一本书读懂英国文学(人文英语)(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：梁明

出版社：陕西师范大学出版总社有限公司

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一本书读懂英国文学(人文英语)试读：

Chapter I The Embryo of English Literature 第一章 英国文学的开端

1. Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》

Beowulf is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature. It survives in a single manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. Its composition by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century.

In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, battles three antagonists: Grendel, who has been attacking the resident warriors of the mead hall of Hroðgar (the king of the Danes), Grendel's mother, and an unnamed dragon. The last battle takes place later in life, Beowulf now being king of the Geats. In the final battle, Beowulf is fatally wounded. After his death his retainers bury him in a tumulus in Geatland.《贝奥武夫》，又译《贝奥武甫》，是完成于约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3182行。故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf）乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。现存的《贝奥武夫》唯一手稿，出于一个名叫诺埃尔的记员之手，成稿时间为十世纪早期。本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成，押头韵而不押尾韵，用双字隐喻而不用明喻。

本书讲述勇士贝奥武夫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。后来他做了国王，一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤重而死。人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。

虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人，但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。《贝奥武夫》仅存的手稿现收藏于大英博物馆。● The Main Content of Beowulf　主要内容

诗内容分为两部分：

第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（King Hrothgurs0宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格伦德尔（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，孰料妖怪格伦德尔又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格伦德尔的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一片湖泊的洞穴中杀死。

第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥立为王，其前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因此而身受重创，终于身死。诗末叙述其葬礼，并作挽歌。● Selected Reading 名著选读——Beowulf　《贝奥武夫》《贝奥武夫》英国的一部英雄史诗，是英国文学中第一部重要作品。它用古英语写成，是继希腊、罗马史诗之后欧洲最早的一部用本民族语言写成的史诗。

Part II 第二部分

WENT he forth to find at fall of night

that haughty house, and heed wherever

the Ring-Danes, outrevelled, to rest had gone.

Found within it the atheling band

asleep after feasting and fearless of sorrow,

of human hardship. Unhallowed wight,

grim and greedy, he grasped betimes,

wrathful, reckless, from resting-places,

thirty of the thanes, and thence he rushed《贝奥武夫》插页

fain of his fell spoil, faring homeward,

laden with slaughter, his lair to seek.

Then at the dawning, as day was breaking,

the might of Grendel to men was known;

then after wassail was wail uplifted,

loud moan in the morn. The mighty chief,

atheling excellent, unblithe sat,

labored in woe for the loss of his thanes,

when once had been traced the trail of the fiend,

spirit accurst: too cruel that sorrow,

too long, too loathsome. Not late the respite;

with night returning, anew began

ruthless murder; he recked no whit,

firm in his guilt, of the feud and crime.

They were easy to find who elsewhere sought

in room remote their rest at night,

bed in the bowers, when that bale was shown,

was seen in sooth, with surest token,——

the hall-thane's hate. Such held themselves

far and fast who the fiend outran!

Thus ruled unrighteous and raged his fill

one againstall; until empty stood

that lordly building, and long it bode so.

Twelve years' tide the trouble he bore,

sovran of Scyldings, sorrows in plenty,

boundless cares. There came unhidden

tidings true to the tribes of men,

in sorrowful songs, how ceaselessly Grendel

harassed Hrothgar, what hate he bore him,

what murder and massacre, many a year,

feud unfading, —— refused consent

to deal with any of Daneland's earls,

make pact of peace, or compound for gOld:

still less did the wise men ween to get

great fee for the feud from his fiendish hands.

But the evil one ambushed Old and young

death-shadow dark, and dogged them still,

lured, or lurked in the livelong night

of misty moorlands: men may say not

where the haunts of these Hell-Runes be.

Such heaping of horrors the hater of men,

lonely roamer, wrought unceasing,

harassings heavy. O'er Heorot he lorded,《贝奥武夫》是迄今为止最古老的英国民族史诗，与法国的《罗兰之歌》、德国的《尼伯龙根指环》并称为欧洲文学的三大英雄史诗。

gOld-bright hall, in gloomy nights;

and ne'er could the prince approach his throne,

—— 'twas judgment of God, —— or have joy in his hall.

Sore was the sorrow to Scyldings'-friend,

heart-rending misery. Many nobles

sat assembled, and searched out counsel

how it were best for bOld-hearted men

against harassing terror to try their hand.《贝奥武夫》现存手稿

Whiles they vowed in their heathen fanes

altar-offerings, asked with words

that the slayer-of-souls would succor give them

for the pain of their people. Their practice this,

their heathen hope; 'twas Hell they thought of

in mood of their mind. Almighty they knew not,

Doomsman of Deeds and dreadful Lord,

nor Heaven's-Helmet heeded they ever,

Wielder-of-Wonder. —— Woe for that man

who in harm and hatred hales his soul

to fiery embraces; —— nor favor nor change

awaits he ever. But well for him

that after death-day may draw to his Lord,

and friendship find in the Father's arms!

2. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《盎格鲁——撒克逊编年史》

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chroniclingthe history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries. across England and were independently updated. In one case, the Chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154.

The Chronicle is not unbiased: there are occasions when comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted. events or tOld one-sided versions of stories; there are also places where the different versions contradict each other. Taken as a whole, however, the Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the departure of the Romans and the decades following the Norman Conquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough text is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence.从公元7、8世纪起,盎格鲁撒克逊各国已有人开始撰写编年史。但这些编年史都是地方性的。记载互有出入。英国统一后,需要有统一的历史记载。因此，阿尔佛雷德大帝组织大批学者,把各地编年史加以校订增删,汇编成该部编年史。

Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though notall are of equal historical value and none of them is the original version. The Oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbey after a fire at that monastery in 1116. Almostall of the material in the Chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest are dated at 60 BC, and historical material follows up to the year in which the Chronicle was written, at which point contemporary records begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.彼得伯勒纪事初始页《盎格鲁——撒克逊编年史》是一部记载公元前1世纪～12世纪英格兰历史的编年体汇编。这部编年史以古英语书写，大约在9世纪后半期的韦塞克斯（Wessex）出现之后由英格兰各地的修道院独立书写、抄录与保存，最晚的更新延续至1154年。

尽管编年史也有偏见，《盎格鲁——撒克逊编年史》在有些情况下就与其他中世纪的版本比较——很明显，作者省略了某些事件或叙述片面的版本；也有一些地方，不同的版本相互矛盾。但总的来看，此纪事是英国在罗马人撤离后和诺曼征服时期之间最重要的历史来源。纪事提供的大部分资料在其他地方没有记录。此外，该手稿是英语语言历史的重要来源，特别是后来的彼得伯勒文本是一个最早的中古英语的例子。

虽然九份手稿并不具有相同的历史价值，并且都不是原版的，但都以完整或部分的形式保存至今。最古老的一份是从阿尔弗雷德统治的开始到结束的记载，最近的一份是1116年彼得伯勒大教堂火灾后的记载。几乎所有的材料都是以史册的形式记载的，以年为单位。其最早日期是公元前60年，在写编年史时，后面跟着历史材料，此时现代记录开始了。● 现状

现有的编年史为九份彼此相关的手稿，皆为后来抄写的副本，其中［G］是［A］的抄本，不过前者系以拉丁文抄写。● Selected Reading　选读

导读：本文选取的版本由牧师詹姆斯·英格拉姆（Rev. James Ingram）翻译。这个版本的文字主要基于普通人出版社（Everyman Press, London, 1912）1912年出版的名为《盎格鲁——撒克逊编年史》的书。

1～448

The island Britain is 800 miles long, and 200 miles broad. And there are in the island five nations; English, Welsh(or British), Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain southward. Then happened it, that the Picts came south from Scythia, with long ships, not many; and, landing first in the northern part of Ireland, they tOld the Scots that they must dwell there. But they would not give them leave; for the Scots tOld them that they could notall dwell there together; "But," said the Scots, "we can nevertheless give you advice. We know another island here to the east. There you may dwell, if you will; and whosoever withstandeth you, we will assist you, that you may gain it." Then went the Picts and entered this land northward. Southward the Britons possessed it,as we before said. And the Picts obtained wives of the Scots, on condition that they chose their kings always on the female side; which they have continued to do, so long since. And it happened, in the run of years, that some party of Scots went from Ireland into Britain, and acquired some portion of this land. Their Ireland was called Reoda, from whom they are named Dalreodi (or Dalreathians). Sixty winters ere that Christ was born, Caius Julius, emperor of the Romans, with eighty ships sought Britain. There he was first beaten in a dreadful fight, and lost a great part of his army. Then he let his army abide with the Scots, and went south into Gaul. There he gathered six hundred ships, with which he went back into Britain. When they first rushed together, Caesar's tribune, whose name was Labienus, was slain. Then took the Welsh sharp piles, and drove them with great clubs into the water, at a certain ford of the river called Thames. Whenthe Romans found that, they would not go over the ford. Then fled the Britons to the fastnesses of the woods; and Caesar, having after much fighting gained many of the chief towns, went back into Gaul .本书是英国最著名的史书之一，也是中世纪早期西欧最重要的史学著作之一，是记载公元前50年至公元1154年英国历史的唯一史料，因此具有极高的历史学价值。

B.C. 60 . Before the incarnation of Christ sixty years, Gaius Julius the emperor, first of the Romans, sought the land of Britain; and he crushed the Britons in battle, and overcame them; and nevertheless he was unable to gain any empire there.

A.D. 1 . Octavianus reigned fifty-six winters; and in the forty-second year of his reign Christ was born. Then three astrologers from the east came to worship Christ; and the children in Bethlehem were slain by Herod in persecution of Christ.

A.D. 3 . This year died Herod, stabbed by his own hand; and Archelaus his son succeeded him. The child Christ was also this year brought back again from Egypt.

A.D. 6 . From the beginning of the world to this year were agone five thousand and two hundred winters.

A.D. 11 . This year Herod the son of Antipater undertook the government in Judea.

A.D. 12 . This year Philip and Herod divided Judea into four kingdoms.

A.D. 16 . This year Tiberius succeeded to the empire.

A.D. 26 . This year Pilate began to reign over the Jews.

A.D. 30 . This year was Christ baptized; and Peter and Andrew were converted, together with James, and John, and Philip, andall the Twelve apostles.

