作者：宋一同
出版社：中国纺织出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
中医基础学(英文版)试读：
Content Summary
Basics of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）is the subject about the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic thinking methods of TCM, the basis of other basic and professional courses, and the main course of TCM curriculum system.
This book consists of nine chapters, including the introduction, philosophical basis of TCM, zang-fu manifestation, essence, qi, blood and body fluid, meridians and collaterals, etiology, disease occurrence, pathogenesis, principles for health nurturing, disease prevention and treatment. Each chapter has a chapter summary and review questions for the convenience of the students.
The introduction mainly introduces the disciplinary attributes of TCM, and the TCM theoretical system including its formation, development and basic characteristics. The philosophical basis of TCM is mainly the yin-yang theory and the theory of five elements, which are applied to understand life activity patterns, explain pathological changes, and then guide diagnosis and prevention of diseases in the course of the formation and development of TCM.Zang-fu organs are the main part of the structure and functions of human body.Zang-fu manifestation mainly studies the physiological functions of human organs and their mutual relations, and so it is the core of TCM basic theories.The theory of essence, qi, blood and body fluid focuses on formation and metabolism of essence, qi, blood and body fluid, and their relationship with the functions of zang-fu organs.Meridians and collaterals connect the human body into an organic whole, and the theory of meridians and collaterals elaborates the composition, circulation and physiology of meridians and collaterals.There are many factors causing diseases.Etiology studies the nature, pathogenic features and clinical manifestations of different pathogenic factors.Pathogenic factors in TCM include six pathogenic factors, epidemic pathogenic factor, internal injury by seven emotions, improper diet, imbalance between work and rest, phlegm and fluid retention, blood stasis, trauma and so on.The theory of disease occurrence is the study of pathways, categories, mechanism, basic principles and influencing factors of diseaseoccurrence.Pathogenesis refers to the mechanism of occurrence, development and changes of diseases.The process of disease is complex and associated with various levels of the body, so the pathogenesis should be studied at different levels, and it mainly focuses on the basic one in TCM basic theories.Health nurturing in TCM is a systematic theory aiming to study the laws and methods of enhancing vitality and prolonging life under the guidance of TCM theories.The prevention in TCM refers to take measures to prevent occurrence and development of diseases.Therapeutic principles are the criteria of treating diseases, including routine treatment and contrary treatment, treating fundamental aspect and treating incidental aspect, reinforcing healthy qi and eliminating pathogenic factors, regulating yin and yang, treating in accordance with three factors and so on.The principles for health nurturing, disease prevention and treatment are formulated under the guidance of TCM theory of wholism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation, and have general guiding significance for choosing therapies, prescriptions, medication and acupuncture treatment in all clinical specialties.
Series of Textbooks for International
Higher Education of Traditional Chinese
Medicine（Chinese and English Versions）Preface
Acupuncture and moxibustion has been inscribed on the World Intangible Cultural Heritage and has been accepted by people of many countries because its unique treating methods can release patients from their sufferings. According to statistics, the foreign students learning acupuncture and moxibustion account for the biggist percentage of all the foreign students in China.Many countries have legislation recognizing its legal status, and accordingly set up acupuncture and moxibustion colleges and universities.（Chinese and English versions）.
The spreading of acupuncture and moxibustion to the world is the trend. In order to cultivate international TCM personnel of higher level, according to the five-year professional curriculum of acupuncture and moxibustion major of Chinese universities of traditional Chinese medicine, the editorial committee of series of textbooks for international higher education of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Orthopedics Education Research Association and domestic and foreign traditional Chinese medicine colleges and universities jointly compiled this series of textbooks（including a total of the following 15 books-Meridians and Collaterals and Acupoints, Acupuncture and Moxibustion Manipulations, Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapeutics, Experimental Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Selected Classics of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Basics of Tuina, Tuina Manipulations, Tuina Therapeutics, Basics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Orthopedics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Surgery, Chinese Materia Medica and Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine）.The English versions of this set of series of textbooks are translated by professors and experts teaching traditional Chinese medicine in English in domestic and foreign institutions of traditional Chinese medicine.
Under the organization of the Association and with the support of the institutions and the help from those loving traditional Chinese medicine, the Chinese version and the English version of this series of textbooks will be published separately.
