, the essential concepts used in computer networks are absolu-tely old, as a matter of fact.

虽然通过网络电缆连接计算机的艺术和科学是相当新颖的，但在计算机网络中使用的基本概念实际上绝对不是新的。【说明】该短语与in actual fact, in actuality, in fact, in reality的含义和用法相似，都用做独立成分，在科技英语中使用都很广泛。

As a result　结果；因此

As a result, many C programs have a small amount of code in the main body of the program.

因此，许多C程序在其主程序中都只有少量代码。

As a result, the minicomputer is often referred to as small business computer system.

因此，小型计算机常常称为“小型商用计算机系统”。

As a result of　由于……的结果；由于

Because computers are probably more sensitive to the quality of electrical current than anything else, they can malfunction as a result of electricalline problems.

由于计算机可能比任何其他东西对电流的质量大都更加敏感，所以由于电源线的问题计算机可能发生误动作。

A surge suppressor protects your computer from electrical surges that travel down power lines as a result of lightning.

浪涌抑制器保护计算机不受由雷电引起的沿电源线传输的电浪涌的影响。

If the file server runs completely out of disk space, or if it fails as a result of a hardware malfunction, the network administrator has the responsibility for putting the server back into service.

如果文件服务器用光了磁盘空间，或者如果由于硬件故障而文件服务器误动作，网络管理员有责任使该文件服务器恢复工作。

As a rule　一般；照例；通常

As a rule, commercial fonts are of a much higher quality than their shareware brethren, but that's not always the case.

通常，商用字集的质量比共享件的相应字集的质量高得多，但也并非总是这样。

Macintoshes, as a rule, have full-featured keyboards with function keys.

Macintosh通常具有带功能键的功能完备的键盘。

As a rule of thumb　约略的衡量；粗略的估计；单凭经验而做的方法

As a rule of thumb, the maximum length of a local loop for ISDN is about 18，000 feet.

粗略估计，综合业务数字网（ISDN）的本地环路的最大长度约为18 000英尺。

As a whole　整体看来；在总体上；作为一个整体；总的说来

A directory is a place within the file system as a whole that contains files.

目录是整个文件系统内存储文件的地方。

In true distributed processing, each computer system is chosen to handle its local workload and the network has been designed to support the system as a whole.

在真正的分布式处理技术中，每个计算机系统都被选定来处理其局部的工作负载，而网络旨在支持整个系统。

As a whole, every computer on the Internet has a potential connection to every other computer on the Internet.

总的来说，因特网上的每台计算机都有可能连接因特网上的其他任何一台计算机。【说明】该短语与on the whole不同，前者的意思是“整体看来”、“作为一个整体”；而后者是“基本上”、“大体上”的意思。

As an example of　作为……的例子；为了举例说明……

As an example of what the scientific calculator can do, let's enter a list of data for deriving statistical results.

为了举例说明科学计算器能够做什么，让我们输入一列数据，以便导出统计结果。

As far as……go　就……来说；就……而言

As far as Internet applications go, most of the software works similarly.

就因特网应用程序来说，大多数软件工作方式相似。

As far as their new computer goes, its reliability and life are fairly satisfactory.

就他们的新计算机而言，其可靠性和寿命相当令人满意。

As far as a user at the remote site goes, the only difference is that delivery of mail is not instantaneous.

就远程网站的用户而言，惟一的差别就是邮件的投递并不是即时的。

As far as……is concerned　就……来说；就……而言

As far as the Internet is concerned, there are three basic types of files.

就因特网来说，有三种基本文件类型。

Eudora does just about everything you'll ever need as far as an Internet E-mail program is concerned.

就因特网电子邮件程序而言， Eudora能够做你所需要的几乎任何事情。

You can usually send for a free mail order catalog, but as far as online ordering is concerned, you are usually limited to just a few items.

你通常能够发信索取免费邮购目录，但是就在线定购而言，你通常仅限于几种货物。

As fast as　快到……；如同……一样快

If you have a PC with a CPU that's twice as fast as your neighbor's PC, and everything else is equal, your computer will calculate and perform much faster than your neighbor's.

如果你的个人计算机的中央处理器（CPU）比邻居的个人计算机的CPU快一倍，而其他部件都相同，则你的计算机的计算和运行速度比邻居的就要快得多。

As follows　如下

The basic rules of thumb for mana-ging your computer are as follows.

管理计算机的基本的经验办法如下。

The instructions in the program direct the computer to input, process and output as follows.

程序中的指令指导计算机输入、处理和输出数据如下。

The most common application areas of UCIS（short for a universal computer interface system）could be summarized as follows.

UCIS（通用计算机接口系统）的最普遍的应用领域可概括如下。【说明】该短语形式固定不变，动词（follow）使用第三人称单数的一般现在时的主动语态，as follows在句子中用做表语或者状语。

As for　至于；关于；对于

As for the rest of the world, all the industrially developed countries of the continental Europe—Germany, France, and Italy—were ravaged by World War　Ⅱthat they would not be capable of entering the computer race until the 1960s.

至于世界其他地区，欧洲大陆的所有工业发达国家——德国、法国和意大利——因遭受第二次世界大战的蹂躏，这使得他们直到20世纪60年代才能加入计算机竞赛。

As for software, the programs that probably come to young mind first are the freeware and shareware files stored on the Internet for downloading.

关于软件，年轻人可能首先想到的程序是存储在因特网上供下载用的免费件和共享件文件。

As for sharing resources, computer managers arrange networks so resources that are expensive or difficult to maintain can be used by anyone on the Internet.

关于共享资源，计算机管理者把网络安排得使一些昂贵的或难以维护的资源能为上因特网的任何人使用。【说明】该短语与as regards, as to, in regard to, regarding, with regard to, with respect to的含义相似，在科技英语中使用都很广泛。as for总是放在句首，之后一般不接宾语从句。as to位置比较灵活且其后可接whether, how, where等引导的宾语从句。as for和as to多用于口语，而as regards, in regard to, regarding, with regard to, with respect to多用于书面语。

As good as　像……一样好；几乎；实际上等于

Because the World Wide Web is based on the Internet, its stability is as good as the Internet's stability, which is very good.

因为万维网是以因特网为基础的，其稳定性与因特网的一样，而因特网的稳定性非常好。

The new computer they bought directly from the manufacturer is as good as yours.

他们从制造厂家直接购买的新计算机和你的计算机一样好。

As has already been noted　业已指出；正如已经指出

As has already been noted, there is a slight difference between the terms computer architecture and computer organization.

正如已经指出的，计算机体系结构和计算机组织这两个术语略有不同。

As if　好像；似乎；仿佛

The Internet enables a user to log in to a computer across the world as easily as if it were in the same building.

因特网能够使用户很容易地注册到世界上的某台计算机，仿佛这台计算机与用户在同一个建筑物内一样。

Telnet is a basic Internet service that allows you to access remote computers as if they were local to you.

远程登录协议（Telnet）是一种基本的因特网服务，可使你访问远程计算机，好像这些计算机就在本地一样。

People who are online at the same time can send messages to each other and read instantly as if they were“chatting”on the telephone.

同时在线的人能互相发送消息并即刻阅读，仿佛他们在电话上“聊天”一样。

As is often[usually]the case　往往是这种情况；常常就是这种情况

As is often the case, you have several ways to minimize windows.

情况常常如此，你可用几种方法最小化窗口。

As is usually the case, a major advantage the hard disk has over the flo-ppy disk is speed.

情况往往如此，硬盘胜过软盘的一大优点在于速度。

As is the case for　如同……情况一样；在……情况下；就……而言【说明】该短语与as though的含义和用法相同，均用来引导方式状语从句，从句中需要使用虚拟语气。

As is known（to all）众所周知；尽人皆知

As is known to all, a huge number of software packages are designed to run on IBM computers.

众所周知，大量软件包被设计出来，用来在IBM计算机上运行。

As is well known, the speed issue means how quickly your computer can start a program, save a file, or perform a variety of tasks.

众所周知，速度问题是指计算机能够多快地启动一个程序、保存一个文件或完成各种任务。【说明】as is known是个特殊的定语从句，其中关系代词as在从句中用做主语，又代表主句所述内容。as is known的位置灵活，可放在句子首位或插在句子中间，翻译时多放在句子首位。

As is the case for Windows NT, the suggested minimum memory will vary depending on whom you talk to, but most experts say around 16～24 MB.

就Windows NT而言，所建议的最小内存随你与谁交谈而变化，但大多数专家建议内存约为16～24 MB。

As is the case for analog telephone service, ISDN service is based on a business or residential tariff.

就模拟电话服务而言，综合业务数字网（ISDN）服务以商业或住宅区的费率为基础。

As is the case with　如同……情况一样；在……情况下；就……而言

As is the case with most mainframe and minicomputer systems, CompuServe users have always been able to chat with each other in real time on a one-to-one basis.

就大多数主机和小型机系统来说，CompuServe用户总能在一对一的基础上实时聊天。

As its name implies　顾名思义

As its name implies, the Program Manager controls how applications or programs are started and how their icons are organized on the desktop.

顾名思义，程序管理器控制应用程序或程序如何启动及其图标如何在桌面上组织。

As its name implies, the control unit controls the activities in the CPU.

顾名思义，控制单元控制中央处理器（CPU）的活动。【说明】该短语也可写为as the name implies。

As its name indicates　顾名思义

As its name indicates, a decision-support system does not make decisions for users, but supports decision making.

顾名思义，决策支持系统并非为用户做决策，而是支持做决策。【说明】该短语也可写为as the name indicates。该短语与as its name conveys, as its name implies, as its name suggests的含义和用法相同，在科技英语中使用都很广泛，经常互换使用。

As large as　像……一样大；大至

A computer can be as small as a chip or as large as a truck.

计算机可以小到像一个芯片，大到像一辆卡车。

Her notebook computer is as large as a big telephone book.

她的笔记本式计算机跟一本大的电话簿一样大。

As late as　直到

As late as 1960，IBM was still primarily a punched-card machine supplier.

直到1960年，IBM公司仍然主要是穿孔卡片机的提供者。

As late as this time, IBM had supplied hardware, software, and system support.

直到此时，IBM公司一直供应硬件、软件及系统支持。

As little as……小到；小至；像……一样小

Older laptops weighed as much as 15 pounds；current laptops can weigh as little as 5 pounds, without peripherals, such as floppy disk or CD-ROM.

较老式的膝上计算机重达15磅。目前的膝上计算机重量可小至5磅，没有软盘或只读碟驱动器之类的外部设备。

As long ago as　早在……就

The first electronic computer was produced as long ago as 1946.

早在1946年，就生产出了第一台电子计算机。

As long as　长达……；达……之久；像……一样长

Windows 98 supports filenames as long as 255 characters.

Windows 98支持长达255个字符的文件名。

The Recycle Bin will retain all your deleted files for as long as you want.

回收站将按你所期望的时间长期保留你所删除的一切文件。

As long as　只要；如果；既然

As long as you have access to a phone line, a modem, and a computer, you can connect to the Internet.

只要有一根电话线、一个调制解调器及一台计算机，你就能够接入因特网。

As long as you work with your own computer and don't communicate with others you're not likely to be hit by one of these viruses.

只要使用自己的计算机而不跟其他计算机通信，你就不可能受到这些病毒中的任何一种的侵害。

As long as you have a valid user ID and password, you can log in to any computer on the Internet.

只要有一个有效的用户标识符和口令字，就能够注册到因特网上的任何计算机。【说明】该短语可引导条件状语从句，表示“只要”的意思；也可引导同级比较状语从句，表示“长达……”，“像……一样长”；有时还可以引导一个原因状语从句，表示“既然”、“由于”的意思。

As many as　和……一样多；多达；有……之多

Some software packages have as many as 100 items that might require definition or redefinition.

某些软件包有多达100个有可能需要定义或重新定义的项。

A popular innovation was the introduction of families of computers that could support as many as forty different external devices, such as printers and remote terminals.

一个深受欢迎的创新就是采用系列计算机，这种系列计算机能够支持多达40个的不同的外部设备，如打印机和远程终端。

There are now as many as 3，000 known computer viruses, with still more being discovered daily.

现在有多达3000种已知的计算机病毒，并且每天还在发现另外的计算机病毒。

As mentioned above　如上所述；正如上面所提到

As mentioned above, computers of all sorts are composed of five functional parts.

如上所述，各种计算机都是由5个功能部分组成的。

As mentioned above, you can't delete the Recycle Bin or remove it from the Desktop.

如上所述，你不能删除回收站或从桌面上把它移走。

As mentioned before　如前所述；正如前面所提到

As mentioned before, when you see a plus sign next to one icon in the Explorer, it means that at least one subfolder is inside.

如前所述，当你在Explorer中的一个图标旁边看到一个正号时，它的意思是其中至少有一个子文件夹。

As mentioned before, you can also use an antivirus program to check whether a diskette or file has a virus.

如前所述，你还能利用防病毒程序来检查软盘或文件是否带有病毒。

As mentioned earlier　如前所述

As mentioned earlier, the OSI transport protocol has five variations, classes 0 through 4.

如前所述，开放系统互连（OSI）运输协议有0到4五类变型。

As mentioned earlier, this chapter focuses on computers designed to use the Macintosh Disk Operating System or its IBM equivalents, PC-DOS.

如前所述，本章重点叙述设计出来使用Macintosh磁盘操作系统或与其等效的IBM操作系统（PC-DOS）的计算机。

As mentioned previously　如前所述；正如前面所叙述

As mentioned previously, modern computer systems are simple and easy to use.

如前所述，现代计算机系统既简单又易用。

As mentioned previously, computer errors are human errors in some cases.

如前所述，计算机差错在某些情况下是人为差错。【说明】该短语与as mentioned above, as mentioned before, as mentioned earlier, as noted earlier的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

As much as　和……一样多；多达；……的几倍；等于

The information revolution may change the society as much as the Industrial Revolution did.

信息革命可以给社会带来的变化正如工业革命所带来的一样多。

You can find hard disks that store as much as four gigabytes today, which is 4，000 MB.

你可以发现一些硬盘现今的存储量多达4 GB，这就等于4000 MB。

A fixed disk can hold 30 to 60 times as much information as a diskette, and is much faster.

固定磁盘（即硬盘）能够存储的信息约等于软盘的30～60倍，而且硬盘的速度快得多。【说明】as large as, as long as, as many as, as much as等短语之前有倍数词n时，经常翻译为“为……的n倍”，或者“比……大[高，多……]n-1倍”。

As necessary　于必要时；必须时

As necessary, expansion slots can be added to the Advanced System by installing many optional controllers and adapters that can be installed to add capacity to As/400 computers.

