作者：(春秋)孔丘
出版社：云南人民出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
辜鸿铭英译《论语》试读：
学而第一
一子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知，而不愠，不亦君子乎？”【白话译文】孔子说：“对学得的知识按时去温习它，不也很高兴么？有志同道合的人从很远的地方来，不也很快乐么？别人不了解自己而不怨恨，不也是有修养的君子么？”二
有子曰：“其为人也孝弟，而好犯上者，鲜矣；不好犯上，而好作乱者，未之有也。君子务本，本立而道生。孝弟也者，其为仁之本与！”【白话译文】有子说：“为人孝顺父母，尊敬兄长，却喜欢触犯上司，这种人少有啊；不喜欢触犯上司，却喜欢造反作乱，这种人是没有的。君子致力于根本的工作，根本树立了，治国做人的原则就会形成。孝顺父母和尊敬兄长，大概就是仁爱的根本之所在吧！”三
子曰：“巧言令色，鲜矣仁！”【白话译文】孔子说：“花言巧语，伪装和善，这种人很少有仁德。”四
曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？”【白话译文】曾子说：“我每天都会对自己进行多次反省：替别人办事尽心竭力了吗？同朋友交往以诚相待了吗？老师传授的学业用心温习了吗？”五
子曰：“道千乘之国，敬事而信，节用而爱人，使民以时。”【白话译文】孔子说：“管理一个实力雄厚的诸侯国家，必须在国家大事上严肃、慎重，要讲信用，节约财物，爱护官吏，叫老百姓服劳役时一定要顾及农业生产，在农闲时进行。”六
子曰：“弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。”【白话译文】孔子说：“为人弟为人子者，在家要孝顺父母，出门要尊敬兄长，行事要谨慎，说话要讲信用，友爱大众，亲近有仁德的人。这样做了还有余力，就再用来学习各种文化知识。”七
子夏曰：“贤贤易色；事父母，能竭其力；事君，能致其身；与朋友交，言而有信。虽曰未学，吾必谓之学矣。”【白话译文】子夏说：“尊重贤人，不重女色；侍奉父母，能够竭尽自己的力量；侍奉君主，能够不惜自己的生命；与朋友交往时，说话诚实讲信用。这样的人就算没有系统地学习过，我也一定要说他是学有所成的人。”八
子曰：“君子不重则不威，学则不固。主忠信，无友不如己者。过则勿惮改。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子一定要庄重，假如不庄重就没有威严，学习也不能巩固。要将忠诚和信用作为自己的主要品德，不要结交不如自己的人。有了过错，不要怕改正。”九
曾子曰：“慎终追远，民德归厚矣。”【白话译文】曾子说：“要谨慎地办好父母的丧事，虔诚地追祭祖先，这样做百姓的道德就会归于忠厚朴实。”一〇
子禽问于子贡曰：“夫子至于是邦也，必闻其政，求之与？抑与之与？”子贡曰：“夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子之求之也，其诸异乎人之求之与！”【白话译文】子禽问子贡说：“我们的老师到了一个国家，一定要听一听该国的政事，是他自己求得的呢？还是人家主动告诉他的呢？”子贡说：“老师是以他温和、善良、恭敬、节俭、谦让的美德得来的。他老人家这种求得的方法大概与别人求得的方法不同吧！”一一
子曰：“父在观其志，父没观其行。三年无改于父之道，可谓孝矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“父亲在世时看他的志向，父亲逝世后看他的行为，如果在三年之内不改变父亲留下的正确原则，就可以说他是孝子了。”一二
有子曰：“礼之用，和为贵。先王之道，斯为美，小大由之。有所不行，知和而和，不以礼节之，亦不可行也。”【白话译文】有子说：“礼的应用，以做事和谐有序为可贵。古代贤王治理国家的方法，可贵之处就在于此。小事大事，都依着这个原则。如果有的地方行不通，只知道为和谐而和谐，不用礼来调节和约束，那也是不可以的。”一三
有子曰：“信近于义，言可复也；恭近于礼，远耻辱也。因不失其亲，亦可宗也。”【白话译文】有子说：“与人有信约，符合了义，说的话才有可能实现；对别人尊重恭敬，符合了礼，才有可能免受侮辱。依靠可亲的人，才有可能靠得住。”一四
子曰：“君子食无求饱，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就有道而正焉，可谓好学也已。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子吃饭不贪求饱足，居住不讲究舒适，办事聪明敏捷，说话谨慎小心，能时常向有道德的人看齐并改正自己的缺点，这样做就可以称得上是好学上进了。”一五
子贡曰：“贫而无谄，富而无骄，何如？”子曰：“可也。未若贫而乐，富而好礼者也；”
子贡曰：“《诗》云：‘如切如磋，如琢如磨。’其斯之谓与？”子曰：“赐也，始可与言《诗》已矣，告诸往而知来者。”【白话译文】子贡说：“虽然贫穷，却不去巴结奉承；虽然富有，却不傲慢自大，这样做怎么样？”孔子说：“这样算不错了，但是比不上贫穷却自得其乐，富有却又崇尚礼节的人。”子贡说：“《诗经》上说：‘君子的自我修养就像加工骨器，切了还要磋；像加工玉石，琢了还得磨。’大概讲的是这个意思吧？”孔子说：“赐呀，现在可以同你谈《诗经》了。因为告诉你一件事，你就有所领悟而知道未告诉你的事。”一六
子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“不要担忧别人不了解自己，应该忧虑自己不了解别人。”
CHAPTER Ⅰ
一Confucius remarked，“It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and，as you go on acquiring，to put into practice what you have acquired.A greater pleasure still it is when friends of congenial minds come from afar to see you because of your attainments.But he is truly a wise and good man who feels no discomposure even when he is not noticed of men.”二
A disciple of Confucius remarked，“A man who is a good son and a good citizen will seldom be found to be a man dis-posed to quarrel with those in authority over him；and men who are not disposed to quarrel with those in authority will never be found to disturb the peace and order of the State.
“A wise man devotes his attention to what is essential in the foundation of life.When the foundation is laid，wisdom will come.Now，to be a good son and a good citizen——do not these form the foundation of a moral life？”三
Confucius remarked，“With plausible speech and fine manners will seldom be found moral character.”四
A disciple of Confucius remarked，“I daily examine into my personal conduct on three points：——First，whether in carrying out the duties entrusted to me by others，i have not failed in conscientiousness；Secondly，whether in intercourse with friends，I have not failed in sincerity and trustworthi-ness；Thirdly，whether I have not failed to practice what I pro-fess in my teaching.”五
Confucius remarked，“When directing the affairs of a great nation，a man must be serious in attention to business and faith-ful and punctual in his engagements.He must study economy in the public expenditure，and love the welfare of the people.He must employ the people at the proper time of the year.”六
Confucius remarked，“A young man，when at home，should be a good son；when out in the world，a good citizen.He should be circumspect and truthful.He should be in sympathy with all men，but intimate with men of moral character.If he has time and opportunity to spare，after the performance of those duties，be should then employ them in literary pursuits.”七
A disciple of Confucius remarked，“A man who can love worthiness in man as he loves beauty in woman；who in his duties to his parents is ready to do his utmost，and in the service of his prince is ready to give up his life；who in intercourse with friends is found trustworthy in what hesays，——such a man，although men may say of him that he is an uneducated man，I must consider him to be really an edu-cated man.”八
Confucius remarked，“A wise man who is not seri-ous will not inspire respect；what he learns will not remain permanent.”
“Make conscientiousness and sincerity your first principles.”
“Have no firends who are not as yourself．When you have bad habits do not hesitate to change them.”九
A disciple of Confucius remarked，“By cultivating respect for the dead，and carrying the memory back to the distant past，the moral feeling of the people will waken and grow in depth.”一〇
A man once asked a disciple of Confucius，saying，“How was it that whenever the Master came into a country be was always informed of the actual state and policy of its government？Did he seek for the information or was it given to him？”
“The Master，”replied the disciple，“was gracious，simple，earnest，modest and courteous；therefore he could obtain what information he wanted .The master’s way of obtaining infor-mation——well，it was different from other people’s ways.”一一
Confucius remarked，“When a man’s father is living the son should have regard to what his father would have him do，when the father is dead，to what his father has done．A son who for three years after his father’s death does not in his own life change his father’s principles，may be said to be a good son.”一二
A disciplc of Confucius remarked，“In the practice of art，what is valuable is natural spontaneity.According to the rules of art held by the ancient kings it was this quality in a work of art which constituted its excellence；in great as well as in small things they were guided by this principl.But in being natural there is something not permitted.To know that it is necessary to be natural without restraning the impulse to be natural by the strict principle of art，——that is something not permitted.”一三
A disciple of Confucius remarked，“If you make promises within the bounds of what is right，you will be able to keep your word.If you confine earnestness within the bounds of judgment and good taste，you will keep out of discomfiture and insult.If you make friends of those with whom you ought to，you will be able to depend upon them.”一四
Confucius remarked，“A wise and good man，in matters of food，should never seek to indulge his appetite；in lodging，be should not be too solicitous of comfort.He should be diligent in business and careful in speech.He should seek for the com-pany of men of virtue and learning，in order to profit by their lessons and example.In this way he may become a man of real culture.”一五
A disciple of Confucius said to him，“To be poor and yet not to be servile；to be rich and yet not to be proud，what do you say to that？”
“It is good.”replied Confucius，“but better still it is to be poor and yet contented；to be courteous.”
“I understand，”answered the disciple：
“We must cut，we must file”
“Must chisel and must grind.”
“That is what you mean，is it not？”
“My friend，”replied Confucius，“now I can begin to speak of poetry to you.I see you understand how to apply the moral.”一六
Confucius remarked，“One should not be concerned not to be understood of men；one should be concerned not to understand men.”