3.Geofrey Chaucer 杰弗雷·乔叟（约1343～1400）

By the late fourteenth century, however, the three basic categories——the nobility, the church, and the large mass of commoners, were layered into complex, interrelated, and unstable social strata among which birth, wealth, profession, and personal abilityall played a part in determining one's status in a world that was rapidly changing economically, politically, and socially. A growing and prosperous Middle class was beginning to play increasingly important roles in church and state, blurring the traditional class boundaries, and it was into this Middle class that Chaucer was born.英国诗歌之父，第一位熟练使用英语并使英语上升为文学语言的作家。《坎特博雷故事集》是英国历史上印刷的第一本书。继但丁后最能充地表现出中世纪文学精神的人。

14世纪晚期的英国，组成社会的三部分——贵族、教会和平民之间的关系越来越复杂，联系也日趋紧密。在这个不稳定，经济、政治不断变化的社会，决定个人社会地位的出生、财富和个人能力各自起着重要的作用。一部分成功的中产阶级正不断地发展壮大，并在国家和教会中起着越来越重要的作用，使得传统社会的阶层愈发模糊。乔叟正是出生在这样一个中产阶级家庭。● Chaucer's Life Experiences　人生经历

Chaucer was the son of a prosperous wine merchant and spent his childhood in the London's Vintry, where ships come from France and Spain. Here he heard several languages spoken, become fluent in French, and received schooling in Latin. In his early teens, his father placed him as a page in one of the great aristocratic househOlds of England, that of the countess of Ulster who was married to Prince Lionel, the second son of Edward III. There Chaucer would have acquired the manners and skills required for a career in the service of the ruling class, not only in the role of personal attendant in royal househOlds but in a series of administrative posts.

He began with a reference, in Elizabeth of Ulster's househOld accounts, to an outfit as a page(1357). And he was captured by the French and ransomed in one of Edward III's campaigns during the Hundred Years War(1359). He was a member of King Edward's personal househOld(1367) and took part in several diplomatic missions to Spain(1366), France(1368), and Italy(1372). As controller of customs on wool, sheepskins, and leather for the port of London(1374-85), Chaucer audited and kept books on the export taxes, which were one of the Crown's main sources of revenue. He served as a justice of the peace and knight of the shire(the title given to a member of Parliament) for the county of Kent(1385-86). As clerk of the king's works(1389-91), Chaucer was responsible for the maintenance of numerous royal residences, parks, and other hOldings; his duties Included supervision of the construction of the nave of Westminster Abbey and of stands and lists for a celebrated tournament staged by Richard II.

These activities brought Chaucer into association with the ruling nobility of the kingdom, with Prince Lionel and his younger brother John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, England's most powerful baron during much of Chaucer's lifetime; with their father, King Edward; and with Edward's grandson, who succeeded to the throne as Richard II.威斯敏特斯教堂

The diplomatic mission that sent Chaucer to Italy in 1372 was inall likelihood a milestone in his literary development. This visit and a subsequent one to Florence(1378) brought him into direct contact with the Italian Renaissance. The works of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio provided him with models of new verse forms, new subject matter, and new modes of representation.

He died in 1400 and was buried in the Westminster Abbey, and thus founding the “Poets Corner”.“诗人之角”

乔叟出生在一个富有的中产阶级家庭，父亲是一个成功的酒商。他童年的大部分时光是在伦敦的运酒码头上度过的。在那里他经常碰到从法国和西班牙来的酒商，因此学会了法语和西班牙语，他还在学校里学了拉丁语。十几岁的时候，父亲把乔叟送到了伦敦的一个贵族家庭——爱尔斯特的女伯爵家作侍应，女伯爵嫁给了爱德华三世的次子。在那里他有机会学到了服务统治阶层所需要的礼仪举止和社交技巧，不仅可以在皇室成员的家庭中担当侍者，还能在政府部门里求得一官半职。

此后，乔叟开始在爱尔斯特的伊利莎白家庭中管理账目，后到宫庭做侍童（1357年）。1359年他参加对法战争时被捕，后被爱德华三世赎回。后来他成为国王爱德华的贴身侍从，多次代表国王出使西班牙、法国、意大利等地。1374～1385年他担任伦敦港口的皮毛关税管理员，这些关税是当时皇室税收的主要来源。1385～1386年，乔叟任肯特郡治安法官和该郡骑士（众议院成员）。1389～1391年理查德亲政后，乔叟又先后担任公园等王室建筑工程主事，管理威斯敏斯特教堂正厅的建设和制定骑士比赛的规则和名单。

这些经历使得乔叟有机会与当时的王公贵族共事，其中包括莱昂内尔王子和他的弟弟约翰，兰开斯特公爵等当时英国最有权力的贵族们，以及他们的父亲爱德华国王和继承他王位的孙子理查德二世。

1372年出使意大利在他的文学创作中是一个转折点。这次和接下来在1378年到弗罗伦萨的旅行使他直面了意大利的文艺复兴。但丁、彼特拉克和薄卡丘的作品给他提供了新的诗体和新素材，甚至新的表现手法。

1400年乔叟逝世，安葬在伦敦威斯敏特斯教堂的“诗人之角”，他也是第一位埋葬于此的诗人。● The Works of Chaucer　作品介绍

Chaucer's earliest models, works by Guillaume de Machaut and Jean Froissart, the leading French poets of the day, were lyrics and narratives about courtly love, often cast in the form of a dream in which the poet acted as a protagonist or participant in some aristocratic love affair. His first important original poem is The Book of the Duchess, an elegy in the form of a dream vision commemorating John of Gaunt's first wife, the young duchess of Lancaster, who died in 1368. Throughout his life Chaucer also wrote moral and religious works, and translations, the Latin Consolation of Philosophy, written by the sixth century Roman statesman Boethius while in prison awaiting execution for crimes for which he had been unjustly condemned. The influence of Boethius is deeply ingrained in The Knight's Tale and Troilus. The ballade Truth compresses the Boethian and Christian teaching into three stanzas of homely moral advice.

Long before Chaucer conceived of The Canterbury Tales, his writings were many faceted: they embrace prose and poetry; human and divine love; French, Italian, and Latin sources; secular and religious influences; comedy and philosophy. Moreover, different elements are likely to mix in the same work, often making it difficult to extract from Chaucer simple, direct, and certain meanings.《坎特伯雷故事集》

Near the end of his life Chaucer addressed a comic Complaint to His Purse to Henry IV as a reminder that the treasury owed Chaucer his annuity.

乔叟的早期作品深受尧姆·德·马肖和让·傅华萨的影响，这两位都是当时法国重要的诗人，他们的抒情诗和叙事诗都与礼貌和严肃的爱情有关，经常用梦境的方式，让作者成为主角，或者参与到诗歌的爱情中来。乔叟的首部重要作品《悼公爵夫人》，也采用梦境的方式，记念冈特约翰死于1368年的首任夫人，兰开斯特的女公爵。

乔叟一生中还写过不少道德和宗教作品，还翻译了15世纪罗马政治家博伊修斯在狱中等待处决时写的拉丁文著作《哲学的慰藉》。博伊修斯的作品深深影响了他的《骑士传说》和《特洛伊罗斯》。民谣《真理》将博伊修斯式的写作和基督教教义压缩成了三段朴素的训道诗。

在乔叟构思《坎特伯雷故事集》很久之前，他就已经有了多方面的写作才能：其中包括散文和诗歌的创作能力；拥有人性及神性之爱；掌握法语，意语和拉丁语素材；被世俗和宗教影响的思想；熟知喜剧和哲学。正因为这许多不同的因素融合在一部作品中，所以想从乔叟作品中概括出一个简单、直接和确定的思想是一件不容易的事。

在他老年经济拮据时，曾写过打油诗《怨诗致空囊》给刚登基的亨利四世，提醒国王还欠着他的年薪呢。● Great Notes　名人点评

Here is God's plenty.”Critic of The Canterbury Tales

—— John Dryden, poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright of Restoration.“上帝的丰富性也不过如此。”

——约翰·德莱顿对《坎特博雷故事集》的评价。

“The Chaucerian irony is sometimes so large that it is too large to be seen.”

—— G. K. Chesterton(1874-1936)，English writer, famous for his detective novel Father Brown.“乔叟的反讽有时大宽广以至于人们很难察觉。”

——G. K. 切斯特顿（1874-1936），英国作家，以侦探小说《布朗神父》著名。

“Chaucerian hints are the starting points for the greatest of Shakespeare's originalities, his way of representing human personality.”

—— HarOld Bloom, American writer and literary critic, professor of Yale University“乔叟式的暗示是莎士比亚原创性最伟大的起点。”

——阿诺德·布鲁姆，美国作家和文艺评论家，耶鲁大学教授。● Selected Reading 选读—— The Canterbury Tales　《坎特伯雷故事集》《河边的乔叟》

导读：

在《百鸟会议》中，各色鸟儿在情人节那天相会，以挑选自己的伴侣。“会议”诙谐地描绘了人类社会中各不同阶级的人对爱情不同的看法。

该诗以皇家韵写成，一节诗一般七句，以ABABBCC方式押韵，采用五步抑扬格，五个音步组成十个音节，每个短音押一个长音。乔叟运用皇家韵来提高自己诗歌韵律的和谐度，也是对意大利诗歌成就的赞美。The Parliament of FowlsA garden saw I, full of blossomy boughs,Upon a river, in a green mead,There as sweetness evermore enough is,With flowers white, blue, yellow, and red,And cOld well-streams, nothing dead,That swimming full of small fishes light,With fins red and scales silver bright.On every bough the birds heard I sing,With voice of angels in their harmony;Some busied themselves birds forth to bring;The little coneys to here play did hie.And furtherall about I could see.The dread filled roe, the buck, the hart and hind,Squirrels, and beasts small of gentle kind.Of instruments of strings in accord ,Heard I so play a ravishing sweetness,That God, that maker is ofall and lord,Had heard never better, as I guess.There with a wind, scarcely it might be less,Made in the leaves green a noise softAccordant to the fowls' song aloft.Th'air of that place so a-temperate wasThat never was grievance of hot nor cOld.There wax also every wholesome spice and grass;No man may there wax sick nor Old;Yet was there joy more a thousandfOldThan man can tell; never would it be night,But always clear day to any man's sight.

Chapter II The Birth and Boom of Enlish Literature 第二章 英国文学的诞生和繁荣

1. Sir Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔（1478～1535）

Thomas More was born in Milk Street, London on February 7, 1478, son of Sir John More, a prominent judge. He was educated at St Anthony's School in London. As a youth he served as a page in the househOld of Archbishop Morton, who anticipated More would become a "marvellous man." More went on to study at Oxford under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn. During this time, he wrote comedies and studied Greek and Latin literature. One of his first works was an English translation of a Latin biography of the Italian humanist Pico della Mirandola. It was printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1510.

Around 1494 More returned to London to study law, was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1496, and became a barrister in 1501. Yet More did not automatically follow in his father's footsteps. He was torn between a monastic calling and a life of civil service. While at Lincoln's Inn, he determined to become a monk and subjected himself to the discipline of the Carthusians, living at a nearby monastery and taking part of the monastic life. The prayer, fasting, and penance habits stayed with him for the rest of his life. More's desire for monasticism was finally overcome by his sense of duty to serve his country in the field of politics. He entered Parliament in 1504, and married for the first time in 1504 or 1505.

