作者：曹顺庆
出版社：四川大学出版社
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比较文学：东方与西方(23)试读：
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On April 10, 2015, the Chinese Comparative Literature Association (CCLA) granted the first Award for the Life Achievement in Comparative Literature in China. Nine scholars have been awarded for their excellence in this field.The following are the profiles ofthe scholars awarded.
Daiyun YUE(乐黛云)
As one of the most respected comparatists in China, Daiyun Yue's career has been closely intertwined and integrated with the development of comparative literature in China.Her prolife writing has earned her a reputation both as an influential scholar and an enthusiastic pioneer of Chinese comparative literature.Enjoying a career spanning more than sixty years in Chinese literature and comparative literature, Yue's contribution has become monumental.
Daiyun Yue was born in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, in January 1931 where she received her high school education.From 1948 to 1952, Yue studied Chinese modern literature in Peking University.When she graduated she was admitted to the university to work as a teaching assistant and a teacher in the Department of Chinese Language and Literature.With great enthusiasm in planning a booming prospect for young scholars, Yue, with co-efforts of several other young teachers in the department, launched a coterie magazine in 1957 when the Anti-Rightist Campaign rampaged in China.Without much surprise, due to the magazine she was caught up in serious political troubles and was forced to abandon her teaching position and sent to do manual labor in remote countryside.Although she did return to the university a few years later, she would face the same fate once again during the“Cultural Revolution”, only with a much longer stay in the countryside this time.It was until 1972 that Yue returned to Peking University and restarted her teaching career.
In the mid-1970s Yue was assigned by the department to teach Modern Chinese Literature for international students.In order to make the course more interesting and digestible, Yue began to ponder over the relation between Western literature and Chinese modern literature and the dissemination of Western literature in China.For this reason she absorbed in the study of comparative literature.Her first fruit in the comparative literature studies came out in 1981 when she published“Nietzsche and Chinese Modern Literature”, a famous article on Nietzsche's influence on modern Chinese writers, which brought new possibilities for the study of modern Chinese literature.
In 1981, the Center for Comparative Literature Studies at Peking University, the first organization for comparatists in China, was founded.At the same year she was sent to Harvard University as a visiting scholar and later she applied for a research fellowship at the University of California Berkeley.Her stay at the two universities brought her not only two important fruits—she finished the writing of two works in English To The Storm: The Odyssey ofa Revolutionary Chinese Woman(1985) (with Carolyn Wakeman) and Intellectuals in Chinese Fiction (1988) —but also a strong awareness that she was going to devote herself to comparative literature and more importantly and a determination to establish comparative literature as a recognized academic discipline in China.As she admits, “The year at Harvard was critical in my life because I decided to commit myself to Chinese comparative literature. Everything I did later in my life was somehow [1]related to that decision.”
When she came back to China in 1984, she immediately involved herself in the seminal work for the construction of the discipline of comparative literature.Shenzhen University, a school located in Shenzhen, the first special economic zone in the reforming China, was the“experimental zone”for her academic dream.She was then the part-time dean of the Department of Chinese Literature at Shenzhen University, and soon, she founded a comparative literature institute at the university.Proposed by some distinguished scholars such as Ji Xianlin (1911 -2009), Yang Zhouhan (1915-1989), and Li Funing (1917 -2004), she hosted the inaugural congress of Chinese Comparative Literature Association (CCLA) at Shenzhen University in 1985.She was elected the vice-president and secretary.This is a milestone for the development of Chinese comparative literature.Since then, CCLA has become a very important organization for all the comparatists nationwide.Yue had been the president of CCLA from 1989 till 2014.During the past years she has been the leader and head of Chinese comparative literature which makes her envision a promising prospect for the development of comparative literature in China.
In the inaugural congress Yue presented a speech entitled“Present Conditions and the Prospects of Chinese Comparative Literature”, in which she mentioned the French comparatist RenéÉtiemble's address“The Revival of Comparative Literature in China”at the Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association held in Paris in 1985.Yue firmly believed“the awakening of comparative literature in China will, without doubt, contribute greatly to [2]the development of world comparative literature”.