必要时，通过安装许多可选控制器和适配器，能把一些扩展槽添加到Advanced System（高级系统），安装这些控制器和适配器能使As/400计算机的容量增加。

The software creates directories on the target computer as necessary.

必要时，该软件在目标计算机上创建目录。

In addition to setting up new account IDs, an administrator uses his or her supervisory privileges to create new directories as necessary.

除了建立新的账号标识符之外，必要时，管理员还运用自己的监控特权去创建新的目录。

As noted earlier　正如前面所指出；如前所述

As noted earlier, there are software products for just about anything and everything imaginable.

如前所述，有些软件产品正是为了所能想像的任何东西。

As noted earlier, the two most common types of personal computers that will be encountered in most organizations are machines containing two diskette drives, and those with one diskette drive and a hard disk.

正如前面所指出的，在大多数机构中所遇到的两种最常见的个人计算机类型是，包含两个软驱的计算机和包含一个软驱和一个硬盘的计算机。

As of　在……时；从……时起；到……时为止

As of the writing of this book, a new generation of remote access products is emerging.

到写本书时，新一代远程存取产品即将问世。

As of August 1994，more than 20，000 networks on every continent connecting more than 3 million compu-ters were part of the Internet, with 1，000 new networks and 100，000 computers per month being added.

到1994年8月为止，每个大陆都有20 000多个网络，连接着3百多万台计算机，它们是因特网的组成部分，此外，每个月还增加1000个新网络和100 000台计算机。

As often as not　经常；往往；多半

As often as not, an inexpensive program is as well-suited to your need as the big program.

一个价格低廉的程序，往往像大的程序一样很好地满足你的需要。

As opposed to　跟……对比；与……相比；而不是

Private networks, as opposed to public networks that can be accessed by anyone over the Internet, are the only secure networks.

私用网络与因特网上任何人都能够访问的公用网络相比，是仅有的保密网络。

The goal of voice-input systems is to be able to recognize any person’s voice speaking phrases or sentences as opposed to isolated single words.

话音输入系统的目标是能够识别出任何人说出的短语或句子而不是孤立的单个词语。

The notebook computer is a single item—as opposed to the desktop computer that is one system comprised of many pieces.

笔记本式计算机是单体计算机，而不是像台式计算机那样，一个系统包括许多个构件。【说明】该短语与as against的含义和用法相似。

As previously mentioned　正如前面提到；如前所述

As previously mentioned, Windows 98 is designed to make the Internet easier to access and use.

如前所述，Windows 98旨在使因特网更容易访问和使用。

As previously mentioned, computer viruses may cause great damage to computers, so various countermeasures should be taken to fight against them.

如前所述，计算机病毒可以给计算机造成巨大损害，因此必须采取各种对抗措施予以抵御。【说明】该习惯用法与as mentioned previously的含义和用法相同。

As quickly as　像……一样快

Most of the new computer-firms fell almost as quickly as they rose, and only a few survived beyond the mid-1980s.

大多数新的计算机公司像它们那样快地出现一样很快地倒闭了，仅仅只有少数在20世纪80年代中期之后幸存。

CD-ROM drives do not allow your computer to get information as quickly as hard drives.

只读碟驱动器并不能使计算机像硬盘驱动器一样快地获得信息。

As small as　像……一样小；小到像……

A hardware component can be a device as small as a transistor or as large as a disk drive or as long as it is part of a large system.

硬件构件可以小到像一个晶体管，大到如一个磁盘驱动器，或长到像一个大型系统的一部分。

As soon as　一当；一旦；一……就

As soon as you print, Windows sends the output to the print queue.

一当开始打印，Windows就把输出数据发送到打印等待队列。

As soon as you click an object, you'll see that the object is highlighted.

一旦单击一个对象，将看到该对象被加亮。

RAM is short-term memory；it forgets everything it knows as soon as you turn off your computer.

随机存取存储器（RAM）是一种短期存储器。一旦关闭计算机，它就丢失所存储的一切东西。

As such　照这样；因而；如此

Some IBM computers and compatibles have half-height drives；named as such because the disk drive is only half the height of a“normal”disk drive.

一些IBM计算机和兼容机具有“半高驱动器”，之所以这样称呼是因为这种软盘驱动器的高度仅为“正常”软盘驱动器高度的一半。

As such, there will be many times when you must weigh the cost differences between upgrading your existing hardware and simply purchasing a new system.

照这样，有很多时候你必须权衡升级现有的硬件和单纯地购买一个新系统之间的费用差别。

The programs you run are clients and as such, are referred to as X clients.你运行的程序是客户机，因此称为“X客户机”。

As the name conveys　顾名思义

As the name conveys, multimedia has the supreme advantage of combining many different types of media into one：text, pictures, animation, narrative, vi-deo, and music.

顾名思义，多媒体的最大优点是将许多不同类型的媒体——文本、图片、动画、叙事、视频及音乐——合而为一。

As the name conveys, a protocol is a formal set of rules that define the way people conduct business.

顾名思义，协议是一套正式的规则，规定人们开展业务的方式。【说明】该短语也可写为as its name conveys。

As the name implies　顾名思义

As the name implies, the user-defined functions are written by the programmer during program development.

顾名思义，用户自定义函数是程序员在程序开发期间编写的。

As the name implies, interface cards are used to connect or interface your computer to other hardware devices.

顾名思义，接口卡用于连接计算机与其他硬件设备或作为其间的接口。

As the name implies, a dedicated line is always connected.

顾名思义，专用线总是连接好的。

As the name indicates　顾名思义

As the name indicates, a hard disk is a disk made of a hard but light material that has been coated on both sides with a magnetic oxide.

顾名思义，硬盘是用硬而轻的材料制成的磁盘，该磁盘的两面都涂覆上磁性氧化物。

As the name indicates, the antivirus software is used to fight against the computer virus.

顾名思义，防病毒软件用来抵御计算机病毒。

As the name suggests　顾名思义

As the name suggests, an application program is a program applied to a specific task.

顾名思义，应用程序是一种适用于特定任务的程序。

As the name suggests, FTP lets you transfer files from one computer to another.

顾名思义，文件传送协议（FTP）可用来把文件从一台计算机传送到另一台计算机。【说明】该短语与as the name conveys, as the name implies, as the name indicates的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

As the saying goes　俗话说得好；俗话说

As the saying goes, there is no royal road to learning, and to use the Internet, you should expend some time and effort.

俗话说得好，学无坦途。为了使用因特网，要花费一些时间和精力。

As the saying goes，“Failure is the mother of success，”and the case is true for the beginners who begin to learn how to use the Internet.

俗话说，“失败是成功之母”。对于学习如何使用因特网的初学者来说，也是如此。

As time goes by　随着时间的推移；随着时间的变迁

As time goes by, the goal of the operating system developers will be to incorporate the online world into every PC.

随着时间的推移，操作系统开发者们的目标是把在线世界功能结合进每台个人计算机中。

As time goes by, and the microcomputer market matures, hard-disk capacities are gradually getting larger and larger.

随着时间的推移及微型计算机市场的成熟，硬盘的容量正变得越来越大。

As time goes on　随着时间的推移；随着时间的变迁

As time went on, and ARPANET grew into ARPA, the end-to-end reliability of the subnet decreased.

随着时间的推移及ARPANET成长为ARPA，子网的端对端可靠性降低。

As time goes on, some readers finish, but new readers enter the Internet.

随着时间的推移，一些读者退出因特网，而新的读者加入因特网。【说明】该短语与as time goes by的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

As to　至于；关于

Around 1996，the question of the Year 2000 began as to what would happen to computer programs in the Year 2000 when two-digit year went from 99 to 00.

当两位数字记年法从99进入00时，在2000年计算机程序会发生什么状况，关于这个2000年问题大约在1996年便开始出现了。

As to computer failures, computers are very sensitive to environmental factors, such as temperatures and humidity, dirt and dust.

关于计算机故障，计算机对环境因素（如温度和湿度，污物和灰尘）特别敏感。

There are few restrictions as to what a domain name can be, but the Internet has adopted a fairly standard method of naming.

关于域名可以是什么样子没有多少限制，但是因特网已采用一种相当标准的命名方法。

As usual　照例；照常；通常

As usual, for the public networks, we will emphasize the protocol, since we have already discussed the service.

通常，就公共网络而言，我们将强调协议，因为我们已讨论了这种服务。

As usual, the new disk must already be formatted and must be the same size and type as the original disk that you are copying.

通常，新盘必须事先格式化，同时必须和要复制的原始盘的大小和型号相同。

As usual, desktop computer models are smaller than mini tower models.

一般说来，台式计算机比小型塔式计算机小。

As we mentioned earlier　正如我们以前所提到；如前所述

As we mentioned earlier, UNIX is lot more than an operating system.

正如我们以前所提到的，UNIX远不止一种操作系统。【说明】该习语可简化为as mentioned earlier。

As well　同样；也；还

Whether you are setting up a new computer or you already have a compu-ter, you still have to install software as well.

不论是设置一台新的计算机，还是已有一台计算机，都还必须安装软件。

Each computer needs software to control its modem as well.

每台计算机还都需要软件来控制其调制解调器。

Every time Windows 98 detects a change in the Web site, it automatically updates what you see as well.

每当Windows 98在万维网站检测到变化时，它还自动更新你所看到的东西。【说明】该短语作“也”讲时，表示肯定，只能放在句尾，其含义是“除了上述，此外还”。also, too, either也都可作“也”讲，但用法有别：also只用于肯定句，通常放在动词之前；too通常放在句尾，也可插在句中，表示肯定；either只用于否定句，通常放在句尾，跟句中的not或含有否定意义的词配合使用。

As well as　和……一样；以及；不但……而且……

As we have already noted, viruses can infect microcomputers and mainframes as well as personal computers.

正如我们已指出的，病毒不但感染个人计算机，而且能感染微型计算机和大型机。

As data communication technology advanced, telephone networks began providing data as well as voice transmission, and not long after that, image transmission services were added.

随着数据通信技术的进展，电话网络开始提供数据以及话音传输，之后不久，又增加了图像传输服务。

Supercomputers are the most po-werful and most expensive, as well as the fastest.

巨型计算机不但速度最快，而且功能最强，费用最高。【说明】该短语和not only……but also……均是并列连词，但强调重点不同：as well as之前的部分是强调的重点，而not only……but also……之后的部分则是强调的重点。在科技英语中，该短语常常用来代替and。

As with　对于；关于；如同

As with all other programming languages, Java source files are created in a plaintext editor.

如同所有其他编程语言一样，Java源文件于明文编辑器中创建。

As with most computers, the Alt key is used the same way, and you hold down Alt while you press another key.

对于大多数计算机，Alt键的使用方式相同，按下另一个键的同时按住Alt键。

As with diskettes, the data is recorded on hard disks on a series of tracks.

如同软盘一样，数据被记录在硬盘的一系列磁道上。

As you know　大家知道；正如你们所知

As you know, no information can gain access to your brain without entering your memory.

大家知道，没有任何信息能够进入你的大脑却不进入你的记忆。

As you know, one of the main uses of a network is to allow the sharing of resources.

大家知道，网络的主要用途之一是允许资源共享。

As you know, the Internet is built on a collection of networks that cover the world.

大家知道，因特网建立在覆盖世界的网络的汇集之上。

As you might expect　正如你们可能预期；正像你们可能期望

As you might expect, the printer is used to create permanent output from the computer.

正如你们可能预期的，打印机用于从计算机创建永久性输出。

As you might be expected, a great many more issues are associated with diskettes and magnetic tapes.

正如你们可能预期的，许许多多的问题都与软盘和磁带有关联。

As you might expect, the operating system is a special software program that is as important a part of your computer system as the hardware itself.

正如你们可能预期的，操作系统是一种专用的软件程序，如同硬件本身一样，它是计算机系统的重要组成部分。

As……，so……正如[随着]……也……

As the popularity of the Internet has grown, so has the number of companies offering access to the Internet.

随着因特网越来越普及，提供对因特网接入的公司数目也日益增多。【说明】so之后的句子是谓语部分省略的倒装句。

As……as possible　尽可能；尽量

To summarize, you should use comments and white space to make your source code as easy to understand and maintain as possible.

总而言之，你应当使用注释和空白空间来使源代码尽可能容易理解和维护。

The goal of Windows is to make your PC as easy as possible to use.

Windows的目标是使个人计算机尽可能容易使用。

Because computer viruses can spread so fast, it is very important to detect them as early as possible after the first detection.

由于计算机病毒能迅速传播，初次检测之后，尽可能早地检测病毒就非常重要。

As……as……像……一样；和……一样；多达；少至

Small, lightweight, and battery-powered portable computers can be as powerful as their desktop counterparts, offering you the opportunity to work anywhere you wish.

体积小、重量轻、电池供电的便携式计算机，其功能可以同台式计算机一样强大，同时还为你提供在想要工作的任何地方工作的机会。

The Internet resources will become as important to you as your telephone and your post office.

对你来说，因特网资源将变得像电话和邮局一样重要。

The computer will run a quick self-test to check that all of its parts functioning properly, and this may take as little as ten seconds or as much as a minute.

计算机将快速进行自检，以检查自身的所有部分都工作正常，这可能需要花费少至十秒或多达一分钟的时间。【说明】两个as之间为形容词或副词。

Aside from　除……之外；除了……还

Aside from your hardware choices, there are many ways to set up your computer to reflect your personal likes and dislikes.

除了硬件选择之外，还有许多方式来设置计算机，以反映出个人的好恶。

Aside from looking for information, you might also want to see if someone you know can be reached by E-mail.

除了寻找信息之外，你可能还想了解一下能否通过电子邮件联系到你所认识的某个人。

Aside from using mail, UNIX systems have two other commands that will tell you if mail is waiting.

除了使用电子邮件之外，UNIX系统还有两个其他命令，它们将告诉你是否有等待处理的邮件。【说明】该短语为美式英语，而apart from为英式英语，两者都与in addition to的含义和用法相同，而与except for相反。

Ask for, to　请求；征求；要求

As computing speeds change, users are asking for better and faster ways of getting information and graphics into computers.

随着计算速度的改变，用户正在寻求把信息和图形更好、更快地输入到计算机中的方式。

On the Internet, hardware is normally not visible, and the terms“client”and“server”usually refer to the programs that ask for and provide services.

在因特网上，硬件通常是看不见的，而“客户机（client）”和“服务器（server）”这两个术语通常指要求服务和提供服务的两个程序。

To remember the difference between“uploading”and“downloading”，think of the remote host as floating above you in the sky, and you send files up, and you ask for files to be sent down.

为了记住“上传”和“下载”的区别，应当把远程主机看做是飘浮在你的上空，你向上发送文件，并要求向下发送文件。

Ask of, to　向……提问；对……提出问题；询问

“Buy or upgrade”is a question that is frequently asked of PC consul-tants.“买新的还是升级”是向个人计算机顾问经常提出的一个问题。

Users of a data warehouse continuously change the kinds of questions they ask of a database.

