作者：Martin J Dougherty
出版社：Amber Books Ltd
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
Pistols and Revolvers: From 1400 to the Present Day试读：
Introduction
Weapons of any kind can be defined as ‘tools used to break things and hurt people’, but this does not make them intrinsically good or bad. It is the purpose to which a weapon is put that matters, not its inherent capability. A weapon may serve as a badge of office and never be drawn in anger, or it can be a deterrent to aggression or used to defend the lives of innocents. It can, of course, also be used for violence and mayhem.Certain weapons have acquired a reputation over the years, sometimes by association with law enforcement or military personnel, sometimes due to popularity with criminals. Some weapons have been given an artificial reputation by their portrayal in video games, movies and television shows, or are considered to be somehow ‘good’ or ‘bad’ depending on their use by one side or another in a war. Not all of these associations are fair, and not all elements of a weapon’s reputation are accurate. Some have become classics or notoriously iconic without really deserving it, while others have somehow evaded the recognition they rightly deserve.To the user, whose life might depend on a weapon’s ability to stop an assailant, characteristics like accuracy, controllability and wounding power are critically important, but the collector might have a wholly different set of criteria for determining which weapons are interesting and which are not. Combat capability is one factor, of course, but physical beauty, perfection of design or an interesting feature not found on similar weapons might all be equally important.Users and CollectorsThe collector might also rate a given weapon highly due to its historical importance. The first use of a now-standard feature, innovative design or incorporation of new materials and association with historical personalities or events can all spark the interest of the collector or historian. A weapon that offers fairly lousy combat performance, is inaccurate, kicks too hard and is virtually impossible to reload quickly might still be a favourite with the collector, whereas the practical user would probably arm himself with something more effective if given the chance.And of course some firearms are worth collecting for no better reason than the owner likes them. A cheap little plinking gun, one of thousands mass-produced over the years, might be given pride of place in a collection because the owner’s daughter fired her first shots with it, or simply because of fond memories of recreational shooting with friends. Where the practical gun user has fairly strict rules, the collector’s world is much more subjective and this means that there is much possibility for debate among enthusiasts about which guns are worth collecting and which are considered uninteresting.Hunting from horseback with black powder pistols would have been quite a challenge. The inherent inaccuracy and unreliability of the weapon, combined with the motion of the target and the firer’s mount, all added up to a great many missed shots.The author’s experience is that some classic handguns are pretty awful to shoot, fiddly to reload and prone to mechanical issues that can make them utterly maddening… yet they are still wonderful devices that it is a real privilege to shoot with. By way of example, I would not want to bet my life on a Mauser C96, but I did truly enjoy target shooting with one. Just operating the mechanism, opening the action to load the magazine from a stripper clip – even fumbling with the detachable stock was a worthwhile experience. The stock can only be attached two ways, and for some reason both of them seemed to be wrong whenever I tried it… but what a wonderful piece of practical history it was.Thus there is no single factor that makes a weapon worth collecting or not, or which determines what is interesting and what can be ignored. Today’s under-rated or wildly experimental weapon may be tomorrow’s classic. What is true is that every single weapon has a story and has its own unique character. It is up to the individual to decide whether those characteristics appeal or not.Flintlock pistols were often presented and sometimes carried as pairs, giving the user two shots before reloading and ensuring that in a duel situation both combatants had identical weapons.Pistols and RevolversHandguns are not battlefield weapons. In other words, someone who was expecting combat would probably want a more potent weapon such as a rifle or submachinegun in the field. However, a handgun is easy to carry and will serve well in an emergency – any firepower is better than no firepower. Sidearms are thus primarily defensive weapons, used to deal with a sudden threat rather than being the weapon of choice when going looking for trouble. There are exceptions, of course, such as when a weapon must be concealed until used and anything larger is thus inappropriate, but for the most part a sidearm is carried in case of emergency rather than as a primary combat weapon.Samuel