She began to absorb more scholars under the banner of combative literature.In 1985, the Center for Comparative Literature Studies at Peking University was renamed the Institute of Comparative Literature (ICL) and Yue was appointed the director.She invited many more young scholars to join the institute, thus strengthening the force of comparative literature in terms of both teaching and research.The new team produced several influential works such as“Series on Chinese Literature in Foreign Countries”(6 volumes) and“Series on Chinese-Foreign Comparative Culture”(9 volumes).
Meanwhile, the institute began to provide master's degree program.This means comparative literature as a discipline came to be accepted by the educational institution.During this period, Yue's interest in comparative literature was exemplified with her acceptance of the title of doctoral supervisor.Even though qualified as a doctoral supervisor in Chinese modern literature, she was inclined to become the doctorial supervisor in comparative literature.As she said, “If a doctoral program of comparative literature were never approved by the Ministry of Education, I would never be any kind of doctoral supervisor.”[3]For her, the career of comparative literature was something worthy of her devotion heart and soul.Her insistence was ultimately rewarded in 1993 when ICL became the first organization in China to offer doctoral program.Yue became the first doctoral supervisor in comparative literature.This event was soon resonated by other universities in China and many more Chinese universities begun to offer Ph.D.programs in comparative literature: Nanjing University (in 1997), Sichuan University (in 1998), and so on.By now comparative literature has become the“First Level Discipline”(designed by the Ministry of Education of P.R.China), namely, one of the fundamental disciplines in China's higher education.
Since 1985 Yue and her colleagues has set up a series of new classes in Peking University and Shenzhen University for students majoring in Chinese literature and comparative literature, such as“Principles of Comparative Literature”, “Western Literary Trends and thModern Chinese Literature in the 20 Century”, “Marxist Literary Criticism in the East and the West”, “Chinese-Western Comparative Poetics”, etc.Yue herself published two books—Comparative Literature and Chinese Modern Literature (1987) and Principles ofComparative Literature (1988).While the former embodies her attempt to deal with Chinese modern literature with the method of comparative literature such as the influence study and reception theory, the latter explores the thematology, genology and interdisciplinary studies, which demonstrates the new horizons for comparative literature studies in China.
In the early 1990s Yue sensitively became aware of the new problems emerging in forthcoming age of globalization.As she says, “I realized that the basic task for comparative literature is to maintain and propel the development of multicultures with a global awareness.Thus [4]there is a need of big change in comparative literature.” In order to deal with the interaction between Chinese culture and foreign cultures, Yue organized and participated in a column titled“Comparison: Necessities, Possibilities and Limits”in Dushu, a prestigious magazine of humanities in China.In the column Yue considered how to dig out the roots and basic characteristics of a specific national culture and nurture a healthy world culture, anticipating her main concern throughout the 1990s: cultural pluralism.Cultural pluralism, to Yue, was in crisis caused by cultural hegemonies and cultural separatism.The two could be exemplified by many centrisms, be it Western-centrism or Chinese-centrism.This indicates comparative literature is more than literature itself; instead, it is related to the social change.Yue, in fact, insisted that comparative literature in the West initially appeared as a pure academic phenomenon while Chinese comparative literature was thborn in an environment of social reform in the early 20 century. Comparative literature, therefore, could do more than literary studies.
In this way Yue attempted to place comparative literature in the context of global culture or globalization and emphasized the power of comparative literature in leading cultural pluralism.She trusted it so much as she said, “Through literature, comparative literature seeks to enhance intercultural and interdisciplinary understanding, dialogue and agreement that will result in the creation of a peaceful new era characterized by the coexistence and mutual complementarity of [5]different cultures.”Then it is not surprising that she proposed the essential characteristic of comparative literature is cross-cultural.That is to say, the true value of comparative literature is in cross-cultural literary research.Only in this way can comparative literature and literary studies help to promote common understanding, mutual recognition, affirmation, and complementarity.The mutual recognition, balance, and interaction will not lead to assimilation or incorporation, but rather develop the unique qualities of the two cultures respectively, and thus creating a rich, globalized multiculturalism.