数据仓库的用户不断地改变他们向数据库提出的问题的种类。

Assist in, to　帮助；有助于；促进

To help with this problem, Internet Explorer gives you access to some online resources that can assist you in finding interesting Web documents.

为了帮助解决这个问题，因特网Explorer使你访问某些在线资源，这些资源能帮助你找到感兴趣的万维网文档。

New developments that use compu-ters themselves to assist in the design of VLSI chips are helping to overcome this limiting factor.

利用计算机本身辅助设计超大规模集成电路（VLSI）芯片的新发展，正有助于克服这个限制因素。

To assist researchers in their work, supercomputer centers make available to users various applications software to perform certain specific kinds of calculations or tasks.

为了帮助研究者开展工作，巨型计算机中心使用户可用各种应用软件，以便完成某些特定种类的计算或任务。【说明】该短语与to aid in的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

Assist with, to　帮助解决；帮助

Whatever your profession, it is likely that you can find software to assist you with your work.

不论你的专业是什么，看来都能够找到软件来帮助你工作。

System software includes operating systems, data-management, data-mana-gement software, computer-language, aids and utilities that assist users with various functions.

系统软件包括操作系统、数据管理、数据管理软件、计算机语言、辅助程序和实用程序，这些都给用户提供各种功能。

Windows Vista includes a wide range of helpful troubleshooters that assist you with many common computer problems.

Windows Vista包含大量的很有帮助的故障排查程序，帮助你解决许多常见的计算机问题。【说明】该短语与to help with的含义和用法相同，可互换使用。

Associate with, to　与……关联；将……与……联系起来

If you have an audio input device on your computer（either a microphone or a CD-ROM player），you can use the Sound Recorder to make a WAV file you can associate with a Windows event or send it a message.

如果计算机有一个音频输入装置（传声器或只读碟播放器），你可以使用Sound Recorder（录音机）创建一个WAV文件，你可以把此文件与一个Windows事件联系起来，或给Windows发送一条消息。

Limited direct evidence exists for associating virus discovery location with virus origin.

将病毒的发现位置与病毒根源关联起来，这样判断的直接证据是有限的。

Associated with, to be　与……有关联；与……关联

Many of those capabilities are associated with system administration and configuration.

在这些能力中，有许多都与系统管理和配置关联。

System security is often associated with external threats, such as hackers or business rivals.

系统安全常常跟外部威胁（如黑客或商业对手）关联。

You will often hear two terms associated with the memory of the computer：RAM and ROM.

你会经常听到与计算机存储器有关的两个术语：随机存取存储器（RAM）和只读存储器（ROM）。

At a glance　一眼就看出；看一下；乍一看

Thus, you will see at a glance what messages are waiting to be read.

因此，你一眼就会看出有什么消息正等待阅读。

At a glance, planning the training for a particular system or software pac-kage might seem like a simple matter.

乍一看，筹划特殊系统或软件包的培训仿佛是一件简单的事。

At a good pace　相当快；较快速

As the volume of information on the Internet continues to grow at a good pace, business executives believe that searching for information will become less and less effective.

随着因特网上的信息总量持续不断地迅速增长，商务主管人员认为，总在网上搜寻信息的效率将变得越来越差。

Mindful of the potential rewards and benefits, and despite the risks, businesses are networking their computers at a good pace.

尽管有风险，一些企业注意到潜在的回报和利润，还是相当快地将自己的计算机联网。

At a loss, to be　茫然不知所措；一无所知；不肯定

If you are at a loss for a mail server to use, you may send a message right there to the Internet for Dummies Central Headquarters.

如果你对电子邮件服务器的使用一无所知，可以直接向因特网发送一条信息，向“初学者总部（Dummies Central Headquarters）”求教。

Most of the common people are at a loss to know how to upgrade their old computers.

大多数普通人全然不知如何升级自己的旧计算机。

At a premium　非常珍贵；很受重视

On laptops, disk storage space is always at a premium, and the bigger a program is, the less room there'll be for other programs and for your files.

在膝上计算机中，磁盘存储空间总是非常珍贵，程序越大，留给其他程序和文件的空间就越小。

At a rate of　以……速率

The speed is another aspect you'll pay for, although the high-quality multifunction centers can produce printouts at a rate of six pages per minute.

打印速度是你要付费的另一个方面，虽然高质量多功能中心能够以每分钟6页的速度产生打印输出。

The computer has the ability to perform single operations at an extre-mely high rate of speed.

计算机有能力以极高的速度完成单个操作。

At a speed of　以……速度

Most inkjet printers produce images at a speed of 0. 5 to 4 pages per minute.

大多数喷墨打印机产生图像的速度为0.5～4页每分钟。

The Bell 103 modem operates at a speed of 300 bits per second.

Bell 103调制解调器操作速度为300 bps。【说明】该短语同at a rate of的含义和用法。

At a time　在同一时间；一次；每次

In the old days, personal computers only ran one program at a time.

过去，个人计算机一次只能运行一个程序。

If you want to move several items, you have to cut and paste them one at a time.

如果你想移动几项，就必须一次剪贴其中的一项。

To recover more than one file at a time, you may hold down the Ctrl key while selecting the file names.

为了一次恢复一个以上的文件，可以在选择文件名的同时按下Ctrl键。

At a[the]cost of　以……为代价；丧失；牺牲

You can always order a computer with more memory or upgrade your memory at a cost of about$40 per megabyte.

你总是有可能订购一台具有较大内存的计算机，或以每兆位约40美元的价格升级内存。

He bought a used notebook computer at a cost of$400 to fill his urgent need.

他花了400美元买了一台二手笔记本式计算机，以解燃眉之急。

At all　全然；根本；毕竟；终究

To compete with IBM at all, the seven dwarf competitors had to aim at one of IBM's technical weak spots.

为了能够完全与IBM公司竞争，这7个小的竞争者必须瞄准IBM公司的技术弱点之一。

Those of you who have used a computer before may wonder what the first couple of chapters have to do with computers at all.

你们当中以前使用过计算机的人，可能很想知道前两章究竟与计算机有什么关系。

If you are at all capable with computers, we highly suggest that you learn HTML programming.

如果你很精通计算机，就强烈建议你学习HTML程序设计。

At all times　时刻；经常；始终；无论何时

The motherboard is an important piece of system equipment, which is susceptible to things like water spills, dust particles, and smoke environments, so keep that cover on your system at all times.

主板是一个重要的系统设备，它很容易遭受水溅、尘埃及烟雾环境之类的因素的损害，因此要时刻用防护罩盖在你的系统之上。

At all times, each device using a given communications line must be using the same protocol.

无论何时，使用给定通信线路的每个装置都必须采用同一协议。

Although your computer will be considered an official Internet host, it will not be connected at all times.

虽然你的计算机将被认为是正式的因特网主机，但是未必需始终都是连接好的。

At any time　任何时候；随时

At any time the user can issue a command to call up one of several desk accessories.

任何时候，用户都能够发出命令，访问几个桌面附件之一。

If you know that anyone in the company can read any of your computer files at any time, you cannot store important files on the LAN.

如果你知道公司内的任何人都能够随时阅读你的任何计算机文件，你就不能在局域网上存储重要文件。

At best　充其量；至多；在最有利的条件下

Most notebook PCs are difficult, at best, to open so you can access the motherboard.

大多数笔记本式计算机在最好的条件下也难以打开机壳，以防你可以接触到主板。

Because of the large number of printer types, it is difficult, at best, to list the exact steps you must perform to upgrade different parts of your printer.

由于打印机类型繁多，要升级打印机的不同部件，在最有利的条件下，也难以列出你必须遵守的确切步骤。

Selecting a hard disk from the varied assortment can be time-consuming at best, and confusing at worst.

从不同种类中选择硬盘，往好说则是费时的，往坏说则可能会让人混淆。

At fault　出故障；不知所措

If you observe that your computer hangs regularly while running one particular program, but it works fine with all your other programs, then the program might be at fault rather than the computer.

如果你观察到计算机在运行一个特殊程序时会定期意外停机，而运行其他程序时却工作良好，那么该特殊程序可能有毛病，而不是计算机有故障。

If you can determine that a specific printed circuit board is at fault, verify that all chips are properly inserted.

如果你能够确定特定的印刷电路板有故障，请核实所有的芯片正确安装。

Whenever you cannot determine which computer component is at fault, you should start systematically exchanging each component with another good one.

每当你不能确定计算机哪个构件有故障时，你应当开始有系统地用另一个好的构件互换每个构件。

At first　起初；最初；首先

It may appear to you at first that virtual storage is nothing more than another addressing scheme.

起初，虚拟存储对你来讲似乎只不过是另一种寻址方案。

Most neophytes to electronic mail are hesitant at first.

大多数使用电子邮件的新手最初都犹豫不决。

At first, the network was a lot of trouble but, by the early 1990s, the engineers and scientists finally figured out how to make it work most of the time.

最初，网络有很多麻烦，但是到了20世纪90年代初，工程师和科学家们终于找到了如何使网络在大多数情况下都很好工作的办法。

At first glance　乍一看；一见之下；第一眼就

At first glance, Microsoft Word may look like an ungainly mess of icons, menu commands, and buttons that look almost as complicated as the cockpit of a Boeing 747.

乍看起来，Microsoft Word好像是笨拙而乱作一团的图标、菜单命令及按钮，看上去几乎和波音747座舱一样复杂。

You may even be somewhat disappointed at first glance, but with a little patience and some understanding of how to best use the Internet, you will find it to be an invaluable tool for many tasks.

乍一看，你甚至可能有些失望，稍加忍耐并对如何最好地使用因特网有所了解之后，你将会发现因特网在完成许多任务方面是一个非常宝贵的工具。【说明】该短语也可写为at a glance或at the first glance，其含义和用法相同。

At full speed　全速；开足马力

As more people accomplish increasing difficult tasks through the Web and the Internet, many companies are flocking to them at full speed to begin reap the benefits.

随着更多的人通过万维网和因特网完成日益困难的任务，许多公司正全速涌向万维网和因特网，并开始获取利润。

At hand　在手边；在附近；即将；不久

Applications are pieces of software, which give, the user, a way to do the task at hand.

应用程序是给用户一种方法来完成手头任务的软件。

It will sort through large volumes of data to find and use only what pertains to the problem at hand.

它将对大量数据进行分类，以便找出和使用仅与手边问题有关的数据。

At home　在家中；在国内

In the future, many people will be receiving electronic mail at home via videotex, using their television sets as the display device.

将来，许多人将利用自己的电视机作为显示装置，这样在家中就可通过视频图文业务接收电子邮件。

A computer at home or in the office can send an electronic letter to any of the millions of other Internet users, anywhere in the world, and the message will normally arrive in a few minutes.

家中或办公室的计算机能给数百万的因特网用户中的其他任何用户发送电子邮件，不管他们在世界的什么地方，消息通常在几分钟之内到达。

Programming staff wrote and corrected their programs at home and transmitted the results or mailed disks to the main office.

程序员在家编写并校对程序，然后把结果发送到主办公室，或把软盘邮寄到主办公室。

At home and abroad　国内外

The theft of computer time is another computer-related crime on the increase at home and abroad.

盗用计算机时间是国内外都在增加的另一类与计算机有关的犯罪。

In the future, computer-related careers will offer greater employment opportunities than any other career field, the case is true at home and abroad.

将来，有关计算机的职业将比任何其他职业领域提供更大的就业机会，国内外莫不如此。

At large　详细地；全面地；充分地；全部；整个

Communication networks have amply demonstrated their value to business, governments, and society at large.

通信网络已充分证明它们对商业、政府乃至社会的价值。

Freeware is software that the author has decided to make available to the world at large without any monetary compensation.

免费件是作者决定使其对全世界可用而不要求金钱补偿的软件。

At least　至少；最低限度

Therefore, you should always maintain at least 10 percent free space on the computer's main hard disk.

因此，你应当在计算机的主硬盘上经常保持至少10%的自由空间。

The password system usually demands that the password be at least six characters long and contain at least one digit or other non-alphabetic character.

口令字系统通常要求，口令字至少为6个字符长，并且含有至少一个数字或其他非字母字符。

At length　详细地；充分地；终于

If you are too busy to respond to E-mail in a timely fashion, you may consider a brief message saying that you did receive the mail and that you’ll respond at length when you have the opportunity.

如果你太忙而不能及时处理电子邮件，可以考虑发出一个短信，说明你确已收到电子邮件，并说明有机会时会详细答复。

The new development of network hardware and software technology is not discussed at length here.

对于网络硬件和软件技术的新发展，此处不予详细讨论。

At minimum　至少；最低限度

There are all kinds of disk drives, and you will, at minimum, have a floppy disk drive.

有各种各样的磁盘驱动器，而你至少要有一个软盘驱动器。

At minimum, besides your PC, you'll need a floppy disk drive and a monitor.

除了个人计算机之外，你至少还将需要一个软驱和一个监视器。

At minimum, the documents will point out special interface or operating requirements.

这些文档将至少指出专用接口要求或操作要求。

At most　至多；不超过

A medium-size company or university might have had one or two computers at that time, while large institutions had at most a few dozen computers.

那时，中型公司或大学可能有一两台计算机，而大的机构至多有十几台。

At present, computers develop very quickly, a computer can be used at most for two years before it becomes out of fasion.

现在，计算机发展非常快，一台计算机至多用上两年就变得过时。【说明】该短语也可写为at the most。

At night　夜间；夜晚

In those computers, the only available CPU time was late at night, when few users were active on the system.

在那些计算机中，可利用的中央处理器（CPU）时间只是在深夜，此时在系统上工作的用户不多。

If you're using the Internet for fun or your own projects, you should try to use it at night.

如果你利用因特网是为了取乐或为了自己的项目，就应当设法在夜间使用因特网。

At no cost　免费；不付任何代价

Freeware is software that is provided at no cost.

免费件是免费提供的软件。

You can get freeware at no cost and use it for some time.

你可以免费获得免费件，并且能使用一段时间。【说明】该短语的反义短语为at all cost或at any cost。

At once　立刻；立即；同时

You may be surprised to know that Windows will let you load several non-window applications at once and will allow you to switch between them without returning to the MS-DOS prompt.

你可能惊奇地了解到，Windows允许你同时装入几个非窗口应用程序，并且允许你在它们之间转换而不必返回到MS-DOS提示状态。

Some computer systems are designed to serve several users at once.

某些计算机系统设计得同时为几个用户服务。

We can easily see at once that the computer industry will offer more employment opportunities to people in the near future.

