作者：Testcrackers团队
出版社：机械工业出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
托福词汇 字字珠玑试读：
前言
与“Testcrackers系列丛书”配套的网络内容将陆续上线。在这个“云”时代，我们力图通过一切可能的平台和手段帮助读者。本套书相关的答案音频录音、答案扩展、机经预测综述，以及未来更新的更多TPO内容（TPO35以后的内容）都将在以下平台及时呈现：
1.公共微信：testcrackers 2.新浪微博：wordmatters
3.读者资料分享QQ群：188615962/452715901
4.新东方酷学网托福配套课程
托福词汇数量繁多，难度偏大。无论对初中生、高中生，还是大学生以及在职学习者而言，词汇都是一切的基础，而你，是否还在盲目地死磕单词？背了半天感觉没有效果？
一切皆因没有找到合适的词汇！大家都知道，各位考生的水平各异，找到适合自己水平的托福单词，效果自然才是最好的！为了帮助各位读者积累符合自己水平的单词，我们对托福词汇做了严格的分级和归类，以适应广大英语语言学习者的学习规律和复习过程。
本书所收集的词汇主要有三大来源：1.TPO（ETS已经公布的所有真题）听、说、读、写考试中值得记忆的高频词汇；2.已经出现过的托福真题中值得记忆的核心词汇；3.围绕主题展开的有效口语表达词汇和TPO核心短语。
对于以上词汇，本书将它们主要分为3大类：基础类（Level A）、强化类（Level B，Level C）。同时布置三轮复习计划，保证核心托福词汇在35天内记完，让你的托福复习如虎添翼。以上每一大类都严格按照单词的难度以及出现频率来编排单词，是有规则的乱序）。
Level A——基础词汇15个列表，共收录核心词330个；
Level B——强化动词9个列表，共收录核心词180个；
Level C——强化动词7个列表，共收录核心词：140个。
Level A的核心动词都是非常基础但又十分重要的词汇，所以对于LevelA的核心动词，我们根据其在TPO词汇中出现的频率来进行编排，方便各位读者进行梯度学习。每一个列表中的单词，我们除了按照词频，还根据单词的综合难度进行分类。每一个列表都有相对高频词和相对低频词，保证每个列表的难度呈梯度增加。
而在Leve lB和Level C的强化动词中，这些动词的频率较低，然而却十分重要。因此，为了更准确、更合理地设置单词排序，对于Level B和Level C的强化动词，我们参考了美国当代语料库（COCA）的频率数据来排列。COCA的频率数量级远远大于TPO，可以更清晰地看到这些强化动词实际运用的频率缩影及其难度。所以读者看到Leve lB和Level C中的频率数字时不必感到疑惑，根据自己的水平找到自己的列表，往下学习即可！
除了核心动词之外，本书还精选了175条TPO核心短语，大体按照难度分为A、B、C三类。根据短语的感情色彩，分为积极类短语、中立类短语和消极类短语。每一条短语都附有权威例句和同义表达，为大家在写作和口语表达中锦上添花。
最后，本书还按字母顺序整理了机经词汇增补列表，并以表格的形式提供了词汇替换练习，以帮助大家全面掌握托福词汇，做到有备无患！
全书均附有红膜设置，读者看到词汇之后，采取“三遍法”进行记忆处理：第一遍，快速预览词汇，强记词汇发音及替换词汇、中文含义即可。第二遍，附上红膜，回忆发音以及红膜覆盖后消失的释义及替换词（替换词比释义更加重要，对于不认识的替换词，要进一步拓展、归纳——这一工作可以自己查词典完成，也可以由任课老师辅导完成）。第三遍，标记第一、第二遍无法识记的词汇、需要拓展的词汇，重点记忆（注意重点记忆的过程是反复出现，不是抄写，托福考试对于识记单词的拼写要求并不是很高。当然这并不意味着不需要会拼写单词，记忆效果和记忆复现进度的关系希望大家好好把握）。
最后，值得一提的是，本书涉及整个托福阶段学习需要的基础词汇以及核心词汇，从此不再需要四、六级词汇书啦！我们对此进行了背诵记忆的参考日程规划，在最后冲刺阶段，我们对机经词汇进行了最有效、最暴力的表格记忆，多种记忆方法入手，帮助你打好词汇基础，强化动词，冲刺机经，从此背诵托福单词不再迷茫！
本书体例重要说明：
词汇以出现的重要性以及词汇出现频率为排列顺序。
Example：
本系列丛书的编写不是一个人可以完成的，参与本书编写的老师有：叶炼、钱煜炜、王梦聪、朱思婕、周计宏、廖呈静、王徉岐、白航、蒋轶凡、徐闻闻、韦斯非、喻杨、王瑶、李丰贤、华翔、李璇、黄識涵（台湾）。
本系列丛书的编写经历了漫长的时间，在编写过程中我们遇到了无数困难，心中怀有无数忐忑，但同时也收获了无数鼓励和支持。一路走来，我们有信心把“Testcrackers系列丛书”做好、做精，欢迎大家给我们提供宝贵的建议和意见！编者2015年8月第一轮iBT词汇基础阶段：15天
Level A-基础词汇 个列表，
共收录核心词330个
Day 1
□ provide
□ indicate
□ develop
□ contain
□ explain
□ remain
□ appear
□ require
□ involve
□ affect
□ exist
□ reduce
□ continue
□ vary
□ introduce
□ play
□ consider
□ discover
