作者：《新东方英语》编辑部
出版社：《海外文摘》杂志社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
《新东方英语》大学生2015年1月号试读：
★Editors’Notes 编辑手记★
勇气成就人生等
勇气成就人生——“Angelina Jolie's Stripped Down, Very Real Self”2014年11月，安吉丽娜·朱莉表示，自己已经对表演失去兴趣，打算放弃表演，专心做导演。这样一位全球知名的超级女星做出息影的决定，不少粉丝难免困惑并为之惋惜。然而，读完本期“Angelina Jolie's Stripped Down, Very Real Self”一文，你会明白，这是朱莉自然又必然的选择。从模特到巨星，从演员到导演，从问题少女到人道主义者，从对组建家庭不抱希望到为人妻、为人母，朱莉的人生有过低谷，犯过错误，但始终不变的是，她从来没有停止过对生命潜能的探索。如果说以前朱莉打动我的是她的性感与美丽，那如今她打动我的则是她内心的勇气。正是她那股冲破禁锢、突破自我的勇气让她拥有了全新的事业与完满的家庭，也让她由内而外散发出比以往更夺目的光彩。这不禁让我想起了之前读到的一句话：“Courage is an angel that makes a difference between a good life and a great life.”（廖粮粮）致不完美的我们——《Commnuity废柴联盟》
社区大学对很多人来说是个陌生的概念，但有一点可以肯定：没能进入“正经大学”的人才会去读社区大学。美剧Community之所以被译为“废柴联盟”，也正因为如此。这里有高中退学生，有学历造假者，有中年离异人士，有回炉再造的老头。他们带着自己的某种“失败”来到社区大学，却意外被绑在了一起，有过排斥和挣扎，却又在跌跌撞撞中一路同行。在该剧天马行空、荒诞离奇的剧情之下，潜藏着他们惺惺相惜的珍贵情谊。或许每个人都曾身处这样一个小团体，体会过这种情谊：它不是玫瑰色，也没有蜜糖味，或许还带着些许苦涩，但这种不完美却令人心动和怀念。如果当时有一台摄像机把我们自己的故事记录下来，想必也会如剧集般精彩。（李晓涵）在书中与气味相遇——“Smells Like Words”
你可否在心中设想过，若有一天失去了嗅觉，那会怎样？也许你会说：不就是闻不到味道吗？没什么大不了。我起初也是这么想的，但在读完“Smells Like Words”这篇文章后，我开始觉得问题没这么简单：嗅觉缺失给人带来的不便和痛苦是一般人无法想象的。作为一名失嗅症患者，作者失去了诸多体验美好气味的机会，她闻不到花香、饭香、孩子身上的奶香，同时也无法通过嗅觉预知潜在的危险，比如烧焦的气味、装修的味道、食物腐败的味道。她就像个局外人，无法和正常人一样完全融入世界。但庆幸的是，世上还有书这种伟大之物，书中对味道的描述多少弥补了她在嗅觉方面的缺失：“如果闻不到某种东西，我就不了解它。但如果是阅读，我就了解。”虽然生活会有很多不完美之处，但在不完美中我们总能发现其他一些东西可以弥补这些遗憾，让我们能有机会感知世界的美好。（耳海燕）和宝贝一起成长——“The Bizarre Case of a Dad Traveling Alone with a Baby”
如果你和我一样都是《爸爸去哪儿》的忠实粉丝，那可不要错过本期这篇“The Bizarre Case of a Dad Traveling Alone with a Baby”。作为一篇“国外版”《爸爸去哪儿》，文章讲述了一位菜鸟老爸独自带娃外出的故事。和节目中的情形一样，文中这位老爸的旅程也是状况百出、笑料不断。面对各种突发事件，这位老爸束手无策，几近崩溃。看到这样的情形，想必会有不少人为其揪心，甚至在心中默默呼唤宝贝的妈妈。不过，我倒是觉得我们可以收起多余的担心，相信这些勇于独自带娃的老爸。因为在如此难得的历练中，老爸们是在和宝贝一起成长。（王扬）
★Test Bible 考试手册★
托福阅读句子插入题的解题策略
◎文/朱甄雯托福阅读中的句子插入题（Insert Text Questions）的考查形式如下：题目给出一个句子（以下简称“插入句”），要求考生判断该句子应插入文章的哪个位置最合适，题目会提供四个位置（用“▇”标出，以下为行文方便，例句全部使用A、B、C、D来代替黑方块）供考生选择。该题型在托福阅读中考查的数量不多，不是每一篇阅读理解文章都有会这类题目，一篇阅读理解文章最多只会出现一道句子插入题，且都出现在倒数第二道题中。该题型的难度较大，考生要理解句子的意思以及句子之间的逻辑关系才能正确地答题。
一般来说，该题目所给的插入句可以为考生提供解题的线索。解题的线索分为两类：一类是插入句含有明确的指代关系；另一类是插入句含有明确的逻辑关系。下面笔者就分别从这两方面来讲述句子插入题的解题策略。插入句含有明确的指代关系
插入句中如果出现代词（如they、this、that、these、such等），表明该插入句含有明确的指代关系，考生可以根据这一指代关系来判断插入句该插入文章的哪个位置。根据一般文章的行文习惯，如果插入句含有代词，那么在原文中，插入句前面的句子应该会出现代词所指代的相关名词。因此，考生依次查看题目提供的四个位置时，可根据位置前出现的名词来推测插入句中的代词指代的是什么，然后根据这样的推测来判断插入句放在假设的位置时，插入句与上下文在意思上与逻辑上是否相符。下面笔者列举两个例子来加以说明。
例1 Scholars offer three related but different opinions about this puzzle. A One opinion is that the paintings were a record of the seasonal migration made by herds. B Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. C Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden location, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies. D