为政第二
一子曰：“为政以德，譬如北辰，居其所而众星共之。”【白话译文】孔子说：“用道德教化治理国家，执政者就会如北极星那样，泰然处在自己的位置上，其他众多的星辰都环绕着它。”二
子曰：“《诗》三百，一言以蔽之，曰：‘思无邪’。”【白话译文】孔子说：“《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括，可以说是：‘思想纯正，没有邪恶的东西。’”三
子曰：“道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻；道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格。”【白话译文】孔子说：“用法令制度来管理百姓，用刑罚来约束他们，百姓只会知道避免犯罪，但不懂犯罪是可耻的；用道德去教化百姓，用礼仪来制约他们，百姓就会有羞耻之心，并且能主动匡正自己的过错。”四
子曰：“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”【白话译文】孔子说：“我十五岁时，有志于做学问；三十岁时，已学有所成了；四十岁时，已经明白各种事情而不会觉得疑惑；五十岁时知道天命是什么；六十岁听到的都能辨别清楚，明白贯通；到七十岁，我就能随心所欲做事，但也不会超出规矩与法度。”五
孟懿子问孝。子曰：“无违。”樊迟御，子告之曰：“孟孙问孝于我，我对曰：‘无违’。”樊迟曰：“何谓也？”子曰：“生，事之以礼；死，葬之以礼，祭之以礼。”【白话译文】孟懿子问怎样做是孝，孔子说：“不违背礼仪。”樊迟为孔子赶马车，孔子对他说：“孟孙氏问我怎样做是孝，我回答他：‘不违背礼仪。’”樊迟说：“是什么意思呢？”孔子说：“父母在世时，按周礼侍奉他们；去世了，要按礼仪为他们办丧事，按礼仪祭祀他们。”六
孟武伯问孝。子曰：“父母唯其疾之忧。”【白话译文】孟武伯向孔子请教孝道。孔子说：“做父母的，只为子女的疾病担忧发愁。”七
子游问孝。子曰：“今之孝者，是谓能养。至于犬马，皆能有养；不敬，何以别乎？”【白话译文】子游向孔子请教什么是孝。孔子说：“现在所谓的孝顺，是能够奉养父母就行了。就连狗马之类都能够得到人的饲养；如果对父母不诚心孝敬的话，那养活父母与饲养狗马有什么区别呢？”八
子夏问孝。子曰：“色难。有事，弟子服其劳；有酒食，先生馔，曾是以为孝乎？”【白话译文】子夏向孔子请教什么是孝。孔子说：“儿子在侍奉父母时总是保持和颜悦色，是一件难事。有事情，晚辈去操劳；有酒菜，让长辈享受，难道这就能认为是孝了吗？”九
子曰：“吾与回言终日，不违，如愚。退而省其私，亦足以发。回也不愚！”【白话译文】孔子说：“我和颜回谈论学问一整天，他没有任何反对意见和疑问，如同一个呆子。等他回去后和别人交谈，对我讲的道理，也能有所发挥。颜回并不愚笨啊！”一〇
子曰：“视其所以，观其所由，察其所安。人焉哉？人焉哉？”【白话译文】孔子说：“了解人，要看他的言行动机，观察他所采取的方法，考察他安心于做什么。这样的话，人怎么能隐藏得了呢？人怎么能隐藏得了呢？”一一
子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“温习已学过的知识，能获得新的知识，能有新的发现，这样的人就可以为人师表了。”一二
子曰：“君子不器。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子不能像器皿一样，只有一种特定的用途，应是博学多能的。”一三
子贡问君子。子曰：“先行其言，而后从之。”【白话译文】子贡问孔子如何成为一位君子。孔子说：“君子是先把自己要说的话实行了，然后再说出来。”一四
子曰：“君子周而不比，小人比而不周。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子是用道义团结人，而不是结党营私；小人是相互勾结，而不是团结。”一五
子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”【白话译文】孔子说：“只读书而不思考，就容易迷惑；只思考而不读书，问题仍然疑惑不解。”一六
子曰：“攻乎异端，斯害也已。”【白话译文】孔子说：“专心于不正确的学说，这就有危害了。”一七
子曰：“由！诲女知之乎！知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“仲由！我教你如何对待智与不智吧！懂得了就是懂得了，没有懂就是没有懂，这才是聪慧明智呀。”一八
子张学干禄。子曰：“多闻阙疑，慎言其余，则寡尤；多见阙殆，慎行其余，则寡悔。言寡尤，行寡悔，禄在其中矣。”【白话译文】子张学习如何谋求做官。孔子说：“要多听，保留觉得可怀疑的地方，谨慎地说出其余的，这样就能少犯错误；要多看，避开觉得有危险的事情，谨慎地去做其余的，这样就能减少后悔。说话少出错，做事少后悔，谋求官职的机会就在其中了。”一九
哀公问曰：“何为则民服？”孔子对曰：“举直错诸枉，则民服；举枉错诸直，则民不服。”【白话译文】鲁哀公问道：“要做些什么事才能使百姓服从呢？”孔子答道：“把正直的人提拔出来，放在邪曲的人之上，百姓就服从了；若是把邪曲的人提拔出来，放在正直的人之上，百姓就不服从了。”二〇
季康子问：“使民敬、忠以劝，如之何？”
子曰：“临之以庄，则敬；孝慈，则忠；举善而教不能，则劝。”【白话译文】季康子问道：“怎样做才能使老百姓敬重、尽忠而又相互勉励呢？”孔子说：“用庄重严肃的态度来对待他们，他们就会敬重你；你能孝顺父母，慈爱子女，他们就会尽忠于你；你选拔善良的人，而又能教育能力差的人，老百姓就会相互勉励不断向上了。”二一
或谓孔子曰：“子奚不为政？”子曰：“《书》云：‘孝乎惟孝，友于兄弟，施于有政。’是亦为政，奚其为为政？”【白话译文】有人对孔子说：“你为什么不当官参与政治呢？”孔子说：“《尚书》说：‘孝呀，就是孝顺父母，友爱兄弟。把孝悌的精神推广到政治上去。’这也是参与政治，为什么一定要当官才算参与政治呢？”二二
子曰：“人而无信，不知其可也。大车无，小车无，其何以行之哉？”【白话译文】孔子说：“一个人若是不讲信用，真不知道他怎么立身处世。这就像牛车没有套横木的，马车没有套横木的，那车怎么行走呢？”二三
子张问：“十世可知也？”子曰：“殷因于夏礼，所损益，可知也；周因于殷礼，所损益，可知也。其或继周者，虽百世可知也。”【白话译文】子张问：“往后十个朝代的事，可以知道吗？”孔子说：“商朝继承了夏朝的礼制，所减少的和增加的，是可以知道的；周朝又继承了商朝的礼制，所减少的和增加的，可以知道；将来如有继承周朝的礼法制度，即使传下一百代之久，也是可以知道的。”二四
子曰：“非其鬼而祭之，谄也。见义不为，无勇也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“不是自己应该祭祀的祖先却去祭祀，这就是谄媚；眼看应挺身而出的事情却不去做，这就是没有勇气。”
CHAPTER Ⅱ
一Confucius remarked，“He who rules the people，depending upon the moral sentiment，is like the Pole-star，which keeps its place while all the other stars revolve round it.”二
Confucius remrked，“The Book of Ballads，Songs and Psalmscontains three hundred pieces．The moral of them all may be summed up in one sentence；‘Have no evil thoughts’”三
Confucius remarked，“If in government you depend upon laws，and maintain order by enforcing those laws by punish-ments，you can also make the people keep away from wrong-doing，but they will lose the sense of shame for wrong-doing．If，on the other hand，in goverment you depend upon the moral Sentiment，and maintain order by encouraging education and good manners，the people will have a sense of shame for wrong——doing and，moreover，will emulate what is good.”四
Confucius remarked，“At fifteen I had made up my mind to give myself up to serious studies.At thirty I had formed my opinions and judgment．At forty l had no more doubts.At fifty I understood the truth in religion．At sixty I could understand whatever I heard without exertion.At seventy I could follow whatever my heart desired without transgressing the law.”五
A noble of the Court in Confucius’native State asked him what constituted the duty of a good son.Confucius answered，“Do not fail in what is required of you.”
Afterwards，as a disciple was driving him in his carriage．Confucius told the disciple，saying，“My Lord M——asked me what constituted the duty of a good son，and I answered，‘Do not fail in what is required of you.’”
“What did you mean by that？”asked the disciple.
“I meant，”replied Confucius，“when his parents are living，a good son should do his duties to them according to the usage prescribed by propriety；when they are dead，be should bury them and honour their memory according to the rites prescribed by propriety.”六
A son of the noble mentioned above put the same ques-tion to Confucius as his father did．Confucius answered，“Think how anxious your parents are when you are sick.And you will know your duty towards them.”七
A disciple of Confucius asked him the same questionas the above．Confucius answered，“The duty of a good son nowadays means only to be able to support his parents.But you also keep your dogs and horses alive.If there is no feeling of love and respect，where is the difference？”八
Another disciple asked the same question．Confucius an swered，“The difficulty is with the expression of your look．That merely when anything is to be done the young people do it，and when there is food and wine the old folk are allowed to enjoy it，do you think that is the whole duty of a good son？”九
Confucius，speaking of a favourite disciple whose name was Yen Hui，remarked，“I have talked with him for one whole day，during which he has never once raised one single objec-tion to what I have said，as if he were dull of understanding．But when he has retired，on examining into his life and con-versation I find he has been able to profit by what I have said to him.No——he is not a man dull of understanding.”一〇
Confucius remarked，“You look at how a man acts；con-sider his motives；find out his tastes.How can a man hide himself；how can he hide himself from you？”一一
Confucius remarked，“If a man will constantly go over what he has acquired and keep continually adding to it new acquirements，he may become a teacher of men.”一二
Confucius remarked，“A wise man will not make himself into a mere machine fit only to do one kind of work.”一三
A disciple enquired what constituted a wise and good man.Confucius answered.A wise and good man is one who acts before he speaks，and afterwards speaks according to his actions.一四
Confucius remarked，“A wise man is impartial，not neu-tral.A fool is neutral but not impartial.”一五
Confucius remarked，“Study without thinking is labour lost.Thinking without study is perilous.”一六
Confucius remarked，“To give oneself up to the study of metaphysical theories——that is very injurious indeed.”一七
Confucius said to a disciple，“Shall I teach you what is understanding？To know what it is that you know，and to know what it is that you do not know，——that is understanding.”一八
A disciple was studying with a view to preferment．Con-fucius said to him，Read and learn everything，but suspend your judgment on anything of which you are in doubt；for the rest，be careful in what you say：in that way you will give few occasions for men to criticise what you say．Mix with the world and see everything，but keep away and do not med-dle with anything which may bring you into trouble；for the rest，be careful in what you do：in that way you will have few occasions for self-reproach.
“Now if in your conversation you give few occasions for men to criticise you，and in your conduct you have few occasions for self——reproach，you cannot help getting preferment，even if you would.”一九
The reigning prince of his native State asked Confucius what should he done to secure the submission of the people．Confucius answered，“Uphold the cause of the just and put down every cause that is unjust，and the people will submit．But uphold the cause of the unjust and put down every cause that is just，then the people will not submit.”二〇
A noble who was the minister in power in the gov-ernment in Confucius’native State asked him what should be done to inspire a feeling of respect and loyalty in the people，in order to make them exert themselves for the good of the country．Confucius answered，“Treat them with seri-ousness and they will respect you.Let them see that you hon-our your parents and your prince，and are considerate for the welfare of those under you，and the people will be loyal to you.Advance those who excel in anything and educate the ignorant，and the people will exert themselves.”二一
Somebody asked Confucius，saying，“Why are you not taking part in the government of the country？”
Confucius answered：“What does the‘Book of records’say of the duties of a good son？”
“‘Be dutiful to your parents；be brotherly to your broth-ers；discharge your duties in the government of your family.’ hese，then，are also duties of government why then must one take part in the government of the country in order to discharge the duties of government？”二二
Confucius remarked，“I do not know how men get along without good faith.A cart without a yoke and a carriage with-out harness，——how could they go？”二三
A disciple asked Confucius whether ten generations after their time the state of the civilization of the worldcould be known.
Confucius answered.“The House of Yin adopted the civil station of the Hsia dynasty；what modifications they made is known．The present Chou dynasty adopted the civilisation of the House of Yin；what modifications this last dynasty made are also known.Perhaps some other may hereafter take the place of the present Chou dynasty；but should that happen a hundred generations after this，the state of the civilisation of the worldthen，can be known.”二四
Confucius remarked，“To worship a spirit to whom one is not bound by a real feeling of duty or respect is idolatry；to see what is right and to act against one’s judgment shows a want of courage.”
