全国医学考博英语历年真题及模拟试题详解(2011~2018)【部分视频讲解】(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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全国医学考博英语历年真题及模拟试题详解(2011~2018)【部分视频讲解】

全国医学考博英语历年真题及模拟试题详解(2011~2018)【部分视频讲解】试读:

视频讲解教师简介

吴照玉:中国人民大学博士。学习成绩优异,多次获得各种奖项和荣誉,曾获得国家奖学金,中国人民大学研究生一等奖学金,被评为中国人民大学“优秀研究生”。吴老师教学经验非常丰富,在多家培训机构担任考研英语辅导老师。

授课特点:讲课耐心细致,富有很强的亲和力。在教学时讲究方法,注重效率。

崔佳悦:中国社会科学院博士,语言逻辑专业。硕士就读于北京语言大学,外国语言学及应用语言学专业。崔老师学习成绩优异,曾获得国家一等励志奖学金、“21世纪”英语演讲比赛二等奖以及多次获得校内奖学金。高分通过英语专业八级。教学经验丰富,曾在北京语言大学英语教育中心、继续教育学院担任主讲老师,学生教学测评成绩优异。

授课特点:注重教学课堂的气氛的调动,激发学生的学习兴趣,教学讲究方法效率。

第1章 全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试指导

1.1 考试简介

全国医学博士外语统一考试是根据国务院学位委员会颁发的《临床医学专业学位试行办法》和《口腔医学专业学位试行办法》,并为医学博士研究生招生单位提供服务而设置的考试。考试目的在于科学、客观、公正地测试考生掌握和运用外语的实际能力。该项考试的前身为1997年起实施的卫生部属单位医学博士研究生入学外语水平考试(Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral Students,简称FATMD)和1999年起实施的在职临床医师申请临床医学博士专业学位全国外语统一考试(National English Qualification Test for M.D.,简称NEQTMD)。

自2002年起,国务院学位委员会办公室和卫生部科教司将FATMD和NEQTMD合并为全国医学博士外语统一考试,正式委托国家医学考试中心具体组织。凡申请在职医学博士专业学位的考生,必须参加此项考试;报考医学博士研究生的考生依据招生单位的要求参加此项考试。

全国医学博士外语统一考试实行国家医学考试中心与考点两级负责制。考试的考点设置在各招生单位、学位授予单位。各单位的研究生招生办公室、学位办公室具体组织实施考试工作。考生报名资格由各招生单位、学位授予单位按有关文件进行审核。考生到报考单位报名点报名(或函报)。

考试设英语、日语两个语种,内容为公共外语,注重突出医学特点。英语考试共设置听力对话、听力短文、词语用法、完形填空、阅读理解和书面表达6种题型;日语考试设置听力理解、文字与词语、语法与构句、阅读理解和书面表达5种题型。考试强调全面测试应试人员的外语能力,并突出应试人员的英语应用和交际能力,以确定其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的外语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学外语水平。考试要求考生应在听、说、读、写四个方面加强训练。

考试日期一般在每年3月第二周的星期六,考试时间为3小时。具体时间以国家医学考试中心考务工作通知为准。

申请在职医学博士专业学位的考生和报考医学博士研究生的考生的考试成绩将分别解释,不得相互代替。考生不得同时申报在职申请学位和博士生入学考试。经国务院学位委员会办公室批准,自2003年起,在职申请学位考生的考试合格分数线确定为300分,对考试成绩合格的考生,由国家医学考试中心印发“合格证书”,有效期为3年。考生凭“合格证书”参加在职医学博士专业学位申请。对参加医学博士生入学考试的考生,由国家医学考试中心向招生单位提供考试成绩册和参考合格分数线,各招生单位实际录取分数线由招生单位自己确定。

1.2 大纲要求

一、考试目的

为配合我国实施医学专业学位制度,保证医学博士生学位授予质量,举行全国医学博士外语统一考试。考试目的在于科学公正地测试考生掌握和运用英语的实际能力是否达到申请临床医学博士专业学位或攻读医学博士学位的英语水平。

