作者：米格尔·德·塞万提斯·萨维德拉
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西方经典文学：堂吉诃德(套装共8册)试读：
作者简介
塞万提斯出生于一个贫困之家，祖父是破落贵族，当过律师，父亲是一个潦倒终身的外科医生。他的一生经历，是典型的西班牙人的冒险生涯。23岁时他到了意大利，当了红衣主教胡利奥的家臣。一年后不肯安于现状的性格又驱使他参加了西班牙驻意大利的军队，经过了四年出生入死的军旅生涯后，他带着基督教联军统帅胡安与西西里总督给西班牙国王的推荐信踏上返国的归途。不幸的是途中遭遇了土耳其海盗船，他被掳到阿尔及利亚。由于这两封推荐信的关系，土耳其人把他当成重要人物，准备勒索巨额赎金。做了奴隶的塞万提斯组织了一次又一次的逃跑，却均以失败告终，但他的勇气与胆识却得到俘虏们的信任与爱戴，就连奴役他们的土耳其人也为他不屈不挠的精神所折服。1580年亲友们终于筹资把他赎回，这时他已经34岁了。以一个英雄的身份回国的塞万提斯，并没有得到腓力普国王的重视，终日为生活奔忙。他不止一次被捕下狱，原因是不能缴上该收的税款，也有的却是遭受无妄之灾。就连他那不朽的《堂吉诃德》也有一部分是在监狱里构思和写作的。1616年他在贫病交加中去世。
内容简介
小乡绅吉桑诺，将近五十岁，他脑子里满是种种荒唐无理的事，有一天他突发奇想要去做游侠骑士，把书中见到的都实现。于是给马起了名为罗齐南脱，意为“从前劳役的马”，找出矛和盾，把一个邻村的挤奶姑娘取名为杜尔西内娅，臆想为身为骑士的自己的意中人，便出了村子去行侠仗义，游走天下。后来，他约请一个老实的农民桑丘·潘沙为其侍从，允诺将来叫他做海岛总督。吉桑诺骑着那匹瘦马，桑丘骑着小毛驴，开始了他们的冒险之旅。在两次外出游侠冒险中，闹了无数的笑话——傻把风车当巨人，把旅店当城堡，把苦役犯当作被迫害的骑士，把皮囊当作巨人的头颅等等。他有百折不屈的精神，愈挫愈奋，最后直到人们把他装进笼子里送回家来。之后又外出冒险游侠，他内心善良却做了许多荒诞之事。最后在垂危中理智醒来，发现过去自己的荒唐，死前立下三条遗嘱，一是过去付给桑丘的一笔钱，都不用算了，花剩下的都给他用，因为这个人心地纯良，做事忠实；二是遗产全部归外甥女，但如果嫁人时，那个人要读过骑士文学，就不要嫁给这样的人，遗产全部收回，拨给宗教充做宣传费用；三是向以他为题材的作者致歉，令其写出了这部荒唐的书，自己为此有良心负担。最后，这位骑士便安心地死去了。
评论家们称他的小说《堂吉诃德》是文学史上的第一部现代小说，同时也是世界文学的瑰宝之一。书中堂吉诃德在游侠生活中的遭遇，揭露了社会的黑暗，抨击教会的专横，揭示人民的困苦。他塑造的堂吉诃德和他的仆从桑丘，是西方古典文学中的两个典型形象。
书名《堂吉诃德1》【英文版】《Don Quixote》
Chapter i.Which treats of the character and pursuits of the famous gentleman don quixote of La Mancha.In a village of La Mancha, the name of which i have no desire to call to mind, there lived not long since one of those gentlemen that keep a lance in the lance-rack, an old buckler, a lean hack, and a greyhound for coursing. An olla of rather more beef than mutton, a salad on most nights, scraps on saturdays, lentils on fridays, and a pigeon or so extra on sundays, made away with three-quarters of his income. The rest of it went in a doublet of fine cloth and velvet breeches and shoes to match for holidays, while on week-days he made a brave figure in his best homespun. He had in his house a housekeeper past forty, a niece under twenty, and a lad for the field and market-place, who used to saddle the hack as well as handle the bill-hook. The age of this gentleman of ours was bordering on fifty; he was of a hardy habit, spare, gaunt-featured, a very early riser and a great sportsman. They will have it his surname was quixada or quesada (for here there is some difference of opinion among the authors who write on the subject), although from reasonable conjectures it seems plain that he was called quexana. This, however, is of but little importance to our tale; it will be enough not to stray a hair's breadth from the truth in the telling of it.