Where would the sentence best fit?
All three of them have strengths and weaknesses, but none adequately answers all of the questions the paintings present. (摘自《新托福考试官方指南第四版》P49)
解析：此题给出的插入句里含有all three of them这个含有指代关系的词组，考生据此可以判断该插入句的上文（前面的句子）应该出现过某个复数名词。有此预判后，考生可以假设插入句放在A处，那么all three of them指代的便是前面句子出现的复数名词opinions。然后考生再判断插入句放在A处时，其与上下文句子的意思和逻辑衔接是否连贯。A处前面的句子的含义是“关于这个谜团，学者们提供了三个相关但不同的看法”，而插入句的意思是“这三个看法都有优点和缺点，但是没有一个看法可以充分解释这些画存在的所有问题”，插入句正好承接前面那一句，继续评论三种看法。由此考生能够判断插入句放置于A处时，可以与前面的句子意思连贯起来，逻辑关系也很通顺，因此此题的插入句放在A处最合适。
例2 The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. A Spices were the most sought-after commodities. B Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. C But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. D
Where would the sentence best fit?
They were highly valued for a couple of reasons. (摘自TPO 17 “Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia”)
解析：本题的插入句中出现了代词they，其指代的肯定是复数名词。考生回原文依次判断A、B、C、D四个位置，如果该插入句放在A处，其指代的应该是前面一句出现的复数名词profits，此时插入句的意思是“利润因为一些原因而受到重视”，那么后文应该对此有进一步介绍，然而A处后面的第一句话却是介绍spices（香料），开启了另一个话题，因此插入句放在A处无法与后面的句子衔接。如果将插入句放在B处，则they指代前一句的复数名词spices，那么插入句的意思就是“香料因为一些原因而受到高度重视”。B处后面一句话的意思是“香料不仅很大程度上提升了欧洲人的饮食味道，而且还用于制作香水和某些药材”，这不就是在进一步解释香料受到高度重视的原因吗？因此，此处插入句应该插在B处。插入句含有明确的逻辑关系
如果插入句含有明确的逻辑关系词，可以利用插入句所含的逻辑关系来判断插入句最适合插入的位置。插入句常出现的逻辑关系词包括以下几类：①转折关系词，比如but、however、yet、even though等；②因果关系词，比如because、due to、so、consequently等；③递进关系词，比如also、in fact、even、furthermore等。如果插入句中有如上这些逻辑关系词的话，考生就可以利用它们作为线索，阅读题目提供的位置前后的句子，判断插入句插入后，其是否与位置前后的句子逻辑关系相符。下面笔者列举两例予以说明。
例3 A Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. B Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills.C In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. D They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac (囊) that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water. (摘自《新托福考试官方指南第四版》P117)
解析：插入句的consequently的意思是“结果”，因此考生可以初步判断插入句与前面的句子之间是因果关系，且前面的句子表示原因。因此考生可以先排除A处。插入句的意思是“结果，金枪鱼不需要吸水”，B处前面的句子意思是“因为金枪鱼一直在游动，它们必须张着嘴使水流经他们的腮”，而B处后面句子的意思是“因此它们大部分的肌肉已经退化了，而其他鱼利用这样的肌肉来吸水和从腮里排水”。也就是说，B处前面的句子解释了“金枪鱼不需要吸水”的原因，因此插入句应放在B处。
例4 A Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communites (顶级群落) all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. B The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. C We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. D
Where would the sentence best fit?