我们能够很容易地立即看出，在不久的将来计算机工业将给人们提供更多的就业机会。

At one time　过去某个时候；曾经有段时间；在同一时间

The more colors your screen displays at one time, the better your screen looks.

在同一时间，屏幕显示的彩色越多，屏幕看上去就越好看。

Your computer's RAM is the amount of information that your computer can remember at one time.

计算机的随机存储器（RAM）就是该计算机在某一时间存储的信息总量。

At one time, tape backup drives were almost exclusively used to back up network file servers, but are growing in popularity among individual computer users now.

曾经有段时间，磁带备份驱动器几乎无一例外地用于备份网络文件服务器，但现在在计算机个人用户中使用得越来越普遍。

At one time or another　在不同时期；在某个时候；在不同场合

At one time or another, everyone accidentally erases a file that they did not mean to erase.

有时，每个人都会不慎擦除他们并不打算擦除的文件。

Word processing is a common application for personal computers because it seems that everyone at one time or another needs to work with words.

字处理是个人计算机的一种公共应用，因为在不同的时期每个人似乎都需要同字词打交道。

At one time or another, almost everyone who uses a personal computer has to print the valuable work.

在某个时候，使用个人计算机的几乎每个人都必须打印出宝贵的工作成果。

At one's beck and call　听任……吩咐；任人摆布

With these databases at your beck and call, you can find out literally anything your want to know.

有了这些数据库任你使用，你就能在字面上找到你想知道的任何东西。

The Internet truly will be at your beck and call, although you still need a browser to access it.

你一定会掌握因特网，尽管你还需要一个浏览器来进行访问。

Windows XP provides the tools you need to place the entire Internet at your beck and call.

Windows XP为你提供充分掌握整个因特网所需要的工具。

At one's best　处于最好时期；在最出色的状态下；达到最高水平

If you defragment your disk drive, you'll keep your disk performance at its best.

如果你对磁盘驱动器进行碎片归拢，你要使磁盘的性能保持在其最佳状态。

At one's convenience　在……的方便的条件下；方便地

Downloading is simply saving text, graphics（pictures），computer programs, and even WWW pages to the hard disk on your computer at your convenience.

下载只不过是在你方便的情况下将文本、图形（或图像）、计算机程序甚至万维网页保存到计算机的硬盘上。

You had better return these two disks in two weeks at your convenience.

在你方便的条件下，最好在两周内归还这两个磁盘。

At one's disposal　受……支配；供……指使；由……自行处理

Today's organizations have a wide variety of office automation hardware and software components at their disposal.

现今的机构有各种各样的办公自动化硬件和软件构件任其自由使用。

With a retail computer store, you may have a technical support at your disposal ready to solve some problems for a limited time.

对于一个计算机零售商店，可能要有技术支持供你自由利用，以备在有限的时间内解决某些问题。

With an Internet connection at your disposal, you no longer have to worry about whether you are getting the best possible help with Windows XP.

有了因特网连接供你使用，你再也不必担心是否从Windows XP获得尽可能好的帮助。

At one's fingertips　手头有……可供使用；熟悉（或精通）……；对……了如指掌

The power to take control of a computer and make it respond to your bidding is at your fingertips.

控制计算机并使之对命令做出响应的能力都掌握在你的手中。

Through the use of information services, or large mainframe computers that store an incredible amount of information you have at your fingertips information on almost anything you could want.

通过使用信息服务或存储量极大的大的大型机，你可以任意使用你想要的几乎任何东西的信息。

With the use of the Internet, the whole world is at your fingertips.

利用因特网，你对整个世界便了如指掌。

At other times　在其他时间；在另外的场合

Sometimes the price tag includes only the basic computer；at other times, the monitor, printer, other peripherals， and even software are included in the price.

有时价格标签仅仅包括基本计算机的价格。而在另外的场合，价格中还包含监视器、打印机、其他外部设备甚至软件的价格。

Sometimes, power failures happen during a thunderstorm, but they happen at other times.

有时，在暴风雨期间发生电源故障，但是在其他时间也会发生这种故障。

At present　现今；而今；目前；现在

At present, the UNIX system can run on nearly any computer that contains sufficient real memory and a fast hard disk.

目前，在具有足够的实际内存和一个快速硬盘的几乎任何计算机上，UNIX系统都能够运行。

At present there are computer programs that can help the deaf to speak.

现在，有一些能帮助聋哑人“讲话”的计算机程序。

At regular intervals　定期地；每隔一定时间

One way to deal with the risk of losing vital information is to make backup copies of computer information at regular intervals.

对付丢失要害信息这种危险的一个方法，就是定期制作计算机信息的备份。

Keeping your computer clean and cleaning it up at regular intervals will prolong the life of your computer.

保持计算机洁净并定期进行清理将延长计算机寿命。

At risk　有危险；处在危险中

Computers running MS-DOS seem to be at higher risk of being infected by computer viruses than other types of computers, probably because of the larger number of MS-DOS computers in the world.

运行MS-DOS的计算机比其他类型的计算机感染计算机病毒的风险似乎更大，这可能是由于世界上MS-DOS计算机数量更多的缘故。

Whenever you put software on your computer, you place it at risk of being infected by computer viruses.

每当将软件安装在计算机上时，就使其处在感染上计算机病毒的风险之中。

Additional precautions should be taken for computers that contain sensitive data, or that are at high risk for data theft or accidental or malicious disruption of the system.

对于存有敏感数据的计算机，或者对于数据被盗或系统遭受偶然或恶意破坏的风险很高的计算机，应当采取附加的预防措施。

At some point or another　在不同场合

Some PC problems are common to everyone at some point or another.

一些个人计算机问题，在不同场合对每个人来说都是共同的。

At stake　有丧失的危险；关系重大；生死攸关

Although you can find clone ma-kers who are less than reliable, the name brands have built their success on deli-vering good products and have reputation at stake.

虽然你能发现一些兼容产品制造商不太可靠，但品牌已使他们成功交付好的产品，但也使名声置于危险的境地。

At the beginning（of）在开始；在……开头；在……之初

At the beginning of 1985，80 percent of all colleges and universities were connected to the Internet.

1985年初，80%的学院和大学都连上了因特网。

It is crucial that at the beginning of learning how to use the computer you develop a good habit of shutting down your computer according to the required steps.

在初学如何使用计算机时，养成一种良好习惯，即按照所要求的步骤关闭计算机，这是至关重要的。

At the cost of　丧失；牺牲；以……为代价

Checksum provides a way, at the cost of increased disk storage requirements and an additional load on the computer, to avoid having to do a restore from backups in the event of a disk unit failure.

检索和以提高磁盘存储要求和对计算机增加负荷为代价，提供了一种方式来避免一旦磁盘单元出现故障必须从备份进行复原。

At the end of　在……结尾；在……结束时；在……末端；到……尽头

At the end of 1983，Microsoft was still only a weak sixth in the large-table of personal computer software develo-pers.

1983年年终，在个人计算机软件开发商的大的排行榜中，微软公司仍然是一个位居第六的弱小公司。

At the end of the day or week, the batch processing program turns the orders into printed invoices and also produces the reports required by mana-gement.

在一天或一周工作结束时，批处理程序将订单变为打印好的发票，并产生管理所需要的报告。

At the end of the day, Janet copies the files to a diskette and even in the event of natural disasters like a fire, flood, or earthquake, she always has a copy of her valuable work.

在一天工作结束时，珍尼特就将文件复制到软盘上，这样即使发生像火灾、洪水或地震之类的自然灾害，她总是有自己珍贵的劳动成果的一个复件。【说明】该短语与at the beginning（of）的意思相反。

At the expense（of）以……为代价；牺牲

Your office will save on paper cost, but at the expense of some disk space on the server.

你的办公室将节省纸张费用，但以牺牲服务器的一些磁盘空间为代价。

Capacity-access time improvements cannot be at the expense of reliability because we are now asking users to place and maintain vital records on-line under computer control.

容量—存取时间的改进不能以牺牲可靠性为代价，因为目前我们正在要求用户将重要在线记录置于并保持在计算机的控制下。

At the forefront of　在……的前列；在……的前沿

Today's multimedia computers are at the forefront of a much bigger multimedia revolution, however, they are leading the move away from analog multimedia machines towards digital ones.

今天，多媒体计算机是处在一个更加大的多媒体革命的前列，然而它们正引领着从模拟多媒体计算机向数字计算机的迈进。

At the forefront of progress is the CD, which was invented to hold digital music, but now the CD-ROM carries multimedia information.

光碟处在进步的前沿，它的发明是原本用于存储数字音乐，但现在只读碟承载多媒体信息。

At the heart of　在……中心；是……的核心

Although computer technology is at the heart of the Internet, its importance is economic and social：it gives compu-ter users the ability to communicate and to gain access to the information sources.

虽然计算机技术是因特网的核心，但其重要性是在经济和社会方面：它给了计算机用户通信和访问信息源的能力。

At the helm of　掌握；控制；指挥；居于（领导或支配）地位

When kids are at the helm of a project and decide where to go and what to see, they will be in control of their own learning.

当孩子们掌握了一个项目并决定要去哪儿和要看什么时，他们就会把握自己的学习。

At the leading edge of　在……的最前沿

Researchers who work at the leading edge of new knowledge in many of the disciplines of science need the speed and power of supercomputers.

工作在许多科学学科新知识最前沿的研究者，需要巨型计算机的速度和能力。【说明】该短语与at the forefront of的含义和用法相似，可互换使用。

At the most　至多；充其量

Internet E-mail can be delivered anywhere on the planet in a matter of minutes or at the most a few hours.

因特网电子邮件能在大约几分钟或至多几小时内投递到世界的任何地方。

At the most, the entire file management system is considered part of the operating system.

整个文件管理系统至多被认为是操作系统的一部分。

At the outset　在开始时；在开头时；最初

At the outset, few programs were developed that made the computer easy for novices to understand and use.

最初，开发出的能够使计算机易于为初学者理解和使用的程序不多。

At the outset, computers were mainly used in the office to accomplish the tasks discussed before.

最初，计算机主要用在办公室来完成以前讨论过的任务。

At the present time　现今；现在；目前

At the present time, CD-ROM is unrivaled as the best way to deliver multimedia.

现在，作为投递多媒体的最好的方式，只读碟是无可比拟的。

At the present time, people the world over are linked together by radio, telephone, television, telex, cable TV, satellite, most recently, computer networks.

目前，通过无线电、电话、电视、电传、有线电视、卫星，最近又通过计算机网络，将世界各地的人们联系在一起。

Although Netware is the most po-pular server based network operating system at the present time, Netware doesn’t lend itself well to a relatively new software technology called client/server.

虽然Netware目前是最受欢迎的基于服务器的网络操作系统，但是Netware并不适合称为“客户—服务器”的较新的软件技术。【说明】该短语与at present, at present time和now的含义相同，可互换使用。

At the rate of　以……的速率；以……的速度

While IBM was making this transformation in the production line in the 1960s, it was growing at the rapid rate of 15 to 20 percent a year and soon achieved a domination of the computer market.

在IBM公司于20世纪60年代进行生产线的改造的同时，它以每年15%～20%的速度快速增长，不久便在计算机市场占压倒优势。

Mainframe computers process data at the rate of many millions of instructions per second.

特大型机以每秒数百万条指令的速度处理数据。【说明】该短语经常与at the speed of互换使用。

At the sacrifice of　以……为代价；以牺牲……为代价

If you opt for an external CD-ROM drive, you need to decide if you need a portable（at the sacrifice of some speed）.

如果选择外部只读碟驱动器，就需要决定是否需要一个便携式计算机（以牺牲一定的速度为代价）。【说明】该短语与at the cost of, at the expense of和at the price of的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

At the same time　同时；此外；与此同时

Multitasking is the running of more than one program at the same time, requiring that the processor's time be shared among the programs.

多任务处理就是在同一时间运行一个以上的程序，这就要求处理器时间在诸程序之间共享。

If you are using a PC with a laser printer, it is a good idea not to turn on the printer at the same time you turn on the computer.

如果你用的是一台带激光打印机的个人计算机，则当接通计算机电源时不接通激光打印机电源，这是个好主意。

On other small LANs, each workstation may be both a file server and a workstation at the same time.

在其他小型局域网上，每个工作站既可以是文件服务器又可以同时是工作站。

At the speed of　以……速度

Your message travels to the destination mailbox at the speed of light, making E-mail much faster than old-fashioned mail.

消息以光速传送到目的地邮箱，这就使得电子邮件比老式邮件的投递要快得多。

Most modems can send information at the speed of 300，1，200，2，400，9，600，or 28，800 bps.

大多数调制解调器都能以300、1200、2400、9600或28 800 bps的速度发送信息。

At the thought of　一想到……就

For those of you who feel a little anxious at the thought of“learning computer”，here are some suggestions for approaching the learning process itself.

对于一想到“学习计算机”就感到有些不安的你们中的那些人，这里有几个建议供你们探讨学习过程本身。

Most people are fairly excited at the thought of creating their own Web sites.

大多数人一想到创建自己的万维网站就相当激动。

At the time of　在……时候；在……之际

The majority of major applications were compatible with System 7 at the time of initial release.

大多数主要的应用程序在最初发布时与System 7是兼容的。

People writing files to the server at the time of the power failure may find their files incomplete or corrupted when power comes on.

在发生电源故障时，往服务器写文件的人可能发现，当电源恢复时他们的文件不完整或遭到破坏。

A standby power system transfers from AC power to batteries at the time of power failure.

在发生电源故障时，备用电源系统将交流供电转换为电池供电。

At the top of……是最高[大]的；以最高[大]的

Even so, there are several reasons why many computer professionals feel C is at the top of the list.

即使如此，还有一些理由让许多计算机专业人员认为C语言是该表中的首选。

At the touch of　一触……就；一触摸……就

You can use Windows to load all three programs and switch among them at the touch of a button.

你能够利用Windows装入所有这三个程序，一触按钮便可在它们之间进行切换。

At the very least　至少；最少；无论如何

At the very least, the software must count how many packets or characters or bits are sent by each customer, to produce billing information.

至少，这种软件必须计数有多少信息包、字符或比特由每个客户发送，以产生票据信息。

At the very least, orphans waste CPU cycles and other resources.

孤行至少浪费中央处理器（CPU）周期和其他资源。

At this point　在此时；在此刻

At this point, you can click one of the suggested words, click Ignore, add the word to your directory, or check the rest of the document.

此时，能单击其中一个指定的字，单击Ignore（忽略），把此字添加到你的目录上，或者检查文档的其余部分。

I'm not going to get into the specifics of individual software packages at this point because the information would not be of much use to you yet.

此时，我不打算谈论单个软件包的具体情况，因为这种信息目前对你用处不大。

At times　有时；时常

At times, computer errors come from the person who enters data into the computer.