八佾第三
一孔子谓季氏：“八佾舞于庭，是可忍也，孰不可忍也？”【白话译文】孔子谈论到季孙氏时说：“他在自己的庭院中奏乐舞蹈使用了周天子才能用的八佾，这种事他都能忍心做出来，还有什么事他不能忍心去做呢？”二
三家者以《雍》彻。子曰：“‘相维辟公，天子穆穆’，奚取于三家之堂？”【白话译文】孟孙、叔孙、季孙三家大夫，在祭祀祖先的祭礼完毕时，用天子的礼节唱着《雍》诗撤去祭品。孔子说：“‘劝祭的是四方的诸侯，主祭的是庄严肃穆的天子’，这诗句怎么可以在三家祭祖的庙堂上唱呢？”三
子曰：“人而不仁，如礼何？人而不仁，如乐何？”【白话译文】孔子说：“作为人，却没有仁德，那会怎么对待礼仪制度呢？作为人，却没有仁德，那会怎样对待音乐呢？”四
林放问礼之本。子曰：“大哉问！礼，与其奢也，宁俭；丧，与其易也，宁戚。”【白话译文】林放问礼的根本是什么，孔子说：“你问的问题意义真大呀！就礼节仪式来说，与其奢侈讲排场，宁可节俭朴素；就办丧事来说，与其在仪式上办得很周到，宁可内心真正悲痛。”五
子曰：“夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“边地的少数民族虽然有国君，还比不上中原各国没有国君。”六
季氏旅于泰山。子谓冉有曰：“女弗能救与？”对曰：“不能。”子曰：“呜呼！曾谓泰山不如林放乎？”【白话译文】季氏要去祭泰山。孔子对冉有说：“你不能阻止他吗？”冉有回答道：“不能。”孔子说：“哎呀！难道说泰山之神还不如林放懂得礼节，竟然会接受不合礼仪的祭祀吗？”七
子曰：“君子无所争。必也射乎！揖让而升，下而饮，其争也君子。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子没有什么可争的事情。要是有争的话，那一定是比箭吧！互相作揖然后登场，射完走下堂来饮酒，但那也是一种君子式的竞赛。”八
子夏问曰：“‘巧笑倩兮．美目盼兮，素以为绚兮。’何谓也？”子曰：“绘事后素。”曰：“礼后乎？”子曰：“起予者商也，始可与言《诗》已矣。”【白话译文】子夏问道：“‘有酒窝的脸笑得美，黑白分明的眼流露着媚态，洁白的底子上画上炫目的色彩。’这句话是什么意思？”孔子说：“先以白色为底子，再上颜色。”子夏说：“那么，礼乐是不是产生在仁义之后呢？”孔子说：“你这句话启发了我，卜商，现在可以和你讨论《诗经》了。”九
子曰：“夏礼，吾能言之，杞不足征也；殷礼，吾能言之，宋不足征也。文献不足故也。足，则吾能征之矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“夏朝的礼，我能说出来，但它的后代杞国不足以作证明；殷朝的礼，我能说出来，但它的后代宋国不足以作证明。这是杞国和宋国的历史文件和熟悉历史情况的贤人不足的缘故。如果他们的文献充足，那我就可以用来作为证明了。”一〇
子曰：“自既灌而往者，吾不欲观之矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“祭的礼仪，酒初献之后，我就不想往下看了。”一一
或问之说，子曰：“不知也，知其说者之于天下也，其如示诸斯乎！”指其掌。【白话译文】有人向孔子请教关于祭的理论，孔子说：“我不知道。知道的人治理整个天下，会像把东西摆放在这里一样容易吧！”孔子边说边指着自己的手掌。一二
祭如在，祭神如神在。子曰：“吾不与祭，如不祭。”【白话译文】孔子在祭祀祖先时，好像祖先真的在那里；祭神的时候，就好像神真的在那里。孔子说：“我如果不亲自参加祭祀而让人代祭，那祭了就跟不祭一样。”一三
王孙贾问曰：“与其媚于奥，宁媚于灶，何谓也？”子曰：“不然。获罪于天，无所祷也。”【白话译文】王孙贾问道：“与其巴结奥神，不如巴结灶神，这句话是什么意思？”孔子说：“不对。要是得罪了上天，就没有可祈祷的地方了。”一四
子曰：“周监于二代，郁郁乎文哉！吾从周。”【白话译文】孔子说：“周朝的礼乐制度是借鉴夏朝、商朝而增减制定的，是多么丰富繁盛啊，我赞同周朝的礼乐制度。”一五
子入太庙，每事问。或曰：“孰谓鄹人之子知礼乎？入太庙，每事问。”子闻之，曰：“是礼也。”【白话译文】孔子进入太庙助祭，对每件事都询问。有人说：“谁说鄹邑人的儿子知道礼呢？进入太庙，每件事都要问一问。”孔子听到，说：“这样做，就是礼啊。”一六
子曰：“射不主皮，为力不同科，古之道也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“比赛射箭，主要不在于射穿靶子，因为用力的场合，类别不一。这是自古以来的规矩。”一七
子贡欲去告朔之饩羊。子曰：“赐也！尔爱其羊，我爱其礼。”【白话译文】子贡想要把每月初一祭祖庙的那头羊省去不用。孔子说：“赐呀！你爱惜那头羊，我爱惜那种礼。”一八
子曰：“事君尽礼，人以为谄也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“能一切按照礼节服侍君主，别人却认为是在谄媚君主。”一九
定公问曰：“君使臣，臣事君，如之何？”孔子对曰：“君使臣以礼，臣事君以忠。”【白话译文】鲁定公问：“君主使用臣子，臣子侍奉君主，应当怎样做呢？”孔子回答：“君主使用臣子应当以礼相待，臣子侍奉君主应当以忠诚相待。”二〇
子曰：“《关雎》，乐而不淫，哀而不伤。”【白话译文】孔子说：“《关雎》这首诗，表现出欢乐，但不过分到了不恰当的地步，表现了哀思却不过于悲恸。”二一
哀公问社于宰我。宰我对曰：“夏后氏以松，殷人以柏，周人以栗，曰，使民战栗。”子闻之，曰：“成事不说，遂事不谏，既往不咎。”【白话译文】鲁哀公问宰我，做土地神的神主应该用什么树木。宰我回答说：“夏代人用松树．商代人用柏树，周代人用栗树，意思是，使老百姓害怕得战战栗栗。”孔子听到这些话，告诫宰我说：“已经做过的事不用解释了，已经完成的事不用再规劝了，已经过去的事不要责备了。”二二
子曰：“管仲之器小哉！”
或曰：“管仲俭乎？”曰：“管氏有三归，官事不摄，焉得俭？”“然则管仲知礼乎？”
曰：“邦君树塞门，管氏亦树塞门。邦君为两君之好，有反坫，管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知礼，孰不知礼？”【白话译文】孔子说：“管仲的气量小啊！”有人问：“管仲节俭吗？”孔子说：“管仲有储放钱财的府库，为他家管事的官员也是一人一职而不兼任，哪能说是节俭呢？”那人又问：“那么，管仲知礼吗？”孔子说：“国君在宫殿大门前树立一道影壁短墙，管仲家门口也树立影壁短墙。国君设宴招待别国的君主，举行友好会见时，在堂上专门设置献过酒后放空杯子的土台，管仲家也设置这样的土台。若说管仲知礼，那谁不知礼呢？”二三
子语鲁大师乐，曰：“乐其可知也：始作，翕如也；从之，纯如也，皦如也，绎如也，以成。”【白话译文】孔子把演奏音乐的过程讲给鲁国的乐官听，说：“演奏音乐的过程是可以知道的：开始的时候，发音合奏；继续下去，音调和谐，清晰明了，余音袅袅，然后结束。”二四
仪封人请见，曰：“君子之至于斯也，吾未尝不得见也。”从者见之。出曰：“二三子何患于丧乎？天下之无道也久矣，天将以夫子为木铎。”【白话译文】卫国仪这个地方的封疆官，请求孔子接见他，说道：“凡是到这个地方的贤人君子，我没有不请求接见的。”孔子的学生们领他去见孔子。出来以后，他对孔子的学生们说：“诸位，何必忧虑你们的先生失掉官位呢？天下无道而黑暗的日子已经很久了，上天将把你们先生当作木铎来警醒人民。”二五
子谓《韶》：“尽美矣，又尽善也。”谓《武》：“尽美矣，未尽善也。”【白话译文】孔子评论《韶》和《武》乐，说：“《韶》乐太美了，内容也很好。《武》乐很美，但内容不是十分好。”二六
子曰：“居上不宽，为礼不敬，临丧不哀，吾何以观之哉？”【白话译文】孔子说：“处于领导地位而不宽宏大量，举行礼仪时不恭敬严肃，参加丧礼时不悲痛哀伤，这种样子我怎么看得下去啊！”
CHAPTER Ⅲ
一The head of a powerful family of nobles in Confucius’ native State employed eight sets of choristers[an Imperial prerogative]in their family chapel.Confucius，remarking on this，was heard to say，“If this is allowed to pass，what may not be allowed？”二
The members of the same powerful family mentioned above concluded the service in their chapel by chanting the hymn used only on occasions of Imperial worship.Confucius remarked on it，saying：“The words of the hymn begin——‘Surrounded by his nobles and princes，‘August the Son of Heaven looks；’
“Now what is there in the chapel of this nobie family to which those words of the hymn can be applied？”三
Confucius remarked，“If a man is without moral charac-ter，what good can the use of the fine arts do him？If a man is without moral character，what good can the use of music do him？”四
A disciple asked what constituted the fundamental principle of art.“That is a very great question.”replied Con-fucius，“but in the art used in social usages it is better to be simple than to be expensive；in rituals for the dead，it is better that there should be heartfelt grief than minute attention to observances.”五
Confucius remarked.“The heathen hordes of the North and East，even，acknowledge the authority of their chiefs，whereas now in China respect for authority no longer exists anywhere.”六
The head of the powerful family of nobles mentioned in section I of this chapter was going to offer sacrifice on the top of the Great Tai Mountain[an Imperial prerogative]．Confucius then said to a disciple who was in the service of the noble，“Can you not do anything to save him from this？”“No，”repied the disciple，“I cannot.”“Ah，then，”answered Confucius，“it is useless to say anything more.But，really，do you think that the Spirit of the Great Mountain is not as Lin-fang？”七
Confucius remarked，“A gentleman never competes in anything he does，——except perhaps in archery.But even then，when he wins he courteously makes his bow before he advances to take his place among the winners；and，when he has lost he walks down and drinks his cup of forfeit．Thus，even in this case of competition，he shows himself to be a gentleman.”八
A disciple asked Confucius for the meaning of the fol-lowing verse：
Her coquettish smiles，
How dimpling they are；
Her beautiful eyes，
How beaming they are；
How fairest is sheWho is simple and plain.
“In painting，”answered confucius，“ornamentation and colour are of secondary importance compared with the ground work.”
“Then art itself，”said the disciple.“is a matter of‘second-ary’ consideration？”
“My friend，”replied Confucius，“You have given me an idea.Now I can talk of poetry with you.”九
Confucius remarked to a disciple.“I can tell you of the state of the arts and civilization during the Hsia dynasty[say the Greek civilisation]；but the modern State of Ts’i[say modern Greece]cannot furnish sufficient evidence to prove what I say．I can tell you of the state of the arts and civilisation during the Yin dynasty[say Roman civilisation]；but the modern state of Sung[say Italy]cannot furnish sufficient evidence to prove what I say.The reason is because the literary monuments extant are too meagre，——otherwise I could prove to you what I say.”一〇
Confucius remarked，“At the service of the great Ti sac-rifice [the‘Mass’in ancient China]，I always make it a point to leave as soon as the pouring of the libation on the ground is over.”一一
Somebody asked Confucius for the meaning of the great Ti sacrifice mentioned above.
“I do not know，”answered Confucius.“One who under-stands its significance will find it as easy to rule the world as to look at this，thus，pointing to the palm of his hand.”一二
Confucius worshipped the dead as if he actually felt the presence of the departed ones.He worshipped the Spiritual Powers as if he actually felt the presence of the Powers.
He once remarked，“If I cannot give up heart and soul when I am worshipping，I always consider as if I have not worshipped.”一三
An officer in a certain State asked Confucius，saying，“What is meant by the common saying‘It is better to pray to the God of the Hearth than to the God of the House？’”
“Not so，”replied Confucius，“a man who has sinned against God，——it is useless for him to pray anywhere at all，”一四
Confucius remarked，“The civilisation of the present Chou dynasty is founded on the civilisations of the two pre-ceding dynasties.How splendidly rich it is in all the arts！I pre-fer the present Chou civilisation.”一五
When Confucius first attended the service at the State Cathedral（Ancestral Temple of the reigning prince），he enquired as to what he should do at every stage of the ser-vice.Somebody thereupon remarked，“Who tells me that the son of the plebeian of Ts’owis a man who knows the correct forms？”When Confucius heard of the remark，he said，“That is the correct form.”一六
Confucius remarked，“In archery，putting the arrow through the target should not count as points，because the competitors cannot all be expected to be equal in mere physi-cal strength.At least，that was the old rule.”一七
A disciple wanted to dispense with the sheep offered in sacrifice in the religious ceremony held at the beginning of every month.
“What you would save，”said Confucius to him，“is the cost of the sheep；what I would save is the principle of the rite.”一八
Confucius remarked，“Men now account it servile to pay to their prince all the honours due to him.”一九
The reigning prince of Confucius’native State asked Confucius how a prince should treat his public servant and how a public servant should behave to his prince.
“Let the prince，”answered Confucius，“treat his pub-lic servant with honour.The public servant must serve the prince，his master，with loyalty.”二〇
Confucius remarked，“The first ballad in the Book of Ballads and Songsexpresses the emotions of love.It is passionate，but not sensual；it is melancholy，but not morbid.”二一
The reigning prince of Confucius’native State asked a disciple of Confucius about the emblems used on the altars tothe Titular Genius of the land.
The disciple answered，“The sovereigns of the House of Hsia planted the pine tree；the people of the Yin dynasty adopted the cypress；and the people of the present Chou dynasty has chosen the Li（chestnut）tree as a symbol of awe（Li）to the population.”
When Confucius afterwards heard of what the disciple said，he remarked，“It is useless to speak of a thing that is done；to change a course that is begun；or to blame what is past and gone.”二二
Confucius，speaking of a famous statesman（the Bismarck of the time），remarked，“Kuan Chung was by no means a great-minded man！”
“But，”said somebody，“Kuan Chung was simple in his life：was he not？”
“Why，”replied Confucius，“Kuan Chung had that mag-nificent Sansouci Pleasaunce of his.Besides，he had a special officer appointed to every function in his household.How can one say that he was simple in his life？”
“Well，”rejoined the enquirer，“but still，Kuan Chung was a man of taste who observed the correct forms；was he not？”
“No，”answered Confucius，“The reigning princes have walls built before their palace gates.Kuan Chung also had a wall built before his door.When two reigning princes meet，each has a special buffet.Kuan Chung also had his spe-cial buffet.If you say Kuan Chung was a man of taste，who is not a man of taste？”二三
Confucius remarked to the Grand Kapel Meister of his native State，“I think I know the way in which a piece should be played with a full orchestra.At first，the full vol-ume of sound in the piece should be heard.Then，as you proceed，you must pay attention to and bring out each note of the piece，distinct and clear，but flowing，as it were，without break or interval，——thus to the end.”二四
An officer in command of a certain Pass on the frontier where Confucius on his travels was passing，asked for the per-mission to be presented to him，saying，“Whenever a wise man pass-es this way，I have always had the honour to wait upon him.”Confucius’disciples accordingly presented him.