二、考试设计

1. 本考试主要是用于博士生入学和申请医学博士专业学位的一种英语水平考试,其命题不以某一种医学英语教材为主要命题依据。

2. 考试内容为医学公共英语,注重突出临床医学特点。

3. 本考试从听力、词语用法、综合理解、阅读、书面表达五个方面命题,全面测试考生的英语能力,并突出对考生的英语应用和交际能力测试,以确定其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的英语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学英语水平。

三、试卷结构

试卷分为两大部分:试卷一(Paper One)和试卷二(Paper Two)。试卷一包括听力(30%),词语用法(10%),完形填空(10%)和阅读理解(30%),答卷时间115分钟;试卷二包括书面表达(20%),答卷时间50分钟。

整个试卷共五大部分,总分100分,答卷时间共165分钟,加上考场指令与试卷收发时间,总共考试时间180分钟。

1.3 试题分析

根据最新颁布的2008年《全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试大纲》和历年真题可以看出,该考试非常正规化和标准化,其试卷结构近10年来几乎没有变动,一直是听力、词语用法、完形填空、阅读理解和书面表达等五大题型,每种题型的分值和出题方式自2003年有所调整后一直比较固定,下面结合最新颁布的2008年《全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试大纲》及历年真题分别对每种题型的出题方式、考核要求等内容具体说明一下。

Ⅰ. 听力理解(Listening Comprehension)

听力分两部分:Section A和Section B。答题时间为30分钟。

Section A:简短对话(Short Conversations)

简短对话旨在测试考生的英语听力能力,要求考生在听完每个对话之后,根据所听内容于12秒钟内对每个问题后的四个选择项做出正确选择,每个对话及提问只读一遍。

本部分共15小题,编号为1~15,每题1分,共计15分。

Section B:长对话及短文(Longer Conversations and Talks)

本部分由一篇长对话和两篇短文组成,旨在测试考生对英语篇章的听力理解能力。要求考生能理解所听材料的中心思想和主要内容,并能根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理、分析概括和归纳总结。每篇材料后附有5个问题,每个问题后均有四个选择项。要求考生在听完每个问题后,于12秒钟内从中选出一个最佳答案。每篇材料及提问只读一遍。

该部分共15小题,编号为16~30,每题1分,共计15分。

以上两部分答题时间共计30分钟。

需要说明的是,Section A中15个简短对话所涉及的内容比较广泛,根据最近几年真题的统计,涉及医学方面的内容(多为谈论疾病、健康等)的试题一般为3~4道。在Section B中长对话及短文大多为医学科普方面的内容。

Ⅱ. 词语用法(Vocabulary)

本部分共20小题,计10分。考试时间10分钟。

词语用法旨在测试考生对英语词汇和短语的理解和使用能力,分两部分:Section A和Section B。

Section A:填空(Fill in the blank)

该部分考题的题干为一个或两个句子,句中留有一处空白,题干后附四个选择项,要求考生从中选出一个最佳答案,填入题干后使该句子语法正确,逻辑合理,意思完整。

该部分共10小题,编号为31~40,每题0.5分,共计5分。

Section B:单选题(Multiple choice)

该考题的题干为一个或两个句子,句中有一词或短语下面划有横线,题干后附四个选择项,要求考生从中选出一个和句中划线部分的意义相同或近似的最佳答案。本题测试的词语,不超出考试大纲所附词汇表的内容范围。

该部分共10小题,编号为41~50,每题0.5分,共计5分。

词语用法两部分一般会涉及到名词、动词、形容词及短语搭配等方面的考查,其句子内容不会刻意与医学相关。

Ⅲ. 完形填空(Cloze)