More became a close friend with Desiderius Erasmus during the latter's first visit to England in 1499. It was the beginning of a lifelong friendship and correspondence. They produced Latin translations of Lucian's works, printed at Paris in 1506, during Erasmus' second visit. On Erasmus' third visit, in 1509, he wrote Encomium Moriae, or Praise of Folly, (1509), dedicating it to More.

One of More's first acts in Parliament had been to urge a decrease in a proposed appropriation for King Henry VII. In revenge, the King had imprisoned More's father and not released him until a fine was paid and More himself had withdrawn from public life. After the death of the King in 1509, More became active once more. In 1510, he was appointed one of the two undersheriffs of London. In this capacity, he gained a reputation for being impartial, and a patron to the poor. In 1511, More's first wife died in childbirth. More was soon married again, to Dameallce.

During the next decade, More attracted the attention of King Henry VIII. In 1515 he accompanied a delegation to Flanders to help clear disputes about the wool trade. Utopia opens with a reference to this very delegation. More was also instrumental in quelling a 1517 London uprising against foreigners, portrayed in the play Sir Thomas More, possibly by Shakespeare. More accompanied the King and court to the Field of the Cloth of GOld. In 1518 he became a member of the Privy Council, and was knighted in 1521.托马斯·莫尔的不朽巨著《乌托邦》，用拉丁语写成，书的全名原为《关于最完美的国家制度和乌托邦新岛的既有益又有趣的金书》。这部书是1515-1516年他出使欧洲时期，用拉丁文写成的。乌托邦的原词来自两个希腊语的词根，“ou”是“没有”的意思（一说是“好”的意思），“topos”是“地方”的意思，合在一起是“乌有之乡”。

More helped Henry VIII in writing his Defence of the Seven Sacraments, a repudiation of Luther, and wrote an answer to Luther's reply under a pseudonym. More had garnered Henry's favor, and was made Speaker of the House of Commons in 1523 and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1525. As Speaker, More helped establish the parliamentary privilege of free speech. He refused to endorse King Henry VIII's plan to divorce Katherine of Aragón (1527). Nevertheless, after the fall of Thomas Wolsey in 1529, More became Lord Chancellor, the first layman yet to hOld the post.

While his work in the law courts was exemplary, his fall came quickly. He resigned in 1532, citing ill health, but the reason was probably his disapproval of Henry's stance toward the church. He refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn in June 1533, a matter which did not escape the King's notice. In 1534 he was one of the people accused of complicity with Elizabeth Barton, the nun of Kent who opposed Henry's break with Rome, but was not attainted due to protection from the Lords who refused to pass the bill until More's name was off the list of names. In April, 1534, More refused to swear to the Act of Succession and the Oath of Supremacy, and was committed to the Tower of London on April 17. More was found guilty of treason and was beheaded alongside Bishop Fisher on July 6, 1535. More's final words on the scaffOld were: "The King's good servant, but God's First." More was beatified in 1886 and canonized by the Catholic Church as a saint by Pope Pius XI in 1935.

托马斯·莫尔于1478年2月7日出生在伦敦牛奶街。他的父亲是著名大法官约翰爵士。他自己曾就读于伦敦圣安东尼学校。青年时期，他曾作为家庭的一员服务于大主教莫顿，后者曾预言莫尔将成为一个更“了不起的人。”

1492年，莫尔进入牛津大学攻读古典文学，在这里他又学习了希腊文，这使得他可以尽情地阅读柏拉图、伊壁鸠鲁、亚里士多德等人的作品。其中，尤其是柏拉图的思想对莫尔产生了巨大的影响，后来的评论家中有人干脆将《乌托邦》称为柏拉图《理想国》的续篇。在这里，他还学习了不少人文主义学科，并与在此任教的著名人文主义者科利特、格罗辛、林纳克等人有很深的交往。他还对意大利人文主义者庇科（Pico，1463～1494）的作品很感兴趣，曾将他的作品《十二把利剑》译成英文。这些人文主义者，以及后来莫尔所接触的欧洲大陆著名的人文主义者伊拉斯莫斯（Desiderious Erasmus，约1466～1536）都对莫尔产生了极深的影响，使他成为一位坚定的人文主义者。

大约1494年前后，莫尔返回伦敦学习法律，1496被送往林肯法学院，并在1501年成为头等大律师。然而，莫尔并没有自动追随父亲的脚步，他始终没有放弃对古典作品的研究。他虔诚于宗教，即使在1504年结婚后，仍长时期地继续过着早起、祈祷、禁食、穿粗毛衫的生活。

1504年，二十六岁的莫尔被选为议员。但很快便因维护市民的利益，而得罪了英王亨利七世，并受到了迫害。

1504年，亨利七世病故，亨利八世继任王位。1510年，莫尔担任了伦敦司法长官，并赢得了伦敦市民的信任。在英国商人的敦促下，英王两次委派莫尔到荷兰及加来，调停与当地商人发生的商务纠纷。

莫尔一生共有两次婚姻，第一任妻子珍·科尔特死于1511年，后又迎娶第二任妻子，爱丽丝·米德尔顿。

1521年，出任副财务大臣，并受封为爵士。

1533年，亨利八世迫使议院通过法令，宣布他自己为英国教会的首领，而且他与安娜·宝琳的婚事也被认为有效，宝琳的女儿（即后来的伊丽莎白女王）被宣布为英国王位的合法继承人，并要求全英杰出的人物，包括莫尔，都必须宣誓承认英王是教会的首领。莫尔因拒绝宣誓被关进伦敦塔。

1535年7月1日，法庭特别委员会对他进行了审判。1535年7月7日，托马斯·莫尔被处以死刑，死后他的头被挂在伦敦桥上示众。1886年，在莫尔去世三百多年后，尽管他并不是一位正统的天主教信徒，天主教会仍然追封他为圣徒。莫尔作为空想社会主义的鼻祖、杰出的人道主义者和文学家，历史人物中的佼佼者，他以其深邃的思想睿智推动了世界文明的进步。● Utopia 不朽名著——　《乌托邦》《乌托邦》

导读：《乌托邦》以对话的形式，反映了早期无产阶级对资本主义原始积累时期残酷剥削和压榨的强烈抗议，同时描绘了作者的理想社会，对以后社会主义思想的发展有很大的影响。莫尔乌托邦思想不是凭空捏造的，它是人类社会历史发展到了一定阶段的必然产物。

Henry VIII., the unconquered King of England, a prince adorned withall the virtues that become a great monarch, having some differences of no small consequence with Charles the most serene Prince of Castile, sent me into Flanders, as his ambassador, for treating and composing matters between them. I was colleague and companion to that incomparable man Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the King, with such universal applause, lately made Master of the Rolls; but of whom I will say nothing; not because I fear that the testimony of a friend will be suspected, but rather because his learning and virtues are too great for me to do them justice, and so well known, that they need not my commendations, unless I would, according to the proverb, "Show the sun with a lantern." Those that were appointed by the Prince to treat with us, met us at Bruges, according to agreement; they wereall worthy men. The Margrave of Bruges was their head, and the chief man among them; but he that was esteemed the wisest, and that spoke for the rest, was George Temse, the Provost of Casselsee: both art and nature had concurred to make him eloquent: he was very learned in the law; and, as he had a great capacity, so, by a long practice in affairs, he was very dexterous at unravelling them. After we had several times met, without coming to an agreement, they went to Brussels for some days, to know the Prince's pleasure; and, since our business would admit it, I went to Antwerp . While I was there, among many that visited me, there was one that was more acceptable to me than any other, Peter Giles, born at Antwerp, who is a man of great honour, and of a good rank in his town, though less than he deserves; for I do not know if there be anywhere to be found a more learned and a better bred young man; for as he is both a very worthy and a very knowing person, so he is so civil toall men, so particularly kind to his friends, and so full of candour and affection, that there is not, perhaps, above one or two anywhere to be found, that is inall respects so perfect a friend: he is extraordinarily modest, there is no artifice in him, and yet no man has more of a prudent simplicity.

2. Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞（约1552～1599）

Edmund Spenser was born about in 1552 to a family of modest means. His father was a free journeyman cloth-maker resident in London. As a boy, the future poet entered the Merchant Taylors' school, where he learned the works of Cato, Caesar, Horace, Lucan, and Homer; nursed on the rhetorical models of Cicero, Erasmus, and Vives; and trained assiduously in Latin language and composition, may also have received a few years of training in Greek and Hebrew, slightly unusual for the time.斯宾塞的诗用词典丽、情感细腻、格律严谨、优美动听，对后世的英国诗人，包括弥尔顿、马洛、雪莱、济慈等都有很深远的影响，被后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。他在长诗《仙后》中探索出了一种新的适用于长诗的格律形式，后被称作“斯宾塞诗节”。

In May 1569, Spenser left school and matriculated as a sizarat Pembroke hall, Cambridge. After taking his B.A. (1573) and M.A. (1576), Spenser left Cambridge for Kent, where he acted as secretary for John Young, recently created Bishop of Rochester. It was there that the poet probably composed The Shepheardes Calender, which seems to represent the Kentish landscape that printed in 1579.

By spring 1579, Spenser had been accepted into the employment of the Earl of Leicester. With several others, including Harvey, Daniel Rogers, and Thomas Drant, these men seem to have constituted an informal intellectual society called the 'Areopagus', discussing matters of law, philosophy, and poetry.

probably through Leicester's influence, Spenser was appointed secretary to Arthur in July 1580, the fourteenth Lord Grey de Wilton, then leaving England to take up office as Lord Deputy of Ireland. In March 1581 Spenser was appointed clerk of the Chancery for Faculties in Dublin. By order of the Privy Council, he was in September 1598 appointed Sheriff for County Cork. Arriving late in 1598, he took up residence in King's Street, and died there on a Saturday in January 1599. His tomb is situated adjacent to Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey.

Spenser was known to his contemporaries as 'the prince of poets', as great in English as Virgil in Latin, a great poet between Chaucer and Shakespeare. He left behind him masterful essays in every genre of poetry, from pastoral and elegy to epithalamion and epic. Milton was later to claim Spenser as 'a better teacher than Aquinas, and generations of readers, students, and scholars have admired him for his subtle use of language, his unbounded imagination, his immense classical and religious learning, his keen understanding of moral and political philosophy, and his unerring ability to synthesize and, ultimately, to delight.

埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552年出生于伦敦的一个布商家庭。小时候被送进麦钱特泰勒斯中学，在那里他系统地学习了加图、贺拉斯、拉康、荷马等人的著作，还学习了西塞罗、伊拉斯谟以及维夫斯的修辞学手法，并通晓了拉丁语、古希腊语和希伯来语，这在当时极为罕见。

1569年5月份，斯宾塞以减费生的身份进入剑桥大学学习，7年后拿到文学博士学位后离开剑桥去肯特，并成了约翰·扬和罗切斯特主教的门客。就是在那里他写了描写肯特地区的自然风貌的《牧羊人日记》，并于1579年出版。

到1579年，斯宾塞受雇于莱切斯特公爵，在这里他和哈维、丹尼尔·罗杰斯、托马斯·德兰特一起谈论法律、哲学和诗歌，并组织了一个名叫“阿雷奥帕古斯”的社团。《牧羊人日记》

1580年7月，斯宾塞到威尔顿的格雷十四男爵家做秘书，可能就是由于罗彻斯特的引荐。之后他离开英国到爱尔兰，在那里任副行政长官。1581年三月，斯宾塞任都柏林法院的法官秘书。1598年由于爱尔兰民族起义，他被任命为科克郡郡长，居住于伦敦国王街公馆，并于1599年一月在那里去世，后葬于威斯敏斯特教堂，紧挨着乔叟。

斯宾塞被人称为“诗人中的诗人”，他在英语文学中的地位犹如维吉尔在拉丁文学中的地位，是乔叟之后和莎士比亚之前最伟大的诗人。他给后人留下了多种多样的诗歌形式，从田园牧歌到颂歌哀歌史诗几乎无所不包。弥尔顿称他是“比阿奎奈更好的老师”。一代一代的读者学生及学者都被他诗歌形式的韵律美及奇思妙想所倾倒，被包含其中的崇尚的道德纯洁性和严肃性所折服。● The Works and Genres　作品及风格

The Shepheardes Calender was Edmund Spenser's first major poetic work which published in 1579 in emulation of Virgil's first work, The Eclogues, Spenser wrote this series of pastorals to begin his career. The title, like the entire work, is written using deliberately archaic spellings, in order to suggest a connection to medieval literature, and to Geoffrey Chaucer in particular.

The poem introduces Colin Clout, a folk character originated by John Skelton, and depicts his life as a shepherd through the Twelve months of the year. The Calender encompasses considerable formal innovations, anticipating the even more virtuosic Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, the classic pastoral romance by Sir Philip Sidney, with whom Spenser was acquainted. It is also remarkable for the extensive commentary.

Soon after his publication of The Shepheardes Calender, Spenser began writing his epic, The Faerie Queene. It is notable for its form: it was the first work written in Spenserian stanza and is one of the longest poems in the English language. It is anallegorical work, written in praise of Queen Elizabeth I. Largely symbolic, the poem follows several knights in an examination of several virtues. Presented as a preface to the epic in most published editions, this book plans for 12 stories, 12 based each on a different knight who exemplified one of 12 "private virtues". It is impossible to predict what the work would have looked like had Spenser lived to complete it.《牧羊人日记》是诗人为他的朋友悉德尼而作的，这是他第一部主要作品，于1579年出版。该诗模仿维吉尔的《牧歌》，由12首牧歌组成，每首以一年中的一个月份为标题并以对话形式出现。和标题一样，全诗都用中世纪的英语拼法写成，这也表明他深受乔叟的影响。

诗作表达了对理想中的美丽女子罗瑟琳执着的爱情。诗篇内容丰富多彩，除了爱情还论及当时的宗教和政治问题。《牧羊人日记》以真切的情意、哀怨的调子和成熟的诗艺成为英语诗歌的里程碑作品，它是体现文艺复兴创新精神的第一部和谐统一的英语诗歌集。《牧羊人日记》之后，《仙后》是他最著名的作品，这是第一部以斯宾塞诗体写成的书，献给了当时的伊俐莎白女王，并得到她的赏识。作品的意旨是为了在亚瑟王这个历史传奇人物身上塑造一个勇武骑士的形象。全书本来应有12卷，每卷包含一个骑士的故事，并且每个骑士包含一种品德，但斯宾塞没有完成。《牧羊人日记》● The Faerie Queene　《仙后》

Spenser's masterpiece is the huge epic poem The Faerie Queene. The first three books of The Faerie Queene were published in 1590, and a second set of three books were published in 1596. This extended epic poem deals with the adventures of knights, dragons, ladies in distress, etc., yet it is also an extendedallegory about the moral life and what makes for a life of virtue. Spenser originally indicated that he intended the poem to be Twelve books long, so there is some argument about whether the version we have is in any real sense complete.斯宾塞,是从杰弗雷·乔叟过渡到莎士比亚之间最杰出的诗人。《仙后》采取中世纪常用的讽喻传奇的形式，是文艺复兴时期的一部重要的宗教、政治史诗。诗人原定写12章，只完成了第6章和第7章的一部分，共约35000行，但是这部未完成的伟大史诗早已显示出了万丈光芒，像一座辉煌的殿堂屹立在欧洲文学的高峰之上。长诗以亚瑟王（Prince Authur）追求仙后格罗丽亚娜（Gloriana）为引子，仙后每年在宫中举行12天宴会，每天派一名骑士去解除灾难，亚瑟参加每个骑士的冒险的故事。它既有人文主义者对生活的热爱，也有新柏拉图主义的神秘思想，还带有清教徒的伦理宗教观念和强烈的资产阶级爱国情绪。《仙后》的两重寓意：

这样一部鸿篇巨著看起来却像一部有趣的传奇故事，很受青少年读者的青睐。但是这部史诗显然有它更丰富的内涵和思想。具体地说，该诗作为讽喻传奇，是有具体的象征意义的。

一般说来，《仙后》的寓意有两大方面。一方面是道德或哲学寓意，另一方面是历史或政治讽喻。第一方面较为明确，易于理解；而第二方面则较为隐晦(这是文学自古以来难以摆脱的特性)，但是有识之士则能心领神会。比如，仙后象征当权的女王伊丽莎白；“谎言（Duessa）”象征罗马天主教会和苏格兰天主教女王玛丽；暴君“大错误（Grantorto）”象征西班牙天主教国王菲利浦，等等。● Selected Reading 选读——The Faerie Queene　《仙后》

导读：《仙后》描写仙后格罗丽娅娜派出12名骑士周游天下，每一名骑士具有一种美德，首席骑士亚瑟王身兼12种美德，所以得到仙后的爱。

Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,

Y cladd in mightie armes and siluer shielde,

Wherein Old dints of deepe wounds did remaine,

The cruell markes of many' a bloudy fielde;

Yet armes till that time did he neuer wield:

His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,

As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:

Full iolly knight he seemd, and faire did sitt,

As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt.

But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,

The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,

For whose sweete sake that glorious

badge he wore,

And dead as liuing euer him ador'd:

Vpon his shield the like was also scor'd,

For soueraine hope, which in his helpe he

had:《牧羊人日记》

Right faithfull true he was in deede and word,

But of his cheere did seeme too solemne sad;

Yet nothing did he dread, but euer was ydrad.

Vpon a great aduenture he was bond,

That greatest Gloriana to him gaue,

That greatest Glorious Queene of Faerie lond,

To winne him worship, and her grace to haue,

Which ofall earthly things he most did craue;

And euer as he rode, his hart did earne

To proue his puissance in battell braue

Vpon his foe, and his new force to learne;

Vpon his foe, a Dragon horrible and stearne.

A louely Ladie rode him faire beside,

Vpon a lowly Asse more white then snow,

Yet she much whiter, but the same did hide

Vnder a vele, that wimpled was full low,

And ouerall a blacke stole she did throw,

As one that inly mournd: so was she sad,

And heauie sat vpon her palfrey slow:

Seemed in heart some hidden care she had,

And by her in a line a milke white lambe she Iad.

So pure and innocent, as that same lambe,

She was in life and euery vertuous lore,

And by descent from Royall lynage came

Of ancient Kings and Queenes, that had of yore

Their scepters stretcht from East to Westerne shore,

Andall the world in their subiection held;

Till that infernall feend with foule vprore

Forwastedall their land, and them expeld:

Whom to auenge, she had this Knight from far co[m]peld.

Behind her farre away a Dwarfe did lag,

That lasie seemd in being euer last,

Or wearied with bearing of her bag

Of needments at his backe. Thus as they past,

The day with cloudes was suddeine ouercast,

And angry Ioue an hideous storme of raine

Did poure into his Lemans lap so fast,

That euery wight to shrowd it did constrain,

And this faire couple eke to shroud the[m]selues were fain.

Enforst to seeke some couert nigh at hand,

A shadie groue not far away they spide,

That promist ayde the tempest to withstand:

Whose loftie trees yclad with sommers pride,

Did spred so broad, that heauens light did hide,

Not perceable with power of any starre:

Andall within were pathes andalleies wide,

With footing worne, and leading inward farre:

Faire harbour that them seemes; so in they entred arre.

And foorth they passe, with pleasure forward led,

Ioying to heare the birdes sweete harmony,

Which therein shrouded from the tempest dred,

Seemd in their song to scorne the cruell sky.

Much can they prayse the trees so straight and hy,

The sayling Pine, the Cedar proud and tall,

The vine-prop Elme, the Poplar neuer dry,

The builder Oake, sole king of forrestsall,

The Aspine good for staues, the Cypresse funerall.

The Laurell, meed of mightie Conquerours

And Poets sage, the Firre that weepeth still,

The Willow worne of forlorne Paramours,

The Eugh obedient to the benders will,《仙后》

The Birch for shaftes, the Sallow for the mill,

The Mirrhe sweete bleeding in the bitter wound,

The warlike Beech, the Ash for nothing ill,

The fruitfull Oliue, and the Platane round,

The caruer Holme, the Maple seeldom inward sound.

Led with delight, they thus beguile the way,

Vntill the blustring storme is ouerblowne;

When weening to returne, whence they did stray,

They cannot finde that path, which first was showne,

But wander too and fro in wayes vnknowne,

Furthest from end then, when they neerest weene,

That makes them doubt, their wits be not their owne:

So many pathes, so many turnings seene,

That which of them to take, in diuerse doubt they been.

3. William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚（1564～1616）

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon, a small market town. His father was a successful glovemaker, landowner, moneylender and dealer. There is no documents about Shakespeare's youth, but in 1592, he was in London as an actor and well known as a playwright.

Before 1592 what had connected Shakespeare with one or more theaters is conjectural, but we do know that at this time Shakespeare acted as a leading sharehOlder and a principal playwright in his company. Already by 1597 he had so prospered that he was able to purchase New place in Stratford. In 1599, his theater began to perform in the Globe, a fine open-air theater that built in the south bank of Thames.

Shakespeare didn't have the interest of making a sum of his writings. He wrote plays for performance by his company. His career, probably began in the early 1590s. by writing both comedies and history plays. He retired in 1610 in Stratford and died in 1616, shortly after the marriage festivities for his daughter Judith.