When the officer came out of the interview he said to the disciples，“Gentlemen，why should you be concerned at your present want of official position！The world has long been without the order and justifice of good government；now God is going to make use of your Teacher as a tocsin to awaken the world.”二五
Confucius，speaking of a famous piece of music（the most ancient then known in China）remarked，“It has all the excel-lence of the physical beauty of harmony；it has also all the excellence of moral grandeur.”Speaking of another piece，of a more recent date，Confucius remarked，“It has all the excel-lence of the physical beauty of harmony；but it has not all the excellence of moral grandeur.”二六
Confucius remarked，“Possession of power without gen-erosity；courtesy without seriousness；mourning without grief，——I have no desire to look at such a state of things.”
里仁第四
一子曰：“里仁为美。择不处仁，焉得知？”【白话译文】孔子说：“居住在有仁德的地方才是美好的。如果不选择有仁德的住处，哪能算得上是明智呢？”二
子曰：“不仁者不可以久处约，不可以长处乐。仁者安仁，知者利仁。”【白话译文】孔子说：“不仁的人不能长期处于穷困中，更不能长期处于安乐中。有仁德的人不论什么情况都会安于仁，聪明的人认识到仁会给他带来好处而实行仁。”三
子曰：“唯仁者能好人，能恶人。”【白话译文】孔子说：“只有具有仁义道德的人才能够正确地爱人和憎恨别人。”四
子曰：“苟志于仁矣，无恶也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“一个人假如能够立志于施行仁道，便不会做坏事了。”五
子曰：“富与贵，是人之所欲也；不以其道得之，不处也。贫与贱，是人之所恶也；不以其道得之，不去也。君子去仁，恶乎成名？君子无终食之间违仁，造次必于是，颠沛必于是。”【白话译文】孔子说：“金钱和地位，这是人人所向往的，不用正当的方法得到它们，君子不接受。贫穷和下贱，这是人人所厌恶的，不用正当的方法摆脱它们，君子不抛掉。君子离开了仁德，怎么能成名呢？君子不会有吃一顿饭的时间离开仁德，即使在匆忙紧迫的情况下也一定要实行仁德，在颠沛流离之中也一定要实行仁德。”六
子曰：“我未见好仁者，恶不仁者。好仁者，无以尚之；恶不仁者，其为仁矣，不使不仁者加乎其身。有能一日用其力于仁矣乎？我未见力不足者。盖有之矣，我未之见也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“我没有见过真正爱好仁德和真正厌恶不仁的人。真正爱好仁的人，没有什么能让他超过对仁的喜爱；真正厌恶不仁的人，他在施行仁义时，不使自己沾染上不仁的因素。有没有哪怕用一天时间真正全力施行仁德的人呢？我没有见到过在这方面能力不足的人。也许这样的人真有，只是我没有见到罢了。”七
子曰：“人之过也，各于其党。观过，斯知仁矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“人的错误，各自同他那一类的人一样。观察一人犯的什么错误，就能知道是哪一类的人了。”八
子曰：“朝闻道，夕死可矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“早晨知道了真理，即使当天晚上死去也没有遗憾了。”九
子曰：“士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“一个读书人有志向于追求探悟古圣先王之道，但是却以自己吃穿太差而感到羞耻，这种人不值得与他论道。”一〇
子曰：“君子之于天下也，无适也，无莫也，义之与比。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子对于天下的事情，没有专门的规定要怎么做，也没有专门的规定不该怎么做，而是根据是否适宜作为取舍的标准。”一一
子曰：“君子怀德，小人怀土；君子怀刑，小人怀惠。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子念念不忘的是道德修养，小人念念不忘的是土地房屋；君子心里想的是遵守法度，小人心里想的是得到实惠。”一二
子曰：“放于利而行，多怨。”【白话译文】孔子说：“为了追逐私利去做事，会招来许多怨恨。”一三
子曰：“能以礼让为国乎，何有？不能以礼让为国，如礼何？”【白话译文】孔子说：“能够用礼让的原则来治理国家，那处理国事会有什么困难？不能用礼让的原则来治理国家，那怎么能够实行礼呢？”一四
子曰：“不患无位，患所以立；不患莫己知，求为可知也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“不忧虑没有官位，只忧虑没有足以安身立命的能力；不忧虑没人知道我，应该追求能使别人知道自己的本领。”一五
子曰：“参乎！吾道一以贯之。”曾子曰：“唯。”
子出，门人问曰：“何谓也？”曾子曰：“夫子之道，忠恕而已矣！”【白话译文】孔子说：“曾参啊！我所主张的‘道’是由一个根本的宗旨而贯彻始终的。”曾子说：“是的。”孔子走出去以后，别的弟子问曾参：“老师的话是什么意思？”曾子说：“老师所主张的道，不过是忠恕罢了。”一六
子曰：“君子喻于义，小人喻于利。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子懂得的是大义，小人明白的是私利。”一七
子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“看见贤人，应当想向他看齐；看见不贤的人，就应该自己反省看有没有跟他一样的毛病。”一八
子曰：“事父母几谏，见志不从，又敬不违，劳而不怨。”【白话译文】孔子说：“侍奉父母，看见父母有做得不对的地方，应该委婉地进行劝谏。如果父母心里不愿听从，仍然要恭敬地不冒犯他们，只在心里忧愁而不怨恨。”一九
子曰：“父母在，不远游，游必有方。”【白话译文】孔子说：“父母在世时，不作远行。若不得已要远行，也该有一定的去处。”二〇
子曰：“三年无改于父之道，可谓孝矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“如果在守丧三年期间不改变父亲所奉行的为人处世原则，就可以说是孝了。”二一
子曰：“父母之年，不可不知也。一则以喜，一则以惧。”【白话译文】孔子说：“父母的年纪，不可不时时记在心上。一方面由于他们健康长寿而高兴，一方面又为他们的日益衰老而忧惧。”二二
子曰：“古者言之不出，耻躬之不逮也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“古时候的人不轻易把话说出口，因为他们以说得出而做不到为耻辱。”二三
子曰：“以约失之者鲜矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“因为严于律己而犯错误是很少的。”二四
子曰：“君子欲讷于言而敏于行。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子要谨慎地说话，而要敏捷地行动。”二五
子曰：“德不孤，必有邻。”【白话译文】孔子说：“有道德的人不会孤独，一定会有志同道合者来和他做伴。”二六
子游曰：“事君数，斯辱矣；朋友数，斯疏矣。”【白话译文】子游说：“服侍君主太亲密琐碎，反而会招来羞辱；与朋友相交太亲密琐碎，反而会遭到疏远。”
CHAPTER Ⅳ
一Confucius remarked，“It is the moral life of a neighbour-hood which constitutes its excellence.He is not an intelligent man，who，in choosing his residence，does not select a place with a moral surrounding.”二
Confucius remarked，“A man without moral charac-ter cannot long put up with adversity，nor can he long enjoy prosperity.”
“Men of moral character find themselves at home in being moral；men of intelligence find it advantageous to be moral.”三
Confucius remarked，“It is only men of moral character who know how to love men or to hate men.”四
Confucius remarked，“If you fix your mind upon a moral life，you will be free from evil.”五
Confucius remarked，“riches and honours are objects of men’s desire；but if I cannot have them without leaving the path of duty，I would not have them.Poverty and a low position in life are objects of men’s dislike；but if I cannot leave them without departing from the path of duty，I would not leave them.”
“A wise man who leaves his moral character is no lon-ger entitled to the name of a wise man.A wise man never for one single moment in his life loses sight of a moral life；in moments of haste and hurry，as in moments of danger and peril，he always clings to it.”六
Confucius remarked，“I do not now see a man who really loves a moral life；or one who really hates an immoral life.One who really loves a moral life would esteem nothing above it，One who really hates an immoral life would be a moral man who would not allow anything the least immoral in his life.”
“Nevertheless，if a man were really to exert himself for one single day to live a moral life，I do not believe he will find that he has not the strength to do it.At least I have never heard of such a case.”七
Confucius remarked，“Men’s faults are characteristic．By observing a man’s failings you can judge of his moral character.”八
Confucius remarked，“when a man has learnt wisdom in the morning，he may be content to die in the evening before the sun sets.”九
Confucius remarked，“It is useless to speak to a gentle-man who wants to give himself up to serious studies and who yet is ashamed because of his poor food or bad clothes.”一〇
Confucius remarked，“A wise man in his judgment of the world，has no predilections nor prejudices；he is on the side of what is right.”一一
Confucius remarked，“A wise man regards the moral-worth of a man；a fool，only his position.A wise man expects justice；a fool，only expects favours.”一二
Confucius remarked，“If you always look only to your own advantage you will be sure to make many enemies.”一三
Confucius remarked，“He who can rule a country by real courtesy and good manners that are in him，will find no dif-ficulty in doing it.But a ruler who has no real courtesy and good manners in him，what can the mere rules of etiquette and formality avail him.”一四
Confucius remarked，“Be not concerned for want of a position；be concerned how to fit yourself for a position.Be not concerned that you are not known，but seek to do something to deserve a reputation.”一五
Confucius remarked to a disciple，“In all my life and teaching there is one underlying connected principle.”“Even so，”answered the disciple.
Afterwards，when Confucius had left，the other disciples asked the disciple who was above spoken to，“What did the master mean by what he said just now？”“The principle in the master’s life and teaching，”answered the disciple，“is com-prised in the two words：conscientiousness and charity.”一六
Confucius remarked，“A wise man sees what is right in a question；a fool，what is advantageous to himself.”一七
Confucius remarked，“When we meet with men of worth，we should think how we may equal them.When we meet with worthless men，we should turn into ourselves and find out if we do not resemble them.”一八
Confucius remarked，“In serving his parents a son should seldom remonstrate with them；but if he was obliged to do so，and should find that they will not listen，he should yet not fail in respect nor disregard their wishes；however much trou-ble they may give him，he should never complain.”一九
Confucius remarked，“While his parents are living，a son should not go far abroad；if he does，he should let them know where he goes.”二〇
Confucius remarked，“A son who for three years after his father’s death does not，in his own life，change his father’s principles，may be considered to be a good son.”二一
Confucius remarked，“A son should always keep in mind the age of his parents，as a matter for thankfulness as well as for anxiety.”二一
Confucius remarked，“Men of old kept silence for fear lest what they said should not come up to what they did.”二三
Confucius remarked，“He who wants littleseldom goes wrong.”二四
Confucius remarked，“A wise man wants to be slow in speech and diligent in conduct.”二五
Confucius remarked，“Moral worth is never left alone；society is sure to grow round him.”二六
A disciple of Confucius remarked，“In the service of your prince，if you keep constantly pointing out his errors it will lead to your disgrace；if you act in the same way to your friends it will estrange them.”