You must know, then, that the above-named gentleman whenever he was at leisure (which was mostly all the year round) gave himself up to reading books of chivalry with such ardour and avidity that he almost entirely neglected the pursuit of his field-sports, and even the management of his property; and to such a pitch did his eagerness and infatuation go that he sold many an acre of tillage land to buy books of chivalry to read, and brought home as many of them as he could get. But of all there were none he liked so well as those of the famous feliciano de silva's composition, for their lucidity of style and complicated conceits were as pearls in his sight, particularly when in his reading he came upon courtships and cartels, where he often found passages like "the reason of the unreason with which my reason is afflicted so weakens my reason that with reason i murmur at your beauty;" or again, "the high heavens, that of your divinity divinely fortify you with the stars, render you deserving of the desert your greatness deserves." over conceits of this sort the poor gentleman lost his wits, and used to lie awake striving to understand them and worm the meaning out of them; what aristotle himself could not have made out or extracted had he come to life again for that special purpose. He was not at all easy about the wounds which don belianis gave and took, because it seemed to him that, great as were the surgeons who had cured him, he must have had his face and body covered all over with seams and scars. He commended, however, the author's way of ending his book with the promise of that interminable adventure, and many a time was he tempted to take up his pen and finish it properly as is there proposed, which no doubt he would have done, and made a successful piece of work of it too, had not greater and more absorbing thoughts prevented him.
Many an argument did he have with the curate of his village (a learned man, and a graduate of siguenza) as to which had been the better knight, palmerin of england or amadis of gaul. Master nicholas, the village barber, however, used to say that neither of them came up to the knight of phoebus, and that if there was any that could compare with him it was don galaor, the brother of amadis of gaul, because he had a spirit that was equal to every occasion, and was no finikin knight, nor lachrymose like his brother, while in the matter of valour he was not a whit behind him. In short, he became so absorbed in his books that he spent his nights from sunset to sunrise, and his days from dawn to dark, poring over them; and what with little sleep and much reading his brains got so dry that he lost his wits. His fancy grew full of what he used to read about in his books, enchantments, quarrels, battles, challenges, wounds, wooings, loves, agonies, and all sorts of impossible nonsense; and it so possessed his mind that the whole fabric of invention and fancy he read of was true, that to him no history in the world had more reality in it. He used to say the cid ruy diaz was a very good knight, but that he was not to be compared with the knight of the burning sword who with one back-stroke cut in half two fierce and monstrous giants. He thought more of bernardo del carpio because at roncesvalles he slew roland in spite of enchantments, availing himself of the artifice of hercules when he strangled antaeus the son of terra in his arms. He approved highly of the giant morgante, because, although of the giant breed which is always arrogant and ill-conditioned, he alone was affable and well-bred. But above all he admired reinaldos of montalban, especially when he saw him sallying forth from his castle and robbing everyone he met, and when beyond the seas he stole that image of mahomet which, as his history says, was entirely of gold. To have a bout of kicking at that traitor of a ganelon he would have given his housekeeper, and his niece into the bargain.
In short, his wits being quite gone, he hit upon the strangest notion that ever madman in this world hit upon, and that was that he fancied it was right and requisite, as well for the support of his own honour as for the service of his country, that he should make a knight-errant of himself, roaming the world over in full armour and on horseback in quest of adventures, and putting in practice himself all that he had read of as being the usual practices of knights-errant; righting every kind of wrong, and exposing himself to peril and danger from which, in the issue, he was to reap eternal renown and fame. Already the poor man saw himself crowned by the might of his arm emperor of trebizond at least; and so, led away by the intense enjoyment he found in these pleasant fancies, he set himself forthwith to put his scheme into execution.
The first thing he did was to clean up some armour that had belonged to his great-grandfather, and had been for ages lying forgotten in a corner eaten with rust and covered with mildew. He scoured and polished it as best he could, but he perceived one great defect in it, that it had no closed helmet, nothing but a simple morion. This deficiency, however, his ingenuity supplied, for he contrived a kind of half-helmet of pasteboard which, fitted on to the morion, looked like a whole one. It is true that, in order to see if it was strong and fit to stand a cut, he drew his sword and gave it a couple of slashes, the first of which undid in an instant what had taken him a week to do. The ease with which he had knocked it to pieces disconcerted him somewhat, and to guard against that danger he set to work again, fixing bars of iron on the inside until he was satisfied with its strength; and then, not caring to try any more experiments with it, he passed it and adopted it as a helmet of the most perfect construction.
