新GRE高频词汇:句子填空(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2020-10-15 13:55:51

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作者:杜昶旭

出版社:群言出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

新GRE高频词汇:句子填空

新GRE高频词汇:句子填空试读:

前言

到目前为止,GRE考试经历了两次重大变革。一次涉及形式——2002年,GRE考试在中国大陆地区由计算机化考试模式改为传统的纸笔考试模式;一次同时涉及形式和内容——2011年8月,GRE考试在全球范围内改为基于互联网的考试,其内容也在原有基础上进行了一系列调整。每一次变革的出现,无一例外都会给考生带来心理上的恐慌和行动上的迷茫。考生们会问:“新GRE考试是不是比以前更难了?”“我如果参加新的GRE考试,应该背什么样的词汇书?”“新GRE考试开始以后,我需要背的词汇量是多了还是少了?”

实际上,多年以来,GRE考试的本质一直被很多人所误解,而GRE考试所涉及的词汇量,也一直被很多人“妖魔化”。我曾经在课堂上做过很多次这样的测试:随便找出几个学生,问他们:“GRE考试需要掌握多少词汇?”几乎每个人都能说出一个数字,从5000到20000不等。这让我感到很遗憾,因为GRE考试在国内已经进行了这么多年,我们居然还不能给考生一个一致化的标准,来解决这个并不算太难的问题。

如果我们搞清楚GRE考试的本质,就不难确定它涉及的词汇量,也很容易想清楚面对新GRE考试我们应该如何选择词汇书。首先,GRE考试不是一个英语考试,只是一个以英语为载体的测试,它的目的是检测考生的信息整合能力、逻辑分析和推理能力,以及独立思考能力。其次,以英语为母语的人,比如美国人、英国人等,如果希望申请进入美国大学的研究生院深造,都需要参加GRE考试,因此它不仅仅针对把英语作为第二语言的群体。试想一下,我们在国内参加以汉语为载体的任何考试,是不会有命题者告诉我们需要考哪些确定的汉语词汇的吧?由此,我们可以得出一个简单的结论:GRE考试不可能像国内的四、六级考试或考研英语一样有一份明确的词汇大纲,并且,从理论上说,GRE考试可能涉及的单词应该是英语中存在的所有单词。然而,考生是不可能去背词典的,GRE考试也绝不可能把英语中的十几万单词全部考到。那么,如何才能明确GRE考试的实际词汇量呢?

从ETS公布的新版《GRE考试官方指南》中可以看出,新GRE考试和老GRE考试并没有本质的区别,除了在文字推理(Verbal Reasoning)部分取消现行考试中的“类比/反义”题型外,其余的考查范围也没有任何变化,并且有很多题目改编自过去的考题。那么,我们可以得出这样的推论:在新GRE文字推理部分出现的主要词汇,应该与老GRE考试中句子填空和阅读理解部分涉及的主要词汇一致;并且,与之前的考试一样,可能会根据每次考试题目内容的变化而出现少量目前无法预测的新词汇。基于这样的推论,我们就可以用统计学的方法,通过统计过去若干年GRE考试真题中出现的词汇,来得出新GRE可能考查的词汇列表。

我们应该感谢新技术带给我们的力量与改变;出身于计算机专业的我,可以用计算机软件来获得一些让人激动的数据。统计过程使用的样本是近20年的GRE考题,我们分别统计了句子填空、阅读理解和类比/反义中的独立单词数,并进行了一些交叉比对。基于这样的样本,统计在句子填空中出现过的独立单词数量为7391个,再进行部分衍生词合并后,得到5919个独立单词。最后,我们把这些独立单词与大学英语四级(CET-4)考试大纲收录的4600个单词进行交叉比对,去掉四级考试中考过的单词,并人工去掉一些常见的介词、实体名词等,最后收入本书的总词条数为2999个。同样,我们对阅读理解部分也进行了类似的处理,有4191个单词收录在《新GRE高频词汇:阅读理解》一书中。而对于在新GRE考试中已经取消的类比/反义词部分,我们也进行了统计,并保留了在类比/反义以及另外两部分同时出现过的1000多个单词。