有时，计算机差错来自向计算机录入数据的人。

If the news server is busy, you may experience a delay at times.

如果新闻服务器很忙，就可能时常面临延迟。

At times, very large spikes will permanently damage a computer.

非常大的尖峰时常会永久性地破坏计算机。【说明】该短语与now and then和once in a while的含义大体相同。

At will　随意地；任意地

The translators can switch from French to Dutch at will, provided that the computer workers hope so.

翻译程序能够将法语随意转换为荷兰语，假如计算机工作者希望这样做的话。

They're easily edited by inserting and deleting words, or moving sentences and paragraphs around at will.

通过插入和删除一些字词，或者随意移动一些句子和段落，很容易对它们进行编辑。

We are missing an opportunity if we can't research on the Web or E-mail at will.

如果我们对万维网或电子邮件不能够随心所欲地进行研究，我们就是在错失机遇。

At work　在工作中；在运转中；在使用中

Monitoring programs watch over your computer at work, looking for any signs that virus attack might be underway.

监控程序监视正在工作的计算机，搜寻病毒可能要攻击的任何征兆。

You might be at work, at school, or at home, using virtually any type of computer.

你可能在工作中，在学校内，或在家里，使用几乎任何类型的计算机。

At（a）minimum　最低限度；至少

At a minimum, the title should contain the name of the application with the first letter capitalized.

题目至少应当包含应用软件的名称，并且首字母要大写。

Most computer systems today have, at a minimum, two drives：a diskette drive and a hard disk drive（disk）.

现今大多数计算机系统至少有两个驱动器：一个软驱和一个硬盘驱动器（磁盘）。

At minimum, every computer has these three components：the monitor, the system unit, and the keyboard.

每台计算机最低限度有这三个构件：监视器、系统单元及键盘。

At[by]the request of　应邀；根据……请求

The file server does this work at the request of the workstation.

根据工作站的请求，文件服务器做此项工作。

Some computer scientists from Peking University came to this computer factory to give lectures at the request of the head of this factory.

北京大学的几位计算机科学家，应这家计算机工厂厂长的邀请，到这家工厂讲课。

Attach to, to　附属于；附加到；依附于；连接到

Before you can use your Macintosh to log on to the Internet, you need to attach a modem to your computer.

在使用Macintosh计算机注册到因特网以前，需要把调制解调器连接到计算机。

A virus is similar to a worm, which is also a destructive program；however, the virus always attaches itself to other programs, whereas the worm may not.

病毒与蠕虫相似，也是一种破坏性程序。然而，病毒总是把自己依附于其他程序，而蠕虫则不然。

A manager might attach a costly printer to a network so that everybody who needs it can use the same printer.

管理者可将一台昂贵的打印机连接到网络，这样需要打印机的任何人都能够使用同一台打印机。

Attached to　连接到；附加到；依附于

The computer and all the equipment attached to it are called hardware.

计算机及与其相连的所有设备都称为“硬件”。

Attempt to, to　试图；力图；尝试

Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science that attempts to understand the nature of intelligence and produce new classes of intelligence machines by programmed computers to perform tasks that require humanlike quality, such as reasoning and perception.

人工智能是计算机科学的分支，它试图理解智能的性质，并通过对计算机进行程序设计来完成要求推理和感知之类的人类品质才能够完成的任务，来制造出新的种类的智能计算机。

In some cases, people attempt to use a small battery backup system to restart a small computer system.

在某些情况下，人们尝试用一种小型电池备用系统来重新启动一个小型计算机系统。

Attribute to, to　归因于；起因于；认为是……造成

For many years IBM's domination of the computer industry was attributed to a variety of factors.

许多年来，IBM公司在计算机产业的支配地位归因于多种因素。

The strange behavior may be attributed to bad hardware or software.这种奇怪的性态可能是由于低劣的硬件或软件所致。

Available for, to be　对……可用；对……有效

Your PC should now recognize the memory you installed and make the memory available for use by your program.

个人计算机现在应当识别你所安装的存储器，并使该存储器可供程序使用。

When a menu item in a software program is active, it is available for use.

当软件程序中的菜单项处于现用状态时，它便可供使用。

Aware of, to be　知道；明白；了解；觉察

Basically, when you are computer shopping, you should be aware of the CPU type for the following reasons.

基本说来，当你去市场购买计算机时，基于如下理由，你应当了解中央处理器的类型。

You need to be aware of the diffe-rent components that make up a compu-ter system and how each relates to the other.

你需要知道构成计算机系统的不同构件及其相互关系。

Whether or not you are aware of it, the Internet is all around you.

不论你是否了解因特网，因特网都在你的周围。

Aware that……，to be　明白；知道；了解；觉察

You should also be aware that there may be more than one server on your network.

你还应当知道，在网络上可以有一个以上的服务器。

You are probably aware that all data in a computer is stored in the form of binary numbers, using only 1's and 0's.

你多半了解计算机内的所有数据都是以二进制数的形式（仅仅利用1和0）存储的。【说明】该短语之后接宾语从句，而to be aware of之后接名词成分。

Away from　远离；离开

Diskettes should be kept well away from large electric motors, magnets of all sorts, and magnetized tools.

软盘应当远离大型电动机、各种磁铁及磁化的工具。

A laptop PC is an invaluable tool if your business requires that you spend a lot of time away from your desk.

如果业务需要你长时间离开办公桌，膝上计算机便是一种宝贵的工具。B

Back and forth　来回；往返

If you use a laptop at home or on the road, you need to transfer files back and forth.

如果在家或在旅途中使用膝上计算机，你需要来回传送文件。

Computers on the Internet communicate with each other by sending packets of information back and forth.

因特网上的计算机，通过来回发送信息包互相通信。

The LAN cable carries the dialog messages back and forth from the workstations and the file servers.

局域网电缆来回承载来自工作站和文件服务器的对话消息。

Back up, to　制作备份；复制副本；支持；倒退

When the cursor backs up, it erases the letter.

当光标倒退时，它就擦除该字母。

One way to back up your files is to copy them to another storage medium, such as a diskette.

备份文件的一个方式，就是将它们复制到另一个存储媒体上，比如软盘。

One of the major uses of the floppy disk drive is for backing up the hard disk drive—making copies of your programs and data in case something goes wrong with the computer.

软驱的主要用途之一是复制硬盘驱动器——复制程序和数据，以防计算机发生不测。

Balance against, to　权衡；斟酌

In the case of an internal database, the cost of building and maintaining it has to be balanced against its probable value to the organization.

就内部数据库而言，构建并维护的费用，必须同其为该机构带来的可能的价值一起进行权衡。

Ban from, to　禁止；取缔

The best precaution is to ban all liquids from the computer room for they will damage the surface of a diskette.

最好的预防措施是禁止把一切液体带入计算机房，因为它们会损坏磁盘的表面。

When you rejoin the channel, the hacker maintains operator status and bans you from reentering.

当你再次加入该信道时，黑客保持操作状态，禁止你重新进入。

Barge in, to　闯入；干涉；插嘴

If you are engaged in a private meeting, you should ensure that your channel is private so that unexpected guests do not barge in.

如果你在参加私人会议，应当确保信道是私用的，这样不速之客不会闯入。

Barter for, to　交换；贸易；出卖

When bartering for your Internet access, the providers may decide to stop offering a reduced service if the provider's storefront becomes populated with paying customers.

在购买因特网接入时，如果提供者的铺面挤满付费的顾客，此提供者就可决定停止提供低价服务。

Based on, to be　基于；以……为基础；以……为根据

Conventional data processing is based on information；artificial intelligence is based on knowledge.

常规的数据处理以信息为基础；人工智能技术则以知识为基础。

The computer's size is based on how much disk storage it has.

计算机的大小以它具有多大的磁盘存储量为根据。

The World Wide Web, or WWW, is the newest information service and based on a technology called hypertext, which allows documents to be connected to one another.

万维网，或称WWW，是最新的信息服务，基于称为“超文本”的技术，能够使文档互相连接。【说明】该短语经常用做复合谓语，其词义与depend on, rely on和rest on相同。

Based on[upon]以……为基础；基于；以……为根据；根据

The appearance of file icons varies based on the program used to operate the files.

文件图标的外观基于用来操作文件的程序而变化。

The term Intranet has been coined to describe a private network based on Internet technologies.

内联网这个术语被创造出来，用以描述以因特网技术为基础的私用网络。

You choose an Internet service provider based on its service area, the ser-vices provided and the cost of the ser-vices.

根据服务地区、提供的服务项目及服务费用，挑选因特网服务提供者。【说明】该短语经常用做状语，与according to和in accordance with的含义和用法相似；又可用做后置定语。

Basically speaking　基本说来；大体上讲

Basically speaking, you will find information relating to three different types of computers.

基本上说来，你将发现有关三种不同类型计算机的信息。

Basically speaking, most computer terms apply to all computers.

大体上讲，大多数计算机术语适用于一切计算机。【说明】该短语用做独立成分，经常放在句首。类似的短语还有broadly speaking, strictly speaking等。

Beams of　一束束；一道道

Communication lasers use beams of invisible light.

通信激光器使用不可见光束。【说明】该短语是a beam of的复数形式。

Bear a[the]resemblance to, to与……（外观）相似；很像

A session bears a close resemblance to a transport connection, but the two are not identical.

会话与运输连接很相似，但两者并不是一模一样。

Bear the fruit, to　结出果实；发生效果；收到成果

Since your hard disk will probably be bearing the fruit of your own labor, it makes good sense to pay close attention to reliability when you are selecting the disk.

由于硬盘多半承载着自己的劳动成果，所以选择硬盘时就要十分重视可靠性，这是十分明智的。

The push by manufacturers like IBM, Compaq, and Apple to start a revolution in home computers is just beginning to bear the fruit.

由IBM、Compaq及Apple公司等制造商发动的一场家用计算机革命，正开始开花结果。

These E-mail products will be able to connect your office’s mail system to other mail systems, but such efforts are just beginning, and they will take years to bear the first fruit.

这些电子邮件产品将能够把你的办公邮件系统同其他邮件系统连接起来，但是这种努力刚刚开始，还需要花几年功夫才能收到初步成果。【说明】该短语中的动词bear可用hold替换。

Bear witness, to　见证；作证；目睹

The military actually originated the Internet years ago and has borne witness to its rapid growth in the number and type of users, the size of transmission, and in the amount of traffic.

实际上，几年前军方就创造了因特网，并见证了它在用户数量和类型、传输规模及业务量方面的迅速增长。

Bear……in mind, to　须记；牢记；记住

Another point to be borne in mind is that hard work is the key to success.

须牢记的另外一点是：艰苦的工作是获得成功的关键。

Bear……in mind that……，to　记住；不忘

You should bear in mind that it is easy for your computer to be infected with viruses if you often exchange disks with others.

应当记住，如果经常同他人交换磁盘，计算机就容易感染上病毒。

Because of　因为；由于

Because of the high volume of data and their high speeds of operation, supercomputers need other computers to oversee the input and output of the information.

由于数据量大和操作速度快，巨型计算机需要其他计算机来监督其信息的输入输出。

File managers are easy to learn and use because of simplicity, compared to other types of data managers.

文件管理程序易学易用，因为它们比其他类型的数据管理程序简单。

Generally, both computer hardware and software are very sturdy and will not fail because of any environmental problem.

一般说来，计算机的硬件和软件都非常牢靠，因而不会由于任何环境问题而发生故障。【说明】该短语之后接名词或名词成分，引导原因状语短语；而because是从属连词，引导原因状语从句。

Before long　不久；很快

Before long, these companies learned that by adding a communications program to the personal computer, they could use the computer to save all that precious desktop space.

不久，这些公司了解到，把通信程序加到个人计算机上，可使用计算机而节省非常宝贵的桌面空间。

Before long, another computer is introduced, faster and more flexible than the one that came before.

不久，出现了另一种计算机，它比以前出现的计算机速度更快、更灵活。

Before long, the idea of the Web expanded and was embraced within the Internet as a general mechanism for accessing information and services.

不久，有关万维网的理念扩展开来，并且作为访问信息和服务的一般机制结合在因特网中。

Begin with, to　首先；开始于；以……开始

To begin with, words, such as byte, microchip, bubble memory, bar code, floppy disk, microprocessor, and artificial intelligence, were coined as names for devices and processes that didn't exist until computers came into their own.

首先，字节、微芯片、磁泡存储器、条形码、软盘、微处理器及人工智能之类的词语创造出来，作为一些器件和过程的名称，这些名称是直到计算机进入全盛时期才继续存在。

The personal computer revolution began with the invention of an integrated circuit known as microprocessor.

个人计算机革命始于称为“微处理器”的集成电路的发明。

Although there is no specific order in which these basic components are installed, you should usually begin with installing your network adapter.

虽然没有特定的顺序来安装这些基本构件，不过通常应当先从安装网络适配器开始。【说明】该短语有两个用法：作独立成分，表示“首先”的意思；作谓语，表示“由……开始”。

Behind the closed[locked]door秘密地；不公开地；与外界隔绝地

The first line of defense is to put your computer behind a closed door when you're not there to look after it.

第一道防线是：当不能在场照管计算机时，要把计算机房锁上。

Behind the scenes　秘密地；在后台；在暗中；知道内幕情况

Even though you do not have to learn how to program a computer to use one, learning about the concepts of programming will take you behind the scenes where you will discover firsthand many of principles and concepts of how computers work.

即使不必学会如何进行程序设计而使用计算机，了解程序设计的概念会使你了解内情，你将亲自发现计算机如何工作的许多原理和概念。

Even though you don't see them, computers are working behind the scenes-at home, at school, and where you shop, work, or transact business.

即使你看不到计算机，它们也在默默工作——在家中，在学校，在你购物、工作或进行交易的地方。

Every Internet computer runs a mail program that works behind the scenes to ensure that messages are addressed and transported in an orderly fashion.

每个因特网计算机都运行默默工作的一种邮件程序，以确保按有序的方式寻址和运输消息。

Believe in, to　信赖；相信

The strange behavior of your computer may be attributed to bad hardware or software, you should believe in the advice of this computer scientist.

计算机奇怪的性态可能是由低劣的硬件或软件造成的，你应当相信这位计算机科学家的忠告。

Most of the managers believe in these computer experts.

大多数经理都信赖这些计算机专家。【说明】该短语的本意是to have faith in, trust，即“信赖、信任”，其后一般跟真理、宗教、原则或主义；也可接人，表示对某人的信任。该短语之后一般不接从句。单独使用的及物动词believe之后接宾语从句，表达“认为”、“相信”、“想”等概念。

Believe it or not　信不信由你

Believe it or not, when you collect a lot of stuff on your hard disk-a lot of documents, pictures, sounds, and lots of programs-it slows down your system.