□ relate
□ limit
Day 2
□ determine
□ improve
□ remove
□ breathe
□ compare
□ locate
□ replace
□ recognize
□ expect
□ destroy
□ connect
□ arise
□ melt
□ divide
□ achieve
□ avoid
□ bury
□ lay
□ trace
□ assess
Day 3
□ propose
□ disappear
□ promote
□ adjust
□ encourage
□ protect
□ recover
□ detect
□ display
□ regard
□ operate
□ predict
□ reject
□ extract
□ shape
□ invent
□ pump
□ accompany
□ handle
□ alter
Day 4
□ survive
□ apply
□ identify
□ evolve
□ adapt
□ reveal
□ collapse
□ spray
□ oppose
□ accustom
□ cope
□ participate
□ starve
□ outline
□ disturb
□ finance
□ mature
□ restrict
□ mislead
□ object
Day 5
□ measure
□ account
□ profit
□ dwell
□ assist
□ recharge
□ refine
□ afford
□ satisfy
□ deliver
□ attach
□ incline
□ privilege
□ shatter
□ undertake
□ distract
□ assure
□ persuade
□ drown
□ soar
Day 6
□ prevent
□ overcome
□ calculate
□ withstand
□ convince
□ employ
□ switch
□ explore
□ enlarge
□ examine
□ govern
□ threaten
□ bound
□ compose
□ confirm
□ consume
□ ensure
□ cast
□ classify
□ invest
Day 7
□ drain
□ contradict
□ transfer
□ orient
□ erupt
□ purchase
□ recruit
□ inflate
□ recur
□ stabilize
□ bloom
□ struggle
□ catalog
□ squeeze
□ declare
□ frown
□ inherit
□ suspend
□ buffer
□ launch
Day 8
□ charge
□ benefit
□ attempt
□ decay
□ undergo
□ initiate
□ enrich
□ encounter
□ grind
□ discourage
□ capture
□ parallel
□ counter
□ multiply
□ clarify
□ deceive
□ accuse
□ misbehave
□ plunge
□ defeat
Day 9
□ maintain
□ represent
□ compete
□ expand
□ contribute
□ surround
□ establish
□ consist
□ observe
□ reflect
□ preserve
□ accumulate
□ obtain
□ emerge
□ emphasize
□ extend
□ spread
□ assume
□ demonstrate
□ occupy
Day 10
□ generate
□ expose
□ absorb
□ estimate
□ adopt
□ define
□ isolate
□ permit
□ exploit
□ retain
□ transform
□ combine
□ strike
□ perform
□ stimulate
□ eliminate
□ abandon
□ engage
□ inhabit
□ regulate
Day 11
□ reproduce
□ yield
□ distinguish
□ interpret
□ exclude
□ flourish
□ modify
□ evaporate
□ penetrate
□ cease
□ perceive
□ possess
□ specialize
□ scatter
□ convert
□ cultivate
□ assemble
□ exaggerate
□ sustain
□ coordinate
Day 12
□ derive
□ acquire
□ distribute
□ enclose
□ reverse
□ endure
□ investigate
□ tolerate
□ digest
□ proceed
□ complicate
□ invade
□ justify
□ persist
□ transmit
□ conquer
□ grant
□ accelerate
□ provoke