公冶长第五
一子谓公冶长：“可妻也。虽在缧绁之中，非其罪也。”以其子妻之。
子谓南容：“邦有道，不废；邦无道，免于刑戮。”以其兄之子妻之。【白话译文】孔子在谈到公冶长时，说：“可以把女儿嫁给他做妻子。尽管他曾经蹲过监狱，可是那并不是他的罪过。”于是就把自己的女儿嫁给公冶长。孔子谈论南容，说：“国家有道的时候，他被任用做官；国家无道的时候，他也会避免受刑戮。”于是把哥哥的女儿嫁给了他。二
子谓子贱：“君子哉若人！鲁无君子者，斯焉取斯？”【白话译文】孔子谈到子贱时，说：“子贱这个人是个君子啊！如果鲁国没有君子的话，他从何处学得这种好的品德呢？”三
子贡问曰：“赐也何如？”子曰：“女，器也。”曰：“何器也？”曰：“瑚琏也。”【白话译文】子贡问孔子说：“您对我有什么样的看法呢？”孔子说：“你如同一件器物。”子贡问：“是什么器物呢？”孔子回答说：“是宗庙里盛黍稷的瑚琏。”四
或曰：“雍也仁而不佞。”子曰：“焉用佞？御人以口给，屡憎于人。不知其仁，焉用佞？”【白话译文】有人说：“冉雍这个人是个有仁德但口才不好的人。”孔子说：“为什么一定要口才好呢？强嘴利舌地同别人争辩，往往让人讨厌。我不知道冉雍是不是做到了仁，但做人哪里需要嘴快话多呢？”五
子使漆雕开仕。对曰：“吾斯之未能信。”子说。【白话译文】孔子叫漆雕开去做官。漆雕开回答说：“我对做官还没有信心。”孔子听了非常高兴。六
子曰：“道不行，乘桴浮于海。从我者，其由与？”子路闻之喜。子曰：“由也好勇过我，无所取材。”【白话译文】孔子说：“我的主张不能实行，只好坐一只木筏子到海外去，跟从我的，大概只有仲由吧！”子路听到这话很高兴。孔子说：“仲由好勇的精神超过我，但不善于裁度事理。”七
孟武伯问：“子路仁乎？”子曰：“不知也。”又问，子曰：“由也，千乘之国，可使治其赋也，不知其仁也。”“求也何如？”子曰：“求也，千室之邑，百乘之家，可使为之宰也，不知其仁也。”“赤也何如？”子曰：“赤也，束带立于朝，可使与宾客言也，不知其仁也。”【白话译文】孟武伯问：“子路能做到仁吗？”孔子说：“不知道。”他又问，孔子说：“仲由啊，在一个有一千辆兵车的国家里，可以让他管理赋税，掌握军政，但是我不知道他能不能做到仁。”孟武伯问：“冉求怎么样？”孔子说：“冉求啊，可以让他在一个有一千户人家的公邑，或在有一百辆兵车的采邑里，担任总管。但是我不知道他能不能做到仁。”孟武伯问：“公西赤怎么样？”孔子说：“公西赤啊，可以让他穿上礼服，系上袍带，站在朝廷大堂上，接待宾客，但是我也不知道他能不能做到仁。”八
子谓子贡曰：“女与回也孰愈？”对曰：“赐也何敢望回？回也闻一以知十，赐也闻一以知二。”子曰：“弗如也。吾与女弗如也。”【白话译文】孔子对子英明说：“你与颜回，哪个强些？”子贡回答说：“我么，哪敢跟颜回比？他呀，听到一个道理，就可以推知出十个道理；我呢，听到一个道理只能推出两个道理。”孔子说：“你确实赶不上他。我和你都不如他。”九
宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也。粪土之墙不可圬也。于予与何诛？”子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行，今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是。”【白话译文】宰予白天睡觉。孔子说：“腐朽了的木头不能雕刻，粪土一样的墙壁不能粉刷。对于宰予这个人，有什么值得责备的？”孔子说：“先前我对于人，听了他的话便相信他的行为；现在我对于人，听了他的话还要观察他的行为。我是从宰予的表现改变了先前对人的态度。”一〇
子曰：“吾未见刚者。”或对曰：“申枨。”子曰：“枨也欲，焉得刚？”【白话译文】孔子说：“我没有见过刚毅不屈的人。”有人说：“申枨不是吗？”孔子说：“申枨嘛，他欲望太多，哪里还能做到刚毅不屈？”一一
子贡曰：“我不欲人之加诸我也，吾亦欲无加诸人。”子曰：“赐也，非尔所及也。”【白话译文】子贡说：“我不愿意别人凌驾于我之上，也不想自己凌驾于别人之上。”孔子说：“赐，这不是你所能做到的。”一二
子贡曰：“夫子之文章，可得而闻也；夫子之言性与天道，不可得而闻也。”【白话译文】子贡说：“先生关于诗书礼乐方面的学问，我们能够听到；先生关于人性与天道的论述，我们就听不到了。”一三
子路有闻，未之能行，唯恐有闻。【白话译文】子路听到一种说法，还没有能去实践，只怕又会有新的说法。一四
子贡问曰：“孔文子何以谓之‘文’也？”子曰：“敏而好学，不耻下问，是以谓之‘文’也。”【白话译文】子贡问道：“孔文子这个人，凭什么称他‘文’呢？”孔子回答说：“因为他既聪敏又勤奋好学，不以向不如自己的人请教为耻，所以称他‘文’。”一五
子谓子产：“有君子之道四焉：其行己也恭，其事上也敬，其养民也惠，其使民也义。”【白话译文】孔子评论子产：“具有君子的四种品德：在自我行为方面，谦逊谨慎；他侍奉君主，很恭敬顺从；他对待人民，注意给予恩惠利益；他役使人民，注意合乎道义。”一六
子曰：“晏平仲善与人交，久而敬之。”【白话译文】孔子说：“晏平仲擅长与人交往，交往时间愈久，别人愈是尊敬他。”一七
子曰：“臧文仲居蔡，山节藻，何如其知也？”【白话译文】孔子说：“臧文仲私藏大乌龟壳在雕刻成山形的斗拱和绘有花草图画的短柱的家庙之中，这个人怎么这样‘聪明’呢？”一八
子张问曰：“令尹子文三仕为令尹，无喜色：三已之，无愠色。旧令尹之政，必以告新令尹。何如？”子曰：“忠矣。”曰：“仁矣乎？”曰：“未知，焉得仁？”“崔子弑齐君，陈文子有马十乘，弃而违之。至于他邦，则曰：‘犹吾大夫崔子也。’违之。之一邦，则又曰：‘犹吾大夫崔子也。’违之。何如？”子曰：“清矣。”曰：“仁矣乎？”曰：“未知，焉得仁？”【白话译文】子张问道：“令尹子文多次做令尹，没见到他有高兴的神色；多次被免职，也不见到他有恼怒的神色。每次卸任，一定将任上原有的政事全告诉新上任的令尹，子文这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“可算是忠于职守了。”子张又问：“可算有仁德了吧？”孔子说：“不知道，这怎么能算有仁德呢？”子张又问道：“崔杼杀了齐庄公，陈文子有四十匹马，舍弃不要，离开齐国到了别国，他说：‘这里的当权者跟我们的大夫崔子一个样。’于是又离去。到了另一个国家，他又说：‘这里的当权者跟我们的崔大夫差不多。’于是又离开了这个国家。这个人怎么样呢？”孔子说：“算是很清白了。”子张又问：“算得上仁吗？”孔子说：“不知道，这怎么能算是仁呢？”一九
季文子三思而后行。子闻之，曰：“再，斯可矣。”【白话译文】季文子要考虑三次以后才去做某一件事。孔子听到这事说：“考虑两次，就可以了。”二〇
子曰：“宁武子，邦有道，则知；邦无道，则愚。其知可及也，其愚不可及也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“宁武子这个人，在国家政治清明时，他就显得聪慧；在国家政治黑暗时，他就装傻。他的聪慧，别人容易做得到；他装傻，别人就无法做到了。”二一
子在陈，曰：“归与！归与！吾党之小子狂简，斐然成章，不知所以裁之。”【白话译文】孔子在陈国，说：“回去吧！回去吧！我家乡的那班学生志向远大而行为粗疏，文采也很可观，我不知道怎样指导他们。”二二
子曰：“伯夷、叔齐不念旧恶，怨是用希。”【白话译文】孔子说：“伯夷、叔齐不顾念旧日的仇怨，所以，别人对于他们的怨恨就少了。”二三
子曰：“孰谓微生高直？或乞醯焉，乞诸其邻而与之。”【白话译文】孔子说：“谁说微生高这个人直爽呢？有人向他讨一点醋，他没有直说自己家里没有，却向邻居借来转送给人家。”二四
子曰：“巧言、令色、足恭，左丘明耻之，丘亦耻之。匿怨而友其人，左丘明耻之，丘亦耻之。”【白话译文】孔子说：“花言巧语，假装出一副好看的脸色，表现出十足的恭敬，对这种人，左丘明以为可耻，我孔丘也以为可耻。把怨恨隐藏在心里，表面上却假装出一副与人友善的样子，对这种人，左丘明以为可耻，我孔丘也以为可耻。”二五
颜渊、季路侍。子曰：“盍各言尔志？”子路曰：“愿车马衣轻裘与朋友共，敝之而无憾。”颜渊曰：“愿无伐善，无施劳。”子路曰：“愿闻子之志。”子曰：“老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之。”【白话译文】颜渊和子路侍立在孔子身边。孔子说：“何不谈谈自己的志向呢？”子路说：“我愿意把车马衣服拿来与朋友共用，用坏了也不抱怨。”颜渊说：“我希望做到不夸耀自己的好处，不表白自己的功劳。”子路说：“希望听听老师的志向。”孔子说：“对老年人要使之安逸，对朋友要以诚信相待，对年轻人要关怀。”二六
子曰：“已矣乎！吾未见能见其过而内自讼者也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“算了吧！我没有见过一个因为看到自己的过失而内心自责的人。”二七
子曰：“十室之邑，必有忠信如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“即使是十户人家的小邑，也一定有像我这样既忠诚又守信的人，只是不如我爱好学习罢了。”
CHAPTER Ⅴ
一Confucius remarked of a disciple，saying，“No man need hesitate to give his daughter to such a man to wife.It is true he has been in prison，but it was through no crime of his.”Confucius accordingly gave him his own daughter to wife.
Confucius remarked of another disciple，saying，“When there is order and justice in the government of the country，he will not be neglected.But should there be no order and justice in the government of the country，he will escape persecution.”Confucius accordingly gave his niece to him to wife.二
Confucius then went on to remark of another disciple，saying，“What a wise and good man he is！I wonder if there were no wise and good men in the country，how that man could have acquired the character he has.”三
Another disciple who heard the above remarks said then to Confucius，“And I，what do you say of me？”“You are，”answered Confucius，“a work of art.”“What work of art？”asked the other.“A rich jewelled work of art，”was the reply.四
Somebody remarked of a disciple of Confucius，saying，“He is a good moral man，but he is not a man of ready wit.”
When Confucius heard the remark，he said，“What is the good of a ready wit？A man who is always ready with his tongue to others will only often make enemies.I do not know if he is a moral man，but I do not see the good of having a ready wit.”五
Confucius on one occasion wanted a disciple to enter public life.“No，”answered the disciple，“I have not yet confi-dence in myself.”Thereupon Confucius commended him.六
Confucius on one occasion remarked，“There is no order and justice now in the government in China.I will betake me to a ship and sail over sea to seek for it in other countries.If I take anybody with me，I will take Yu，”referring to a dis-ciple.The disciple referred to，when he heard of what Confu-cius said，was glad，and offered to go.“My friend，”said Con-fucius then to him，“You have certainly more courage than I have；only you do not exercise judgment when using it.”七
A member of a powerful family of nobles in Confu-cius’ native State asked Confucius if his disciple，the above mentioned Chung Yu，was a moral character.“I cannot say，”answered Confucius.But on being pressed，confucius said，“In the government of a State of even the first-rate power the man could be entrusted with the organisation of the army．I cannot say if he could be called a moral character.”
The noble then put the same question with regard to another disciple.Confucius answered，“In the government of a large town or in the direction of affairs in a small principality，the man could be entrusted with the chief author-ity.I cannot say if he could be called a moral character.”
The noble went on to put the same question with regard to another disciple.Confucius answered，“At court，in a gala-dress reception，he could be entrusted with the duty of enter-taining the visitors.I cannot say if he could be called a moral character.”八
Confucius once said to a disciple，“You and Hui（the favou-rite Yen Hui），who is the abler man？”
The disciple answered，“How should I dare compare myself with him.When he has learnt one thing he immedi-ately understands its application to all cases；whereas I，when I have learnt one thing I can only follow out its bearing and applications to one or two particular cases.”九
A disciple of Confucius spent the best hours of the day in sleep.Confucius，remarking on it，said：“You cannot carve anything out of rotten wood nor plaster up wall built up of rubbish.What is the use of rebuke in such a case？”
Confucius then went on to say，“At one time，when I wanted to judge of a man，I listened to what he said，and I knew for certain what he would do in his life.But now，when I want to judge of a man，I have to look at what he does in his life as well as listen to what he says.It is，perhaps，men like this young man who have made me change my method of judging men.”一〇
Confucius once remarked，“I do not now see a man of strong character.”“There is so-and-so，”said somebody.“No，”replied Confucius，“he is a man of strong passions；he is not a man of strong character.”一一
A disciple said to Confucius，“What I do not wish that others should not do unto me，I also do not wish that I should do unto them.”“My friend，”answered Confucius，“You have not yet attained to that.”一二
A disciple of Confucius remarked，“You will often hear the master speak on the subjects of art and literature，but you will never hear him speak on the subjects of metaphysics or theology.”一三
When Confucius’disciple，the intrepid Chung Yu，had learnt anything which he was not yet able to carry out into practice，he was afraid to learn anything new.一四
A disciple，speaking of an ancient worthy of the time，enquired of Confucius saying，“How was it that he had the title of‘Beau-clerc’added as an honour to his name after his death？”
“He was，”answered Confucius，“a man of great industri-ous，who applied himself to self-culture；he was not ashamed to seek for information from others more ignorant than him-self.For that reason he has had the title of“Beau-clerc”added as an honour to his name after his death.”一五
Confucius remarked of a famous statesman（the Col-bert of the time），saying“He showed himself to be a good and wise man in four ways.In his conduct of himself he was earnest，and in serving the interests of his prince he was serious.In providing for the wants of the people，he was generous，and in dealing with them he was just.”一六
Confucius remarked of another famous statesman（the Sir William Temple of the time），saying：“He knew how to observe the true relations in friendship.However long-standing his acquaintance with a man might be，he always maintained throughout the same invariable careful respect.”一七
Confucius remarked of an eccentric character of the time，saying，“The man actually built a chapel elaborate with carvings for a large tortoise which he kept.What can one say of the intellect of a man like that？”一八
A disciple of Confucius asked him to give his opinion of a public character of the time，saying，“In his public life three times he was made Prime Minister，and yet on none of these occasions did he show the least signs of elation.Three times he was dismissed from office，and also on none of these occa-sions did he show the least signs of disappointment.He was careful every time，when giving up office，to explain to his sucessor the line of policy which the government under him hitherto had been pursuing.”“Now，”asked the disciple.“what do you think of him？”“He was，”answered Confucius，“a con-scientious man.”“But，”asked the disciple，“could he be called a moral character？”“I cannot say，”replied Confucius，“if he could be called a moral character.”