莎士比亚出生于爱汶河畔的一个小市镇——斯特拉特福，他的父亲是一个成功的手套制造商，也是一个地主和高利贷者。有关莎翁小时候的事现在没有档案记录可查，但可以确定的是，莎士比亚1592年在伦敦已经是一个比较出名的演员和剧作家了。

当时的伦敦已经有好几家剧院，但由于没有记录，在1592年前他跟哪几家剧院合作已难以猜测。不过在这以后，莎翁已经是他的剧院的一个股东了，而且还是主要的剧作者。到1597年，他已经有足够的钱在斯特拉特福买下一处新居。到了1599年，其剧院的戏已经可以在坐落于泰晤士河南岸的开放式剧院——环球剧院上演了。

莎氏的剧本是给自己的剧院写的，他也并不想出一本自己的作品集，因此他所有的手稿都是由他的演员们及朋友们整理的。莎士比亚于1610年退休，1616年在女儿的婚礼之后不久就去世了。威廉·莎士比亚（1564～1616）● Shakespeare's Plays, Sonnets and the Genre 戏剧，十四行诗及其风格The greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist, England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者，“爱汶河的吟游诗人”。

Shakespeare's early comedies already display a rare command of the resources of comedy——mistaken identity, madcap confusion, and the threat of disaster, giving way in the end to reconciliation, recovery, and love. The comedies and history plays in this time are generally based on the accounts of English kings and others sixteenth century Chroniclers. But very quickly he moved to create a brilliantly conceived central character and to display a dazzling command of histrionic rhetoric and an overarching moral vision of English history, for example, Titus Andronicus and Richard III, and also Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V in the late 1590s.

From 1595 to 1601, the romantic comedies he wrote (A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, and Twelfth Night), reached an unmatchable poetic richness and emotional complexity. But the great tragic dramas he wrote in 1601--1607: OtHello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus show an existential and metaphysical darkening, a great shift in sensibility that perhaps caused by the death of his father in 1601. The comedies wrote between 1601——1804 (Troilus and Cressida,all's well That Ends well, Measure for Measure) also appear more ruthless, more biting. Written between 1608——1611, Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest, had developed a remarkable fluid, a dreamlike sense of plot and a poetic style that could veer effortlessly from the tortured to the ineffably sweet, commonly known as the “romance”.

Shakespeare's sonnets, are a collection of poems in sonnet form written that deal with such themes as time, love, beauty and mutability. They were probably written over a period of several years.all 154 poems appeared in a 1609 collection, entitled SHAKE-SPEARES SONNETS, comprising 152 previously unpublished sonnets and two (numbers 138 and 144) that had previously been published in a 1599 miscellany entitled The Passionate Pilgrim.

The first 17 sonnets are written to a young man, urging him to marry and have children, thereby passing down his beauty to the next generation. These are called the procreation sonnets. Most of them, 18-126, are addressed to a young man expressing the poet's love for him. Sonnets 127-152 are written to the poet's mistress expressing his strong love for her. The final two sonnets, 153-154, areallegorical and are about Cupid, or the "little Love-God ." The final thirty or so sonnets are written about a number of issues, such as the young man's infidelity with the poet's mistress, self-resolution to control his own lust, beleaguered criticism of the world, etc.

莎士比亚的早期喜剧，就已经显示出了作者对喜剧要素的准确把握，如剧中人物混乱的身份，剧情的离奇及结尾极具戏剧性的大团圆，这是不常见的。这时期的喜剧，主要是从记载的16世纪的编年史中来的，大都与英国王室有关。但是很快，他就能创作包含鲜明人物个性的戏剧，显出了对历史美学出人意料的把握程度及对英国历史道德富有远见的洞察力。比如在15世纪90年代后期创作的《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》《理查德三世》《理查德二世》《亨利四世》和《亨利五世》就是如此。迄今为止最伟大的一位文学巨匠，经典作家中的经典。

在1595年和1601年创作的浪漫喜剧(如《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《温莎的风流娘儿们》《无中生有》《如你所愿》《第十二夜》)中所达到的丰富性、诗意及情感的复杂性，就让人难以企及。但在1601年～1606年间创作的那些伟大悲剧，如《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》和《科里奥兰纳斯》却包含有存在主义式和形而上学式的黑暗心理。这之间的大逆转可能是他父亲在1601年的去世引起的。所以这期间创作的喜剧也似乎比以往显得更无情，也更酸涩。1608年～1611年创作的《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》《皆大欢喜》《一报还一报》具有非同一般的流利性、梦幻似的情节及诗意的结构，轻松地从悲伤过渡到了不可言喻的甜美情节，也就是现在所谓的“浪漫”。环球剧院

十四行诗在莎士比亚的全部作品中占有非常重要的地位，1609年于伦敦首次出版的《莎士比亚十四行诗》一共收集了他的154首诗，包括先前在《热情的朝圣者》里面的两首。这些诗被认为大致作于1592年～1598年。诗集分为两部分，第一部的前17首献给一个年轻的贵族，赞颂他的美及劝他结婚生子，把他的美传给下一代，第18首～第126首诗人的诗热烈地歌颂了这位朋友的美貌以及他们的友情；第二部的第127首至最后前两首，献给一位“黑女士”(Dark Lady)，描写的是爱情。最后则是有关“小爱神”丘比特的两首讽喻诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗，是世界诗坛上的一颗明珠。就其艺术力量和意象的丰富而言，足以和他的戏剧媲美。莎士比亚的十四行诗毫不拘谨，自由奔放，正如他的剧作天马行空，其诗歌的语言也富于想象，感情充沛。●Selected Reading 选读——Lover's Labor's Lost 《爱的徒劳》

导读：《爱的徒劳》是莎士比亚讽刺性最强的一部喜剧，也是一部宫廷喜剧，主要讽刺了宫廷贵族的爱情言辞和爱情观。一开始，那瓦国君臣四人发誓要清心寡欲，拒绝一切物质享受，不近女色，专心读三年。可是当美丽的法国公主和她的侍女们来到宫廷后，他们就把誓言忘得一干二净，争先恐后地向她们求爱。但由于他们缺少真实的感情，法国公主把他们训斥一番以后离弃他们而去。Lover's Labor's Lost　《爱的徒劳》

Synopsis

The King of Navarre and his three lords, Berowne, Longaville, and Dumaine, swear an oath to scholarship, which includes fasting and avOlding contact with women for three years. But when the Princess of France arrived to visit the King, the three lords fall in love with the three ladies, as does the King with the Princess. And soon after, a messenger arrives to tell the Princess that her father has died, and she prepares to return to France. The women tell their suitors to seek them again in a year, and the play ends with their departure.

ACT IV

SCENE III.

FERDINAND

Then leave this chat; and, good Biron, now

prove

Our loving lawful, and our faith not torn.

DUMAIN

Ay, marry, there; some flattery for this evil.

LONGAVILLE

O, some authority how to proceed;

Some tricks, some quillets, how to cheat

the devil.

DUMAIN莎翁故居

Some salve for perjury.

BIRON

'Tismore than need.

Have at you, then, affection's men at arms.

Consider what you first did swear unto,

To fast, to study, and to see no woman;《爱的徒劳》

Flat treason 'gainst the kingly state of youth.

Say, can you fast? your stomachs are too young;

And abstinence engenders maladies.

And where that you have vow'd to study, lords,

In that each of you have forsworn his book,

Can you still dream and pore and thereon look?

For when would you, my lord, or you, or you,

Have found the ground of study's excellence

Without the beauty of a woman's face?

［From women's eyes this doctrine I derive; They are the ground, the books, the academes From whence doth spring the true Promethean fire.］

Why, universal plodding poisons up

The nimble spirits in the arteries,

As motion and long-during action tires

The sinewy vigor of the traveller.

Now, for not looking on a woman's face,

You have in that forsworn the use of eyes

And study too, the causer of your vow;

For where is any author in the world

Teaches such beauty as a woman's eye?

Learning is but an adjunct to ourself

And where we are our learning likewise is:

Then when ourselves we see in ladies' eyes,

Do we not likewise see our learning there?

O, we have made a vow to study, lords,

And in that vow we have forsworn our books.

For when would you, my liege, or you, or you,

In leaden contemplation have found out

Such fiery numbers as the prompting eyes

Of beauty's tutors have enrich'd you with?

Other slow arts entirely keep the brain;

And therefore, finding barren practisers,

Scarce show a harvest of their heavy toil:

But love, first learned in a lady's eyes,

Lives not alone immured in the brain;

But, with the motion ofall elements,

Courses as swift as thought in every power,

And gives to every power a double power,

Above their functions and their offices.

It adds a precious seeing to the eye;

A lover's eyes will gaze an eagle blind;

A lover's ear will hear the lowest sound,

When the suspicious head of theft is stopp'd:《莎翁全集》

Love's feeling is more soft and sensible

Than are the tender horns of cockled snails;

Love's tongue proves dainty Bacchus gross in taste:

For valor, is not Love a Hercules,

still climbing trees in the Hesperides?

Subtle as Sphinx; as sweet and musical

As bright Apollo's lute, strung with his hair:

And when Love speaks, the voice ofall the gods

Makes heaven drowsy with the harmony.

Never durst poet touch a pen to write

until his ink were temper'd with Love's sighs;

O, then his lines would ravish savage ears

And plant in tyrants mild humility.

From women's eyes this doctrine I derive:

They sparkle still the right Promethean fire;

They are the books, the arts, the academes,

That show, contain and nourishall the world:

Else none atall in ought proves excellent.

Then fools you were these women to forswear,

Or keeping what is sworn, you will prove fools.

For wisdom's sake, a word thatall men love,

Or for love's sake, a word that loves all men,

Or for men's sake, the authors of these women,

Or women's sake, by whom we men are men,

Let us once lose our oaths to find ourselves,

Or else we lose ourselves to keep our oaths.

It is religion to be thus forsworn,

For charity itself fulfills the law,

And who can sever love from charity?

4. Ben Jonson 本·琼森（1572～1637）

Jonson was born in Westminster, London, a posthumous son of a London clergyman. He was educated at Westminster school, where he developed his love of classical learning, but without resources to continue his education. He was forced to turn to his stepfather's trade of bricklaying, and spent some time in the Low Countries. In the summer of 1597, Jonson had a fixed engagement in the Admiral's Men, and then performing under Philip Henslowe's management at The Rose. Later in the time he was imprisoned for collaborating with Thomas Nashe on the scandalous play The Isle of Dogs. In 1603 he was called before the Privy Council to answer charges of “poetry and treason” found in his play Sejanus. Little more later he was jailed again for his part in the play Eastward Ho, which openly mocked the king's Scots accent and propensity for selling knighthoods. Between 1603 and 1610, it was his prolific time. At this time, he wrote most of his famous works, such as The Masque of Blackness, Every Man in His Humor, Volpone, The Alchemist, and Bartholomew Fair.