我们希望让这个“新GRE高频词汇”系列能成为一套真正实用的工具书,针对句子填空题和阅读理解题解决考生在新GRE备考过程中的词汇问题。因而,本系列词汇书在编写过程中也体现了如下特点:(1)真实性:所有单词都选自GRE考题,并按照单词在考试中出现的频率进行编排,前14个单元是GRE考试中出现频率较高的词汇,也会是新GRE考试中的核心词。对于一个单词在考试中出现的不同形式,比如复数、第三人称单数、过去式、分词等,都在每个词条的“形”栏目中分别列出,并用上标形式标注了该形式考过的次数。(2)高效性:在本系列词汇书中,我们完全去掉了大学英语四级考试大纲中收录的单词,考生不必担心在背单词时由于词汇书中存在的重复带来的背诵效率下降,只需要单独处理四级词汇和本系列词汇书中的词汇即可。(3)针对性:所有词汇都提供了考试中考过的中、英文释义,凡是在GRE考试中作为主考词出现的单词,本书都提供了与真题难度相当的例句以及高质量的中文翻译,为考生提供与GRE考试同等难度的语境。(4)科技性:本书提供了相应的免费网络版词汇书和手机背单词的应用,考生可以登录“朗播网(www.langlib.com)”,使用本书附赠卡片激活网络版词汇书,即可实现纸质词汇书、网络版词汇书以及手机应用的同步背诵,提高学习效率。(5)时效性:随着新GRE考试的开展,我们会定期统计新GRE考试中出现的“机经”词汇,并专业地筛选出考生在备考过程中需要记住的单词补充到书内,帮助考生节省“刷机经、背新词”的大量时间。同时,为了弥补“纸质书更新比较缓慢”而且“不利于已购买本书的读者”的问题,我们会在“网络版词汇书”和“手机应用”中同步更新。只要是使用书中卡片激活了网络版词汇书的用户,都会在第一时间获得更新内容。

背单词是痛苦的,但又是考生们在备考过程中不得不经历的一个过程。我们不认为这个过程有任何捷径可走,唯一的选择就是不断重复、不断坚持。当你在不同的场景下把一个单词重复几十遍甚至上百遍的时候,你就不可能记不住它。很多人都在寻求背单词的各种方法,其实,无论什么方法,最终需要的都只是两个字——重复!所以,这也是我们没有在本书提供任何“辅助记忆”方法的原因。你所需要的,是在背单词的这一到两个月里,每天都把这些单词多看几遍,把这些例句多读几遍,仅此而已。

任何认真准备过GRE考试的人都会永远铭记这段人生经历,因为它会让你明白什么叫举步维艰,什么叫孤独绝望,什么叫持之以恒,什么叫如释重负。我们坚信,带着出国留学的梦想和信念,这些体验最后都会浓缩成亮点,在你的生命之中闪闪发光。而我们所能做的,是在你举步维艰的时候给你扶持,在你孤独绝望的时候给你鼓励,在你持之以恒的时候给你力量,在你如释重负的时候给你快乐。

由于时间仓促及编者水平有限,书中出现错误在所难免,希望各位读者能及时指正,在此深表感激。

编 者①独立单词:在样本中统计出的不重复的单词原形,比如paradoxically,paradoxical,paradox和paradoxes都在考试中出现过,统计时只收录独立单词paradox,同时会把以其他三种形式出现的词频累加进paradox的词频。②朗播网(www.langlib.com)是一个全新概念的互动英语学习平台,它包含了词汇、阅读、写作、听力、问答等丰富的互动英语学习工具,为打算参加考试和希望提高英语能力的用户提供全面的学习和交流服务。微博:weibo.com/LangLib;微信:LangLib

致谢

我要感谢国家,让我们在这样的一个时代能够把出国留学的梦想变成一种坚定不移的信念,让我们相信学好英语,既是为了了解世界,也是为了了解中国。

我要感谢我的父母,是你们给了我健康的身体和独立的灵魂,让独立思考成为伴我一生的力量。

我要感谢我的合作者侯宇轩,你求实的精神、认真的态度、严谨的作风、坚定的信念让这本书平添了几分豪气。

我要感谢我的技术团队——北京博智天下信息技术有限公司——以及我们的首席技术官(CTO)金晶,你对互联网和软件技术的敏锐洞察力和深刻理解,为本书的编写提供了不可估量的帮助,同时也为朗播网互动英语学习平台(www.langlib.com)为本书提供免费网络版做出了巨大贡献。

我要感谢新东方的同事和新东方大愚文化的各位编辑,你们对我多年的帮助和支持,让我这些年来一直不断进步和成长;你们的辛勤工作以及不厌其烦的交流沟通,为本书的出版奠定了坚实的基础。