This series of textbooks are for the domestic and foreign undergraduates, postgraduates and doctoral students majoring in traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture and moxibustion.
We are inexperienced in organizing to compile bilingual textbooks for international higher education of traditional Chinese medicine for the first time, and the inadequacies are going to be amended for reprint.
Thanks to the joint efforts of many TCM experts and professors and the great support from the executive presidents and senior presidents of China Orthopedics Talent Research Association and their working units, this series of textbooks are to be published. I'm extending appreciation to all of them.Song YitongPresident of China Orthopedics Talent Research AssociationPresident of Orthopedics EducationResearch Association of TCM CollegesChairman of International Higher TCM Education AssociationProfessor of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Compiling explanation
This textbook is one of the series of textbooks compiled by Orthopedics Branch of China Talent Research Association and Orthopedics Education Research Association of National TCM Colleges, based on Basic Theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is the textbook for China's TCM colleges of five-year system, and other textbooks for domestic and international TCM students. It aims to lay the theoretical foundation for spreading and applying TCM in the world under the principle of promoting the development of both domestic and international TCM higher education.
In this textbook, Introduction and Chapter Eight are compiled by Wang Jian, Tang Wei and Li Jing of Anhui Unversity of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chapter One by Zhang Guoxia and Li Xiaokang of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chapter Two by Jin Hongshu of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chapter Three by Li Yisheng of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chapter Four by Chen Liguo of Medicine College of Jinan University, Chapter Five by Ji Fengxia of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chapter Six by Wang Yinghang of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Chapter Seven by Zheng Xiaohong of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Editor in chief is responsible for compiling this textbook, Wang Jian and Zhang Guoxia checked all the chapters, and Tang Wei proofread all the chapters with the help of Mo Fangfang and Zhang Yuanyuan.
Our heartfelt thanks are given to the experts of Orthopedics Education Research Association of National TCM Colleges and China Orthopedic Talent Research Association, who provided great help for collecting materials for this textbook and proofreading and publishing this textbook.
This textbook can be helpful to the foreign undergraduates and postgraduates who are learning TCM and acupuncture and moxibustion and to the Chinese undergraduates and postgraduates who are learning TCM and acupuncture and moxibustion with high proficiency of English. If you find any mistake in this textbook, please give us your advice.CompilersBeijingApril. 2017
introduCtion
[Learning Guidance]
1.To have an understanding of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）and its property as a subject, and to mater the basic theories of TCM and the basic concepts of the theoretical system of TCM through learning the formation and development of the theoretical system of TCM.
2.To understand the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, that is, holism and syndrome differentiation and treatment, and to master the relevant concepts such as syndrome, syndrome differentiation, treatment based on syndrome differentiation, different treatments for the same disease and same treatment for different diseases.
Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）has a history of thousands of years. It is the valuable experience of understanding life, maintaining health and fighting diseases accumulated by the Chinese nation in her long-term of production and life practice.It is an important part of China's excellent national cultural heritage.TCM made a great contribution to the Chinese nation's health and prosperous development in the past thousands of years, belonging to traditional medicine.
I Concept of TCM and TCM theoretical system
Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）is the science about human life, health and diseases which is gradually formed and developed in long-term medical practice under the influence and guidance of the ancient materialism and dialectics. It contains a wealth of theoretical knowledge of syndrome differentiation, treating methods, prescriptions and herbs and extensive clinical experience, and possesses the scientific way of thinking.It is a scientific knowledge system based on natural science knowledge blending with the humanities and social scientific knowledge.
The theoretical system of TCM is a theoretical system of the basic concepts, the basic theories and the basic ways of thinking of traditional Chinese medicine. Deeply influenced by the materialism and dialectics of ancient China, it is a unique theoretical system of medicine with holism as its dominant ideology, physiology and pathology of the zang-fu organs and meridians and collaterals as its basis, and syndrome differentiation and treatment as its characteristics of diagnosis and treatment.