信不信由你，当把大量素材——大量的文档、图片、声音及程序——汇集在硬盘上时，会使系统慢了下来。

Believe it or not, you can use your computer to explore new places, meet new people, and learn about anything you want with the help of the Internet.

信不信由你，在因特网的帮助下，你能用自己的计算机探索新的地方，结识新人，了解你想知道的任何东西。

Belong to, to　属于；是……的（成员）

The best way to find a BBS in your area is to ask someone who belongs to the local computer club or user group.

在你的地区找到公告板系统的最好方法，就是问一问谁是本地计算机俱乐部或用户组的成员。

If you are merely the user of a PC that belongs to someone else, you should see if you can get a permission to explore its inside.

如果你只是属于别人的个人计算机的用户，就应当明白能否得到许可去探索该计算机的内部。

The last three letters refer to the type of organization the computer belongs to.

最后三个字母是指该计算机所属机构的类型。【说明】该短语表示占有或者归属关系，一般说来，不使用被动语态和进行时。

Benefit from, to　从……得到好处；得益于

Automobiles, ships, airplanes, office buildings, nuclear reactors, and all products in which computer-aided techniques are playing an increasingly important role benefit a great deal from the computer industry.

汽车、船舶、飞机、办公楼、核反应堆及其中计算机辅助技术日益起着重要作用的所有产品，都从计算机工业获益匪浅。

You have seen how big businesses and high tech corporations can benefit from the Web.

你现在已经了解到，大型企业和高技术公司如何能够从万维网获益。

Travel agencies have many opportunities to benefit from multimedia networks.

旅行社有许多机会从多媒体网络获益。

Best of all　最好；最好不过的是

Best of all, every detail of configuring and using the companion software is discussed in detail throughout the book.

最好不过的是，配置和使用配套软件的每个细节，通篇都在详细讨论。

Best of all, we'll take a look at the places, people and things you'll discover on your tour through the Internet.

我们最好看一看你在浏览因特网时所发现的地方、人及事物。

Better off, to be　景况较好；最好；更富裕

If you find yourself sending and receiving a lot of mail, you will be better off using a different user agent.

如果你发觉自己发送和接收大量邮件，最好使用一个不同的用户代理。

The Web isn't perfect, and there will be times when you are better off using a tool that was designed specifically for a particular type of data.

万维网并非完善，因而有时最好使用为某一特殊类型的数据而专门设计的工具。

You are better off to have two medium-size file servers than one giant file server.

你最好备有两个中型的文件服务器，而不是一个巨型服务器。【说明】该短语之后既可接动名词短语，又可接不定式短语。

Beyond the range of　超出……的范围

Optical disks offer information density far beyond the range of current magnetic mass-storage devices.

光盘提供的信息密度远远超过现有的海量磁性存储器信息密度的范围。

Although file organization is generally beyond the scope of the operating system, it is essential to learn something about some of the design tradeoff involved in the file management.

虽然文件组织一般超出操作系统的范围，但是了解一下文件管理所涉及的一些设计权衡问题还是绝对必要的。【说明】该短语与beyond the scope of的含义和用法相同。

Bit by bit　一点一点地；渐渐地；慢慢地；逐步地

You can use an anti-virus program to check whether the diskettes and files have viruses bit by bit.

能够用防病毒程序一点一点地检查软盘和文件是否携带病毒。

Bite off more than one can chew, to　贪多嚼不烂；承担力所不能及的事

As you experiment and learn about the WWW and Internet, you may become unsure whether or not you have bitten off more than you can chew.

在体验和了解万维网和因特网时，你可能不能肯定是否贪多嚼不烂。

Blame for, to　因……而责怪某人（或某事）；把……归咎于

The failure of the integrated circuits should be blamed for the dirty things and dust.

集成电路发生故障，应归咎于脏物和尘埃。

Blame on, to　把……的责任归咎于；归罪于

What concerns scientists is that there has been an increase in greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, that is blamed on the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil as well as other human activities.

科学家们所关心的是温室效应气体（主要是二氧化碳）一直在增加，这主要是由燃烧煤和石油之类的矿物燃料及其他的人类活动所造成的。

The computer operator blamed his action on an“electric surge”to shut the computer down.

计算机操作员把自己的行动归咎于“供电浪涌”，从而造成关机。

Blaze the trail（for），to　开辟道路；创始

Founded in a garage by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs and guided by Mike Markkula, Apple Computer blazed the trail for the personal computer industry.

由Steve Wozniak和Steve Jobs在车库中建立并由Mike Markkula领导的Apple计算机公司，为个人计算机工业的发展开辟了道路。

Blend with, to　混合；混成一体

An ergonomically designed product implies that the device blends smoothly with a person's body or action.

按照工效学原理设计的产品的含义是设备与人体或动作和谐配合。【说明】该短语与to mix with的含义相同，一般可以互换使用，但二者也有细微的区别：to mix with侧重于混合的东西仍然保留原来的形状和性能，而to blend with则强调所形成的东西的整体一致性。

Boast of[about]，to　夸耀；自夸

AOL boasts of a membership of nearly seven million users.

美国在线（AOL）夸耀说，它的会员有将近7百万用户。

Bog down, to　使……陷入困境；使……停顿

Occasionally problems within the telecommunications lines can cause Internet communications to bog down.

远程通信线路内偶尔发生的问题，能够造成因特网通信停顿。

Boil down to, to　归结起来是；把……压缩为

No matter how many hours you spend slaving over a keyboard, your work does not boil down to much unless you can communicate it to others.

不论你花多少小时盯着键盘辛勤工作，除非能与他人交流劳动成果，否则你的劳动最终不会有多大收获。

These are some of the most common questions that Internet users ask, but it boils down to the same thing：How do you find someone on the Internet？

这些是因特网用户们提出的一些最普遍的问题，但都归结为同样一个问题：如何在因特网上找到某人？

Boot up, to　引导

To boot up your computer is to turn your computer on.

引导计算机，就是打开计算机（电源）。

Even though numerous things can cause Windows 98 not to boot up at all， very few things cause this to happen shortly after setup.

即使有很多因素能够使Windows 98完全不能够引导，但在设置之后不久，没有多少事情会导致此类情况发生。

Born of, to be　出生于……家庭；出自

Many utilities are born of a creative person's need for something that the operating system doesn't provide.

许多实用程序都出自有创造性的人需要某种操作系统并不提供的东西。

Borrow from, to　借入；借自

Many of the well-known user-friendly features of the Macintosh were borrowed from the Xerox computer.

Macintosh计算机的许多众所周知的用户友好特征，都出自Xerox计算机。

Both……and……和……两者均；不论是……还是……；既……，又……

With an appropriate set of instructions, a computer can perform many tasks, both simple and complicated.

有了适当的指令集，计算机就能够完成许多任务，不论是简单的还是复杂的。

The computer virus problem is both old and new.

计算机病毒既是老问题也是新问题。

You should keep in mind that there are both nice and not-so-nice people on the Internet, just as in the real world, and you may want to supervise what kids are seeing online.

应当记住，正如在现实世界中一样，上因特网的人们中既有好人也有不太好的人，因而你可能想监督孩子们在线都在看些什么。

Bounce back（from, off），to　反弹；跳回

E-mail isn’t perfect, and sometimes it will bounce back to you.

电子邮件并不是完善的，有时它会把邮件退给你。

When the beam strikes a smooth spot, the laser light is bounced back.

当激光束碰到一个光滑点时，激光就被反弹回来。

Bound to, to be　必然；一定；与……结合在一起

Hard drives are always much slower than RAM so when this happens, you're bound to notice that everything on your computer gets a lot slower.

硬盘驱动器总是比随机存储器慢得多，因此当这种情况发生时，必然注意到计算机的一切都放慢了许多。

If you scan topics, you're bound to find one that interests you.

如果浏览一下某些主题，必定会找到让你感兴趣的一个。

Computers change rapidly；what is current today is bound to be superseded within months.

计算机变化迅速，今天流行的东西，数月之内必被取代。【说明】该短语之后经常接不定式短语，表示“必定”、“一定”的意思；而表示“与……结合在一起”时，其后接名词。

Bound up with, to be　与……有密切联系

It is clear that America Online software is directly bound up with two pieces of hardware：a modem and a telephone line.

显而易见，美国在线软件与两个硬件有直接联系：调制解调器和电话线。

How quickly you become familiar with E-mail is bound with your know-ledge of the medium and some basic technical decisions you make in choosing and using your E-mail software.

如何快地熟悉电子邮件，与你对这种媒体的了解及你在挑选和使用电子邮件软件方面所做的一些基本的技术决策有密切关系。

Braced for, to be　对……有所准备；对……做好准备

Computer owners were warned to be braced for a virus when their compu-ters are connected to the Internet.

对计算机拥有者提出了警告：当他们的计算机接入因特网时，要对病毒有所准备。

Branch into, to　分岔；分支；分为

The main directory, called the root directory, branches into two or more subdirectories.

主目录，称为“根目录”，分成两个或更多个子目录。

Branch off, to　分支；分成

Branching off this item, you'll find the Control Panel, the Printer folder, and another way to get at the Taskbar settings.

将这个项目分开，你将找到控制面板、打印机文件夹及进行任务条设置的另一种方法。

Branch out, to　分支；分为；长出

Sometimes the cables branch out repeatedly from a root location.

有时，电缆由根部开始逐次分支。【说明】to branch into, to branch off及to branch out的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

Bread and butter　黄油加面包；生计；主要收入来源

The sharing of computer resources—disks, printers, and other devices—is the bread and butter of local area networks.

共享计算机资源——磁盘、打印机及其他设备——是局域网的主要收入来源。

Break apart, to　分解；分开；破坏

Because of this, the computer can break apart programs into instructions, all of which are stored as large blocks on disks and tapes.

由于这一点，计算机能够把程序分成一些指令，所有指令都作为大块存储在磁盘和磁带上。

Break down, to　破坏；分解；发生故障

Computers may break down because of electronic or mechanic failure rather than because you pressed the wrong key at the wrong time.

计算机发生故障可以是由于电子的或机械的失效，而不是因为在错误的时间按错键。

They broke down one of the windows and saved the two operator trapped in the burning computer room.

他们打破其中一扇窗户，抢救出困在着火的计算机房内的两位操作员。

This is a complex system designed to continue operating without loss of or damage to programs when part of the system breaks down or seriously malfunction.

当系统的一部分发生故障或严重误动作时，这种复杂的系统设计成继续工作而不会对程序造成损失或破坏。

Break down into, to　分解为；分裂为；分成

The operating system for IBM personal computers and IBM compatible systems is the Disk Operating System（DOS），which performs a number of jobs that can be broken down into three main functions.

IBM个人计算机和IBM兼容系统采用的操作系统是磁盘操作系统（DOS），用来完成的许多任务可分为三大功能。

These types of printers can be broken down loosely into the following categories：dot-matrix printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and PostScript printers.

这些打印机类型可粗略地分为如下几类：点阵打印机、喷墨打印机、激光打印机及PostScript打印机。

When you send information over the Internet, the information is broken down into packets.

当通过因特网发送信息时，信息被分成一些信息包。

Break free from, to　摆脱；粉碎；不受……约束

Windows 95 is the first system that breaks free from the restrictions imposed by DOS and yet can still run existing DOS and Windows programs.

Windows 95是摆脱了磁盘操作系统施加的限制的第一个系统，然而它仍能运行现有的磁盘操作系统和Windows程序。

Break in, to　闯入；打断；插话

Once on the Web, these companies fear that outside hackers will break in and destroy or steal important company secrets.

一旦上了万维网，这些公司就担心外部黑客会闯入并破坏或偷盗公司重要机密。

Break into, to　分成；分解为；强行进入；闯入；插话

There are ways to secure computers and networks and there are also ways to break into them.

有各种方式为计算机和网络提供安全保护，也就有各种方式闯入它们。

The hacker broke into the telephone company computer and planted a virus that he expected would paralyze all telephone communications in the United States.

这个黑客闯入该电话公司的计算机，并且植入了病毒，以期会使美国所有的电话通信瘫痪。

It's common to break networks into several smaller networks.

将网络分成若干较小的网络是常见的事。

Break through, to　突破；冲破；出现

Compaq's heroic efforts broke through IBM's control of its PC.

Compaq公司的大胆尝试打破了IBM公司对个人计算机的控制。

Computer scientists from the Microsoft Company have broken through in their development of new Windows.

微软公司的计算机科学家们在开发新的Windows方面已经取得突破。

Break up into, to　分解为；分成

An atomic operation cannot be broken up into parts that can be performed by different processors.

原子操作不能够被分成能由不同处理器处理的各部分。

Bridge the gap, to　填补空白；填补鸿沟

The purpose of the transport layer is to bridge the gap between what the network layer offers and what the transport user wants.

运输层的作用是填补网络层所提供的东西与运输用户想要的东西之间的鸿沟。

Super-microcomputers bridge the gap between minicomputers and microcomputers.

超级微型计算机填补了小型计算机与微型计算机之间的空白。

The optical disk bridges the growing gap between high-capacity hard disk drive and low-capacity floppy disk drives.

光盘填补了大容量硬盘驱动器与小容量软驱之间日益增大的空白。【说明】该短语中的动词bridge可用close, fill, stop, supply代替，分别构成相似的动词短语，表达类似的概念。

Bring about, to　引起；产生；导致；带来

When too many packets are present in the subnet, performance degrades and this situation（congestion）can be brought about by several factors.

当太多的信息包出现在子网时，性能便降级，而这种情况（拥塞）可能由几个因素引起。

Although change does bring about new products, service, and jobs, obsolescence is also a rather unfortunate by-product.

虽然变化确实带来新的产品、服务及工作岗位，但设施过时也是一个相当不幸的副产品。

Bring face to face with, to　使……面临着；使……面对

The personal computer has revolutionized the computer industry and brought millions of non-computer people face to face with a computer.

个人计算机已经使计算机工业发生革命性的变革，并且让数百万非计算机专业人们面对计算机。

Bring in, to　引进；带来；获得；提出

Although a virus cannot be written accidentally, a virus may be brought in from the outside either intentionally or unintentionally.

病毒虽然不能偶然写入，但可以从外部有意或无意带来。

Viruses can enter a company because a program is brought in from outside which is infected, even though the person who brings it in does not know it.

病毒能进入一家公司，因为从外部带进来一个受病毒感染的程序，甚至带进有病毒程序的人并不知道。

The input part must also be told to bring in the instructions describing the processing to be done.

还必须告诉输入部分，以便送入描述有待进行的处理的指令。

Bring in[into]contact with, to 使……与……接触；使……与……联系

A sudden shock or blow to the computer while operating can cause a“hard crash”，bringing the head in contact with the disk and again causing damage and/or loss of data.