Since 1620 Jonson began to show slow decline, though he was still well-known. The dismal fallure of The New Inn prompted Jonson to write a poem, Ode to Myself, condemning his audience, which in turn prompted Thomas Carew, one of the "Tribe of Ben," to respond in a poem that asks Jonson to recognize his own decline.本·琼森是英国社会讽刺剧大家，当时学识最渊博的剧作家之一。

Despite the strokes that he suffered in the 1620s, Jonson continued to write. At his death in 1637 he seems to have been working on another play, The Sad Shepherd. Though only two acts are extant, this represents a remarkable new direction for Jonson: a move into pastoral drama. He was buried at Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.本·琼森1572～1637

本·琼森出生于伦敦威斯敏斯特，父亲是一个牧师，在他还没出生时就死了。琼森曾师从于古代史学者坎姆登，并在其资助下到威斯敏斯特学校读书，获得关于希腊、罗马文学的丰富知识。后来，由于家境原因他不得不掇学跟继父一起卖砖，并在荷兰、比利时等地待了一段时间。曾参加过海军，后来到菲利普·亨斯洛管理下的玫瑰剧院演出。后因与托马斯·纳什合写讽刺时事的剧本《狗岛》，尖锐批评社会恶劣风习而被捕入狱。1603年因为《西亚努斯》他又被传唤到英国枢密院，为“诗和叛国”辩护。不久后因为他在剧本《向东方去》中公开嘲笑詹姆斯一世苏格兰口音，并批评他有失骑士身份，又被捕入狱。1603～1610年是琼森最多产也最成功的一段时间，这一时期他创作了他的大部分重要作品，包括《黑色面具》《人人迥异》《福尔蓬奈》《炼金术士》和《巴托罗缪市集》。

从1620年开始，虽然还很有名气，但琼森的职业生涯开始出现下滑。尤其是《新客栈》的失败让他很生气，因此写了一首诗《自我之歌》来嘲笑观众没有品味。曾是他的支持者托马斯·贾鲁也写了首诗，诗中委婉地提出让琼森要知道他已风光不再。

虽然琼森在1620年遭遇滑铁卢，但他还是坚持继续写作。直到他在1637年去世，他还在创作剧本《悲伤的牧羊人》。虽然剧本只完成两幕，但这却是他转向田园风格的标志。琼森死后葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的“诗人之角”。● The Works and Style　作品和风格

Jonson's early work, seems to appear somewhat looser plots and less developed characters than his later works, especially his first two tragedies——Sejanus and Catiline, were totally falled. But the most famous plays he wrote in the Poet's War displays a keen eye of absurdity and hypocrisy. The comedies he wrote in his Middle career are mostly city comedy——with a London setting, themes of trickery and money and a distinction of moral ambiguity, especially for the Eastward Ho, The Devil is an Ass, and Volpone. And his late works show an accommodation with the romantic tendencies, like The Sad Shepherd mentioned before.

He planned to represent “deeds, and language, such as men do use” and to write comedies that revived the classical premises of Elizabethan dramatic theory. But this commitment entailed negations, he focused instead on the satiric and realistic inheritance of new comedy, with recognizable characters and actions of everyday motives.

Besides drama, Jonson's poetry is another reputation he got, informed with classics, display a careful attention to the humanist manner, rather to consume the rhyme and meter of the Elizabethan classicists. In the late Elizabethan age, the epigrams was popular, and Jonson was perhaps the only poet to work in its full classical range. His poems, e.g. On My First Son, are very much like the “lyric poem” in the later age. Underwood is a more heterogeneous group of poems published in 1640 include his love poetry, various religious pieces, and encomlastic poems.

相比于晚期的作品，琼森早期戏剧的情节比较松散，人物性格也不太丰满，尤其是他的前两部悲剧——《塞扬努斯》和《喀提林》可以说是彻底的失败。但他在诗人论战时写的剧本则比较成功地揭示了当时社会荒诞虚伪的一面。琼森中期的作品差不多是都市喜剧——场景在伦敦，以金钱和诡计、道德的沦丧为主题，典型作品如《向东方去》《魔鬼算个屁》和《福尔蓬奈》，晚期则转向了田园风格。

琼森本想写伊利莎白式的古典戏剧，表现“日常生活的言和行”，但他却没有遵守这个诺言，反而多以新戏剧的讽刺和现实主义为主题，角色的性格清晰可辨，言行动机稀松平常。

除了戏剧，琼森在诗歌方面的造诣也独树一帜。他的诗歌多为古体诗，但并不追求伊利莎白时期的古体诗体格和韵律，而主要关注人的道德行为。他所作的格言诗，在当时虽然不是很流行，但在后伊利莎白时期却广为流传，而当时，琼森似乎是唯一一个专心写作格言诗的人。他也是首位创作抒情诗的人，如《致长子》。1640年出版的《灌木集》则是一部风格多样化的诗集，收录了情诗、宗教诗和颂歌。He is the tow ering literary figure of the seventeenth century.他是17世纪文学的巅峰人物。● Reception and Influence　名声和影响

Although Jonson rose to a position of respectability, he seems to have been possessedall his life by an uncontrollably quarrelsome spirit. Much of his best works emerged out of fierce tensions with his collaborators and contemporaries. He satirized them and was satirized by them, soon became embroiled “War of the Theaters”.

He had a close friendship with Shakespeare, and had a great and influential contribution to open Shakespeare's First Folio.th

Jonson had a enormous influence in the17century. His satirical comedies and theory, and the practice of “humour characters” provided a blueprint for many Restoration comedies. Later his threputation declined, but in the 20century, his status rose significantly. He was overall compared to Shakespeare, but his satirical comedies have a unique value for the drama history.

琼森在文学史上的地位令人尊敬。但他似乎有着一颗好斗的心，他跟同时代的很多人甚至于他的合作者都就有关于戏剧的事争论过。不过这也不是没有好处，他许多有名的作品就是在这一时期创作的。他讽刺别人，别人也讽刺他，不久就被冠上“剧院战争”的美名。

除此之外，琼森交朋友的能力也属一流。他和许多名人来往，其中包括莎士比亚。莎士比亚的第一部全集出版，就有他很大功劳。

琼森在17世纪影响很大，他的讽刺性喜剧及理论和塑造的那些“幽默角色”，就给许多王朝复辟时期的剧作家提供了一张蓝图。虽然不久之后他的名声有些下降，但20世纪初，他的地位又开始回升。但琼森被过多地与莎士比亚作比较，这导致对他的评价有些不公，不过，他的讽刺性喜剧在戏剧创作史上确然有着不可磨灭的贡献。● Selected Reading 选读——To Celia　《致西莉娅》

导读：该诗一共两段，每段八行。第一段以幻想的、神圣的爱为中心，第二段则以诗人幻想送给他的情人西莉娅一个花环为中心。诗人不想要别的，只想西莉娅和他喝一杯酒，并深情地望他一眼就够了。其实诗人需要的并不是酒，而是西莉娅的爱，心灵之爱。只有那超越于一切的无上之爱，才能缓减诗人对爱的渴求。To Celia 致西莉娅Drink to me only with thine eyes,And I will pledge with mine;Or leave a kiss within the cup,And I'II not ask for wineThe thirst that from the soul doth rise,Doth crave a drink divine;But might I of Jove's nectar sup,l would not change for thinel sent thee late a rosy wreath,Not so much honoring theeAs giving it a hope that therelt could not withered be;But thou thereon didst only breatheAnd sent'st back to me,Since when it grows and smells, I swear,Not of itself, but thee你用你的眼睛给我祝酒我忙用我的眼睛相酬你留了个飞吻在我杯边让我无暇顾及杯中酒从心灵深处升起的渴望让我想去天堂一醉方休The Alchemist, had been one of the three most perfect plots in literature. ——Coleridge《炼金术士》，是迄今为止情节最完美的三部作品之一。——柯勒律治可我宁愿放下玉液琼浆也不忍心丢下你回眸我送你一束娇艳玫瑰不为讨好你，只为给花希望希望花儿得到你的灵气不会凋谢枯黄可你只把那花束轻吻就把它交回我的手上从此花儿成长和飘香的，我发誓不是花香，而是你的香

5. Sir Philip Sidney 菲利普·锡德尼（1554～1586）

Born at Penshurst place, Kent, Sidney's father was Sir Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland, and his mother Lady Mary Dudley was the daughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland. At the age of ten, he entered Shrewsbury School. He attended Oxford but left without taking a degree and completed his education, there he met many of the most important people of the time, that this experience undoubtedly strengthened his ardent Protestantism. When he returned to England he was sent on some diplomatic missions by Queen Elizabeth, but was dismissed from the court because he opposed Queen Elizabeth's projected marriage to the Catholic duke of Anjou.

In 1585, Sidney tried to join Sir Francis Drake's West Indian expedition but was prevented by the queen, instead he was appointed to the governor of Flushing in the Netherlands, where as a volunteer and knight-errant he engaged in several vicious skirmishes in the war against Spain. On September 13, 1586, Sidney was wound in the thigh when leading a charge against great odds, and died after 26 days.菲利普·锡德尼1554～1586

锡德尼出生在肯特的彭斯赫斯特地区，父亲亨利·锡德尼是爱尔兰的行政长官，母亲玛莉·达德利是北爱尔兰达德利一世公爵的女儿。十岁的时候，锡德尼就进了舒兹伯利中学，后来进入剑桥但没完成学业便退学了，不过他在那里结识了很多后来对他有利的名人，也因为他们，锡德尼开始了对新基督教的信仰。回英国后，伊利莎白女王派他出使了几次外交任务，但由于反对女王和法国安茹省天主教公爵的婚事而被解职。《锡德尼传记》

1585年锡德尼想加入弗朗西斯·杜力克的西印度远征军但被女王阻止，随后被点任为荷兰法拉盛的行政长官，在反抗西班牙的战争中作为志愿者和散兵，后在1586年9月13日的一次战役中大腿受伤，26天后去世，葬在圣保罗大教堂。● Evaluations　人物评价

He is the knight, sOldier, poet, friend, and patron of the Englishmen. To the Elizabethans, they seem to embodyall the traits of character and personality they admired. When he died in the battle at the age of 32,all England mourned.菲利普·锡德尼是英国文学史上最早的诗人之一，但锡德尼英年早逝，终年32岁。

Sidney did not publish any of his major works himself. His ambition, though thwarted, was to be a man of action whose deeds would affect his country's destiny. Yet he was the most ambitious author of prose fiction and the literary criticism, and also the most influential sonnet cycle of the Elizabethan Age.

对于英国人民来说，菲利普·锡德尼是一个骑士、战士、诗人、朋友和守护者。伊利莎白时期的市民们几乎都喜欢他优秀的性格和人品，所以当他战死沙场时，整个英国都为他悲伤。

锡德尼的作品并不是他自己出版的，不过他的野心虽然没能实现，却影响了国家的进程。他也是到目前为止最有野心的作家和批评家，也是伊利莎白时代最有影响的诗人。

锡德尼还是一位卓越的文论家，他的《为诗辩护》（Apologie for Poetrie）堪称伊丽莎白时代英国文学批评的顶尖作品，前承亚里士多德的《诗学》，后启雪莱的《为诗辩护》，在整个西方文学批评史上也占据着很高的位置。● The Works　作品

The most important work of Sidney would undoubtedly be his Astrophil and Stella, which means the star-lover and the star. It is an English sonnet sequence containing 108 sonnets and 11 songs. The philosophical trappings of the poet in relation to love and desire, and musings on the art of poetic creation. Sidney also adopts the Petrarchan rhyme scheme, though he uses it with such freedom that fifteen variants are employed.