杜昶旭    

duchangxu@langlib.com 

www.weibo.com/duchangxu

使用说明

使用建议

对本书的学习可以分为以下三个阶段:一、第1~3遍——从“形同陌路”到“似曾相识”

本阶段可以集中对单词本身和中文释义进行记忆,争取通过快速、大量的重复,对单词建立起“似曾相识”(单词背过但不知道词义)的印象。想要在前三遍就把单词背下来,对于没有多年英语使用经验或者没有参加过GMAT等考试的考生来说,是不现实的。如果把目标定得太高,反而会增加自己的心理负担。而且,初次面对大量“形同陌路”的单词(完全陌生的词汇),要首先对核心内容留下印象,并通过多次重复来加固这种印象。将核心内容把握好之后,再去对辅助信息进行记忆,循序渐进。二、第3~10遍——从“似曾相识”到“半生不熟”

在见到大多数单词都有“似曾相识”的感觉之后,可以根据个人需要,加入对单词形、英、音的记忆,争取达到“半生不熟”(需要仔细回想才能想出词义)的阶段。

形 是单词在考试中出现过的变体。有的考生虽然背过单词,但在使用过程中面对单词的各种变体仍感到陌生。强化这部分的记忆,会有效减少这种情况的发生。

英 是单词的英文释义,对于真正地掌握单词来说很重要。在对单词本身和中文释义有模糊印象的基础上,通过仔细阅读单词的英文释义,能对单词有更准确、更深入的理解。

音 虽然GRE考试并不涉及单词发音,但是单词发音可以辅助记忆。这也涉及对GRE考试的延伸扩展,毕竟大多数准备GRE考试的考生并不仅仅要面对一门考试;之后的申请、学习、工作等,或多或少都会涉及对GRE词汇的实际应用,而其中单词发音就成了很重要的一部分,趁早准备不失为上策。三、第10~20遍——“一见如故”、“刻骨铭心”

经过前面的学习,对绝大多数单词都能建立起比较清晰的联系之后,就可以开始通过阅读例句来仔细体会单词的实际用法,要力争达到对单词“一见如故”(熟悉单词和词义,但不太会用)甚至“刻骨铭心”(牢记在心,应用自如)的效果。这个阶段可以辅以真题进行训练,从各个方面去强化对单词以及这种考试类型本身的理解和掌握。在这个过程中词汇书中的例句也就能发挥其最大作用。而当你把真题做过几遍之后,本书中的单词和例句,将成为非常适合备考后期的资料。

注:1.以上三步中提到的遍数仅供参考,实际情况因人而异,请结合自己的实际状态进行调整;

2.以上提出的单词记忆的五个阶段:“形同陌路”、“似曾相识”、“半生不熟”、“一见如故”、“刻骨铭心”,是本书的LangLib网络版中使用的单词熟练度划分标准。

Word List 1

词频表

21 innovate

20 undermine

19 paradox

17 controversial

17 historian

16 assumption

16 decline

15 genetic

15 obscure

15 species

14 enhance

13 diminish

13 irrelevant

13 pragmatic

13 skeptical

12 superfluous

11 anomalous

11 cultural

11 explicit

11 predictable

10 biological

10 contradict

10 creation

10 intrigue

10 ironically

10 random

10 suppress

10 realistic

9 acknowledge

9 constitute

9 cynicism

9 disdain

9 diversity

9 inherent

9 repudiate

9 selective

8 adolescent

8 belie

8 cautious

8 crucial

8 deliberate

8 economics

8 idiosyncratic

8 intuition

8 insight

8 intimidate

8 minimal

8 nurture

8 opposition

8 plausible

8 profound

8 sporadic

8 whereas

7 ambivalent

7 discredit

7 disinterested

7 disparage

7 distinctive

7 distort

7 dominate

7 enlighten

7 essence

7 geologic

7 hypothesis

7 inconsistent

7 indifference

7 insignificant

7 intensify

7 intrinsic

7 involvement

7 medieval

7 obsolete

7 primeval

7 problematic

7 provoke

7 reconcile

7 redundant

7 senator

7 systematic

7 trait

6 aggression

6 alleviate

6 assert

6 authoritative

6 bias

6 censure

6 characterize

6 conspicuous

6 constrain

6 corporate

6 demonstration

6 detachment

6 distrust

6 eclectic

6 ecology

6 endorsement

6 equally

6 favor

6 fossil

6 highlight1innovate

[ˈɪnəveɪt]

形13

innovative5

innovation2

innovations

v.创新‖adj.创造性的│n.创新

v. to make changes; to do something in a new way // adj. introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing something, etc. / n. a new idea, method or device; novelty

Though some of her fellow scientists decried the unorthodox laboratory methodology that others found innovative, unanimous praise greeted her experimental results: at once pioneering and unexceptionable.