运行中的计算机受到突然震动或打击，可造成“硬划伤”，从而使磁头接触磁盘，并再次造成损毁和[或]数据丢失。

Bring into, to　带进；引进；把……带来

When bringing the Internet into your business, you should give careful consideration to the people you give access to.

当你的企业上因特网时，对于让谁接入，你应当进行慎重的考虑。

When you want to get a file from the Internet and bring it into your computer, that's called downloading.

当想从因特网获得文件并把文件输入到自己的计算机内时，就称为“下载”。

Bring into being, to　形成；使……出现；使……产生

For better or worse, computers have brought an entirely new vocabulary into being.

不论好坏，计算机已经使一套全新的词汇产生。【说明】该短语与to bring into existence和to come into being

[existence]的含义和用法相同。

Bring suit against, to　对……控告；对……提出诉讼

Lotus has brought suit against numerous other organizations.

Lotus公司已经对其他许多机构提出诉讼。【说明】该短语也可写为to bring a suit against。

Bring to a stop, to　使……停止

The recent computer virus that brought the Internet computer systems to a stop is a further reminder that most computer systems have serious security vulnerabilities.

造成因特网计算机系统停止工作的最新的计算机病毒进一步提醒人们：大多数计算机系统都有严重的安全脆弱点。【说明】该短语与to bring……to a halt和to bring to a standstill的含义和用法相似，经常互换使用。

Bring to life, to　使……苏醒；为……带来生气；为……带来活力

Emoticons, acronyms, and a variety of activities bring life to the Internet on-line community.

情绪符、首字母缩略语及种种活动，为因特网在线社团带来生气。

Every country is brought to life with multimedia features such as sound, animations, satellite timelapse photography, and video chips.

因为声音、动画、卫星缩时摄影技术及视频芯片之类的多媒体特征，每个国家都获得了活力。

Bring to use, to　开始使用；交付使用

With the development of new software, Internet connection will be brought to better use.

随着新的软件开发，因特网连接将获得更好的利用。【说明】该短语与to bring to[into]service, to come to use, to go to use及to put to use的词义和用法相似。

Bring up, to　提出；培养；调上来

Double-clicking on a font file brings up a window showing a type sample.

双击一个字型文件就弹出一个窗口，图示一种类型示例。

Bring……to a halt, to　使……暂停

This is crucial if you want to make sure that no single application can bring the whole computer system to a halt.

如果你想确保没有一个应用程序能够使整个计算机系统暂停，这一点是很关键的。

Bring……to a standstill, to　使……停顿；使……停滞

A worm implanted in the system repeatedly, multiplied itself and brought thousands of computers to a standstill.

蠕虫在系统内反复植入和繁殖，从而使数以千计的计算机陷于停顿。

The virus was programmed to reproduce itself slowly, and developed a capacity for explosive growth that brought thousands of computer systems to a standstill within an hour.

病毒被设计得能够缓慢地再生自身，进而发展到具有爆炸式增长的能力，最终在一小时之内使数千台计算机停止工作。

Bring……to one's attention, to　引起……的注意

Whenever hackers try to enter a system through a watched hole, they are quickly brought to the system administrator's attention.

每当黑客试图通过被监视的空洞进入系统时，他们很快就引起系统管理员的注意。

Bring……to one's knee, to　使……屈服；使……承受不了

Even sites fortunate enough to have virtually unlimited network bandwidth can be brought to their knees by high traffic in multimedia.

即使非常幸运而拥有实际上无限的网络带宽的网站也会被多媒体的繁忙业务压垮。

Bring……under control, to　使……得到控制；控制住

The future will be brought completely under the control of its computer systems.

未来将被完全控制在其计算机系统之下。

The fire was brought under control, and 16 million records in the form of data files had been destroyed.

大火被控制住，而16兆的数据文件形式的记录遭到破坏。【说明】该短语与to get……under control, to have……under control, to keep……under control等的含义和用法相似。

Bring……up to date, to　使……保持最新水平；刷新成果

Program maintenance in the changing of programs should be done in order to bring them up to date with the organization's requirements.

为了使程序根据机构的要求保持最新水平，在更换程序时应当进行程序维护。

Chapter 9 brings you up to date on products that don't require you to have a separate file server.

第9章使你了解最新产品，这些产品不要求有一个独立的文件服务器。

Bristle with, to　充满；密集地覆盖

Windows XP is bristling with toolbars of all shapes and sizes.

Windows XP具有形形色色、大小不同的工具栏。

Broadly speaking　一般地说；粗略地说；泛泛地说

Broadly speaking, there are two types of designs for the communication subnet：point-to-point channels and broadcast channels.

一般地说，通信子网有两种类型的设计：点对点信道和广播信道。

Broadly speaking, the new System 7 features fall into three categories.

一般地说，新的System 7功能部件分为三类。

Broadly speaking, software is a set of computer programs, procedures, rules, and documentation related to the operation of a computer system.

一般说来，软件是一套计算机程序、过程、规则及有关计算机系统操作的文档。

Browse through, to　浏览

You can browse through a new set of information resources available through the Internet.

通过因特网，能够浏览一系列可用的新的信息资源。

Brush up, to　复习；刷新

If you need to brush up on the fundamentals of networks, you should read on.

如果需要复习网络基础，就应当继续读下去。

Build into, to　内建于；构建在……内

Troubleshooting is built into Windows XP so that if you have questions or encounter problems, you can get answers quickly.

故障排查内置于Windows XP，因此如果有问题或遇到问题，就能很快找到答案。

In the first computers, more and more complicated instructions have been built into the computer.

在最初的计算机中，越来越多的复杂指令已构建在计算机内。

In many cases you may not need any additional equipment at all, since a growing number of computer manufacturers have begun to build communications circuitry and even modems into their machines.

在许多情况下，可以不需要任何附加设备，因为越来越多的计算机厂家已经开始将通信电路甚至调制解调器内置于机内。

Build up, to　建立；构建；累积；增进

By 1949 IBM had built up an excellent R＆D capability in compu-ters.

到了1949年，IBM公司在计算机方面已经积累了很好的研发能力。

This problem（static discharge）is usually more noticeable in the winter， because the air is drier and static electricity builds up easily.

这个问题（静电放电）在冬季通常更为明显，因为空气较干燥，静电容易积累。

Bundle with, to　包；扎；捆绑

In fact, up until recently, the one common feature of all personal compu-ters was that they came bundled with some version of the BASIC language.

事实上，直到最近，所有个人计算机的一个共同特征就是，它们都装上了某种版本的BASIC语言。

Bundles of　一捆捆；一堆堆；一包包；一束束；许多

Bundles of software are added to increase the value of a CD-ROM.

添加了许多软件，以提高只读碟的价值。

Internet suites are bundles of Internet software that help you manage Internet connection.

因特网程序组是帮助管理因特网连接的许多因特网软件。

Burn down, to　烧毁；烧掉

Losing your hard drive is a little like burning down the library.

失去硬盘驱动器有点儿像烧掉你的图书馆。

If a fire burns down the building, both the PC and the backup diskettes will be lost.

如果大火烧掉大楼，个人计算机和备份磁盘都会毁掉。

If the building burns down or is robbed, flooded, or whatever, your spare set of backups will still be safe.

如果大楼烧毁、被盗、水淹或者发生别的灾害，一套后援的备份仍将是安全的。

Burn out, to　烧毁；烧掉

A transistor is far more reliable than a vacuum tube, which has a tendency to burn out.

晶体管比真空管可靠得多，因为真空管容易烧毁。

Burrow into, to　钻进；钻入

Computer viruses can burrow into host programs like biological viruses into living cells.

计算机病毒能够钻进主机程序，就像生物病毒能够钻进活细胞一样。

Burst on[upon]，to　突然到来；突然逼近

The Apple computer was the first to burst on the market as a true“personal computer”.

Apple计算机是最先突然出现在市场上的真正的“个人计算机”。

Busy with, to be　忙于；由于……而繁忙

While the server is busy with the current request, all new requests are simply queued until the server is ready.

在服务器忙于处理当前的请求时，所有新提出的请求只好排队等候，直到服务器准备就绪。

For example, voice-recognition systems are extremely useful for handicapped people or in jobs where the user’s hands must be busy with something else.

例如，话音识别系统对残疾人，或者在用户双手必须忙于其他事情的作业中，都特别有用。

But for　假若没有；若非；如果不是由于

But for the timely help of this computer specialist, many of our problems could not be solved.

如果没有这位计算机专家的及时帮助，我们的许多问题是得不到解决的。

But for the help of your computer, we would not have completed the design task in time.

如果没有计算机的帮助，我们就不可能按时完成设计任务。

But for the microcomputer, all this tedious work could not be done rapidly.

如果没有微型计算机，所有这种冗长乏味的工作就不可能迅速完成。【说明】该短语与except for的用法不同。but for通常和虚拟语气连用，表示“若非”、“如果不是由于”；而except for则和直陈语气连用，表示“除了……以外，其余都……”，强调例外的情况。

By a factor of n　增加n倍；降低到……的n分之一

Between 1965 and 1975，the introduction of integrated electronics reduced the cost of computer power by a factor of a hundred.

在1965—1975年之间，集成电子学的出现，使计算机功能的造价降低到原来的百分之一。

As a rule, most users'disk requirements grow by a factor of 3 annually.

通常，大多数用户对磁盘的要求每年增长3倍。【说明】当该短语与grow, increase等表示增长概念的动词连用时，表示纯增加的倍数，而当该短语与reduce, decrease等表示减少的动词连用时，表示减少到原数量的n分之一（即将原数量当做1）。

By accident　偶然；无意中

While FORTRAN had become a standard language largely by accident, COBOL was in effect created as a standard by the action of the U. S.government.

FORTRAN在很大程度上无意中变成一种标准语言，而COBOL实际上是由于美国政府的决定而创建为一种标准语言。

If you select a cursor by accident and want to return to the default setting, click the Use Default button at the bottom of the Pointers page.

如果无意中选择光标却想返回到默认设定，请单击Pointers页底部的Use Default按钮。

By all means　当然可以；没有问题；务必；无论如何

If you have another backup program you prefer, and are more comfortable with, you should by all means use it.

如果有自己偏爱的另一个备份程序并且对它比较满意，那就完全应当使用它。

If you have a PC that has the hardware and software support, by all means you should use smart batteries.

如果你有一台得到硬件和软件支持的个人计算机，就应当使用灵巧电池。【说明】该短语与by all manner of means的含义和用法相同，经常互换使用。

By and large　总的来说；大体上；基本上

By and large, most of these suits and other actions have done little to curb software piracy.

基本上，这些诉讼案中的大多数及采取的其他行动，在控制软件盗版方面收效甚微。

By and large, the Spreadsheet size is dictated by the amount of RAM in your computer, since most programs require that your entire spreadsheet reside in RAM while you work with it.

总的说来，电子表格的大小受计算机的随机存储器容量的制约，因为大多数程序都要求在使用这种表格时整个表格都在随机存储器之内。

Although certain countermeasures are available, by and large the problem of unauthorized copying of software has not been solved.

虽然有一些现成的对付措施，但是总的来说未经授权就复制软件的问题一直没得到解决。

By chance　偶然；无意中

By chance, your hard disk will fail, a power surge will damage some of your data.

硬盘会偶然失效，电源浪涌将损坏一部分数据。

By chance, you erase some of your important data, then you can use this button to restore it.

无意中擦除了自己的一部分重要数据，那么能用这个按钮来复原。【说明】该短语与by accident的含义和用法相似，经常互换使用，但它们也有细微区别：by chance作“偶然”讲，强调难以预测的结果；by accident则侧重“意外事故”不幸发生。

By contrast　恰恰相反；对比之下

Battery-powered laptops, by contrast, come with external power supply units that plug into the wall outlet at one end and into the computer at the other.

相反，电池供电的膝上计算机备有外部电源装置，其一端插入墙壁插座，另一端插入该计算机。

By contrast, IBM no longer can single-handedly set any meaningful standards for the computer industry.

相反，IBM公司再也不能独自为计算机行业制定任何富有意义的标准。

By far　最；非常；大大地；……多得多

By far the most popular browser in use on the web today is Netscape Navigator, from Netscape Communications Corporation.

现今在网络上使用的最为普遍的浏览器是Netscape Navigator，它是由网景通信公司生产的。

The Internet is, by far, one of the greatest and most important achievements in the history of mankind.

因特网是人类历史上最伟大、最重要的成就之一。

By far, electronic mail is used more than any other Internet resources.

电子邮件比其他任何因特网资源使用得都多得多。【说明】该短语一般与最高级的形容词和副词连用，用于强调比较的程度，但有时也和比较级连用。

By itself　独自；单独；本身；自身

As you might imagine, a userid by itself is to look at the sub-domains from right to left.

正如可能想象的，用户标识符本身就是自右至左察看子域。

By itself, a disk is an empty container waiting to be filled.

磁盘本身是一个有待填充的空的容器。

As you can see, E-mail by itself could be billed as a miracle of modern technology.

正如所能够看到的，电子邮件本身可宣告为现代技术的一个奇迹。

By leaps and bounds　飞跃地；急速地；大幅度地

You will find that your work progresses quickly and your computer proficiency grows by leaps and bounds.

你将发现，你的工作进展迅速，对计算机的熟练程度大大提高。

When you end the program, the connection will be broken and telnet will stop by itself.

当终止程序时，连接就被断开，远程登录协议自行停止。

By means of　借助于；利用；通过；凭借

Modems connect computers by means of phone lines, and networks connect them with cables.

调制解调器通过电话线连接计算机，网络则是通过电缆连接计算机。

Time-sharing is a system in which more than one user can access a central computer by means of remote terminals.

分时是一种系统，其中一个以上的用户能够通过远程终端访问中央计算机。

Before processing can occur, the data must be entered into the system by means of an input device, such as a keyboard.

在进行处理之前，数据必须通过键盘之类的输入装置录入系统。【说明】by means of和by的用法大体相同，但by可接名词和动名词短语，而by means of之后只能接名词成分，不可接动名词短语。

By name　按名（称）；凭名字

You can view files by name, by date, or by small or large icon.

你能够按名称、日期或大小图标来查看文件。

If you know the name of the program you're looking for, you can search for it directly by name.

如果知道要寻找的程序的名称，就能直接按名搜索。

In fact, most of us use database everyday, but we just don't call them by that name.

事实上，我们大多数人天天都在用数据库，只是不按名称呼它们而已。

By nature　就本性而言；按性质

The Internet is by its nature a system in which information is“distributed”.

因特网就其本性而言是一种用来“分发”信息的系统。

If you are on a network, you can search for a particular computer by nature.

如果在网上，就能按照性质搜寻一台特殊的计算机。

Web is nonlinear by nature and by design—you can jump from topic to topic, document to document, and site to site all over the world.