Colt is often credited, incorrectly, with inventing the revolver. What he did do was to implement mass-production on an industrial scale, and to create a marketing programme to match the output of his factory.That said, if a weapon is needed then it should be as effective as possible. In addition to being a visual deterrent to violence, a handgun should offer a good balance of ability to hit a target – or possibly multiple targets – and the capability to ‘stop’ the target when hit. Stopping power is not the same thing as lethality. Any bullet can kill if it hits a vital organ, but many handgun rounds are unlikely to cause the opponent to immediately stop whatever he is intent upon doing – and that is what matters in a splitsecond defensive situation. Thus it could be argued that firing a round with the ability to ‘stop’ an opponent is the paramount requirement in a handgun intended for combat.However, stopping power is of no real use if the bullet misses the target. In addition, some handguns are too powerful for some users – and some are too powerful for almost any user! These extremely potent guns are impressive in their own right and can be useful for hunting, but for self-defence they are not a good choice. A gun that throws itself off target because the user cannot control its recoil, or causes an involuntary flinch upon firing, is less than ideal. Some handguns will actually injure an unwary shooter.The Handgun in CombatHuge cartridges also take up a lot of space in a weapon, making it bulky, heavy and reducing the amount of ammunition that can be carried in the cylinder or magazine. There is a trade-off to be made between potency of the round and the number that can be carried, which is important for several reasons. Most shooters cannot reliably hit a human-sized target with every shot under combat conditions, even at close range, so multi-shot capability is important even with a single target. There is also the possibility that a single shot will not stop a target, so shooting multiple times may be the only way to survive the encounter.Obviously an exceedingly imprecise weapon is a liability, but accuracy – beyond a certain limit – is not critical to a combat handgun. As already noted, most handguns are acceptably accurate out to ranges far beyond those at which their users can shoot well mid-fight. A hunting weapon, or one used for competition, will need to be highly accurate over much greater distances than a weapon intended for close-range combat.Handgun design is all about balancing these factors – ammunition capacity, accuracy, controllability and stopping power – as well as other considerations such as reliability, ease of use, comfort of carry, reloading speed, quality of sights and so forth. A good balance will create a fine weapon, but an extreme concentration on one factor might also result in a classic. Some of the most famous and influential guns are not great combat weapons, but instead personify some aspect or ideal of handgun design to the detriment of others or overall capability. As a rule, however, form follows function. Handgun design tends to be concentrated on creating either specialist weapons for hunting or to showcase a single attribute, or (more commonly) solid, general-purpose sidearms. The process began as soon as it became possible to create a firearm that could be held in just one hand.The imagery in this early Smith & Wesson advertisement is clear: you can bet your life on these guns. To the practical user, nothing is more important – but the collector may have entirely different criteria for what is a ‘good’ or ‘interesting’ weapon and what is not.Early Pistol DesignsThe earliest black powder muzzleloading pistols were less than reliable, and even if they did discharge at all their accurate range was lamentably short. Indeed, some Napoleonic cavalry officers considered that if they were close enough to shoot an opponent with any degree of confidence, they were close enough to use their swords. That said, early pistols saw use from horseback, on foot and aboard ships. Many had a brass butt plate to allow the weapon to be used as a club after firing.Attempts to increase handgun firepower ranged from the relatively simple measure of carrying a pair of pistols or using double-barrelled weapons to rather more inventive devices designed to self-reload a black powder weapon. Few examples were workable, and the black powder repeater never amounted to more than a technical curiosity. The invention of the percussion cap allowed the creation of more reliable muzzleloaders. The unreliable flintlock firing mechanism was replaced with a percussion cap struck by a hammer, but the main charge was still loaded by pouring gunpowder down the barrel and ramming a ball in on top. Although more reliable and faster, these weapons were fundamentally no different to flintlocks.Cap-and-ball pistols offered a great leap forward in handgun firepower. Still using loose black powder as the propellant, this new technology allowed the creation of the first repeating firearms. There were two approaches to this: a ‘pepperbox’ pistol used multiple pre-loaded barrels rotated in turn into firing position, or a revolver used a rotating cylinder to align each firing chamber in turn with the barrel and firing mechanism. In both cases loading was a slow process. The firing chamber had to be filled with loose powder and then the ball or conical bullet placed atop it, with a patch to hold it in place if necessary. At the rear of the firing chamber a percussion cap was positioned to ignite the main charge when struck. The barrels or chambers were sealed with grease to prevent one cap igniting all the others in a chain-fire.The interbar mechanism was a huge leap forward in handgun design, allowing a revolver to be safely carried with all chambers loaded. Once introduced, it became standard in virtually every model manufactured since.This formal shooting stance was a holdover from the days of oneshot flintlocks and has been replaced with a more natural two-handed position. However, it can be very satisfying to shoot a historic handgun from a traditional stance.This was a lengthy business but once complete the user of a repeating handgun had far greater firepower than someone armed with a singlebarrelled weapon. Misfires were more common than with modern weapons but far less frequent than with flintlocks, and with the advent of conical bullets and rifled barrels handgun rounds gained far greater muzzle velocity as well as being spun for stability in flight. This increased both accuracy and stopping power.World War II resulted in an enormous need for weapons of all types. Produced in industrial quantities during the war years, these guns found their way onto the post-war market at knockdown prices.From the cap-and-ball revolver it was a small step to the all-metal unitary cartridge. The pepperbox pistol fell by the wayside of history but the far less bulky revolving-cylinder pistol remains in use to the present day. Revolver mechanics have not greatly changed since the 1830s, although some improvements have been made along the way.The main drawbacks to using a revolving cylinder are limited ammunition capacity and bulk. A weapon that can store its ammunition in a holding device and feed rounds one by one into a single firing chamber can be slimmer and lighter than one that needs a separate chamber for each round, plus enough surrounding metal to prevent a rupture. Although earlier attempts were made to create such a weapon, it was not until the late nineteenth century that the self-loading (or semi-automatic) pistol became possible. Unitary cartridges were an essential requirement for such a weapon. By the beginning of the twentieth century, recognizably modern handguns were available. Today’s revolvers and semi-automatics use the same basic principles as their counterparts of a century ago. There has been no huge revolution in handgun design in all that time, despite a few brave efforts. There has, however, been a steady evolution as new ideas and technologies have emerged.This evolutionary process has led to some impressive ‘firsts’, some intriguing novelties and some highly regarded classics as well as a vast array of workaday handguns that, upon closer inspection, may turn out to be more interesting than first impressions suggested. Some of these guns are fascinating precisely because they are so ordinary – they represent a snapshot of mainstream weapon design at the time of their creation.Order of AppearanceIn the following chapters, some small liberties have been taken regarding which section to place some weapons in. It is impossible to create hard-andfast eras in handgun design, and in some cases a weapon seemed to be better placed in a later section than in the era in which it emerged. Thus it may be possible to find a combat revolver from 1920 found alongside its descendants in the 1935-onward chapter. There are various reasons for this, notably that the first appearance of a weapon may be less important than the era in which it was commonly used or with which it is most closely associated. In other cases it is a simple matter of narrative flow, placing coherent text above absolute breakdown by dates. Since there is so much subjectivity in what constitutes a classic or notable handgun, perhaps there is also some room for manoeuvre about what era a weapon belongs to.For operations in very tight spaces, handguns are sometimes the only option. These U.S. Army personnel are about to enter a tunnel complex during the Vietnam War, a situation requiring steady nerves and a reliable sidearm.By the time of the English Civil War (1642–51), black powder pistols were a viable weapon system.Early Handguns