In the first decade of the new century, Yue focused more on the cultural dialogue between different cultures, which can be found in her new book Cross-Cultural Bridges (2002).In 2005 Yue proposed“the third stage”of comparative literature.She posits that comparative literature has passed its first and second stages of development—centered on French and American comparative literature respectively—and now entered the third stage which is characterized with the ideas of mutual recognition, affirmation, and complementarity in the multicultural system of literary studies.She believed Chinese comparative literature was becoming an active leader in the third stage.This has inspired Chinese comparatists to equip themselves with more self-confidence or cultural self-awareness in their practices in comparative literature in the past years.
Finally, Yue has played a special role in making the“Chinese voice”heard by the international comparative literature circles.Since the 1980s she has attended almost all the important conferences and delivered addresses.She was the former vice president of the International Comparative Literature Association from 1991 to 1997. She got her first honorary doctorial degree of arts at McMaster's University in Canada in 1990 and another one at Kansai University in Japan in 2006.
In 2015 Yue published Nirvana and Rebirth: Renaissance via Multiple Reconstructions in which she discussed the ways for multicultural coexistence and advocated a new humanistic spirit.Her commitment to comparative literature is clear to see in this book as she dubs comparative literature the“vanguard”of intercultural dialogue.Prof.Yue's Major Works
To The Storm: The Odyssey ofa Revolutionary Chinese Woman, with Carolyn Wakeman.Berkeley: University of California Press,1985.
Comparative Literature and Chinese Modern Literature (《比较文学与中国现代文学》).Beijing: Beijing University Press,1987.
Intellectuals in Chinese Fiction.Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Chinese Studies,1988.
Principles ofComparative Literature(《比较文学原理》).Changsha: Hunan Art and Literature Press,1988.
I Am Myself: This History Belongs to Me (《我就是我——这历史属于我自己》).Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Co.,1995.
Penetrating the Smoke and Dust of History (《透过历史的尘》).Beijing:Beijing University Press,1997.
Principles ofComparative Literature: New Edition (《比较文学原理新编》), coauthored with Yuehong Chen (陈跃红), Yugen Wang (王宇根), and Hui Zhang (张辉).Beijing: Beijing University Press,1998.
Beautiful Frost and Maple (《绝色霜枫》).Nanchang: Baihuazhou Art and Literature Press,2000.
Cross-Cultural Bridges (《跨文化之桥》).Beijing: Beijing University Press,2002.
A Concise Course in Comparative Literature (《比较文学简明教程》).Beijing:Beijing University Press,2003.
Comparative Literature and China: Overseas Lectures by Daiyun Yue.Beijing:Beijing University Press,2004.
Tracing the Resurrection ofComparative Literature as a Discipline (《跟踪比较文学学科的复兴之路》).Shanghai: Fudan University Press,2011.
Nirvana and Rebirth: Renaissance via Multiple Reconstructions (《涅槃与再生——在多元重构中复兴》).Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press,2014.(Trans.by He LIN, Proofread by Yi CHEN)
Works cited:
[1] Zhang, Hui, and Daiyun Yue.“Comparative Literature in Chinese and an Interview with Yue”, CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.4 (2011).
[2] Yue, Daiyun.Comparative Literature and China: Overseas Lectures by Daiyun Yue. Beijing: Peking University Press,2004:89.
[3] Yan, Shaodang (严绍璗).“Under the Banner of Comparative Literature: An Academic Biography of Daiyun Yue”(《高擎比较文学的学术大旗——乐黛云学术小传》).Social Science Front,6 (2008):243-6.
[4] Yue, Daiyn (乐黛云).Ten Lectures on Comparative Literature and Comparative Culture (《比较文学与比较文化十讲》).Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2004:191.
[5] Yue, Daiyun.Comparative Literature and China: Overseas Lectures by Daiyun Yue. Beijing: Peking University Press,2004:44.
Pengzi RAO (饶芃子)
On April 11,2015, in order to give commendation to those scholars who have committed great contributions in the field of Chinese comparative literature, Chinese Comparative Literature Association (CCLA) granted them“Lifetime Achievement Award of Comparative Literature”.Prof.Pengzi Rao of Jinan University is one of them who have got the honors.