The disciple then went on to ask about another public character，saying，“when the Prime Minister in his native State murdered the prince，his master，that worthy had large possessions in the country，but he threw them all away and quitted the country.Arriving at another State，he remarked，‘I see here they are all patricides，the same as our patricide min-ister at home；’and immediately again quitted that country．Thus he went on from one State to another，making the same observation.Now，what do you think of this man？”
“He was，”replied Confucius，“a pure，high-minded man.”“But，”asked the disciple，“could he be called a moral character？”“I cannot say，”answered Confucius，“if he could be called a moral character.”一九
It was remarked of a public character of the time that he always reflected three times over every time before he acted．When Confucius heard of the remark，he observed，“Think twice——that is sufficient.”二〇
Confucius remarked of a public character of the time，saying，“He was a man who，when there was order and jus-tice in the government of the country，acted as a man of great understanding.But when there was no order and justice in the government of the country，he acted as if he was a man of no understanding.It is easy to act like him as a man of understanding，but it is not easy to imitate him in the way he showed how to act as a man of no understanding.”二一
When Confucius in the last days of his travels abroad was in a certain State he was heard to say，“I must think of going home．I must really think of going home.My young people at home are all high-spirited and independent；they are，besides，accomplished in all the arts；but they have no judgment.”二二
Confucius，remarking of two ancient worthies，famousfor the purity and saintliness of their lives and character，said，“They forgave old wrongs：therefore they had little to complain of the world.”二三
Confucius remarked of a character of the time，“Who says that the man is an honest man？When somebody begged him for some household necessary，he went and begged of his neighbours for it and gave it as his own.”二四
Confucius remarked，“Plausible speech，fine manners and studied earnestness are things of which a friend of mine was ashamed；I am also ashamed of such things.To conceal resent-ment against a person and to make friends with him：that is also something of which my same friend was ashamed；I am also ashamed to do such a thing.”二五
On one occasion，when two of his disciples，the favourite Yen Hui and Chung Yu the intrepid，were in attendance on him，Confucius said to them，“Now tell me，each of you，your aim in the conduct of life.”
“I would like，”answered the intrepid Chung Yu，“If I had carriages and horese and clothings of costly furs，to share them with my friends，to be able to consider such things as much belonging to them as belonging to me.”
“And I，”answered the favourite Yen Hui，“I would like to be able not to boast of my ability and to be able to be humble in my estimate of what I have done for others.”
“Now，”said the i nt repid Chu ng Yu then to Confucius，“We would like to hear your aim，sir，in the conduct of life.”
“My aim，”replied Confucius，“would be to be a comfort to my old folk at home；to be sincere，and to be found trustwor-thy by my friends；and to love and care for my young people at home.”二六
Confucius was once heard to say，“Alas！I do not see now a man who can see his own failing or is willing to bring a suit against himself before his own conscience.”二七
Confucius once remarked，“Even in a very small town there must be men who are as conscientious and honest as myself，only they have not tried to cultivate themselves as I have done.”
雍也第六
一子曰：“雍也，可使南面。”
仲弓问子桑伯子。子曰：“可也，简。”仲弓曰：“居敬而行简，以临其民，不亦可乎？居简而行简，无乃大简乎？”子曰：“雍之言然。”【白话译文】孔子说：“冉雍这个人，可以让他去担任要职治理国家。”仲弓问子桑伯子这个人怎么样，孔子说：“还可以，他办事简约。”仲弓说：“平时的态度一贯严肃认真而办起事来很简约，用这种办法治理百姓，不是也可以吗？平时的态度一贯简单马虎而办起事来简单了事，岂不是太简单了吗？”孔子说：“你说得对。”二
哀公问：“弟子孰为好学？”孔子对曰：“有颜回者好学，不迁怒，不贰过。不幸短命死矣。今也则亡，未闻好学者也。”【白话译文】鲁哀公问孔子：“在你的学生中，哪一个最爱学习呢？”孔子回答道：“颜回好学，他从不把怒气转移到别人身上，也不犯同样的错误。不幸短命死了。现在没有了，我还没有听说谁好学呢。”三
子华使于齐，冉子为其母请粟。子曰：“与之釜。”请益，曰：“与之庾。”
冉子与之粟五秉。子曰：“赤之适齐也，乘肥马，衣轻裘。吾闻之也，君子周急不继富。”
原思为之宰，与之粟九百，辞。子曰：“毋！以与尔邻里乡党乎！”【白话译文】子华出使出齐国，冉求为子华的母亲请求给些小米。孔子说：“给他六斗四升。”冉求请求再增加些。孔子说：“再给他二斗四升。”冉求却给了他八十石。孔子说：“公西赤到齐国去，乘坐肥马驾的车，身穿又轻又暖的皮衣。我听说过，君子应周济急需的人，而不要使富人更富。”孔子的学生原思作了孔子家的总管，孔子给他俸米九百斗。原思推辞不要。孔子说：“不要推辞！拿去给你的邻里乡亲吧！”四
子谓仲弓，曰：“犁牛之子骍且角，虽欲勿用，山川其舍诸？”【白话译文】孔子谈论到冉雍，说道：“耕牛的犊子长着红色的毛皮，端正的双角，虽然不想用它去祭祀，山川之神难道会舍弃它吗？”五
季康子问：“仲由可使从政也与？”子曰：“由也果，于从政乎何有？”曰：“赐也可使从政也与？”曰：“赐也达，于从政乎何有？”曰：“求也可使从政也与？”曰：“求也艺，于从政乎何有？”【白话译文】季康子问：“仲由，可以让他做官从政吗？”孔子说：“仲由果断勇敢，对于从政有什么困难呢？”季康子说：“端木赐，可以让他做官从政吗？”孔子说：“端木赐通达事理，对于从政有什么困难呢？”季康子说：“冉求，可以让他做官从政吗？”孔子说：“冉求，多有才能，对于从政有什么困难呢？”六
子曰：“回也，其心三月不违仁，其余则日月至焉而已矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“颜回的心长久都不背离仁德，其余的人却只是偶尔做到了仁而已。”七
季氏使闵子骞为费宰。闵子骞曰：“善为我辞焉！如有复我者，则吾必在汶上矣。”【白话译文】季氏差人请闵子骞做他的封邑费地的总管。闵子骞对来人说：“好好地替我推辞吧！若是再来召我的话，我肯定已逃到汶水之北了。”八
伯牛有疾，子问之，自牖执其手，曰：“亡之，命矣夫！斯人也而有斯疾也！斯人也而有斯疾也！”【白话译文】伯牛生了病，孔子去探望他，隔着窗户握着他的手，和他诀别，说：“失去你，真是命呵！这样好的人，会得这样的病！这样好的人，会得这样的病！”九
子曰：“贤哉，回也！一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。贤哉，回也！”【白话译文】孔子说：“多么有修养啊，颜回呀！一筐子饭，一瓢子水，住在简陋的巷子里。别人受不了这种困苦，颜回却不改变他的快乐，多么有修养啊，颜回！”一〇
冉求曰：“非不说子之道，力不足也。”子曰：“力不足者，中道而废，今女画。”【白话译文】冉求说：“不是我不喜欢先生您的学说，而是我的力量不够。”孔子说：“如果力量不够，走到半道就走不动了。现在你是自己划下界限，不向前走呀！”一一
子谓子夏曰：“女为君子儒，无为小人儒。”【白话译文】孔子对子夏说：“你要去做一个有修养的君子式的学者，不要去做无修养的小人式的学者。”一二
子游为武城宰。子曰：“女得人焉尔乎？”曰：“有澹台灭明者，行不由径，非公事，未尝至于偃之室也。”【白话译文】子游任武城县官。孔子说：“在你管辖的地区得到什么人才了吗？”子游说：“有个名叫澹台灭明的人，走路从来不抄小道，不是办公事，从不到我的居室来。”一三
子曰：“孟之反不伐，奔而殿，将入门，策其马，曰：‘非敢后也，马不进也。’”【白话译文】孔子说：“孟之反不自我吹嘘，打了败仗，他走在最后掩护撤退。快进城门时，他鞭打着马说：‘不是我愿意在最后走呀，我的马不肯快跑！’”一四
子曰：“不有祝之佞，而有宋朝之美，难乎免于今之世矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“卫国这国家，假如没有祝那样好的口才，反而有宋朝那样好相貌的那类人，在今天的社会里，怕是难逃灾祸了。”一五
子曰：“谁能出不由户？何莫由斯道也？”【白话译文】孔子说：“谁能走出屋外却不从房门经过？为什么没有人从仁义之路上行走呢？”一六
子曰：“质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子。”【白话译文】孔子说：“质地胜过文采则显得粗野，文采胜过质地则显得浮夸。文采和质地配合适当，这才是君子。”一七
子曰：“人之生也直，罔之生也幸而免。”【白话译文】孔子说：“一个人因为正直，所以在人世上能够生存；不正直的人也能在人世上生存，那是他侥幸免于祸患。”一八
子曰：“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”【白话译文】孔子说：“对于任何事业和学问，知道它不如喜爱它，喜爱它不如从心里以它为乐。”一九
子曰：“中人以上，可以语上也；中人以下，不可以语上也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“对有中等水平以上才智的人，可以讲高深的知识学问；对中等水平以下才智的人，不可以讲那些高深的知识学问。”二〇
樊迟问知，子曰：“务民之义，敬鬼神而远之，可谓知矣。”问仁，曰：“仁者先难而后获，可谓仁矣。”【白话译文】樊迟问什么是明智，孔子说：“致力于人世间该做的事情，对鬼神抱敬而远之的态度，这就可以说是明智的了。”樊迟又问什么是仁，孔子说：“有仁德的人总是先付出艰苦的努力然后才有所收获，这就可以说是仁了。”二一
子曰：“知者乐水，仁者乐山；知者动，仁者静；知者乐，仁者寿。”【白话译文】孔子说：“聪明智慧的人爱水，有仁德的人爱山。聪明智慧的人活跃，有仁德的人沉静。聪明智慧的人常乐，有仁德的人长寿。”二二
子曰：“齐一变，至于鲁；鲁一变，至于道。”【白话译文】孔子说：“齐国一变革，就会达到鲁国的程度了；鲁国一变革，就进而符合先王施行的仁义之道了。”二三
子曰：“觚不觚，觚哉！觚哉！”【白话译文】孔子说：“觚不像个觚，这怎么是觚呀！这怎么是觚呀！”二四
宰我问曰：“仁者，虽告之曰‘井有仁焉’，其从之也？”子曰：“何为其然也？君子可逝也，不可陷也；可欺也，不可罔也。”【白话译文】宰我问道：“有仁德的人，即使告诉他说‘井里有仁人掉了下去’，他会跟着跳到井中去吗？”孔子说：“为什么要这样做呢？君子可以让他去井边想办法救人，但不能也让他陷入井中；君子可以被人欺骗，但不能受别人愚弄。”二五
子曰：“君子博学于文，约之以礼，亦可以弗畔矣夫！”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子要广泛地学习一切知识，并且用礼来约束自己，这样就不会背离君子之道了。”二六
子见南子，子路不说。夫子矢之曰：“予所否者，天厌之！天厌之！”【白话译文】孔子会见南子，子路不高兴。孔子发誓说：“我如果做了不正当的事情，上天厌弃我吧！上天厌弃我吧！”二七
子曰：“中庸之为德也，其至矣乎！民鲜久矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“中庸作为一种道德，可算是最高的啊！但人们缺少这种德行已经很久了。”二八
子贡曰：“如有博施于民而能济众，何如？可谓仁乎？”子曰：“何事于仁！必也圣乎！尧舜其犹病诸！夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。”【白话译文】子贡说：“如果有人广泛地给人民许多好处，又能周济众人，怎么样呢？可以说是仁人吗？”孔子说：“何止是仁人，那必定是圣人了！尧、舜尚且对做不到这样而感到为难呢。作为仁人，自己想要立身，就要帮助别人立身；自己想要通达，也要帮助别人通达。凡事都能从切近的生活中将心比心，推己及人，可以说是实践仁的方法啊。”
CHAPTER Ⅵ
一Confucius，once expressing admiration for a disciple，remarked，“There is Yung——he should be made a prince.”
On another occasion，when that disciple asked Confucius’ opinion of a certain public character of the time.Confucius answered，“He is a good man；he is independent.”
“But，”replied the disciple，“when a man in his private life is serious with himself，he may，in his public life，be inde-pendent in dealing with the people．But to be independent with himself in his private lifeas well as independent in his public life，——is there not too much independence in that？”“Yes，”answered Confucius，“you are right.”二
The reigning prince of Confucius’native State asked him which one of his disciples he considered man of real culture.