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than by natural events and processes. (摘自《新托福考试官方指南第四版》P474)
解析：本题插入句的逻辑提示词是in fact，句意是“事实上，人类对于环境的破坏通常远比自然事件和过程带来的破坏更严重”，带有递进的含义，因此考生可以推断出该插入句前面应该谈到人类对环境的破坏。考生回到原文，发现B处前面的一句谈到了human activities对于环境的破坏，而B处后面的一句举了一个Mount St. Helens火山爆发的例子，例子的大意是“与人类对Mount St. Helens的破坏相比，火山爆发给它带来的破坏就显得微不足道了”，这进一步证明了插入句的观点——人类对环境的破坏大于自然事件带来的危害，由此考生可以判断出插入句放在B处最合适。
谈托福独立写作主体段的论证模式
◎文/王君托福独立写作的主体段是独立写作最为核心的部分，主体段的论证质量决定了整个独立写作的质量和成败。《新托福考试官方指南》对于独立写作论证(development)部分的说明指出：Development is the amount and kinds of support (examples, details, reasons) for your ideas that you present in your essay. To get a top score, your essay should be, according to the rater guidelines, “well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.”这段话中的引号部分是《新托福考试官方指南》中最高档的评分标准对论证的要求，即要求“通过清晰且恰当的解释、例证和/或细节来充分论证观点”。那么如何才能达到论证充分的要求呢？本文笔者就提供一些实用的托福独立写作主体段的论证展开模式，供考生参考和学习。“因果+例证”模式
这种模式是最为常用的一种主体段展开方式。因果论证是指通过前因后果的关系来解释为什么段落分论点能够支撑全文总论点。在运用因果论证时，考生可以使用一些表达因果关系的词汇和短语来加强因果逻辑，比如表示原因的有because、as、since、now that、considering that、given that、in that、this is because、due to、owing to、thanks to、because of、on account of、as a result of、as a consequence of、“the reason why...is that”等；表示从因到果的有cause、lead to、result in、contribute to、give rise to、give birth to等；表示前果后因的有result from、attribute A to B、ascribe A to B等；表示结果的有so、thus、hence、therefore、as a result、as a consequence、consequently、accordingly、this is why等。例证是指运用更加具体的例子和细节来细化因果说理部分，且段落主题句、因果说理部分以及例子和细节之间必须相互呼应，这样才能够达到主体段论证充分的要求。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。写作的题目是：父母应不应该限制孩子看电视的时间？该考生选择的观点是父母应该限制孩子看电视的时间，该段落阐述的理由是“看电视会影响孩子的学习”。
The first reason why I prefer to hold this position is that children may get addicted to TV as they are too young to organize their study and free time. Without limit on the amount of time spent watching TV, children may watch TV all day long, which is very harmful for their studies. As a consequence, the time they spend studying is insufficient and it is impossible for them to achieve well at school. Take my neighbor’s daughter Jessica as an example. As her father didn’t care much about how much time she spent watching TV, Jessica watched it for about six hours per day. Considering she had to go to school, there wasn’t enough time for her to finish all her homework and review what she had learned at school. After becoming addicted to TV, Jessica failed the final exams in three courses. Cases like this abound among teenagers. So I believe if parents want their children to do well at school, they have to limit the amount of time they can watch TV.