□ escalate
Day 13
□ breed
□ presume
□ devise
□ diffuse
□ exhaust
□ revise
□ cramp
□ interrupt
□ astonish
□ highlight
□ install
□ negotiate
□ trample
□ resume
□ specify
□ foresee
□ overshadow
□ fetch
□ neglect
Day 14
□ document
□ mirror
□ perfect
□ mount
□ patent
□ sponsor
□ fuel
□ border
□ coat
□ course
□ weather
□ ripple
□ trumpet
□ desert
□ subject
□ fork
□ rival
□ cascade
□ plug
□ found
□ fuse
□ stem
□ flow
□ drift
□ blur
□ vent
□ coin
□ pose
□ tap
□ craft
□ bare
□ bridge
□ cage
□ pale
□ coil
□ sap
□ voyage
Day 15
□ tuck
□ haul
□ blink
□ cling
□ soak
□ flee
□ leak
□ stun
□ omit
□ roam
□ span
□ stalk
□ creep
□ gear
□ stain
□ squat
□ flap
□ seep
□ shun
□ mow
□ wilt
□ spew
□ yawn
□ query
□ tame
□ foul
□ bask
□ purge
□ peg
□ prey
□ peck
□ chomp
□ stuntDay 1[1]
provide[prəˈvaId] 429 【释义】
vt.提供；规定（give；furnish；supply；state）
vi.抚养；做准备（feed；prepare）【字字珠玑】
provide：accommodate ____□□□
provide：afford ____□□□
provide：yield ____□□□
provide：furnish ____□□□
provide：give ____□□□
provide：supply ____□□□
provide：render ____□□□
provideevidence：attestto ____□□□
provided：if ____□□□
provideenergy：fuel ____□□□
例句
·Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different solution to theproblem.
对这些冰核和样本的分析给问题提供了一个不一样的解决方法。
·Other researchers go even further，suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface.
其他研究者做了更大胆的猜测，他们认为那些数据表明在早期的火星表面存在大量的水。
·This development，coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy，
provided an impetus to along-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade.政治的发展在将欧洲经济带入谷底的同时，也提供了一个新契机，通过建立一个欧洲与东方的海上航线确保两者之间直接的贸易往来，实现长久以来的愿景。【派生】provided conj.假如；倘若providing conj.假如，以……为条件provisio nn.提供；供应provide impetus to推进
indicate[ˈIndIkeIt] 244【释义】
vt.指示，指出（showsth.，especiallybypointing）
vt.象征；暗示（be a sign of sth.；suggest the possibility or probability of sth.）【字字珠玑】
indicate：demonstrate ____□□□
indicate：reflect ____□□□
indicate：imply ____□□□
indicate：speak of ____□□□
indication：hint ____□□□
indication：signclue ____□□□
indicativeof：suggesting ____□□□[2]
Syn.：imply，show，suggest
作为单词题discern的选项出现。
23-3.discern○indicate○apply○identify○repeat
例句
·The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars.
这些结果清楚地表明这些夜间迁徙的候鸟是通过星宿位置来定位方向的。
·There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.