Confucius answered.“There was Yen Hui．He never made others suffer for his own annoyances．He never did a wrong thing twice．But unfortunately he died in the prime of his life．Now there in no one，none who can be said to be a man of real culture.”三
On one occasion when a disciple of Confucius was sent on a public mission to a foreign State，he left his mother at home unprovided for．Another disciple then asked Confu-cius to provide her with grain.“Give her，”said Confucius，“so much，”naming a certain quantity．The disciple asked for more.Confucius then named a larger quantity.Finally the dis-ciple gave her a larger quantity than the quantity which Con-fucius named.
When Confucius came to know of it，he remarked，“When that woman’son left on his mission he drove in a carriage with fine horses and was clothed with costly furs.Now I believe a wise and good man reserves his charity for the real need；he does hot help the well-to-do and rich.”
On another occasion，when another disciple was appointed the chief magistrate of a town，Confucius appointed his salary at nine hundred measures of grain.The disciple declined it as being too much.
“Do not decline it，”said Confucius to him，“If that is more than necessary for your own wants，cannot you share what you do not want with your relatives and neighbours at home？”四
Confucius remarked of a disciple whose father was a notoriously bad man，saying：“The calf of a brindled cow，pro-vided it be well conditioned，although men may hesitate to use it in sacrifice，is yet not unacceptable to the Spirits of the land.”五
A minister who was in power in Confucius’native State asked him if his disciple，the intrepid Chung Yu，could bemade a minister under the government.“He is a man of deci-sion，”answered Confucius.“What is there in being a minister under the government that he should find any difficulty in it？”The minister then put the same question with regard to another disciple.“He is a man of great penetration，”answered Confucius.“What is there in being a minister that he should find any difficulty in it？”
The minister then went on to ask the same question about another disciple.“He is a man of many accomplishments，”answered Confucius.“What is there in being a minister that he should find any difficulty in it？”六
Confucius remarked of his disciple，the favourite Yen Hui，saying，“For months he could live without deviating from a pure moral life in thought as in deed．With other people，the utmost is a question of a day or a month.”七
A minister in power in Confucius’native State sent for a disciple of Confucius to make him the chief magistrate of an important town.
“Politely decline the offer for me，”said the disciple to the messenger sent to him，“and if your master again should send for me，I shall have to leave the country altogether.”八
On one occasion，when a disciple was sick with an infectious disease，Confucius，went to see him.Confucius，however，did not enter the house，but，taking the sick man’s hands from outside the window，made him his last adieus．Confucius was then heard to say，“We shall lose him．But God’s will be done！”At the same time he went on repeating，“Ah，that such a man should dieof such a sickness．Ah，that such a man should die of such a sickness！”九
Confucius remarked of his disciple，the favourite Yen Hui，saying，“How much heroism is in that man！Living on one single meal a day，with water for his drink，and living in the lowest hovels of the city，——no man could have stood such hardship，yet he——he did not lose his cheerfulness．How much heroism is in that man！”一〇
A disciple once said to Confucius，“It is not because I do not believe in your teaching，but I want the strength to carry it out into practice.”
“Those，”answered Confucius，“who only want the neces-sary strength，show it when they are on the way.But you——you stick at it from the outset altogether.”一一
Confucius said to a disciple，“Be a good and wise man while you try to be an encyclopaedic man of culture；be not a fool while you try to be an encyclopaedic man of culture.”
“The aim in education，”says Cofucius，“is to teach him everything which is necessary to enable him to attain to what a human being can attain to.”一二
On one occasion，when a disciple was appointed chief magistrate of an important town，Confucius said to him，“Have you succeeded in getting a good man under you？”
“Yes，”answered the disciple，“I have now a man who would never act upon expediency．He never comes to see me in my house except when there is urgent public business to be done.”一三
Confucius remarked of a chivalrous public character of the time，saying，“He was a man who never would boast．On one occasion，when the troops among whom he was，took to flight，he slowly brought up the rear；and when they had approached the city gate to which they were retreating，he whipped his horse and was the last man to enter the gate，remarking，simply，‘It was not courage which kept me behind．But you see——my horse would not go！’”一四
Confucius，referring to two noted characters of his time，remarked，“A man who has not the wit of that person（the Syd hey Smith of the time）and the fine appearance of that noble lord（the Lord Chesterfield of the time），will never get on in society now.”一五
Confucius remarked，“Who can get out of the house except through the door．How is it that men do not know that one cannot live except through the Way？”一六
Confucius remarked，“When the natural qualities of men get the better of the results of education，they are rude men.
When the results of education get the better of their natural qualities，they become literati．It is only when the natural qualities and the results of education are properly blended，that we have the truly wise and good man.”一七
Confucius remarked，“Man is born to be upright；when a man ceases to be that，it is by the merest chance that he can keep himself alive.”一八
Confucius remarked，“Those who know it are not as those who love it；those who love it are not as those who find their joy in it.”一九
Confucius remarked，“You may speak of high things to those who in natural qualities of mind are above average men．You may not speak to those who in natural qualities of mind are below average men.”二〇
A disciple enquired what constituted understanding．Confucius answered，“To know the essential duties of man living in a society of men，and to hold in awe and fear theSpiritual Powers of the Universe，while keeping aloof from jrreverent familiarty with them；that may be considered as understanding.”
The disciple then asked what constituted a moral life.Con-fucius answered，“A man who wants to live a moral life must first be conscious within himself of a difficulty and has strug-gled to overcome the difficulty：that is the definition or test of a moral life.”二一
Confucius remarked，“Men of intellectuaI character delight in water scenery；men of moral character delight in mountain scenery．Intellectual men are active；moral men are calm．Intel-lectual men enjoy life；moral men live long.”二二
Confucius，referring to the state of government in his native State and that in a neighbouring State，remarked，“If Ts’iwould only reform，she would have as good a government as Lu（Confucius’native State），and if Lu would only reform she would have a perfect government.”二三
Confucius was once heard to exclaim.“A goblet that is not globular：why call it a goblet；why call it a goblet？”二四
A disciple of Confucius once said to him，“A moral man，——if somebody told him that there was a man fallen into a well，I suppose he would immediately follow into the well？”“Why should he？”replied Confucius，“A good and wise man might be led to hurry to the scene，but not to plunge into the well.He could be imposed upon，but not made a fool of.”二五
Confucius remarked，“A good man who studies exten-sively into the arts and literature，and directs his studies with judgment and taste，is not likely to get into a wrong track.”二六
On one occasion When Confucius allowed himself to be presented to a princess of a State who was notorious for the irregularities of her life，his disciple，the intrepid Chung Yu，was vexed.
Confucius then swore an oath，saying，“If I have had an unworthy motive in doing that，may God forsake me，may God forsake me for ever！”二七
Confucius remarked，“The Use of the moral sentiment，well balanced and kept in perfect equilibrium，——that is the true State of human perfection．It is seldom found long so kept up amongst man.”二八
A disciple once said to Confucius，“If there is a man who carries out extensively good works for the welfare of the peo-ple and is really able to benefit the multitude，what would you say of such a man could be he called a moral character？”
“Why call him only a moral character，”answered Confu-cius，“if one must call such a man by a name，one would call him a holy or sainted man.For，judged by the works of which you speak，even the ancient Emperors Yao and Shunfelt their shortcomings.”
述而第七
一子曰：“述而不作，信而好古，窃比于我老彭。”【白话译文】孔子说：“只传述旧作，不进行创新，相信并且喜爱古文化，我私下把自己和老彭相比。”二
子曰：“默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉？”【白话译文】孔子说：“默默地记住所学的知识，学习永不满足，耐心地教导别人而不倦怠，这三方面我做到了哪些呢？”三
子曰：“德之不修，学之不讲，闻义不能徙，不善不能改，是吾忧也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“品德不加以修养，学问不勤于研究，听到符合道义的事，不能竭力去做，自己有缺点不能勇于改正，这些都是我所忧虑的啊！”四
子之燕居，申申如也，夭夭如也。【白话译文】孔子在家闲居时，看上去一副舒展整齐、轻松和畅的样子。五
子曰：“甚矣，吾衰也！久矣，吾不复梦见周公！”【白话译文】孔子说：“我衰老得多么严重呀！我有很长时间没有再梦见周公了。”六
子曰：“志于道，据于德，依于仁，游于艺。”【白话译文】孔子说：“志向在‘道’上，执守在‘德’上，依据在‘仁’上，以礼、乐、射、御、书、数等为学习对象。”七
子曰：“自行束脩以上，吾未尝无诲焉。”【白话译文】孔子说：“只要愿意亲自来送十条干肉作为薄礼的人，我从来没有不教诲的。”八
子曰：“不愤不启，不悱不发。举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“教导学生不到他想弄个明白而又不能弄明白的时候，我不去点拨他；不到他想说出来而又说不清楚的时候，我不去启发他。教给他某一方面，他不能由此推知其他几方面的，那就不必再教下去了。”九
子食于有丧者之侧，未尝饱也。
子于是日哭，则不歌。【白话译文】孔子在有丧事的人旁边吃饭，从来没有吃饱过。孔子在这天为吊丧哭泣过，那他在这一天里就不唱歌。一〇
子谓颜渊曰：“用之则行，舍之则藏，惟我与尔有是夫！”
子路曰：“子行三军，则谁与？”
子曰：“暴虎冯河，死而无悔者，吾不与也。必也临事而惧，好谋而成者也。”【白话译文】孔子对颜渊说：“有用我的，就实行我的主张；不用我，可将它收藏起来。只有我和你能有这种态度了！”子路说：“如果您去率领军队指挥作战，找谁与您共事？”孔子说：“能空手与老虎搏斗，徒步涉水过河，到死也不后悔的人，我是不与他共事的。与我共事的必须是临事能小心谨慎，善于谋划而能成功的人。”一一
子曰：“富而可求也，虽执鞭之士，吾亦为之。如不可求，从吾所好。”【白话译文】孔子说：“假如财富是可以合理求得的话，就算是做下等差役，我也愿意去做。若是不能合理求得，那么我还是干自己喜欢的事。”一二
子之所慎：齐，战，疾。【白话译文】孔子小心谨慎对待的事情是：斋戒，战争，疾病。一三
子在齐闻《韶》，三月不知肉味，曰：“不图为乐之至于斯也！”【白话译文】孔子在齐国听到《韶》乐后，陶醉得很长时间尝不出肉味，说：“没想到欣赏音乐能到达如此境界啊！”一四
冉有曰：“夫子为卫君乎？”子贡曰：“诺，吾将问之。”
入曰：“伯夷、叔齐何人也？”曰：“古之贤人也。”曰：“怨乎？”曰：“求仁而得仁，又何怨？”
出曰：“夫子不为也。”【白话译文】冉有问子贡：“老师会帮助卫君吗？”子贡说：“嗯，我要去问问他。”子贡进去问孔子说：“伯夷、叔齐是怎样的人呢？”孔子回答说：“他们是古代的贤人啊。”子贡又问：“他们互让君位而出逃，心里会有怨恨吗？”孔子回答说：“他们一心谋求仁德并且又得到了仁德，又有什么怨恨呢？”子贡出来后，对冉有说：“老师不会帮助卫君。”一五
子曰：“饭疏食，饮水，曲肱而枕之，乐亦在其中矣。不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。”【白话译文】孔子说：“吃粗粮，饮凉水，弯着胳膊做枕头，乐趣也就在这里面。用不正当的手段得来的富贵，对于我就像浮云一样。”一六
子曰：“加我数年，五十以学易，可以无大过矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“若增加我的寿命，到五十岁时学习《易经》，就能做到行为上没有大的过错了。”一七
子所雅言，《诗》、《书》、执礼，皆雅言也。【白话译文】孔子使用通行语言的情况是：读《诗经》、《尚书》、演习礼仪，都使用周王室认可的通行语言。一八
叶公问孔子于子路，子路不对。子曰：“女奚不曰：其为人也，发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至云尔。”【白话译文】叶公向子路问到孔子，子路没回答。孔子说：“你为什么不说：他的为人啊，发愤时，竟忘记吃饭；快乐时，便忘记忧愁；简直连衰老就会来也不知道，如此而已。”一九
子曰：“我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“我并不是生下来就知道很多事情的人，而是爱好古代文献，勤奋敏捷去寻求真知的人啊！”二〇
子不语怪、力、乱、神。【白话译文】孔子从来不议论怪异、暴力、叛乱和鬼神。二一
子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”【白话译文】孔子说：“几个人在一块走路，其中一定有人可以做我的老师。选择好的向他学习，不好的引以为鉴改正自己类似的缺点。”二二
子曰：“天生德于予，桓其如予何！”【白话译文】孔子说：“我的德行是天赐给我的，桓能把我怎样呢？”二三
子曰：“二三子以我为隐乎？吾无隐乎尔。吾无行而不与二三子者，是丘也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“你们这些学生以为我会隐瞒什么吗？我不会对你们隐瞒任何东西。我没有什么不告诉你们的，这就是我孔丘的为人。”二四
子以四教：文、行、忠、信。【白话译文】孔子从四个方面教育学生：典籍文献、道德实践、对人忠诚、讲究信用。二五
子曰：“圣人，吾不得而见之矣；得见君子者，斯可矣。”
子曰：“善人，吾不得而见之矣；得见有恒者，斯可矣。亡而为有，虚而为盈，约而为泰，难乎有恒矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“圣人，我是看不到了；能够看到君子，这就可以了。”
孔子又说：“善人，我是看不见的了；能看得到有一定操守的人就不错了。没有却装做有，空虚却装充足，本来穷困却要装做富裕，这样的人就难以保持一定的操守。”二六