该考生首先通过因果说理解释了为什么看电视会影响孩子的学习，然后举出了一个具体的例子，将说理部分加以细化，表明看电视的确会影响学习。例子和说理之间互相印证，从而证明了段落的主题句。“因果+例证+对比”模式
除了因果说理和例证之外，有时候为了充实段落内容，更为详尽地证明主题句，考生可以结合对比论证的手法，将对比论证和因果、举例相结合。考生可以利用on the contrary、by contrast、however等表达引出对比的内容。对比论证又可以分为一事物和另一事物的对比、现在和过去的对比、有和无的对比等几种情况，下面分别来具体说明。
1.一事物和另一事物的对比
托福独立写作的某些题目会涉及一件事和另一件事的对比，或是一种做法和另一种做法的对比，或是一个物体和另一个物体的对比。为了充分凸显自己选择的一方的好处，考生除了证明自己选择的一方如何好，还可以使用对比手法，证明另一方不好。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。写作的题目是：学生一个学期学3~4门课程好呢，还是更多课程好？该考生认为学习3~4门课程更好，不应该学习更多课程。这个段落阐述的理由是“课程少一点，学习效率更高”。
First and foremost, not taking too many subjects contributes to effective study. Students have limited time. If they take too many subjects, there will be less time for each one. If a student studies eight hours per day and takes four subjects, he/she would have two hours to study and revise each one. However, if this student takes eight subjects, he/she can only spend one hour on each one. Obviously, two hours of study time for each subject is much better than one hour of study time, since students can understand the topic more deeply and do more practice.
该考生在论证中使用了对比论证的方法，对比了学习3~4门课程和学习更多课程的效果差别，从而有效地证明了学习更多课程不利于学习效果的提升。
2.现在和过去的对比
托福独立写作的题目中有一类题目涉及过去和现在的对比，或是涉及科技带来的改变，比如：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology makes people's lives simpler rather than more complicated.” 对于这类题目，考生在段落内部展开论证时就可以通过对比过去来突出现在。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。针对上面的题目，该考生认为科技让人们的生活变得更简单了。这个段落的主题是“科技发展使日常生活变得更加简单”。
To begin with, our daily life has been greatly simplified. Specifically, the time taken for traveling and communicating has been shortened through the advent of new modes of transportation and the media of communication. In the past, if you wanted to travel to a distant place, you might ride a horse or a bicycle and it would seem to take up the rest of your life due to the unexploited areas without roads and the extremely low speed. But nowadays, citizens are able to travel internationally within hours. In addition, many years ago, particularly in China, if you wanted to communicate with your relatives, you were supposed to rush to the post office, put your mail into the mailbox, and then the mail was transported several days later by a low-speed train. By the time your relatives received the letter and replied to you, a few months would have passed. However, today you are able to send a “to-the-point” e-mail with a click of your mouse and people will response within minutes.
在这个段落内部，该考生从交通和通讯两个子层面对比了过去和现在的差异，凸显了段落主题句强调的“日常生活变得更加简单”。
3.有和无的对比
在托福独立写作题目中，有些题目既没有问某一事物（或做法）和另一事物（或做法）的对比，也没有问现在和过去的对比，只是单纯地问某一事物（或做法）的好坏，比如：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship.” 对于这类题目，考生也可以运用对比手法来论证，此时要对比的就是“有”和“无”的差异。就这道题目而言，考生可以对比“诚实”和“不诚实”有何差异。又如，想要证明互联网的好处，考生可以先说明互联网带来的方便，然后对比说如果现在没有互联网，人们的生活中将会有许多不方便。再比如，想要证明做某件事带来的好处，考生可以先分析这件事的好处，再对比说明如果当时没有做这件事情将有什么后果。考生需要注意，因为对比的内容尚未发生，与事实相反，因此需要使用虚拟语气。
下面这个段落节选自SAT官方给出的一篇满分作文。这篇作文的题目是：欺骗有没有可能是合理的？作者的观点是欺骗总体上是不好的 ，这个段落是想证明“欺骗会带来更加糟糕的后果”。这篇作文虽然来自于SAT考试，但这道写作题目和托福独立写作题目的命题方式很像，托福独立写作的主体段也完全可以借鉴这样的论证方式。
With regards to more serious matters, however, deception can lead to more dire consequences. Cheating in a test, for instance, may result in failing a class or expulsion from school. My brother once helped his best friend cheat in a maths test, but he confessed to the teacher immediately afterwards. The teacher only forced the two boys to retake the test because she appreciated their honesty. If my brother had not approached his teacher, he might have been kicked out of school. Furthermore, my brother’s decision serves as an example of morality to his friend and other students. Thus, he saved his friend from more serious punishment, which would have been his justification for lying anyway.