本部分共10小题,计10分。考试时间10分钟。

此题着重测试考生在篇章水平上理解和运用语言的综合能力。要求考生阅读一篇约200词的英语短文,其中留有10处空白。一种测试方式是每一个空白附有四个选择项,考生在理解全文大意和上下文意思的基础上,从四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案,使短文在语法、用词、句型结构和上下文逻辑关系等方面都能完善;另一种方式是只留空白,不附选择项,考生根据自己的理解和判断填入一个词或短语,以使文章达到上述各方面的要求。

对于该部分,需要注意的有以下三点:一是该部分的题材与医学联系并不紧密,从最近几年的试题来看,文章内容均与医学无关;二是大纲要求文章长度约200词,但近几年的文章长度却明显增加(2005年为236词,2006年为287词,2007年为296词);三是大纲给出两种出题方式,但第二种方式从未在真题中出现,建议考生在复习备考时以第一种测试方式为主。

Ⅳ. 阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)

本部分共30小题,计30分。考试时间65分钟。

该部分由6篇阅读短文组成。每篇短文约300个单词,后附5个问题,每个问题后均有四个选择项。

此类题目是测试考生通过阅读英文书刊获取信息的能力(包括阅读速度和理解程度)。要求考生在读完一篇文字材料后,能理解其主题思想、主要内容和主要细节;能根据所读材料的内容进行推理判断,理解某些词和短语在具体语境中的意义,理解句与句之间的内在逻辑关系;能领会作者的观点和思想感情,判断其对事物的态度。测试材料主要是涉及医学科普、自然科普和人文各种题材和体裁的文章。要求考生根据所读材料的内容,从每道题的选择项中选出一个最佳答案。

该部分30个小题的编号为61~90。

该部分需要注意的是,大纲要求每篇短文约300个单词,但近年来文章的长度呈上升态势,最长的文章字数可达到500多词;另外,该部分文章的题材多为医学科普类。

Ⅴ. 书面表达(Writing)

本部分计20分,考试时间50分钟。

此部分旨在测试考生使用英语书面表达自己思想的能力。测试设计两种方式,每年任选其中一种。

1.文章摘要

要求考生阅读一篇800~1000字的汉语文章后,用英语写出一篇约200个单词的摘要。所概括的内容应简洁、全面、准确,文字应通顺,基本符合英语表达习惯,无重大语法错误。

2.翻译与写作

本部分包括段落翻译与段落写作。翻译应忠实于原文。作文要求切题,意思连贯。无论是翻译还是作文均要求文字通顺,基本符合英语表达方式。

虽然这一部分考试大纲给出了两种测试方式,但历年真题一直采用第一种方式,建议考生复习时以第一种出题方式为主。另外,根据对历年真题书面表达部分汉语文章字数的统计,文章长度也常常会超出大纲所规定的800~1000字,对此,考生应做好心理准备,加大复习的强度和力度。

第2章 历年真题及详解[部分视频讲解+听力音频]

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解

Paper OnePart Ⅰ  Listening Comprehension (30%)(略)Part Ⅱ  Vocabulary (10%)

Section A

Directions: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31. The medical team discussed their shared _____ to eliminating this curable disease.

A. obedience

B. susceptibility

C. inclination

D. dedication【答案】D【解析】句意:医疗队探讨了他们对消除这种可治愈疾病的共同贡献。obedience顺从;服从。susceptibility敏感性。inclination倾向;趋向。dedication献身,贡献。根据句意,正确答案为D。

32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional _____ is to ignore it, to tough it out.

A. turmoil

B. rebellion

C. temptation

D. relaxation【答案】A【解析】句意:我们很多人从很小就被教导,对待痛苦、脆弱和情绪波动的成熟反应,就是无视它、忍受它。turmoil骚动;焦虑。rebellion背叛。temptation诱惑;引诱。relaxation放松。此处意在表达不利的情况,因此选A。

33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, _____ communication and indulge in their own worlds.