II Formation and development of the theoretical system of TCM
TCM originated in the the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, and its theoretical system was formed in the period from the Warring States to Qin and Han dynasties and developed in the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties and the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as the modern and contemporary times. The development of the theoretical system of TCM at each stage has its own characteristics.1.The formation of the theoretical system of TCM
The theoretical system of TCM was formed in the period from the Warring States to Qin and Han dynasties, and Huangdi's Canon of Medicine（Huan Di Nei Jing）（hereafter referred to as Canon of Medicine）,Classic of Difficult Issues（Nan Jing）,Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous（Shang Han Za Bing Lun）and Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica（Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing）marked its formation. These Chinese medical works laid a solid foundation for the formation of the theoretical system of TCM from the aspects of the basic theories, clinical syndrome differentiation, treating principles and methods and materia medica of TCM respectively.
Canon of Medicine（Nei Jing）is the earliest classic of the existing medical literature of China. The book is divided into Plain Questions（Su Wen）and Miraculous Pivot（Ling Shu）,collecting 162 papers.It elaborates systematically thestructure, physiology and pathology of human body, the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, health maintenance and other problems, forming the theoretical basis of TCM.Its main contents include visceral manifestations, meridians and collaterals, pathogenic factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, treating principles, acupuncture and moxibustion, and decoctions, etc.It elaborates medical theories, and at the same time, discusses a series of major issues in the field of philosophy, such as the concept of qi, the relationship between human beings and nature, the relationship between body constituent and spirit in depth.Many contents in Canon of Medicine are beyond the world level at that time, for example, in the aspect of morphology, its records on the length of human bones and blood vessels, the size and capacity of internal organs are basically true, for instance, the ratio of the esophagus to intestine is 1:35,and in modern anatomy it is 1:37,which are very close;in the aspect of physiology, it has presented the idea that"blood circulation in the vessels is controlled by heart"and recognized that blood circulates in the blood vessels.The great theoretical contribution of Canon of Medicine（Nei Jing）lies in summarizing the medical experience and academic theory of the Spring and Autumn period, the Warring States period and Qin and Han Dynasties, establishing the unique theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine and becoming the basis for the development of traditional Chinese medicine.
Classic of Difficult Issues（Nan Jing）contains a total of 81 questions and answers, so it is also known as"81 difficulties". It elaborates the body structure, physiology, pathogenic factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treating principles and methods, etc, and especially its contents about pulse diagnosis and acupuncture treatment are more detailed than Canon of Medicine（Nei Jing）.It is comparable with Canon of Medicine at that time, and also has important guiding significance for the clinical practice of later ages.
In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, a famous physician, further summarized the previous medical achievements and combined them with his own clinical experience, and finally wrote the clinical monograph Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous（Shang Han Za Bing Lun）on the basis of Canon of Medicine（Nei Jing）and Classic of Difficult Issues（Nan Jing）. It advocates diagnosing and treating exogenous diseases and endogenous diseases on the basis of six-meridian syndrome differentiation and visceral syndromedifferentiation, and thus it establishes the system of syndrome differentiation and treatment of traditional Chinese clinical medicine and the applying principles of syndrome differentiation, treating methods, prescriptions and herbs, which lays the foundation for the later development of clinical medicine.It was compiled into Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases（Shang Han Lun）and Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber（Jin Gui Yao Lue）by Wang Shuhe, a TCM doctor of Jin dynasty.
Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica（Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing）was written in the Han dynasty with Shennong's name. It is the first classic on materia medica in China, which records 365 kinds of drugs and summarizes systematically the pharmaceutical knowledge of the Han dynasty and before the Han dynasty.It divides the levels of drugs into upper, middle and lower based on health maintenance, treatment and toxicity, and divides the properties of drugs into cold, cool, warm and hot and the flavors of drugs into sour, bitter, sweet, acrid and salty according to the efficacy of the drugs.It lays the foundation for the formation and development of the theoretical system of Chinese materia medica of the later ages.2.The development of the theoretical system of TCM
In the process of the development of TCM theories, the physicians of generations developed the theoretical system of TCM from different aspects by summarizing their own experience in clinical practice and researching systematically the theoretical viewpoints on the basis of Canon of Medicine（Nei Jing）,Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous（Shang Han Za Bing Lun）and other ancient classics.