作者首先讲述了哥哥帮助同学在考试中作弊，之后向老师承认了错误，老师要求他们重考的事例，然后用虚拟语气（即划线句子）来对比论证：如果他们没有向老师承认错误，将会面临被开除的后果。通过对比，“欺骗会带来更严重的后果”这一主题得以凸显。“因果+例证+并列列举”模式
并列列举是指为了增强段落论证的充实性和论证的深度，将一个段落的理由分成并列的几个方面来展开论述。尤其是当段落主题句中含有抽象名词或复数名词时，在段落内部可以通过并列的方式来多角度展现抽象名词或复数名词。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。写作题目是：现在的年轻人是否比过去的年轻人更爱帮助别人？该考生选择的立场是现在的年轻人更爱帮助别人。其中一个主体段从“现在的年轻人用很多传统的方式帮助别人”的角度论证，下面这个段落则从“现在的年轻人用很多新型的方式帮助别人”的角度来论证。
Besides helping others in conventional ways, nowadays, young people tend to help others in various new ways. They take advantage of their new abilities and skills to help others. Some computer talents go to help the senior citizens in the community send emails or make contact with their children overseas; some English majors go to help foreigners as tour guides or language partners; some people with a background in economics set up new banks to help farmers invest in their farmland and expand their production.
该考生通过三个排比句来展开细节，具体论述了现在的年轻人如何利用自己的能力和特长来帮助别人，将段落主题句中help这一抽象名词具体化了。
此外，考生也可以将一个段落主题句的理由细分成更具体的理由，每个理由内部再结合一定的细节来论证。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。写作的题目是：是否应该在交通高峰期向司机征收一定的费用？该考生不同意这种做法，这个段落给出的理由是“这样不仅不会缓解交通状况，而且可能更加重交通拥堵的状况”。
Besides, charging money will not improve the traffic situation in rush hour but will bring more traffic jams. For one thing, because the fee that drivers pay for a single time may seem cheap, drivers probably don’t mind when they are asked to pay it. In this case, the fee will not prevent too many drivers from driving when the traffic is heavy. For another thing, it is difficult to take the action of charging drivers money during heavy traffic. If toll stations are set up at the entrances of the main streets, they will create a very long queue of cars outside the stations waiting to pay the fees to get through. Not only is this inconvenient, but it also makes the traffic worse and drivers may become more anxious when waiting for a long time to pass the toll stations. Thus, this action will not ease the pressure of traffic jam.