子钓而不纲，弋不射宿。【白话译文】孔子钓鱼，只用钓竿，而不用大绳系住网，截断河水来捕鱼；只射飞着的鸟，不射宿窝的鸟。二七
子曰：“盖有不知而作之者，我无是也。多闻，择其善者而从之，多见而识之，知之次也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“大概有自己不知却凭空臆造的人吧，我没有这等事。多多地听，选择其中好的加以接受，多多地看，然后记在心里，这样学得的知识，是仅次于‘生而知之’的。”二八
互乡难与言，童子见，门人惑。子曰：“与其进也，不与其退也，唯何甚？人洁己以进。与其洁也，不保其往也。”【白话译文】互乡这地方的人很难好好地跟他们进行交谈。一个互乡的童子得到了孔子的接见，学生们都很诧异。孔子说：“我这是赞许他们进步，不赞许他们退步，这有什么过分的呢？人家怀着一颗洁身自好之心而来，我便赞同他的洁身自好，对他的过往我并不追究呀。”二九
子曰：“仁远乎哉？我欲仁，斯仁至矣。”【白话译文】孔子说：“仁，距离我远吗？我想要做到仁，仁就到了。”三〇
陈司败问：“昭公知礼乎？”孔子曰：“知礼。”
孔子退，揖巫马期而进之，曰：“吾闻君子不党，君子亦党乎？君取于吴，为同姓，谓之吴孟子。君而知礼，孰不知礼？”
巫马期以告。子曰：“丘也幸，苟有过，人必知之。”【白话译文】陈司败问孔子：“鲁昭公懂得礼吗？”孔子说：“懂得礼。”孔子出去后，陈司败向巫马期作了个揖，并进言道：“我听说君子无所偏袒，难道君子也有所偏袒吗？鲁君从吴国娶了一位夫人，吴和鲁是同姓的国家，因此不称她吴姬，而叫她吴孟子。如果鲁君懂得礼，还有谁不懂得礼呢？”巫马期把这话告诉了孔子。孔子道：“我真幸运，如果有了过错，人家一定会知道。”三一
子与人歌而善，必使反之，而后和之。【白话译文】孔子与别人一起唱歌，如果别人唱得好，必定请他再唱，然后再和他同唱。三二
子曰：“文，莫吾犹人也，躬行君子，则吾未之有得。”【白话译文】孔子说：“在《诗》、《书》文化知识和礼乐制度方面，我大概和别人是一样的。作为一个身体力行的君子，那我还没有做到。”三三
子曰：“若圣与仁，则吾岂敢！抑为之不厌，诲人不倦，则可谓云尔已矣。”公西华曰：“正唯弟子不能学也。”【白话译文】孔子说：“如果说到圣和仁，那我怎么敢当！我不过是学习和工作从不厌烦，教诲别人总不疲倦，那倒是可以说的。”公西华说：“这正是学生们所不能学到的。”三四
子疾病，子路请祷。子曰：“有诸？”子路对曰：“有之。《诔》曰：‘祷尔于上下神祇。’”子曰：“丘之祷久矣。”【白话译文】孔子病情加重，子路请求向鬼神祈祷乞求保佑。孔子问道：“有这事吗？”子路说：“有的。《诔》文上说：‘替你向天神地祇祈祷。’”孔子说：“我早就祈祷过了。”三五
子曰：“奢则不孙，俭则固。与其不孙也，宁固。”【白话译文】孔子说：“奢侈了就会不谦逊，节俭了则显得寒酸。与其不谦逊，宁可寒酸。”三六
子曰：“君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。”【白话译文】孔子说：“君子通常心气坦荡宽广，小人则常常局促忧戚。”三七
子温而厉，威而不猛，恭而安。【白话译文】孔子温和而又严厉，有威仪而又不凶猛，庄重而又安详。
CHAPTER Ⅶ
一Confucius remarked，“I transmit the old truth and do not originate any new theory.I am well acquainted and love the study of Antiquity.In this respect I may venture to compare myself with our old Worthy Pang.”二
Confucius then went on to say，“To meditate in silence；patiently to acquire knowledge；and to be indefatigable in teaching it to others：which one of these things can I say that I have done？”三
Lastly，Confucius said，“Neglect of godliness；study without understanding；failure to act up to what I believe to be right；and inability to change bad habits：these are things which cause me constant solicitude.”四
But not with standing what he said above，Confucius in his disengaged hours was always serene and cheerful.五
Only once in his old age Confucius was heard to say：“How my mental powers have decayed！For a long time now I have not dreamt，as I was won’t to do，of our Lord of Chou.”六
Confucius said to his disciples：“Seck for wisdom；hold fast to godliness；live a moral life；and enjoy the pleasures derived from the pursuit of the polite arts.”七
Confucius remarked，“In teaching men，I make no differ-ence between the rich and the poor．I have taught men who could just afford to bring me the barest presentation gift in the same way as I have taught others.”八
Confucius then went on to say：“In my method of teach-ing，I always wait for my student to make an effort himself to find his way through a difficulty，before I show him the way myself.I also make him find his own illustrations before I give him one of my own．When I have pointed out the bearing of a subject in one direction and found that my student can-not himself see its bearings into other directions，I do not then repeat my lesson.”九
When Confucius dined in a house of mourning he never ate much.On the same day in which he had occasion to mourn for the death of a friend，the sound of music was never heard in his house.一〇
Confucius once said to his disciple，the favourite Yen Hui，“To act when called upon to act，in public life，and，when neglected，to be content to lead out a private life——that is what you and I——we both have made up our minds upon.”
When his other disciple，the intrepid Chung Yu，heard the remark，he said to Confucius：“But if you were in command of an army，whom would you have with you？”
“I would not have him，”replied Confucius，“who is ready to seize a live tiger with his bare arms，Or jump into the sea，without fear of death.The man I would have with me would be a man who is conscious of the difficulties of any task set before him，and who，only after mature deliberation，proceeds to accomplish it.”一一
Confucius once remarked，“If there is a sure way of get-ting rich，even though one had to be a groom and keep horses，I would be willing to be one.But as there is really no sure way of getting rich，I prefer to follow the pursuits congenial to me.”一二
There were three cases in life in which Confucius con-sidered a man was called upon to exercise the most mature deliberation：in case of worship，of war and of sickness.一三
When Confucius on his travels was in a certain State he，for the first time，heard played a piece of ancient music（the oldest then known in China）.Thereupon he gave himself up to the study of it for three months，to the entire neglect of his ordinary food．He was then heard to say，“I should never have thought that music could be brought to such perfection.”一四
A disciple who was with Confucius on his travels while in a certain State，——speaking of the reigning prince of that State who，while his father was driven to exile，succeeded，on his grandfather’s death，to the throne，and was then opposing the attempt of his father to return to the country，——said to another disciple：“Is the master in favour of the son，the present ruler？”“oh，”replied the other disciple，“I will ask him.”
The other disciple accordingly went in where Confucius was，and said to him：“What kind of men were Po-yi and Shuh-ts’i.”“They are ancient worthies”，answered Confucius.“But”，asked the disciple，“did they complain of the world？”“No”.
replied Confucius，“What they sought for in life was to live a high moral life，and they succeeded in living a high moral life．What had they then to complain of the world？”The disciple then went out and said to the other disciple，“No，the master is not in favour of the present ruler.”一五
Confucius remarked，“Living upon the poorest fare with cold water for drink，and with my bended arms for a pil-low，——I could yet find pleasure in such a life，whereas riches and honours acquired through the sacrifice of what is right，would be to me as unreal as a mirage.”一六
Confucius once remarked，after he had begun the study of the I-king，“If I could hope to live some years more，long enough to complete my study of the I-king，I should then hope to be without any great shortcomings in my life.”一七
The subjects upon which Confucius loved to talk were：Poetry，history，and the rules of courtesy and good manners．He frequently talked on these subjects.一八
The reigning prince of a small principality asked a dis-ciple of Confucius，the intrepid Chung Yu，to give his opin-ion of Confucius.The disciple did not say anything in reply．When Confucius afterwards heard of the enquiry，he said to his disciple：“Why did you not say to him thus：‘He is a man who，in the efforts he makes to overcome the difficulty in acquiring knowledge.neglects his food，and，in the joy of its attainment，forgets his sorrows of life；and，who thus absorbed，becomes oblivious that old age is stealing on him？’”一九
Confucius remarked，“I am not one born with under-standing.I am only one who has given himself to the study of Antiquity and is diligent in seeking for understanding in such studies.”二〇
Confucius always refused to talk of supernatural phenom-ena；of extraordinay feats of strength；of crime of unnatural depravity of men；or of supernatural beings.二一
Confucius remarked，“When three men meet together，one of them who is anxious to learn can always learn something of the other two.He can profit by the good example of the one and avoid the bad example of the other.”二二
Confucius，on one occasion of great personal danger to his person from an enemy，was heard to say，“God has given me this moral and intellectual power in me；what can that man do to me？”二三
But on another occasion Confucius remarked to his disciples，“Do you think，my friends，that I have somemysterious power within me？I have really nothing mysteri-ous in me——to you，of all others.For if there is anyone who shows to you everything which he does，I am，you know，my friends，that person.”二四
Confucius through his life and teaching taught only four things：a knowledge of literature and the arts，conduct，con-scientiousness and truthfulness.二五
Confucius once speaking of the men and state of the society of his time，remarked，“Holy，sainted men I do not expect to see；if I could only meet with wise and good men I would be satisfied.”
“Perfectly honest men I do not expect to see；if I could only meet with scrupulous men I would be satisfied.But in a state of society in which men must pretend to possess what they really do not possess；pretend to have plenty，when they have really nothing；and pretend to be in affluence when they are in actual want——in such a state of society，it is difficult to be even a scrupulous man.”二六
Confucius sometimes went out fishing，but always with the rod and angle；he would never use a net.He sometimes went out shooting，but he would never shoot at a bird except on the wing.二七
Confucius once remarked，“There are，perhaps，men who propound theories which they themselves do not understand.That is a thing I never do.I read and learn everthing and，choose what is excellent，I adopt it；I see everything and take note of what I see：that is，perhaps，next to having a great understanding.”二八
A certain place was noted for the bad character of the people in it.When Confucius allowed a young man of that place to be presented to him，his disciples were astonished．But Confucius said，“Why should one be too severe？When a man reforms and comes to me for advice，I accept his pres-ent reformation without inquiring what his past life has been.I am satisfied if I find that，for the present，he has really reformed，without being able to guarantee that he will not relapes again.But why should one be too severe？”二九
Confucius then went on to remark，“Is moral life some-thing remote or difficult？If a men will only wish to live a moral life——there and then his life becomes moral.”三〇
A minister of justice in a certain State enquired of Con-fucius，while he was in that State on his travels，if the reigning prince in Confucius’native State was a man of propriety in his life.“Yes，”answered Confucius，“he is.”
After a while，when Confucius had left，the minister beck-oned to a disciple of Confucius to approach，and said to him：“I have always been taught to believe that a good and wise man is impartial in his judgment.But now I find it is not so.The reiging prince of your State married a princess from the reign-ing house of a State whose family surname is the same as thatof your prince；and，to conceal the impropriety，your prince changed her surname in the title given to her a Court.Now if，after his，your prince can be considered a man of propriety in life，who may not be considered so？”
Afterwards when the disciple told Confucius of what the minister said，Confucius remarked，“I am glad that whenever I make a mistake，people always know it.”三一
When Confucius asked a man to sing，if he sang well，Confucius would make him sing again the same song，accom-panying him with his own voice.三二
Confucius remarked，“In the knowledge of letters and the arts，I may perhaps compare myself with other men.But as the character of a good and wise man who carries out in his personal conduct what he professes，——that is something to which I have not yet attained.”三三
Confucius then went on to say，“And as for the charac-ter of a holy，sainted man or even a moral character，——how should I dare to pretend to that.That I spare no pains in striv-ing after it and I am indefatigable in teaching others to strive for it.——that，perhaps，may be said of me.”
A disciple，who heard what was said，thereupon remarked，
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