尽管她的一些科学家同事公开谴责其他人认为有创造性的非正统实验方法学,但是她的实验结果得到了一致认可:既是开创性的,又是无懈可击的。

Copyright and patent laws attempt to encourage innovation by ensuring that inventors are paid for creative work, therefore, it would be ironic if expanded protection under these laws discouraged entrepreneurial innovation by increasing fears of lawsuits.

版权和专利法试图通过确保发明者可以因其创造性工作得到报酬来鼓励发明,因此,如果由于这些法律的进一步保护增加了企业家对诉讼的恐惧感而阻碍其创新,那就很具有讽刺性了。6undermine

[ˌʌndərˈmaɪn]

形9

undermined3

undermines2

undermining

v.破坏;削弱

to weaken or ruin by degrees

Paradoxically, England's colonization of North America was undermined by its success: the increasing prosperity of the colonies diminished their dependence upon, and therefore their loyalty to, their home country.

自相矛盾的是,英国对北美的殖民化进程被其自身的成功破坏了:殖民地的日益繁荣减少了它们对殖民国家的依赖,从而也降低了它们对殖民国家的忠诚度。

Far from undermining the impression of permanent decline, the tawdry statue appeared emblematic of its blighted surroundings.

这座花哨俗气的雕像一点也没有削弱持续衰败的印象,而似乎成了它周围衰败的环境的标志。2paradox

[ˈpӕrədɑːks]

形10

paradoxically6

paradoxical1

paradoxes

n.似非而是的论点,自相矛盾的话‖adv.自相矛盾地│adj.自相矛盾的

n. a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true

Paradoxically, England's colonization of North America was undermined by its success: the increasing prosperity of the colonies diminished their dependence upon, and therefore their loyalty to, their home country.

自相矛盾的是,英国对北美的殖民化进程被其自身的成功破坏了:殖民地的日益繁荣减少了它们对殖民国家的依赖,从而也降低了它们对殖民国家的忠诚度。

While biologists must maintain a disinterested attitude toward the subjects of their research, social scientists must, paradoxically, combine personal involvement and scholarly detachment.

尽管生物学家对他们的研究对象必须保持一种公正的态度,而自相矛盾的是,社会科学家却既要有个人的参与,又要保持学者的公正。16controversial

[ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl]

形1

controversy

adj.有争议的‖n.争论

adj. of, producing, or marked by controversy // n. a discussion marked especially by the expression of opposing views; dispute

Even those who disagreed with Jane's views rarely faulted her for expressing them, for the positions she took were as thoughtful as they were controversial.

即使是那些不同意Jane的观点的人也很少因为她表达这些观点而质疑她,因为她所选择的立场其思想深刻程度和它们受争议的程度是一样的。4historian

[hɪˈstɔːriən]

形13

historians

n.历史学家

an expert who studies or writes about history

The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era is viewed by most art historians as a regression, since, instead of an increasingly sophisticated pictorial art, we find degeneration.

很多艺术历史学家认为从旧石器时代到新石器时代的过渡是一种倒退,因为人们发现的不是更加精妙的绘画艺术,而是(作品)水平的退步。

Though the Impressionist painters appeared to earlier art historians to be unstudied in their methods, recent analyses of their brushwork suggest the contrary—that, in fact, their technique was quite sophisticated.

虽然早期艺术历史学家们认为印象派画家的艺术手法是自然而不加修饰的,但是,最近对他们画法的分析表现出了相反的一面——事实上,他们的手法非常精细。4assumption

[əˈsʌmpʃn]

形12

assumptions

n.假设

a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof

The economists were stunned to find that the theory which they had considered invulnerable crumbled when modern techniques for economic modeling made it possible to make new kinds of observation that contradicted its fundamental assumptions.