在这个段落中，该考生将理由细分成两个方面，每个方面都结合一定的细节展开，深入阐述了为什么这样的做法无法缓解交通拥堵状况，甚至会使交通更加拥堵。
在运用并列列举的方法时，考生需要注意段落内部层次和逻辑的清晰性，段落内部不同层次之间不能交叉重叠。考生在写作时可以使用一些表达方式来增强层次感，比如first、to begin with、to start with、besides、in addition、additionally、furthermore、finally、lastly、for one thing、for another thing等。“因果+例证+对比+并列列举”模式
考生也可以把因果说理、例证、对比论证和并列列举几种方法结合起来，使文章的论述更加丰富、有力。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时写作训练中写的。写作的题目是：20年后，学生是否不再使用纸质书？该考生的观点是学生将来会使用电子书，而非纸质书。这个段落论述的理由是“电子书比纸质书更加方便”。
Electronic books are more convenient for students to use than traditional paper books. Firstly, it is easier and time-saving for students to buy electronic books. When we want to purchase an e-book, we just need to order and pay for the book online and the book will be instantly transmitted to our iPhone or iPad. But, when we buy a paper book, even though we can also order the book online, it will be sent to our hand one or more days later. Secondly, it is easier for students to carry electronic books than heavy traditional books. Considering that students have to carry and use a lot of textbooks and reference books every day, carrying too many heavy books in their backpacks poses a great burden on students and is harmful for their physical health. On the contrary, if they use e-books, all they have to take is just an iPad or a Kindle, and it is obvious that this will greatly reduce students’ burden. Thirdly, it is more convenient for students to search for information in digital books. When we need to find some essential information in paper books, such as an important quotation, a formula, or a crucial paragraph, we need to search for the information page by page, or even book by book, which is really time-consuming. By contrast, with a digital book, we just need to type in the key words and immediately all the related information will appear on the screen. It is clear that electronic books bring huge convenience to students.
在本段的论述中，考生将电子书的方便之处拆分成三个并列的方面：购买方便、携带方便和搜索信息方便。考生对每一个方面都进行了说理和例证，并且都将电子书与传统书进行了对比。这样综合运用因果说理、例证、对比和并列列举手法充分展现了电子书的方便性。
总之，通过灵活运用因果说理、例证、对比和并列列举手法，考生就可以在主体段实现充分论证。考生可以根据不同的题目和段落灵活选择不同的论证组合模式进行练习，不必局限于某一种模式的单一运用，同时也要注意段落内容的充实性和逻辑的连贯性。在保证切题的前提下，考生应尽量在主体段充分、详细地展开论述，以接近或达到托福官方指南中对于最高档次作文的论证要求。
托福听力主题题解题技巧详解
◎文 /秦朗主题题又称主旨题或中心思想题。是托福听力中一种十分常见的题型。在实际考试中，几乎每篇托福听力的录音材料都会有涉及文章主题的题目，有时甚至不止一道。同时，主题题又是一种非常重要的题型。很多考生曾反映，如果能把一篇录音材料的主题题答对，那么答对剩余题目的可能性也会很高。而如果主题题做错了，那么往往其余的题目错误率也会很高。究其原因，一是主题题大多为全文第一道题，考生做题的顺利与否往往会影响其整个做题状态，二是主题题涉及全文主线，准确把握住主题有利于考生对录音材料细节内容的理解。因此，无论是平时备考还是实际考试，考生都应对主题题给予足够的重视。题型分类及特征
按照考查内容来分，主题题可以分为内容主题题与目的主题题两种类型。
内容主题题着重考查的是录音材料的主要内容，常见的提问方式有：What's the main idea of the lecture?/What are the two speakers talking about?/What dose the professor mainly discuss?/What is the conversation mainly about?
目的主题题则着重考查录音材料中说话人表达的目的、愿望，有时它考查的内容会与内容主题题考查的内容有重合。其常见的提问方式有：Why dose the student go to see the lab assistant?/What is the purpose of the lecture?
无论是内容主题题还是目的主题题，在实际考试中一般都是一篇录音材料的第一道题。内容主题题的解题技巧
笔者首先通过几道例题为考生分析和讲解内容主题题的解题思路与技巧。文中的例题均选自TPO (TOEFL Practice Online)，即托福在线考试练习。TPO中的题目是ETS (Educational Testing Service)之前考过的真题，对于考生考前模拟和复习具有很大的价值。下面笔者着重介绍两种解题技巧。开头解题法
前文中我们已强调过，主题题一般是一篇录音材料的第一道题。而托福听力中题目的 出题顺序一般与录音材料的行文顺序保持一致。也就是说，出题顺序越靠前的题目，其答案对应的内容在录音中出现的位置也越靠前。因此，作为第一道题的主题题，其答案一般出现在录音的开头。那么，具体到托福听力的录音原文中，开头是个什么概念呢？或者说，多长的内容可以算作是托福听力一篇录音材料的开头？一般来说，在长对话中，两个说话人各自所说的前三次话的内容可以看做是开头内容。而在讲座类录音中，说话人所说的前五句话可以视为开头内容。也就是说，考生只要抓住长对话的前三次对话和讲座的前五句话，一般就能得出主题题的答案。考生需要注意的是，这里所谓的前三次对话或前五句话必须是包含有实际内容的对话及叙述。诸如“How are you” “Nice to meet you here”之类的寒暄语或其他无实际意义的内容都不能计入开头内容。
例1 What do the speakers mainly discuss?