He next proceeded to inspect his hack, which, with more quartos than a real and more blemishes than the steed of gonela, that "tantum pellis et ossa fuit," surpassed in his eyes the bucephalus of alexander or the babieca of the cid. Four days were spent in thinking what name to give him, because (as he said to himself) it was not right that a horse belonging to a knight so famous, and one with such merits of his own, should be without some distinctive name, and he strove to adapt it so as to indicate what he had been before belonging to a knight-errant, and what he then was; for it was only reasonable that, his master taking a new character, he should take a new name, and that it should be a distinguished and full-sounding one, befitting the new order and calling he was about to follow. And so, after having composed, struck out, rejected, added to, unmade, and remade a multitude of names out of his memory and fancy, he decided upon calling him rocinante, a name, to his thinking, lofty, sonorous, and significant of his condition as a hack before he became what he now was, the first and foremost of all the hacks in the world.
Having got a name for his horse so much to his taste, he was anxious to get one for himself, and he was eight days more pondering over this point, till at last he made up his mind to call himself "don quixote," whence, as has been already said, the authors of this veracious history have inferred that his name must have been beyond a doubt quixada, and not quesada as others would have it. Recollecting, however, that the valiant amadis was not content to call himself curtly amadis and nothing more, but added the name of his kingdom and country to make it famous, and called himself amadis of gaul, he, like a good knight, resolved to add on the name of his, and to style himself don quixote of la mancha, whereby, he considered, he described accurately his origin and country, and did honour to it in taking his surname from it.
So then, his armour being furbished, his morion turned into a helmet, his hack christened, and he himself confirmed, he came to the conclusion that nothing more was needed now but to look out for a lady to be in love with; for a knight-errant without love was like a tree without leaves or fruit, or a body without a soul. As he said to himself, "if, for my sins, or by my good fortune, i come across some giant hereabouts, a common occurrence with knights-errant, and overthrow him in one onslaught, or cleave him asunder to the waist, or, in short, vanquish and subdue him, will it not be well to have some one i may send him to as a present, that he may come in and fall on his knees before my sweet lady, and in a humble, submissive voice say, 'i am the giant caraculiambro, lord of the island of malindrania, vanquished in single combat by the never sufficiently extolled knight don quixote of la mancha, who has commanded me to present myself before your grace, that your highness dispose of me at your pleasure'?" oh, how our good gentleman enjoyed the delivery of this speech, especially when he had thought of some one to call his lady! There was, so the story goes, in a village near his own a very good-looking farm-girl with whom he had been at one time in love, though, so far as is known, she never knew it nor gave a thought to the matter. Her name was aldonza lorenzo, and upon her he thought fit to confer the title of lady of his thoughts; and after some search for a name which should not be out of harmony with her own, and should suggest and indicate that of a princess and great lady, he decided upon calling her dulcinea del toboso—she being of el toboso—a name, to his mind, musical, uncommon, and significant, like all those he had already bestowed upon himself and the things belonging to him.Chapter ii.Which treats of the first sally the ingenious don quixote made from home
These preliminaries settled, he did not care to put off any longer the execution of his design, urged on to it by the thought of all the world was losing by his delay, seeing what wrongs he intended to right, grievances to redress, injustices to repair, abuses to remove, and duties to discharge. So, without giving notice of his intention to anyone, and without anybody seeing him, one morning before the dawning of the day (which was one of the hottest of the month of july) he donned his suit of armour, mounted rocinante with his patched-up helmet on, braced his buckler, took his lance, and by the back door of the yard sallied forth upon the plain in the highest contentment and satisfaction at seeing with what ease he had made a beginning with his grand purpose. But scarcely did he find himself upon the open plain, when a terrible thought struck him, one all but enough to make him abandon the enterprise at the very outset. It occurred to him that he had not been dubbed a knight, and that according to the law of chivalry he neither could nor ought to bear arms against any knight; and that even if he had been, still he ought, as a novice knight, to wear white armour, without a device upon the shield until by his prowess he had earned one. These reflections made him waver in his purpose, but his craze being stronger than any reasoning, he made up his mind to have himself dubbed a knight by the first one he came across, following the example of others in the same case, as he had read in the books that brought him to this pass. As for white armour, he resolved, on the first opportunity, to scour his until it was whiter than an ermine; and so comforting himself he pursued his way, taking that which his horse chose, for in this he believed lay the essence of adventures.
Thus setting out, our new-fledged adventurer paced along, talking to himself and saying, "who knows but that in time to come, when the veracious history of my famous deeds is made known, the sage who writes it, when he has to set forth my first sally in the early morning, will do it after this fashion? 'Scarce had the rubicund apollo spread o'er the face of the broad spacious earth the golden threads of his bright hair, scarce had the little birds of painted plumage attuned their notes to hail with dulcet and mellifluous harmony the coming of the rosy dawn, that, deserting the soft couch of her jealous spouse, was appearing to mortals at the gates and balconies of the manchegan horizon, when the renowned knight don quixote of la mancha, quitting the lazy down, mounted his celebrated steed rocinante and began to traverse the ancient and famous campo de montiel;'" which in fact he was actually traversing. "happy the age, happy the time," he continued, "in which shall be made known my deeds of fame, worthy to be moulded in brass, carved in marble, limned in pictures, for a memorial for ever. And thou, o sage magician, whoever thou art, to whom it shall fall to be the chronicler of this wondrous history, forget not, i entreat thee, my good rocinante, the constant companion of my ways and wanderings." presently he broke out again, as if he were love-stricken in earnest, "o princess dulcinea, lady of this captive heart, a grievous wrong hast thou done me to drive me forth with scorn, and with inexorable obduracy banish me from the presence of thy beauty. O lady, deign to hold in remembrance this heart, thy vassal, that thus in anguish pines for love of thee."