经济学家们吃惊地发现,当现代经济学建模方法使得与其基本假设相矛盾的新的观测法出现时,他们曾经认为无懈可击的理论被击破了。3decline

[dɪˈklaɪn]

形10

declined3

declining

v.降低;拒绝

to become less in amount;to refuse to undertake, undergo, engage in, or comply with

The diplomat, selected for his demonstrated patience and skill in conducting such delicate negotiations, declined to make a decision during the talks because any sudden commitment at that time would have been inopportune.

这位因为表现出来的耐心以及处理如此棘手的谈判的技巧而入选的外交官拒绝在会谈中作出决定,因为那时候任何突然的承诺都是不合适的。4genetic

[dʒəˈnetɪk]

形6

genes2

gene2

genetically1

genome

adj.基因的,遗传的

of, relating to, or involving a branch of biology that deals with the heredity and variation of organisms

Ethologists are convinced that many animals survive through learning, which is dictated by their genetic programming, as thoroughly stereotyped as the most instinctive of behavioral responses.

动物行为学家们相信很多动物是靠学习生存下来的,这种学习是由它们的基因编码指定的,就像学习完全固定的模式一样去学习最本能的行为反应。

Whereas scientists dismiss as fanciful the idea of sudden changes in a genetic code (spontaneous mutation), it is possible that nature, like some master musician, improvises on occasion, departing from the expected or predictable.

尽管科学家们把遗传密码突然改变(自发的突变)的想法看成是异想天开的念头予以抛弃,但是,像某些音乐大师一样,大自然可能也会偶尔脱离常规、出人意料地即兴发挥一下。7obscure

[əbˈskjʊr]

形5

obscured2

obscurity1

obscuring

adj.难解的‖v.使…模糊│n.晦涩

adj. not readily understood or clearly expressed; mysterious // v. to make dark, dim, or indistinct / n. the quality or condition of being imperfectly known or difficult to understand

Confined as they individually are to certain precise meanings specified in a dictionary, how could words eventually come, when combined in groups, to create obscurity and actually to prevent thought from being communicable?

单个单词在字典中都有各自精确的含义,但是当这些单词最终结合在一起的时候,为什么就会变得晦涩难懂,而且实际上还阻碍了思想的交流呢?15species

[ˈspiːʃiːz]

n.物种

an organism belonging to a fundamental category of taxonomic classification

Most plant species exhibit discontinuity in their geographical distribution: frequently, a given species is found over a large geographical area, but individual populations within that range are widely separated.

大多数植物物种在地理分布上会显示出不连续性:我们常常会在一片广阔的地区发现特定的物种,但是单个种群在那个区域内相隔甚远。5enhance

[ɪnˈhӕns]

形4

enhanced3

enhancing1

enhances1

enhancement

v.提高;增加;加强‖n.增强

v. to make greater, as in value, beauty, or reputation; augment // n. an improvement that makes something more agreeable

Michael was prey to vagrant impulses that impelled him to squander his talents on a host of unworthy projects; his very dissipation nonetheless enhanced his reputation, for the sheer energy of his extravagance dazzled observers.

Michael为其无常的冲动所折磨,这种冲动使他在大量没有价值的项目中浪费自己的才华;然而,正是这种放纵让他名声大振,因为他对自己旺盛精力的挥霍令人咋舌。2diminish

[dɪˈmɪnɪʃ]

形5

diminished4

diminishing2

diminishes

v.减少,缩小

to make less or cause to appear less

Dependence on foreign sources of heavy metals, although diminishing, remains a problem for United States foreign policy.

虽然美国对国外重金属的依赖正在减少,但这仍然是其外交政策的一个问题。

The painting was larger than it appeared to be, for, hanging in a darkened recess of the chapel, it was diminished by the perspective.

这幅画实际上要比看起来大,因为被挂在了小教堂昏暗的壁龛里,所以视觉上好像被缩小了。12irrelevant

[ɪˈreləvənt]

形1

irrelevance

adj.无关系的‖n.不相关

adj. not concerned with or relevant to something; inapplicable // n. the quality or state of being unrelated to the matter at hand

Since modern scientists find the ancient Greek view of the cosmos outdated and irrelevant, they now perceive it as only of historical interest.

现代的科学家们发现古希腊人的宇宙观是过时并且(与科学)不相干的,所以他们认为那种宇宙观只具有历史价值。13pragmatic

[prӕɡˈmӕtɪk]

adj.实用主义的,务实的

solving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having fixed ideas or theories; practical as opposed to idealistic

In a pragmatic society which worships efficiency, it is difficult for a sensitive and idealistic person to make the kinds of hardheaded decisions that alone spell success as it is defined by such a society.