A. put down

B. shut down

C. settle down

D. break down【答案】B【解析】句意:那些抑郁的孩子似乎很少关注他人,他们拒绝交流,沉溺于自己的世界中。put down放下;记下;镇压。shut down关闭;停业。settle down定居;平息。break down(不及物)坏掉;失败;垮掉。根据句意,正确答案为B。

34. The school board attached great emphasis to _____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.

A. diluting

B. inspecting

C. instilling

D. disillusioning【答案】C【解析】句意:学校董事会十分重视向学生灌输谦虚精神和集体感。dilute稀释;削弱。inspect检查;视察。instill逐渐灌输,逐步培养。disillusion使醒悟,使不再抱有幻想。根据句意,正确答案为C。

35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not _____ pertinent _____ to what we need to be attending to.

A. pertinent

B. permanent

C. precedent

D. prominent【答案】A【解析】句意:我们的大脑非常善于过滤掉与我们需要关注的东西不相关的感官信息。pertinent相关的,相干的,常与介词to搭配。permanent永恒的,永久的。precedent在先的,在前的。prominent杰出的;显著的。根据句意,正确答案为A。

36. New studies have found a rather _____ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.

A. collaborating

B. comprehending

C. compromising

D. convincing【答案】D【解析】句意:新的研究发现小分子与肥胖症和糖尿病之间存在着具有说服力的联系。collaborate合作;通敌。comprehend理解;领悟。A、B项为动词的现在分词形式。compromising有失体面的;不宜泄露的。convincing令人信服的;有说服力的。C、D项为形容词。根据句意,正确答案为D。

37. We must test our _____ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.

A. intelligence

B. imitations

C. hypothesis

D. precautions【答案】C【解析】句意:对于仿真内容和细节程度的假设,我们必须要进行测试。intelligence智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报。imitation赝品;模仿。hypothesis假设;(凭空的)猜想。precaution防备;预防。根据句意,正确答案为C。

38. We must _____ the problem _____, which is why our map combines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.

A. set...back

B. take...over

C. pull...in

D. break...down【答案】D【解析】句意:我们必须分解这个问题,这就是为什么我们的地图以大规模和高分辨率将大脑结构和功能测量结合起来。set back阻碍;延迟。take over接管;继承。pull in(火车等)到站;船靠近(海岸)。break down(及物)砸破;发生故障;分解。根据句意,正确答案为D。

39. Diabetes is one of the most _____ and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.

A. crucial

B. virulent

C. colossal

D. prevalent【答案】D【解析】句意:糖尿病是世界上最普遍的且具有潜在危险的疾病之一。crucial至关重要的;关键性的。virulent致命的;剧毒的。colossal庞大的。prevalent流行的;普遍存在的。根据句意,正确答案为D。

40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to _____ that one can master a foreign language overnight.

A. conceive

B. conceal

C. convert

D. conform【答案】A【解析】句意:认为一个人在一夜之间便能掌握一门外语,只是奇幻的想象。conceive构想;设想;怀孕。conceal隐藏;掩盖。convert转变;转化。conform遵守;使一致;使顺从。根据句意,正确答案为A。

Section B

Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery” of another human beings, and offers the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.

A. imaginable

B. capable

C. sensible

D. humble【答案】B【解析】句意:真正称职的医生,能坐下来,感受他人的“秘密”,并对病人表现出个人兴趣和充分的理解。competent有能力的;称职的;合格的。capable有能力的;足以胜任的。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。imaginable可以想象的。sensible明智的;理智的。humble谦逊的;(级别或地位)低下的。故正确答案为B项。

42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.

A. conserved

B. theorized

C. realized

D. persisted【答案】C【解析】句意:医生通常认为治疗是由病人发起的。perceive认为;意识到。realize实现;意识到。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。conserve节省;保存。theorize理论化。persist维持;坚持。故正确答案为C项。

43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.