Prof.Pengzi Rao was born in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province in Feb.1935. She graduated from Chinese Language and Literature Department of Sun Yat-sen University in 1957, and became a teacher there after graduation.In 1958 after the restoring of Jinan University in Guangzhou, she was transferred to Chinese Language and Literature Department where she did researches on literary theory.During the several years from 1970 to 1977 when Jinan University was closed, she has worked as a teacher in Chinese Department of South China Normal University (known as Guangdong Normal University during that time).Starting from the year of 1978, she came back to teach at Jinan University and became dean of Chinese Language and Literature Department in 1984.During the period from Sept.1987 to Dec.1995, she was promoted to vice president of the university and also chairperson of University Academic Degree Committee, who was in charge of Liberal Arts and Humanities and social sciences work along with graduate students'supervision.In 1996, she was designated as director of“Comparative Poetics and Comparative Culture Research Center”and also the chief editor of Sixiang Wenzhong (《思想文综》).Currently she is honorary director of“Research Center for Overseas Chinese Literature &Chinese Media”, one of the important research bases for literal arts and humanities and social sciences of Guangdong higher education.Since 1992, she was awarded“Special Government Allowances of the State Council”as an“Outstanding Contribution Expert”.In 2011 she was elected as the first“Outstanding Social Scientist of Guangdong”.In 1981, she even assisted Mr.Xiao Yin to establish the master degree education base for Literary Theory at Jinan University, which made the Chinese Department one of the first bunch of authorized units of the Degree Office of the State Council.In 1983, she was elected as master supervisor for Literary Theory and then processed into the academic leader of provincial key subjects from 1996 to 2006, and the“First Responsible Person”of Chinese Literature and Overseas Chinese Education, the subproject of the first and second stages of“211 Program”of“Literary Theory and Chinese Literature”.She was an thalternate member of the 6 Guangdong Provincial Committee, a thmember of the 8 Guangdong Provincial Standing Committee, the vice ththchairman of the 4 and 5 Guangdong Writers Association, and the first vice chairman of The Literary &Artistic Critic Association of Guangdong Province.At present, she is honorary president of Chinese World Overseas Literature Committee, vice president of World Overseas Chinese Literature Association, vice president of China Comparative Literature Association, and advisor of China Literary Theory Association and so on.She is also the part-time professor and guest professor of tens of universities, including Renmin University of China, Fudan University, Capital Normal University, Guangxi Normal University, Zhejiang Normal University, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, and Shenzhen University, etc.The list of her various important titles cannot be listed completely here.
During the past 55 years, Prof.Pengzi Rao has made outstanding achievements in both the research and teaching of literature theory, comparative literature and overseas Chinese literature.She has published over 300 academic articles and literary reviews and authored many famous books in the academic field, such as Intro.To Literature, Literary Criticism &Comparative Literature, Mind Mirror of Arts, Heart Shadow, A Comparative Study ofChinese and Western Novels, Comparative Poetics, and Comparative Literature&Overseas Chinese Literature, etc.Besides those, she has edited or co-edited a number of textbooks such as A Coursebook of Chinese and Western Drama Comparative Studies, A Coursebook of Overseas Chinese Literature, Dictionary of Taiwan, Hongkong &Macao Overseas Chinese Literature, Chinese Literature in Southeast Asia, Selective ofComparative Literary Theory and 5 volumes of Series of Books Conventional Literature&Contemporary Awareness, etc.She has been in charge of as many as ten national and provincial social planning programs and become the chief expert of 2011 national social funded major program.As a teacher, she has cultivated and trained tens of master students and 56 doctoral students and 2 postdoctoral students by far.Her research and teaching have been won as many as 12 times national and provincial rewards.In 1992, textbook A Coursebook of Chinese and Western Drama Comparative Studies edited by her won the first prize of“Guangdong Provincial Outstanding Self-edited Textbook of Literary Arts”; in 1999, one of her academic articles“New Horizon of Overseas Chinese Literature”won the first prize of“the 6 thGuangdong Provincial Excellent Social Scientific Achievement”;in 2011, work Literary Coursebook ofOverseas Chinese Literature edited thby her won the second prize of“the 6 Guangdong Provincial Excellent Social Scientific Achievement”and was selected into the first group of“125 Panning of National Higher Education Textbooks for Undergraduates”by National Education Bureau in 2011.She also got the second prize for teaching graduates altogether three times and awarded as“Guangdong Advanced Labor Models”by the provincial government.
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