在一个崇尚效率的实用主义社会,一个敏感而理想化的人很难做出一些切合实际的决策,而只有这些决策才能带来由这样的社会所定义的成功。6skeptical

[ˈskeptɪkl]

形4

skepticism3

skeptics

adj.多疑的‖n.怀疑态度│n.怀疑论者

adj. marked by or given to doubt; questioning // n. an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object / n. an adherent or advocate of skepticism

Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960's portrayed him as a doctrinaire thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy whereas censuring ideas he did not like.

20世纪60年代的历史学家并没有把Jefferson视为一位多疑但开明的知识分子,而是把他描绘成一位教条主义的思想家:一方面谴责他不喜欢的思想,另一方面又急迫地向年轻人灌输他关于政治的正统观点。12superfluous

[suːˈpɜːrfluəs]

adj.多余的

being beyond what is required or sufficient

Documenting science's influence on philosophy would be superfluous, because it is almost axiomatic that many philosophers use scientific concepts as the foundations for their speculations.

证明科学对哲学的影响是多余的,因为很多哲学家都利用科学概念作为他们思考的基础,这一点几乎是不证自明的。11anomalous

[əˈnɑːmələs]

adj.反常的

inconsistent with or deviating from what is usual, normal, or expected; irregular; unusual

If the state government's latest budget problems were anomalous, it would not be useful to employ them as illuminating instances in the effort to avoid the inevitable effects of shortsighted fiscal planning in the future.

如果州政府最新的预算问题是反常的,那么将来在努力避免短视财政计划所带来的必然后果时,把它们用作启示性的例子是没有用的。

In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears anomalous, because the mechanical nature of classical physics does not allow for creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible.

在经典物理学机械般的世界中,人类智慧会显得反常,因为经典物理学机械性的本质不允许创造性思考,而后者恰恰是一种可将经典原理系统化的能力。11cultural

[ˈkʌltʃərəl]

adj.文化的

of or relating to culture or cultivation

Although in 18th-century England, an active cultural life accompanied the beginnings of middleclass consumerism, the degree of literacy was uncorrelated with the rise of such consumerism in the different areas of the country.

尽管在18世纪的英国,中产阶级消费主义开始时伴随着活跃的文化生活,但受教育程度与国内不同地区消费主义的兴起并没有关联。(注:消费主义即主张消费刺激经济)10explicit

[ɪkˈsplɪsɪt]

形1

explicitly

adj.明确的,旗帜鲜明的‖adv.明确地

adj. fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity; leaving no question as to meaning or intent // adv. in an explicit manner

Chinese art has no counterpart for the powerful explicit anti-war paintings of the West, but rather relies on subtlety and indirection to express political thought.

中国的艺术中没有和西方那种强有力的、旗帜鲜明的反战绘画相类似的作品,而是用微妙和间接的方式来表达政治思想。8predictable

[prɪˈdɪktəbl]

形3

predictably

adj.可预测的,预计的‖adv.可预见地

adj. can be foretold on the basis of observation, experience, or scientific reason // adv. in a predictable manner or to a predictable degree

Whereas scientists dismiss as fanciful the idea of sudden changes in a genetic code (spontaneous mutation), it is possible that nature, like some master musician, improvises on occasion, departing from the expected or predictable.

尽管科学家们把遗传密码突然改变(自发的突变)的想法看成是异想天开的念头予以抛弃,但是,像某些音乐大师一样,大自然可能也会偶尔脱离常规、出人意料地即兴发挥一下。

Our new tools of systems analysis, powerful although they may be, lead to simplistic theories, especially, and predictably, in economics and political science, where productive approaches have long been highly elusive.

尽管我们新的系统分析工具可能非常强大,但却导致了过分简单的理论,这种现象在经济和政治科学中尤其如此,而且这一点是可以预见的;在这些学科中,富有成效的方法长期以来都是非常难懂的。10biological

[ˌbaɪəˈlɑːdʒɪkl]

adj.生物的,生物学的

of or relating to biology or to life and living processes

The new biological psychiatry does not deny the contributing role of psychological factors in mental illnesses, but also posits that these factors may act as a catalyst on existing physiological conditions and precipitate such illnesses.