In 1579, Stephen Gosson published a small book, The School of Abuse, attacked poets and actors from a narrowly Puritan perspective that called into question the morality of any fiction-making. So he composed a prose titled A Defense of Poetry which was his major piece of critical essay, here he eloquently defends poetry in the process of the role of the poet, the freedom of the imagination, and the moral value of fiction.

Besides these, Arcadia is another long prose work, and probably the most ambitious literary work, as significant in its own way as his sonnets. The work is a romance that combines pastoral elements. In the work, a highly idealized version of the shepherd's life adjoins with stories of jousts, political treachery, kidnappings, battles, and rapes. It follows the Greek model: stories are nested within each other, and different story-lines are intertwined.《锡德尼传记》

锡德尼最著名的诗作当属《爱星者与星星》，包含108首十四行诗和11首诗歌。该作品在哲学上探讨的问题有关爱和欲望，还有关诗歌创作的思考。锡德尼还采用了意大利彼特拉克的诗歌韵律，自由地与十四行诗进行结合。

1579年史蒂芬·戈桑发表了一篇攻击诗人的小册子《诲淫学校》，以狭窄的清教徒视角批判诗人和演员，并责问小说家的道德观念。因此锡德尼针对戈桑的批评写了一篇名为《为诗辩护》的散文，以诗人的身份对诗人自由的想象力和小说的道德价值作了正面回应。

除了上述作品外，《阿卡狄亚》是锡德尼的另一部长诗，可能也是他最有野心的作品，在风格上跟他的十四行诗一样独具特色。该诗富有田园风味，也不缺浪漫气息，但理想化的牧人生活也渗杂着格斗、政治欺诈、绑架、战争和抢劫。总体来说，这是仿照古希腊故事套故事的风格，不同故事之间相互穿插。“T hou g h I lived with him and knew him from a child, yet I never knew him other than a man——with such staidness of mind, lovely and familiar gravity, as carried grace and reverence above greater years.”——Fulke Greville, Sidney's biographer“虽然我从小就认识他，但他思想的深沉，性格的可爱魅力，及他的高贵优雅，让我感觉我从没有认识他。”——富尔克·葛菲尔，锡德尼的传记作者● 圣保罗大教堂

1586年锡德尼在荷兰战死后，葬在圣保罗大教堂。

圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul's Cathedral），坐落于英国伦敦，位于伦敦泰晤士河北岸纽盖特街与纽钱吉街交角处，是巴洛克风格建筑的代表，以其壮观的圆形屋顶而闻名，是世界第二大圆顶教堂，它模仿罗马的圣彼得大教堂，是英国古典主义建筑的代表。是包括锡德尼在内的许多英国达官贵族、知名人士最后葬身的地方。● Selected Reading 选读——Astrophil and Stella　《爱星者与星星》

6

Some lovers speak when they their Muses entertain,

Of hopes begot by fear, of wotnot what desires:

Of force of heav'nly beams, infusing Hellish pain:

Of living deaths, dear wounds, fair storms, and freezing fires.

Some one his song in Jove, and Jove's strange tales attires,

BrOldered with bulls and swans, powdered with gOlden rain;

Another humbler wit to shepherd's pipe retires,

Yet hiding royal blood full oft in rural vein.

To some a sweetest plaint a sweetest style affords,

While tears pour out his ink, and sighs breathe out his words:

His paper pale despair, and pain his pen doth move.

I can speak what I feel, and feel as much as they,

But think thatall the map of my state I display,

When trembling voice brings forth that I do Stella love.

6

有些情侣只有当他们的爱人高兴时才说话，

说那些由于绝望而来的希望，而什么不该渴望，

天堂之光，强力地穿入地狱之痛，

刺入那些行尸走肉，痛彻心扉的伤口，狂风，冰冻的火焰；

有人歌颂朱比特，歌颂他的奇装怪服，

绣着公牛和天鹅，金雨赋于他能力。

但只要听到牧人的笛声，却自感卑践。

在田园风光中收起他那高贵的血统，

美只有美才承担得起，

当墨水中流出眼泪，字里行间只有叹息，

他只有满纸绝望，由于悲伤而无法动笔，

我只能言我所觉，感他们所感

但能想我所看到的那片土地

微风吹来擅抖的声音，我确是一个爱星者圣保罗大教堂外观From A Defense of Poetry　《为诗辩护》Form Astrophil and Stella《爱星者与星星》

There is no art delivered unto mankind that hath not the works of nature for his principal object, without which they could not consist, and on which they so depend as they become actors and players, as it were, of what nature will have set forth. So doth the astronomer look upon the stars, and by that he seeth set down what order nature hath taken therein. So doth the geometrician and arithmetician, in their diverse sorts of quantitles. So doth the musician, in times, tell you which by nature agree, which not. The natural philosopher thereon hath his name; and the moral philosopher standeth upon the natural virtues, vices, or passions of man; and follow nature, saith he, therein, and thou shalt not err. The lawyer saith what men have determined. The historian, what men have done. The grammarian speaketh only of the rules of speech; and the rhetorician and logician, considering what in nature will soonest prove and persuade, thereon give artificial rules, which still are compassed within the circle of a question, according to the proposed matter. The physician weigheth the nature of man's body, and the nature of things helpful and hurtful unto it. And the metaphysic, though it be in the second and abstract notions, and therefore be counted supernatural, yet doth he, indeed, build upon the depth of nature. Only the poet, disdaining to be tied to any such subjection, lifted up with the vigour of his own invention, doth grow, in effect, into another nature; in making things either better than nature bringeth forth, or quite anew; forms such as never were in nature, as the heroes, demi-gods, Cyclops, chimeras, furies, and such like; so as he goeth hand in hand with Nature, not enclosed within the narrow warrant of her gifts, but freely ranging within the zodiac of his own wit. Nature never set forth the earth in so rich tapestry as divers poets have done; neither with so pleasant rivers, fruitful trees, sweet-smelling flowers, nor whatsoever else may make the too- much-loved earth more lovely; her world is brazen, the poets only deliver a gOlden.“你比我更需要它”(Thy necessity is yet greater than mine.)——从某种意义上说，这也许是锡德尼最好的诗句了。

没有一种传授给人类的技艺不是以大自然的作品为其主要对象的。没有大自然，这些技艺就不存在，它们是如此地依靠大自然，以致于它们似乎是大自然这出戏的演员。因此天文学家凭他所观察到的星象，记录下大自然所采取的秩序。几何学家、代数学家则是用各种不同的数量来记录，音乐家则是用节拍告诉你哪些是自然地和谐的，哪些不是。自然哲学家用他自己的术语，道德哲学家则是出于关心自然的德行以及种种恶习和情欲，而说，“遵循自然，你才不会犯错误”。法学家陈述人们所订定了的；历史学家陈述人们所做出来的；语法家只谈论语言的规则；而修辞学家、逻辑学家则思考按照自然规律最易证明和说服什么，于是定出技术规则，这种规则，按照所涉及的内容，还是仅适用于一定的范围的。医生按照人体的性质，研究对它有益或有害的事物的性质。而本体论者，虽然是和第二手的抽象观念打交道，因而被认为是超越自然的，但事实上他还是以自然的深处为基础的。只有诗人，不屑于服从这种束缚，为自己的创新气魄所鼓舞，创造出优于自然产生的事物，或者完全崭新的、自然中所从来没有的形象，如那些英雄、半神、独眼巨人、怪兽、复仇神等等。实际上，他们升入了另一种自然状态，因而他们与自然携手并进，不局限于它赐于或许可的狭窄范围，而自由地在自己才智的黄道带中游行。自然从未以诗人所曾作过的那样，用如此华丽的挂毯来装饰大地；它只以那悦人的河流、果实累累的树木、香气四溢的花朵和别的大地上可爱的东西来取悦于人，诗人则创造出比它更可爱的；自然的世界是铜的，而只有诗人所创造的世界才是金的。

6. Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根(1561～1626)

Francis Bacon was born at York House in the Strand on Jan. 22, 1561, and in his 13th year was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge where he first met the Queen. In 1576 he entered Gray's Inn, and later joined the embassy of Sir Amyas Paulet to France, where he remained until 1579, the year his father died.the primary creator of the myth of science as pathway to Utopia.使科学服务于人的先驱者。

In Gray's Inn, he gave himself seriously to the study of law, and was called to the Bar in 1582, and two years later he entered the House of Commons as member for Melcombe. In 1596 he was made a Queen's counsel, and in the next year, he published the first edition of his Essays, ten in number, combined with Sarced Meditations and the Coulours of Good and evil.

Because of the rebellion of Essex in 1601, he wrote A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons, etc., of...the Earl of Essex, etc, to show the ungrateful and indecent behavior of Essex, though was his friend once and gave him some kindness.

In 1603 he was knighted by James VI, and the Apologie (defence) he endeavored to proceedings of the case of Essex had favoured the succession of James. In 1608 he entered upon the Clerkship of the Star Chamber and enjoyed a large income. In 1613 he became Attorney-General, and in this capacity prosecuted Somerset in 1616. The year 1618 he wrote the New Atlantis, a political romance, and in 1620 he presented to the king the Novum Organum, on which he had been engaged for 30 years, and which ultimately formed the main part of the Instauratio Magna.

In 1621 a Parliamentary Committee on the administration of the law charged him with corruption under 23 counts; and so clear was the evidence that he made no attempt at defence. He was sentenced to be committed to the Tower of London, which lasted only a few days. He was incapable of hOlding office or sitting in parliament anymore but narrowly escaped being deprived of his titles.

After this, he devoted himself to study and writing. In 1622 appeared his History of Henry VII, and the 3rd part of the Instauratio; in 1623, History of Life and Death, the De Augmentis Scientarum, a Latin translation of the Advancement, and in 1625 the 3rd edition of the Essays, now 58 in number. He also published Apophthegms, and a translation of some of the Psalms.

On 9 April 1626 Bacon died of pneumonia while at Arundel mansion at Highgate outside London.