这些不断积累的证据表明鸟是通过多种多样的外界环境信息来引导它们迁徙的。
·To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability，it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined.这些指标中记录的全球气候的覆盖范围已经达到了可以提供真实的气候变化标准的程度，它至少能揭示所有引起气候变化的自然原因是怎样息息相关的。【派生】
indicated v.动词indicate的过去式和过去分词
indicating adj.指示的；标志的v.动词indicate的现在分词
indication n.指示；表示；迹象indicative adj.暗示性的【词根】
indicate17世纪50年代进入英语，源自拉丁语中的indicatus。
in-（里面）+dic（说）+-ate（动词后缀）→暗示
develop[dIˈveləp]239【释义】
vt.&vi.发展（increase or become larger or more complete）
vt.&vi.（使）成长，（使）发育（make（sb./sth.）grow larger，fuller or more mature）【字字珠玑】
develop：brew ____□□□
develop：evolve ____□□□
develop：form ____□□□
developing：emergent ____□□□
developed：mature ____□□□
undeveloped：rudimentary ____□□□
Syn.：advance，enlarge，expand，grow，mature，disclose，evolve，reveal，unfold
作为单词题prevalent/endured/diffused/evolve/interlocked/elaboration/eroded/composed of的选项出现。
1-3.prevalent○predictable○widespread○successful○developed
6-2.endured○vanished○developed○varied○survived
7-3.diffused○emerged○was understood○spread○developed
10-1.evolve○divided○extended○developed○vanished
15-3.interlocked○intermediate○linked○frozen○fully developed
21-3.elaboration○development○special ization○use○transformation
27-2.eroded○worn down○scattered○developed○deserted
34-1.composed of○made up of○developed from○in addition to○similar to
例句
·It would appear that the instability of the climatic conditions ledpopu lations that had originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life，which led in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food available.
似乎是气候条件的不稳定性使得那些原本放牧的人安定下来，逐渐发展成了定居的生活方式，这也反过来造成了人口增长以及所需食物量的增加。
·More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe’s economy in this period.
不断扩大的贸易网络也促进了这段时期欧洲经济的增长。
·Once the idea of planti ng diffused，Africans began to develop thei r own crops，such as certai n varieties of rice...
一旦种植的思想传播开来，非洲人就开始培育他们自己的农作物，比如某些水稻……
·Between the older layers of glacial material were well-developed soils containing fossils of warm-climate plants.在这些年代更久远的冰层里有永冻土，其中包含了温带植物的化石。
·During the following centuries，the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining，iron working，paper making，and the wool and cotton industries.在接
下来的几个世纪中，对水力的利用与采矿、炼铁、造纸以及棉毛纺织工业的技术进步同步。【派生】
well-developedadj.发展良好的
developmental adj.促成生长的
development n.发展；开发；生长；进展
undeveloped adj.未经开发的
contain[kənˈteIn] 196【释义】
vt.包含；容纳（hold；have withi nitself）
vt.抑制（hold back；keep under control or within limits）【字字珠玑】
contain：include ____□□□
contain：house ____□□□
contain：incorporate ____□□□
Syn.：comprise，embrace，have，i ncl ude，i nvolve
例句
·Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in
surface stores such as lakes and rivers.
相比湖泊和河流等地表水，沙漠中地下水的贮藏量要大得多。
·When broken open，Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small，distinctive objects，spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix.
把阿伦德陨石破开，发现里面含有各种各样细小的、独特的物体，这些物体呈球状或者不规则状，嵌在深灰色的基质（结合物质）中。
·An estimated 99.85 percent of the mass of our solar system is contained within the Sun，while the planets col lectively make up most of the remai ni ng 0.15 percent.
太阳系中，太阳的质量占大约99.85%，而所有行星的质量加起来占剩下的0.15%。【派生】
contained adj.抑制的；平静的v.动词contain的过去式和过去分词
containi ng n.包含；包括v.动词contain的现在分词
container n.容器；集装箱containment n.牵制；包含；容量【词根】
contain13世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的contenir；最初源自拉丁语的continere，意为“包括在一起”。
con-（一起）+tain（拿）→包含
explain[IkˈspleIn] 185【释义】
vt.&vi.说明，解释（give or show the meaning of）【字字珠玑】
explain：account for ____□□□
explain：shed light on ____□□□
Syn.：clarify，define，explicate，expound，interpret，account for，justify
作为单词题overshadowed/account for/regulating的选项出现。
12-2.overshadowed○distracted from○explained
○conducted○coordi nated with
15-2.account for○describe○challenge○explain○test
29-2.regulating○controlling○explaining○observing○stopping
例句
·The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil
record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually
been ignored.断点平衡论试着去解释化石记录的一个古怪的特点——在超过一个世纪的时间里它已经为古生物学者所熟悉，但一直被忽视。
·The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain，inpart，why so many linguists have argued that the I ndo-European languages began thei rastonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatoli.这种显著的移动性和畜牧社会的地理范围在某种程度上解释了
很多语言学家一直争论的一个问题：为什么印欧语系并非从安纳托利亚（现在的土耳其）的农民中传播开来，而是产生于早期欧洲内陆的牧民。
·But，while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution，there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one，which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults.但是，当人们已认同达尔文的进化论并不能解释所有现象时，我们有充分的理由怀疑这一无法解释成年人打哈欠的理论。
·This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animals picture had no further use after the hunt.