2.1 The period of Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang dynasties
The characteristics of this period include two aspects:one is continuing to elucidate the theories;the other is emphasizing the importance of summarizing the clinical experience. In particular, the meridian and collateral theory, the pulse theory and the pathogenesis theory are further developed in this period.A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion（Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing）,written by HuangfuMi, a noted physician in Jin dynasty, is the earliest monograph of acupuncture and moxibustion in China.It made in-depth discussions on the meridian and collateral theory and systematic exposition of visceral manifestations, meridians and collaterals, acupoints, specimens, nine kinds of needles, needling methods, diagnostic methods, syndromes and treating methods, etc.,and thus laid an important foundation for the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in later ages.Pulse Classic（Mai Jing）,written by Wang Shuhe, laid the foundation of the pulse theory and the systematicness and standardization of the methods of pulse diagnosis.It is the first monograph on pulse theory in China.Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases（Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun）,written by Chao Yuanfang, a physician in Sui dynasty, is the first monograph on the etiology, pathogenesis theory and syndrome theory of traditional Chinese medicine.It discusses in detail the causes and symptoms of many diseases, and thus has a significance for the later development of etiology and pathogenesis theory.Invaluable Prescriptions for Emergencies（Qian Jin Yao Fang）and Supplement to Invaluable Prescriptions for Emergencies（Qian Jin Yi Fang）were written by Sun Simiao, the famous physician in Tang dynasty.They give a detailed description of the medical theories, prescriptions, diagnostic methods, treating methods and health preserving by food before the Tang dynasty.Their rich contents can represent the advanced medical level and achievements of the flourishing Tang dynasty.They together are called Invaluable Prescriptions（Qian Jin Fang）,which is the first medical encyclopedia of China.
2.2 The period of Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties
The characteristics of this period are the rapid development of medicine, the appearance of many medical schools and the outstanding achievements, which have a great influence on the development of medicine in later ages. Many physicians combined their own practical experience with the achievements inherited from the former generations to make some innovations and present many original opinions, so that the traditional Chinese medicine had a new breakthrough in this period.In the Song dynasty, Qian Yi wrote Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases（Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue）,which firstly advocated the treatment based on syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs.Chen Yan wroteTreatise on the Three Categories of Pathogenic Factors and Prescriptions（San Yin Ji Yi Bing Zheng Fang Lun）and proposed the famous"theory of three causes",which made a more specific classification and summary of the causes of diseases.
In Jin and Yuan dynasties, Liu Wansu, Zhang Congzheng, Li Gao and Zhu Zhenheng made an important contribution to the development of the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, so they were known as"the four great medical experts in Jin and Yuan dynasties". Liu Wansu was influenced by the theory of yunqi（a theory for the ancients to study the climate change and to discover the relationship between human health and diseases）and so he emphasized that"six qi, including wind, cold, summer heat, dampness, dryness and fire（heat）,all can be transformed into pathogenic fire"and"excess of the five emotions-excessive anger, joy, grief, thought and fear can result in pathogenic heat".Therefore, the pathogenesis of fire and heat was further elucidated.Zhang Congzheng thought that the diseases were caused by pathogenic factors and a patient would be cured if the pathogenic factors were removed.He advocated using diaphoresis, emesis and purgation to remove the pathogenic factors.Li Gao presented the viewpoint that"dysfunction of spleen and stomach is the reason of many diseases",he thought that most of diseases were caused by the dysfunction of spleen and stomach.Zhu Zhenheng developed the theory of ministerial fire;he thought that the yin was often excessive while the yang was often deficient, so he advocated nourishing yin and purging fire.
2.3 The period of Ming and Qing dynasties
This is an important period for the academic development of traditional Chinese medicine. The contributions of the physicians and pharmacologists include two aspects:one is sorting out the medical achievements and clinical experience and compiling a wide range of medical books, classified medical books, medical collections and notes on medical classics, etc.The other is the formation of the warm heat theory and the school of warm disease, showing the significant innovation and invention in the medical theories and methods.
The school of warm tonification, represented by Xue Ji and Zhang Jiebin, emphasized the great importance of the spleen and kidney and formed the theory of life gate, in which the life gate was thought of as a place to hold yin and yang, fire and water, the root of the yin and yang of zang-fu organs and the hub of regulating yin and yang of the whole body. Li Zhongzi proposed the viewpoints that"the kidney is the origin of congenital constitution, while the spleen is the root of after-birth",making a new contribution to the development of the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, especially the theory of visceral manifestation.
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