培根于1561年1月22日出生于伦敦一个官宦世家。12岁时，培根就被送入剑桥大学三一学院深造。在校学习期间，他对传统的观念和信仰产生了怀疑，开始独自思考社会和人生的真谛。The real progenitor of English materialism is Francis Bacon.——Karl Max“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖”。————马克思

在剑桥大学学习三年后，培根作为英国驻法大使埃米阿斯·鲍莱爵士的随员来到法国，在巴黎旅居两年半的时间。1579年，培根的父亲突然病逝，回国奔父丧之后，他住进了葛莱法学院，一面攻读法律，一面四处谋求职位。1582年，他取得了律师资格，1584年当选为国会议员，1589年，等待成为法院出缺后的书记，然而这一职位竟长达20年之久没有出现空缺。他四处奔波，却始没有得到任何职位。此时，培根在思想上更为成熟了，他决心要把脱离实际、脱离自然的一切知识加以改革，把经验观察、事实依据、实践效果引入认识论。这一伟大抱负是他科学的“伟大复兴”的主要目标，是他为之奋斗一生的志向。三一学院

1602年，詹姆士一世继位。由于培根曾力主苏格兰与英格兰的合并，受到詹姆士的大力赞赏。培根因此平步青云，扶摇直上。1602年受封为爵士，1604年被任命为詹姆士的顾问，1607年被任命为副检察长，1613年被委任为首席检察官，1616年被任命为枢密院顾问，1617年提升为掌玺大臣，1618年晋升为英格兰的大陆官，授封为维鲁兰男爵，1621年又授封为奥尔本斯子爵。但培根的才能和志趣不在国务活动上，而存在与对科学真理的探求上。这一时期，他在学术研究上取得了巨大的成果，并出版了多部著作。

1621年，培根被国会指控贪污受贿，被高级法庭判处罚金四万磅，监禁于伦敦塔内，终生逐出宫廷，不得任议员和官职。虽然后来罚金和监禁皆被豁免，但培根却因此而身败名裂。从此培根不理政事，开始专心从事理论著述。

1626年3月底，培根坐车经过伦敦北郊，由于身体孱弱，经受不住风寒的侵袭，支气管炎复发，病情恶化，于1626年4月9日清晨病逝。●Bacon's Works and Philosophy　著作及其哲学思想

The Essay

Bacon did not propose an actual philosophy, but rather a method of developing philosophy. He argued that although philosophy at the time used the deductive syllogism to interpret nature, the philosopher should instead proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to law. Before beginning this Induction, the inquirer is to free his or her mind from certain false notions or tendencies which distort the truth. These are called "Idols" and are of four kinds:"Idols of the Tribe", which are common to the race; "Idols of the Den", which are peculiar to the individual; "Idols of the Marketplace" coming from the misuse of language; and "Idols of the Theatre" which result from an abuse of authority. The end of Induction is the discovery of forms, the ways in which natural phenomena occur, the causes from which they proceed.

Derived through use of his methods, Bacon explicated his somewhat fragmentary ethical system in the seventh and eighth books of his De augmentis scientiarum (1623)——where he distinguished between duty to the community, an ethical matter, and duty to God, a religious matter.

Bacon's works include his Essays, as well as the Colours of Good and evil and the Meditationes Sacrae,all published in 1597. His famous aphorism, "knowledge is power", is found in the Meditations. He published Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human in 1605. The Proficience and Advancement of Learning, arguably the first important philosophical work to be published in English. It is in this work that Bacon sketched out the main themes and ideas that he continued to refine and develop throughout his career, beginning with the notion that there are clear obstacles to or diseases of learning that must be avOlded or purged before further progress is possible.

Novum Organum —— and the Induction

Instauratio magna (Great Renewal) contains his various philosophical works, the most important part of which is the Novum Organum; in this work he cites three world-changing inventions: Printing, gunpowder and the compass. And also he introduces his system of “true and perfect Induction,” which he proposes as the essential foundation of scientific method and a necessary tool for the proper interpretation of nature. It differs not only from the deductive logic and mania for syllogisms of the Schoolmen, but also from the classic Induction of Aristotle and other logicians.伦敦塔

The Great Work New Atlantis

In 1626 the New Atlantis was finished, which stands in the great tradition of utopian-philosophical novel that stretches from Plato and More to Huxley and Skinner. The New Atlantis is about as exciting as a government or university re-organization plan and revolutionary, served not only as an effective inspiration and model for the British Royal Society, but also as an early blueprint and prophecy of the modern research center and international scientific community.

It is in this work that Bacon sketched out the main themes and ideas that he continued to refine and develop throughout his career, beginning with the notion that there are clear obstacles to or diseases of learning that must be avOlded or purged before further progress is possible.

The Essay is mostly deal with public life, written from the vantage point of a man of affairs concerned to make his way in the world, rather than that of a profound moralist. They evoke a general atmosphere of expediency and self-interest but also voice precepts of moral wisdom and public virtue, offering penetrating insights into the interests, problems, and thinking of the Jacobean ruling class.

Bacon's writings focus on the world rather than on the self, dealing chiefly with issues of practical morality, politics, and the theory of knowledge. As a literary figure he played a central in developing the English essay and English prose style and inaugurating the genre of the scientific utopia. Whereas Donne saw human history as a process of inevitable degeneration and decay, Bacon saw it as progressive and believed that his new scientific method can lead humankind to a better future.

论文

与其说培根是个哲学家，不如说他是一个方法论家，他的科学方法观以实验定性和归纳为主。他认为当时的学术传统是贫乏的，原因在于学术与经验失去接触。他主张科学理论与科学技术相辅相成，主张打破“偶像”，铲除各种偏见和幻想，为揭露人类认识产生谬误的根源，他提出了著名的“四假相说”。第一种是“种族的假相”，这是由于人的天性而引起的认识错误；第二种是“洞穴的假相”是个人由于性格、爱好、教育、环境而产生的认识中片面性的错误；第三种是“市场的假相”，即由于人们交往时语言概念的不确定产生的思维混乱。第四种是“剧场的假相”，这是指由于盲目迷信权威和传统而造成的错误认识。培根指出，经验哲学家就是利用四种假相来抹煞真理，制造谬误，从而给予了经验哲学沉重的打击。

1597年，培根发表了他的处女作《论说随笔文集》。他在书中将自己对社会的认识和思考，以及对人生的理解，浓缩成许多富有哲理的名言警句，受到广大读者的欢迎。《新亚特兰帝斯》

1605年，培根用英语完成了两卷集《论学术的进展》。这是以知识为其研究对象的一部著作，是培根声称要以知识为其领域，全面改革知识的宏大理想和计划的一部分。培根在书中猛烈抨击了中世纪的蒙昧主义，论证了知识的巨大的作用，提示了知识不能令人满意的现状及补救的办法。在这本书中，培根提出一个有系统的科学百科全书的提纲，对后来十八世纪的狄德罗为首的法国百科全书派编写百科全书，起了重大作用。《伟大的复兴》和新归纳法

培根原打算撰写一部六卷本百科全书式的著作——《伟大的复兴》，这是他复兴科学，对人类知识加以重新改造的巨著，但他未能完成预期的计划，只发行了前两部分，1620年出版的《新工具》是该书的第二部分。《新工具》是培根最重要的哲学著作，它提出了培根在近代所开创的经验认识原则和经验认识方法。这本书与亚里士多德的《工具篇》是相对立的。书中他提出印刷术、火药和指南针是开启近代科学的三项发明，也提出了他的新归纳法，这是研究现代自然科学最基本的方法，也是一个必需的工具。它和古代的那些学者所提倡的三段论方法有根本的区别，也有别于亚里士多德的归纳法。

伟大著作《新亚特兰帝斯》

大约在1623年，培根写成了《新亚特兰帝斯》一书，这是一部尚未完成的乌托邦式的作品，在他去世的第二年首次发表。作者在书中描绘了自己新追求和向往的理想社会蓝图，体现了科学主宰一切的主题，这是培根毕生所倡导的科学的“伟大复兴”的思想信念的集中表现。

培根的著作主要是关于这个世界的，他讨论道德、宗教和知识，而非处理一些个人的情感问题。他对英国散文和论文的发展有很大贡献，是近代自然科学的开道者。他和多恩的观点不一样，多恩视人类历史为一部堕落和哀败史，但培根相信人类社会是进步的，并且坚信他的新科学方法和观念能给人类社会发展带来巨大的贡献。● Selected Reading —— Novum Organum　《新工具》

From Novum Organum 《新工具》

59

But the Idols of the Market place are the most troublesome ofall —— Idols which have crept into the understanding through thealliances of words and names. For men believe that their reason governs words; but it is also true that words react on the understanding; and this it is that has rendered philosophy and the sciences sophistical and inactive. Now words, being commonly framed and applied according to the capacity of the vulgar, follow those lines of division which are most obvious to the vulgar understanding. And whenever an understanding of greater acuteness or a more diligent observation would alter those lines to suit the true divisions of nature, words stand in the way and resist the change. Whence it comes to pass that the high and formal discussions of learned men end oftentimes in disputes about words and names; with which (according to the use and wisdom of the mathematicians) it would be more prudent to begin, and so by means of definitions reduce them to order. Yet even definitions cannot cure this evil in dealing with natural and material things, since the definitions themselves consist of words, and those words beget others. So that it is necessary to recur to individual instances, and those in due series and order, as I shall say presently when I come to the method and scheme for the formation of notions and axioms.

59

市场假象是四类假象中最麻烦的一个。它们通过文字和名称的含糊性而渗入到理解力之中。人们相信自己的理性指导着文字，但事实是，文字亦对理解力有着反作用；正是这一点，使哲学和科学充满诡辩和怠惰。《新工具》

且说文字，它一般地是凭着流俗的能力构制和应用的，所以它的区分线也总是遵循那些最浅显的流俗理解力。所以，当有一种具有较大敏锐性或观察力的理解出现时，它要改动那些界线以适于自然的真正区划，这时文字就会抗拒这种改变。因此我们常见学者们那些崇高和正式的讨论往往以争辩文字和名称告终；从文字（按照数学家们的习惯和智慧）开始讨论名称本是更为慎重的，所以就用定义方法按秩序归纳那些名称。但当处理一些自然的本质事物时，定义解决不了这个问题；因为定义本身也是文字的，它也需要靠别的文字来定义。这就仍有必要回到个别事例上来，那些即成体系和系列的。关于这一点，等我谈到概念和公理的形成方法时，就会有所触及。

Chapter III English Literature in 17th and 18th Century 第三章 17～18世纪的英国文学

1. John Donne （约翰·多恩1572～1631）

John Donne was born in London, into a Roman Catholic family when open practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne's family arranged for his education by the Jesuits, which gave him a deep knowledge of his religion that equipped him for the ideological religious conflicts of his time. Donne was a student at Oxford, from the age of 11 and later of Cambridge but was unable to obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism. His brother Henry Donne's death led John Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith. By the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking. He was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Sir Thomas Egerton, and was established at Egerton's London home, York House. Donne was elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Brackley in 1602.

Donne became a Royal Chaplain in late 1615, Reader of Divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616, and received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Cambridge University in 1618. Later in 1618 he became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster. In 1621 Donne was made Dean of St Paul's, a leading position in the Church of England and one he held until his death in 1631. In 1624 he became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and 1625 a Royal Chaplain to Charles I. He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and 160 of his sermons have survived, including the famous Death's Duel sermon delivered at the Palace of Whitehall

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