万维网就其本质和设计而言是非线性的，你可以在全球范围从一个主题跳到另一个主题，从一个文档跳到另一个文档，从一个网站跳到另一个网站。

By no means　决不；一点儿也不；绝没有

It was by no means clear that compatibility to the extent proposed was technically feasible.

所提出的兼容程度在技术上是否可行，这一点根本不清楚。

Despite IBM's dominance of the mainframe computer industry, it was still possible to compete with the computer giant by producing better pro-ducts, which was by no means impossible.

尽管IBM公司在特大型机工业中占支配地位，但通过生产更好产品与这个计算机巨头竞争仍然是有可能的，这并非是根本不可为的事。

These examples are by no means the only types of computers available.

这些实例绝非可用计算机的仅有类型。

By now　这时；现在

Even if you have never touched a Mac before, you should have mastered some of the fundamental skills by now.

即使以前从来没摸过Mac计算机，现在也应当掌握了一些基本技能。

By now, this should all remind you of the client/server relationship that we discussed in the previous chapter.

现在，这应当完全提醒你注意在前一章中讨论过的客户—服务器的关系。

By now you have learned about the commercial uses of the WWW.

到现在已经了解万维网的商业应用。

By oneself　单独地；独自地

By themselves, chips cannot do much—they have to be connected and fed with electricity.

芯片不能独自做很多事情——必须加以连接和对其供电。

As an operating system is discoverable, you can find many of the features and shortcuts all by yourself.

由于操作系统是可发现的，你自己完全能够发现许多特征和快捷方式。【说明】该短语同by itself。

By orders of magnitude（达）几个数量级

Computers grow more sophisticated, more powerful, and more flexible by orders of magnitude each year.

计算机变得更完善、功能更强及更灵活，每年都提高几个数量级。

By the day　按日计；一天天

The Internet is getting cheaper and cheaper by the day.

因特网费用一天天便宜起来。

By the end of　到……末[底]

By the end of the 1960s, IBM appeared invincible, and it had about three-quarters of the market, for mainframe computers around the world.

到了20世纪60年代末，IBM公司变得似乎所向无敌，它在世界特大型机方面占据了四分之三的市场。

By the end of the 1950s, digital electronic computers had begun doing that kind of work.

到了20世纪50年代末，数字电子计算机已经开始做这种工作。

Windows 2000 is expected to release by the end of 1999.

到1999年年底，Windows 2000可望发布。【说明】该短语与at the end of略有区别：by the end of是指从过去或现在的一个时间向相应的未来计数，而at the end of则往往表示一个固定的时间。

By the same token　同样地；根据同样的理由；同理

By the same token, a program must be accurate for supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers.

同理，对于巨型计算机、特大型机、小型计算机及微型计算机来说，程序必须是精确的。

By the time　当……时；到……时候

By the time you finish this lesson, you will be able to be clear about some key concepts about your PC system unit.

到你学完这一课时，将能够对自己的个人计算机系统单元的一些关键概念有个清楚的了解。

By the time you have finished this course, you will know many of the capabilities of computers and have ideas of what computers might do for you.

当你完成这门课程时，就会知道计算机的许多能力，并对计算机能够为你做些什么有所了解。

By the time you finish reading this chapter, you'll know many jobs and careers have much to do with your familiarity of computers and your ability to use them.

到你读完本章的时候，就知道许多工作和职业同你对计算机的熟悉程度和使用能力有很大关系。

By the time of　在……时候；到……时候

By the time of the Korean War a small number of these computers had been built and placed in operation in military facilities, atomic energy laboratories, aerospace manufacturing process, and research universities.

到朝鲜战争的时候，这些计算机中有少量已经制造出来，并用在军事设施、原子能实验室、宇航制造工艺及大学研究机构之中。【说明】该短语之后接名词，构成时间状语；而by the time之后接时间状语从句，等于由when引导的时间状语从句。

By the use of　利用；使用

Customers feedback can be sought by the use of online, on-screen forms.

顾客反馈信息能通过在线、在屏幕形式寻找。

LANs can be connected to one another by the use of a router or a bridge.

利用路由器或网桥能将局域网连接起来。

By virtue of　因为；由于；凭借

It is by virtue of the fact that your words are in the computer's memory that you can move the words around right on the screen.

正是由于文字是在计算机的存储器中这个事实，所以能够在屏幕上到处移动这些文字。

By virtue of this combination, multimedia networks present the unparalleled capability to search, locate, and retrieve vital information.

由于这种结合，多媒体网络具备搜索、定位及检索重要信息的无可比拟的能力。

By way of　通过；经过；借助

Microsoft has added many new features by way of trouble-shooting and configuration tools.

微软公司的产品通过故障查找和配置工具增加了许多新的特征。

A virus also can arrive by way of a file downloaded from a bulletin board service.

病毒也可能通过从公告板服务下载的文件传播进来。

Some E-mail services also provide their own gateway software that routes messages between LAN-based E-mail systems by way of the E-mail service.

有些电子邮件服务也提供自己的网关软件，这种软件通过电子邮件服务在基于局域网的电子邮件系统之间为消息选择路由。

By……is[are]meant　所谓……是指；……的意思是

By download is meant transmitting data from a central computer to a remote computer or from a file server to a personal computer.

所谓“下载”是指把数据从中央计算机传输到远程计算机，或从文件服务器传输到个人计算机。

By artificial intelligence is meant the ability of the computer to think by itself.

所谓“人工智能”是指计算机进行自我思考的能力。【说明】该短语在科技英语中通常用于表达定义，引起一个倒装句，谓语用被动语态。究竟使用is meant还是are meant，取决于其后所跟的主语的数。

By……we mean　所谓……是指；……的意思是

By information we mean text, numbers, pictures, and even electrical voltage.

所谓“信息”是指文本、数、图片甚至电压。

By this we mean that these new computers or PCs running those new operating systems will be able to run virtually any program that could run on any earlier PCs or PC-compatible computer.

这就意味着运行那些新的操作系统的新的计算机或个人计算机，实际上能够运行在任何早期的个人计算机或个人计算机兼容机上所能运行的任何程序。【说明】by……we mean和by……is meant的含义相同，使用均十分普遍，经常互换使用。C

Call at, to　到访（某处）

Next week some computer scientists from Taiwan will call at our computer factory.

下周，来自台湾的几位计算机科学家将到访我们的计算机工厂。

That computer expert called at our company and discussed with our computer designers the computer crimes and computer viruses and the measures against them.

那位计算机专家到访了我们公司，并同我们的计算机设计人员讨论了计算机犯罪和病毒及防范措施。

Call back, to　回叫；回电话

If you do have to call back, you'll have a solid response to anyone who says that you should have tried to return the program sooner.

如果你一定要回电话，谁跟你说你应当设法尽快交还该程序，你就给谁一个确切的答复。

You should make a note of the phone number of the program publisher, so you can call back directly before you take back the opened software packages.

应当把程序出版商的电话号码记下，以便在退回打开的软件包之前能够直接回电话。

Call for, to　呼叫；约请

You can use a computer name where an address is called for, but a program needs some way to look that name up and convert it into an address.

凡是需要地址的地方，都能使用计算机名，但是程序需要某种方法去查找该计算机名，并把它变换为地址。

Some software service technicians make people who call for help feel stupid；sometimes this is a deliberate tactic, sometimes not.

某些软件服务技术人员弄得需要帮助的人们感到羞于开口，有时这是一种蓄意的手法，有时则不是。

If your screen doesn't light up, your problem may be serious and need to call a technician for help.

如果屏幕不亮，问题就可能严重，需要请技术人员帮助。

Call in[into]，to　调入；召来

Future operating systems will ask you what help you need and call in the appropriate applications to aid you in solving your problem.

未来的操作系统将询问你需要什么帮助，并调入适宜的应用程序来帮助你解决问题。

Online services are networks that you call into with a modem.

在线服务就是用调制解调器接入的网络。

Call on[upon]，to　拜访；调用；号召

If an organization wants to compu-terize an existing manual system or develops a new system, it calls upon the services of the data processing department to define, design, and implement that system.

如果某个机构想要使现有的人工系统计算机化或开发一种新系统，它就约请数据处理部门来界定、设计及实现该系统。

When a message is too long to fit on the screen, mail will call upon a paging program to display the message for you.

当信息太长在屏幕上放不下时，邮件则调用分页程序来显示该信息。

Next week Bill Gates will call on the mayor of that city and discuss how to establish another software company in that city.

下周，比尔·盖茨将拜访那个城市的市长，商讨在那个城市如何成立另一家软件公司。

Call up, to　呼叫；调用

All these applications use networking for economic reasons：calling up a distant computer via a network is cheaper than call it directly.

所有这些应用都出于经济目的而使用网络技术，通过网络访问远程计算机比直接呼叫要便宜。

Anna uses her keyboard to control the documents that appear on her screen and to call up her own files.

安娜使用自己的键盘来控制出现在屏幕上的文档并调用自己的文件。

Lydia can call up the online dictionary if she needs to look up a new word.

如果莉迪娅需要查一个生词，她可以调用在线词典。

Canned solution　千篇一律的解决办法；现成的解决办法

There are canned solutions—like the various Internet kits that provide all the software you need plus instructions on how to set things up.

有一些现成的解决办法——例如，提供所需的全部软件的各种因特网工具箱及有关如何设置的说明书。

Capable of, to be　能够；可以；有能力；干得出

Not all web browsers are capable of executing Java applets.

并非一切网络浏览器都能够执行Java小应用程序。

When manufacturers tried actually making a computer that was capable of conversing with users, they found that the task was much harder than they expected.

当制造商设法实际制造能够与用户会话的计算机时，他们发现这个任务要比所预期的艰难得多。

Capitalize on[upon]，to　利用……牟利

The newest Internet providers have not taken a good look at the market and are just trying to capitalize on naive users.

最新的因特网提供者未曾好好地调查市场情况，只是设法利用那些天真的用户牟利。

The telephone company capitalizes on this by charging you more when you make several short calls instead of one long call.

当打几次短电话而不是一次长电话时，对你的收费更高，电话公司正是利用这一点牟利。

Capture the attention of, to　引起……的注意；吸引……的注意

Recently, new ergonomic keyboards are capturing the attention of users who suffer from sore wrists.

最近，按照工效学要求设计的新键盘，正引起患腕部酸痛症用户的注意。【说明】该短语与to arrest the attention of和to catch the attention of的含义和用法相似。

Care about, to　关心；关怀；担心；忧虑；介意

DOS lets you control the things you do care about, such as which program to run, what report to print, or what files to erase.

DOS可用来控制所关心的事情，如运行哪个程序、打印什么报告，或者擦除什么文件。

E-mail doesn’t care about what kind of computer you are using.

电子邮件并不在乎你在使用什么类型计算机。

Obviously, we then changed Internet providers and found a provider who cared about its users.

显而易见，我们后来更换了因特网提供者，找到了一家对其用户关心的提供者。【说明】该短语的基本意思是to be concerned about, to feel interested in，即对某事感兴趣或表示关注，在肯定句、否定句、疑问句或者条件状语从句中均可使用，但不常用于表示“关怀”或“喜爱”，而to care for则多用于表示“喜爱、关怀”或“照料”。

Care for, to　照顾；照料；喜爱；关怀

Since diskettes store valuable data, they need to be properly cared for.

由于磁盘存储珍贵数据，因而需要对它们妥善保管。

The local government cares much for the development of the local computer industry.

当地政府十分关心本地计算机产业的发展。

Careful with, to be　当心；留意；小心

You should be careful with a floppy diskette, and diskettes should not be exposed to extreme temperatures.

对于软盘应当谨慎小心，软盘不应暴露于过高或过低温度下。

Carry on, to　进行；从事；继续下去

Basically, in addition to the internal communicating your operating system carries on with the hardware, the operating system allows you to perform those kinds of functions.

基本说来，除了由操作系统利用硬件进行的内部通信以外，操作系统还使你能够完成这几种功能。

Carry out, to　贯彻；执行；完成；开展

In other operating systems, the boot files may have different names, but they all carry out the same basic tasks.

在其他操作系统中，引导文件可以有不同的名称，但它们都执行同样的基本任务。

Windows not only allows you to open two（or more）programs at once it also allows you to carry out work in both programs simultaneously.

Windows不但使你能够同时打开两个（或更多个）程序，而且还能够让你同时在两个程序中完成工作。

Although this function is just developing, you can use the Web site to carry out some marketing research functions.

虽然这个功能刚刚开始研制，但你能利用万维网站完成某些市场研究功能。

Carve out, to　开辟；创立；雕刻出；划出

As the technology gets cheaper and more powerful, AT＆T could come in the computer world at any level：micro, mini or mainframe, and carve out a way to success.

随着技术变得更便宜和更强大，美国电话电报公司（AT＆T）可以在任何水平迈入计算机界：微型计算机、小型计算机或特大型机，并开辟出一条成功之路。

Both of the two companies continue to carve out a nice position for their personal computer lines.

这两家公司继续为他们的个人计算机系列开创美好的前程。

Cash in on, to　靠……赚钱；乘机利用

Many people are deciding to cash in on the services of providing Internet access to others.

许多人决定靠给别人提供因特网接入服务来赚钱。

Cast an eye at, to　瞧一瞧；瞥一眼；粗略地看一下

Now that we've covered many of the software issues of Windows 2000，it is time to cast an eye at hardware.

既然我们已经讨论了Windows 2000的许多软件问题，现在就让我们粗略地看一看硬件。【说明】该短语也可写为to cast a glance at, to cast an eye on或to cast an eye over，它们的含义和用法相似，经常互换使用。

Catch a cold, to　感冒；受寒；伤风

As the journalist put it at that time, IBM sneezed and the computer industry caught a cold.

正如新闻记者当时所形容的，IBM公司打个喷嚏，整个计算机工业就着凉受寒。

Catch a virus, to　感染上病毒

Next month, or next year, your computer might catch a virus.

下个月，或明年，你的计算机说不定就会感染上病毒。

Catch on, to　受人欢迎；盛行；领会

After the telegraph, the idea of using electricity for transmitting coded information quickly caught on.

继电报之后，利用电发送编码信息的想法很快盛行起来。

Catch on with, to　继续进行

If the MAC caught on with business, it might have ruled the computing world.

如果MAC公司把业务继续进行下去，它可能已统治了计算世界。

Catch up with, to　追上；赶上

In the near future, we shall catch up with and surpass the most advanced world levels in the computer and network industry.

在不久的将来，我们在计算机和网络工业方面将赶上和超过世界最先进水平。

Categorize as, to　分类；把……划分为……范畴

Network layer service can be categorized as A, B，or C, depending on how reliable it is.

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