A) Why the woman has little in common with her roommates.
B) How the woman can keep up in her academic studies.
C) The woman’s adjustment to life at the university.
D) The woman’s decision to transfer to another university.
(选自TPO 5 Conversation 1的第1题)
分析：这道题是一道典型的内容主题题，考核的是讲话人主要在讨论什么，其在录音原文中对应的出题点如下。
Student: Hi, thanks for seeing me at such short notice.
Counselor: No problem. How can I help?
Student: Well, I think I might have made a mistake coming to this school.
Counselor: What makes you say that?
Student: I’m a little overwhelmed by the size of this place. I come from a small town. There were only 75 of us in my high school graduating class. Everyone knew everyone. We all grew up together.
Counselor: So it’s a bit of a culture shock for you? Being one of 15,000 students in an unfamiliar city?
Student: That’s an understatement. I just can’t get comfortable in class or in the dorms. You know, socially.
从这两人的以上对话中可以看出这个学生对大学的生活感到非常不适应，这也是两人全篇主要讨论的内容，因此可以选出本题答案为选项C。而以上这段对话正是两个人对话的开头部分。除去两人用来寒暄的各自所说的第一句话，考生只要能抓住余下的两三次对话的内容，即使文章后面的内容没有完全听懂，也能够判断出这道主题题的答案。
例2 What aspect of creative writing does the professor mainly discuss?
A) How to keep a reader’s interest.
B) How to create believable characters.
C) Key differences between major and minor characters.
D) Techniques for developing short-story plots.
(选自TPO 6 Lecture 3的第23题)
分析：这道题的出题形式稍微有一些变化，并没有直接提问全文主题，而是问“教授主要讨论的是创造性写作的哪个方面”。由于录音材料的全文都是在讨论创造性写作的这个方面，因此本题也是在考查录音原文的主题。这道题在录音原文中对应的出题点如下：“Allright everybody, the topic for today is, well, we're gonna take a look at how to start creating the characters for the story you're writing.” 这是全文的第一句话。讲话人非常清楚地点明：“今天讲座的主题就是关于如何为你写的故事创造人物”。与这一内容相对应的只有选项B，也就是本题的正确答案。重复解题法
如上文所述，在录音材料的开头出现主题是托福听力十分常见的一种文章布局与出题形式。但也有一定数量的录音材料，其主题内容并不完全集中在录音的开头，而是以不断重复的形式出现。具体来说，此类录音的主题内容一般是一个关键词或词组，讲话人会在录音中反复提到该单词或词组。而考生一旦发现某个内容在录音中反复出现，就应该将之记录下来，含有该内容的选项一般就是主题题的正确答案。
在使用重复解题法时，有一些做题细节需要考生注意。首先，主题题的正确答案必须含有重复内容的完整形式，在重复内容是一个词组的情况下这一点尤其要注意。也就是说，如果录音中重复的是一个词组，正确答案的选项就必须含有这个完整的词组，而不能只含有这个词组的一个部分。其次，重复的内容在录音中和选项里可能会出现词性的变换。特别是当重复内容是单个单词的时候，这个单词在录音中可能第一次出现是名词，第二次出现是它的动词形式，第三次则以动名词形式出现。这些都应该视为同一个单词的重复，而在选项中无论出现这几种形式中的哪一种，都是应该选择的正确答案。
例3 Why does the student go to the campus newspaper office?
A) To turn in outlines of possible articles.
B) To find out when his article will be printed in the newspaper.
C) To find out if he got a position as a reporter.
D) To get help with an assignment for his journalism class.
(选自TPO 15 Conversation 1的第1题)
分析：这道题虽然是在提问学生去学校报社的目的，但由于这段
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