同时，这种观点尝试解释重复绘画的原因：狩猎结束后，之前所绘的猎物图不再有用。【派生】
explained v.动词explain的过去式和过去分词
explaining v.动词explain的现在分词explanation n.解释；说明【词根】
explain16世纪进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的explanare，意为“解释，使清楚”；最初源自此语中的explane。
remain[rɪˈmeɪn] 139【释义】
vi.留下，逗留（stay or be left behind after others have gone，been lost，etc.）
vi.剩下，余留（be sti l l present after a part has gone or has been taken away）
vi.仍然是，依旧是（conti nue to be i n an unchanged state）
n.（-s）剩余物（pieces or parts of somethi ng which conti nue to exist when most of it has been used，destroyed or taken away）【字字珠玑】
remain：last ____□□□
remains：remnants ____□□□
remains：residue ____□□□
remains：remai nders ____□□□
remaining：residual ____□□□
remaining：extant ____□□□
Syn.：abide，continue，dwell，last，rest，stand，stay，wait
作为单词题relics/heterogeneous/viable的选项出现。
8-3.relics○remains○sites○requirements○sources
19-3.heterogeneous○remaining○varied○familiar○layered
32-1.viable○able to survive○i ndividual○large○remai ni ng
例句
·When snail or clam shells are left behind，they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissol ution.当蜗牛或蛤蜊壳被留下，它们必须是空壳才足够坚固并且能抵御分解。
·Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers.贮存在蓄水层的水并非不流动，而是会通过泉眼渗出或是进入其他蓄水层。
·Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had special ized in dairy farming industrial crops，and horticu lture.荷兰农民能够长期不受危机的影响是因为他们在乳制品、经济作物以及园艺上的专门化。
·Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.如果没有受到外国因素的影响，中国陶瓷的含义依然清晰。
·A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life，but has no remaining biological function in adults.一个完全不同的理论认为，打哈欠有助于早期肺部的发育，但是对于成年人来说并没有任何生理功效。【派生】
remained v.动词remain的过去式和过去分词
remaining adj.剩余的v.动词remain的现在分词【词根】
remain14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的remain；最初源自拉丁语的remanere，意为“保留”。
re-回manere放，置
appear[əˈpɪr]125【释义】
vi.出现，显现（come and be seen）【字字珠玑】
appear：emerge ____□□□
apparent：obvious ____□□□
apparent：evident ____□□□
Syn.：arise，arrive，come out，emerge，turn up
例句
·At first sight，the plain did not appear to be a likely home for acivilization.
乍看之下，这个平原并不像是一个文明的发源地。
·Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be i nvolved in aggression.
侵略性行为似乎与许多生物结构和化学物质有关。
·Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall，they showed no signs of confusion.不论这些食罐是在右侧还是左侧墙壁前方，它们都不会表现出一丝疑惑。
·The structure of the periodic table appeared to l i m it the number of possible elements.