Projectile weapons offer a number of advantages to the user, not least the ability to strike at an enemy who might not be able to hit back. On the ancient battlefield, projectile weapons could be used to harass an enemy force and wear it down, or to soften it up for an attack by formations equipped with hand weapons such as sword or pike. Ideally these actions could be accomplished without exposing friendly troops to much risk, as lightly equipped missile soldiers could hopefully evade contact with units armed and armoured for hand-to-hand combat.Thrown weapons such as javelins or rocks lacked range, requiring the men armed with these projectiles to be light on their feet if they wanted to escape retribution. Nevertheless the tactic worked – on one occasion a heavily armed force of Spartan hoplites was sent packing by lightly equipped javelin-throwing peltasts, against whom the Spartans simply could not get close enough to fight.MEDIEVAL HANDGUNCOUNTRY OF ORIGINKingdom of HungaryDATEc.1400CALIBRE18mm (.71in)WEIGHT3.6kg (7.9lb)OVERALL LENGTH1.2m (48in)FEED/MAGAZINESingle shot, muzzleloaderRANGE7m (7.67yds)A musketeer carried 11 pre-measured charges of powder in clay pots and slung on a belt or strap.Mechanical propulsion offered greater advantages. Bows and crossbows could throw a projectile further and faster than a man’s arm, giving both the accuracy to hit a moving target and the punch to penetrate armour. These types of weapons reached a high peak of efficiency, but ultimately there was only so far that a mechanical device could go. The limits of the technology had been reached by the time the first firearms appeared on the battlefield.In time, gunpowder weapons came to dominate the arena, driving out first mechanically propelled projectiles and then relegating hand weapons to what was very much a secondary role. This did not happen overnight of course, but it was noted during the ‘pike and shot’ era of European warfare that everyone wanted to be a musketeer. Whether this was to be further from the enemy and thus safer from harm or to have less to carry than the armoured pikemen who protected the musketeers is not clear. Probably it was a bit of both.However, even though the firearm had come to be a decisive battlefield weapon by the early 1600s, it was still a huge, clumsy thing that was not well suited to personal defence. That role was still the province of the sword, and it remained so for many years. Eventually, though, hand weapons were displaced into an only-in-emergency role and the handgun took its place as the primary weapon for personal defence. It was a long process, and one that did not have a very promising beginning.The Earliest HandgunsGunpowder, or black powder, was known in ancient China and was at times used to create ‘fire tubes’ that would throw a gout of flame (and part-burned powder) out of the end when ignited. The discovery that mixing a few small stones in with the powder increased the amount of injury and dismay caused to the enemy allowed the creation of a rather crude shotgun-like weapon. This was a ‘hand gun’ in that it was a hand-held firearm, although not in the modern sense, and the term applies in the same context to the earliest European handguns. The earliest known use of these weapons was in 1364, and it is rather hard to see how anyone could have thought them to be a technological step forward.At the time, the bow and the crossbow were highly effective, proven battlefield weapons. The ‘handgonne’, on the other hand, was a crude and unreliable device that threw its projectile less distance and with inferior accuracy than either the bow or crossbow. Consisting of a pot on a stick, which was aimed in the general direction of the target by holding the stick over one shoulder while a comrade ignited the gunpowder within the pot, this was hardly a weapon that showed great promise.Accurate fire with a hand gonne was impossible. One man pointed the weapon while another fired it using a hot coal or a length of slow match, resulting in a shot that could go almost anywhere.True, at this time cannon were proving effective at battering through fortifications, but hand-held firearms were singularly ineffective. It is possible that only by association with cannon did hand guns avoid being tossed aside as a dead-end technology. They did find a place, however, and could be useful in a siege situation where a gun muzzle could be poked through a fortress breach or loophole that could not accommodate the arms of a bow or crossbow.By the late fourteenth century, hand guns were in use across Europe although they were hardly an effective weapon system. Weapons like wall-guns, which were somewhere between personal firearms and light cannon and used to defend fortified places, became an effective addition to the arsenal of a castle or fortress. Despite this the impact of gunpowder on the open battlefield remained trivial. The main obstacle to the creation of an effective battlefield firearm was initiating the weapon’s propellant in a reliable manner. ‘Reliable’ is of course a relative term but the matchlock, which appeared in the 1500s, allowed the creation of something recognizable as a workable personal weapon. The matchlock system used a length of burning slow match to ignite priming powder that would in turn initiate the main charge and fire the weapon.MATCHLOCKCOUNTRY OF ORIGINGermanyDATEc.1450CALIBRE10.9mm (.42in)WEIGHT4.1kg (9lb)OVERALL LENGTH1.2m (48in)FEED/MAGAZINESingle shot, muzzleloaderRANGE45m (49.2yds)试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]