新的生物精神病学不仅没有否认心理因素对精神病的推动作用,而且断定这些因素可能是已有的生理条件的催化剂,并会加速这些疾病的发生。

The notion that cultural and biological influences equally determine cross-cultural diversity is discredited by the fact that, in numerous aspects of human existence, it is cultural programming that overwhelmingly accounts for cross-population variance.

文化和生物影响对交叉文化的多样性起到了同样程度的决定作用,而这个观念遭到了一个事实的质疑,即在人类存在的无数个方面中,文化因素压倒一切地决定了群体之间的差异。3contradict

[ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkt]

形5

contradicted2

contradicts

v.与…矛盾

to imply that the opposite is true

The sociologist responded to the charge that his new theory was heretical by pointing out that it did not in fact contradict accepted sociological principles.

这个社会学家指出,他的新理论其实和公认的社会学原理并不矛盾,以此来回应说他的理论是异端邪说的指责。10creation

[kriˈeɪʃn]

n.创造

the act of making, inventing, or producing something new

As the creation of new knowledge through science has become institutionalized, resistance to innovation has become less aggressive taking the form of inertia instead of direct attack.

当利用科学创造新知识已经成为一种制度的时候,创新所受的阻力就变得没那么强烈了,这种阻力从直接攻击变成了消极的阻碍。3intrigue

[ɪnˈtriːɡ]

形4

intriguing3

intrigued

v.激起…的兴趣、欲望或好奇心

to arouse the interest, desire, or curiosity of something

Carruthers' latest literary criticism belies her reputation for trenchant commentary; in spite of its intriguing title and the fulsome praise on its dust jacket, it is nothing more than a collection of platitudes.

Carruthers最近的文学评论和她尖锐评论的名声不相符;尽管封皮上有引人注目的标题和谄媚的称赞,但那只不过是一些陈词滥调的集合而已。6ironically

[aɪˈrɑːnɪkli]

形4

ironic

adv.讽刺地‖adj.讽刺的

adv. in an ironic manner // adj. showing that you really mean opposite of what you're saying

Due to its lack of theaters, the city came, ironically, to be viewed as an unprofitable theater town, and that reputation led entrepreneurs to believe that it would be risky to build new theaters there.

讽刺的是,因为缺少剧院,这座城市被认为是开剧院没有利润的地方,而这种名声也使得企业家们认为在那里建造新的剧院是很冒险的。8random

[ˈrӕndəm]

形1

randomness1

randomly

adj.任意的,随机的‖n.随机性│adv.随便地

adj. of or relating to the same or equal chances or probability of occurrence for each member of a group // adv. in a random manner

Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce's biographers agree that the Civil War was the central experience of his life, the event to which be constantly returned and the ordeal that brought some coherence to the hitherto random pattern of his youth.

Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce的传记作者们一致认为南北战争是其生命中的核心经历,他经常回忆这一事件,而这段苦难的经历多少让他在年轻时代形成了放荡不羁的生活方式,迄今依然如是。4suppress

[səˈpres]

形4

suppressed1

suppressing1

suppresses

v.压制,制止

to inhibit the expression of (an impulse, for example)

As serious as he is about the bullfight, he does not allow respect to suppress his sense of whimsy when painting it.

尽管他将斗牛视为严肃的事情,但是在用绘画形式表现它时,他并没有让敬意压制自己的奇思异想。

Ecologists who consider that naturally occurring fires can often benefit an ecosystem are worried by calls for a policy of suppressing all forest fires.

有些生态学家相信自然产生的火灾通常可以给生态系统带来好处,他们对于“制定扑灭所有森林火灾的政策”的呼吁感到担忧。9realistic

[ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk]

形1

realistically

adj.现实的‖adv.现实地

adj. tending to or expressing an awareness of things as they really are

The high school life film was so realistic and evocative that feelings of nostalgia flooded over the college-age audience.

这部关于中学生活的电影非常贴近现实,容易引起人们的共鸣,作为观众的大学生们普遍产生了一种怀旧情绪。4acknowledge

[əkˈnɑːlɪdʒ]

形4

acknowledging1

acknowledged

v.承认

to disclose knowledge of or agreement with

Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community which has constantly refused to acknowledge its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be ignored.

非暴力示威游行通常会制造这样的紧张状态,即一个一直都拒绝承认其不公正行为的团体被迫纠正这些行为:不公正行为将无法再被忽视。2constitute

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