So he went on stringing together these and other absurdities, all in the style of those his books had taught him, imitating their language as well as he could; and all the while he rode so slowly and the sun mounted so rapidly and with such fervour that it was enough to melt his brains if he had any. Nearly all day he travelled without anything remarkable happening to him, at which he was in despair, for he was anxious to encounter some one at once upon whom to try the might of his strong arm.
Writers there are who say the first adventure he met with was that of puerto lapice; others say it was that of the windmills; but what i have ascertained on this point, and what i have found written in the annals of la mancha, is that he was on the road all day, and towards nightfall his hack and he found themselves dead tired and hungry, when, looking all around to see if he could discover any castle or shepherd's shanty where he might refresh himself and relieve his sore wants, he perceived not far out of his road an inn, which was as welcome as a star guiding him to the portals, if not the palaces, of his redemption; and quickening his pace he reached it just as night was setting in. At the door were standing two young women, girls of the district as they call them, on their way to seville with some carriers who had chanced to halt that night at the inn; and as, happen what might to our adventurer, everything he saw or imaged seemed to him to be and to happen after the fashion of what he read of, the moment he saw the inn he pictured it to himself as a castle with its four turrets and pinnacles of shining silver, not forgetting the drawbridge and moat and all the belongings usually ascribed to castles of the sort. To this inn, which to him seemed a castle, he advanced, and at a short distance from it he checked rocinante, hoping that some dwarf would show himself upon the battlements, and by sound of trumpet give notice that a knight was approaching the castle. But seeing that they were slow about it, and that rocinante was in a hurry to reach the stable, he made for the inn door, and perceived the two gay damsels who were standing there, and who seemed to him to be two fair maidens or lovely ladies taking their ease at the castle gate.
At this moment it so happened that a swineherd who was going through the stubbles collecting a drove of pigs (for, without any apology, that is what they are called) gave a blast of his horn to bring them together, and forthwith it seemed to don quixote to be what he was expecting, the signal of some dwarf announcing his arrival; and so with prodigious satisfaction he rode up to the inn and to the ladies, who, seeing a man of this sort approaching in full armour and with lance and buckler, were turning in dismay into the inn, when don quixote, guessing their fear by their flight, raising his pasteboard visor, disclosed his dry dusty visage, and with courteous bearing and gentle voice addressed them, "your ladyships need not fly or fear any rudeness, for that it belongs not to the order of knighthood which i profess to offer to anyone, much less to highborn maidens as your appearance proclaims you to be." the girls were looking at him and straining their eyes to make out the features which the clumsy visor obscured, but when they heard themselves called maidens, a thing so much out of their line, they could not restrain their laughter, which made don quixote wax indignant, and say, "modesty becomes the fair, and moreover laughter that has little cause is great silliness; this, however, i say not to pain or anger you, for my desire is none other than to serve you."
The incomprehensible language and the unpromising looks of our cavalier only increased the ladies' laughter, and that increased his irritation, and matters might have gone farther if at that moment the landlord had not come out, who, being a very fat man, was a very peaceful one. He, seeing this grotesque figure clad in armour that did not match any more than his saddle, bridle, lance, buckler, or corselet, was not at all indisposed to join the damsels in their manifestations of amusement; but, in truth, standing in awe of such a complicated armament, he thought it best to speak him fairly, so he said, "senor caballero, if your worship wants lodging, bating the bed (for there is not one in the inn) there is plenty of everything else here." don quixote, observing the respectful bearing of the alcaide of the fortress (for so innkeeper and inn seemed in his eyes), made answer, "sir castellan, for me anything will suffice, for
'My armour is my only wear,
My only rest the fray.'"
The host fancied he called him castellan because he took him for a "worthy of castile," though he was in fact an andalusian, and one from the strand of san lucar, as crafty a thief as cacus and as full of tricks as a student or a page. "in that case," said he,
"'your bed is on the flinty rock,
Your sleep to watch alway;'
And if so, you may dismount and safely reckon upon any quantity of sleeplessness under this roof for a twelvemonth, not to say for a
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