元素周期表的框架似乎限制了可能存在的元素数量。
·Writi ng appeared i n the form of logograms and later developed i nto a system usi ng signs to represent syl lables rather than whole words.手写体出现时用的缩记符的形式，后来发展成
为一个使用符号去代表音节而非整个单词的系统。【派生】
appeared v.动词appear的过去式和过去分词
appeari ng v.动词appear的现在分词
appearance n.出现；露面；外貌；外表apparent adj.明显的【词根】
appear13世纪中期进入英语，直接源自古法语的aparoi r，意为“显现”；最初源自拉丁语的apparere。
ap=ad-强调（to）perere看得见的requi re[rɪˈkwaIər] 122【释义】
vt.要求，需要（depend on sb./sth.；need or make necessary）
vt.要求，规定（demand by right）【字字珠玑】
require：mandate ____□□□
require：oblige ____□□□
require：callfor ____□□□
require：demand ____□□□
require：insist ____□□□
require：stipulate ____□□□
required：compulsory ____□□□
required：mandatory ____□□□
required：necessary ____□□□
required：indispensable ____□□□
required：compelled ____□□□
requirement：prerequisite ____□□□
Syn.：ask，beg，bid，ommand，compel，demand，exact，force，order，request，want，wish
作为单词题attain/derive/installed/precise/compulsory/promote的选项出现。
2-3.attain○require○resist○achieve○endure
11-3.derive○require○gain○use○produce
30-3.installed○required○expected by the majority of people ○standardized○put in place
31-1.promotes○describes○encourages○delays○requires
32-2.compulsory○foreign○formal○required○preferred
40-2.precise○exact○predicted○approximate○required
例句
·Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy，plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.因为高度活跃的工蚁需要很多能量，而植物正好可以利用这一需求，为蚂蚁提供花外蜜以满足它们对能量的需求。
·Larger ani mals require more food than smal ler ani mals，but smal ler ani mals have a higher metabol icrate.
体型较大的动物相对于体型较小的需要更多的食物，而小型动物具有更高的代谢率。
·Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development.研究表明，某些矿物质是植物正常生长发育所必需的。
·Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable.
项目中的教师同样需要支持和鼓励以帮助他们去应付职业生活中的不如意。【派生】
required adj.必需的v.动词require的过去式和过去分词
requiring v.动词require的现在分词requirement n.必要条件；要求【词根】
require1300年左右进入英语，直接源自古法语的requerre；最初源自通俗拉丁语的requrere，意为“反复询问”。
re-反复qurere要求；询问
involve[Inˈvαːlv] 110【释义】
vt.参与，牵涉（cause to be caught or mixed up in trouble，etc.；relateclosely）
vt.使埋头，使专注（cause to immerse oneself in）【字字珠玑】
involve：engage ____□□□
involve：entail ____□□□
involvement：preoccupation ____□□□
Syn.：affect，concern，touch
例句
·Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant
or animal with mineral matter of a different composition.
石化还可能涉及死亡动植物的原有物质与不同成分矿物质的同时交换。
·Symbiotic relationships involve the i nteraction of two or more organisms acting as partners.
共生关系是两种或多种物种之间的一种交互作用。
·Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups，like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups.学习适当的社交行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如猴子，它们需要学会控制自私和攻击性，学着去懂得付出和收获的关系以融入群体。
·Finally，younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuri ng physical constants.
最后，年轻一代的生态学家发现关于行为和生命历史进化的问题比测试物理常量更有趣。【派生】
involved adj.涉及的；牵连的beinvolvedin参与；卷入
involving adj.包括的v.动词involve的现在分词involvement n.卷入；牵连【词根】
involve 1382年进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的involvere，意为“滚进”，引申为“纠缠；信封”。
in-里volvere滚，卷
affect[əˈfekt] 103【释义】
vt.影响（cause some result or change；influence）
vt.感动（cause feel i ngs of sorrow，anger，love，etc.）
vt.炫耀（make an obvious show of usi ng，weari ng or l i ki ng sth.）【字字珠玑】
affectiontie：emotional attachment____□□□
Syn.：impact，impress，infect，move，touch
作为单词题facilitates/promote的选项出现。
5-1.facilitates○slows down○affects○makes easier○focuses on
5-3.promote○complicate○prevent○encourage○affect
例句
·Indeed，stability of the biological clock’s period is one of its major features，even when the organism’s environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors，such as temperature，that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.
的确，稳定性是生物钟最重要的特性之一，即使生物所处环境的诸多要素发生显著变化，例如温度可能会对生物活性产生很大的影响。
·Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.
温度的改变不会对生物活性产生太大的影响。
·In contrast to parasitism，in commensalism，one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other.与寄生关系相反，在共生关系中，一方受益，也不会给另一方带来严重影响。
·Of all the visual arts，architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environmentin major ways.在所有的视觉艺术中，建筑最直接地影响了我们的生活，因为它在很多方面决定了我们生存的环境特征。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]