A. facilitate

B. intimidate

C. terminate

D. mediate【答案】A【解析】句意:大型社区聚餐或许能充当社会联系的润滑剂,缓解紧张关系。lubricate给……上润滑油,可引申为“促进”。facilitate促使;促进。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。intimidate威胁;恐吓。terminate终止。mediate调解;斡旋。故正确答案为A项。

44. Catalase activity, reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subjects with active disease.

A. definitely

B. truly

C. simply

D. solely【答案】D【解析】句意:过氧化氢酶的活性,还原型谷胱甘肽和维生素E含量仅在具有活动性疾病的受试者中降低。exclusively仅仅;专门地。solely单独地。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。definitely明确地。truly确实;确切。simply简单地;简直。故正确答案为D项。

45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.

A. fetuses

B. descendants

C. seeds

D. orphans【答案】B【解析】句意:体外受精繁衍出的后代群体经常出现眼部异常。offspring后代;子女。descendant后代;子孙。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。fetus胎儿。seed种子;萌芽。orphan孤儿。故正确答案为B项。

46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our children.

A. breach

B. grief

C. threat

D. abuse【答案】C【解析】句意:儿童贫困应被视为儿童面临的唯一最大的公共健康威胁。menace威胁。threat威胁。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。breach突破口。grief痛苦;悲伤。abuse滥用;虐待;辱骂。故正确答案为C项。

47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.

A. definitely

B. desperately

C. intentionally

D. identically【答案】C【答案】句意:一个遥远的梦想是能够有意地引发地震,以便以可控的方式释放地球构造压力。deliberately蓄意地。intentionally有意地。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。definitely明确地。desperately绝望地。identically相同地。故正确答案为C项。

48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.

A. applying

B. relating

C. relaying

D. transforming【答案】D【解析】句意:巨大的挑战仍然横亘在企业将二氧化碳转化成汽油的道路上。convert转化;转变。transform转变,改观。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。apply应用。relate联系;叙述。relay转发;转播。故正确答案为D项。

49. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.

A. ensue

B. encounter

C. impede

D. induce【答案】D【解析】句意:最近有人担心这些药物会引起对认知方面意料之外的副作用,如记忆力减退、思维模糊和学习障碍。elicit引起;诱出。induce引起;劝诱。两者意思相近,此处可相互替换。ensue接着发生,因而产生。encounter遭遇;邂逅。impede阻碍;阻止。故正确答案为D项。

50. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.

A. sufficient

B. plentiful

C. adequate

D. countable【答案】B【解析】句意:基因工程应用繁多,要从中为这个案例选择一种是很困难的。abundant大量的;丰盛的。plentiful大量的;充足的。sufficient足够的;充足的。adequate足够的;合格的。countable可数的。sufficient和adequate意指“(数量)合适”,不能作为正确答案。故正确答案为B项。Part Ⅲ  Cloze (10%)

Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D listed below the passage. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, (51)_____, can result in missed positive scans.

Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented (52)_____ data on a CAE (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer (53)_____ CT scanning. Their study was (54)_____ by the NIH and the university.

In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. (55)_____ the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but (56)_____ it as noncancerous) and 23 (57)_____ observational error (not identifying the cancerous image).

CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive (58)_____ of 1.6 per section.

Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G. Armato, PhD, lead author of the study. “The computer is not perfect,” Armato said. “It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that (59)_____. The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may (60)_____ something suspicious. It’s sort of a spellchecker, or a second opinion.”

51. A. in common

B. in turn

C. in one

D. in all

52. A. preliminary

B. considerate

C. deliberate

D. ordinary

53. A. being used

B. to use

C. using

D. use

54. A. investigated

B. originated

C. founded

D. funded

55. A. From

B. Amid

C. Of

D. In

56. A. disseminating

B. degenerating

C. dismissing

D. deceiving

57. A. were mistaken for

B. were attributed to

C. resulted in

D. gave way to

58. A. mortalities

B. incidences

C. images

D. rates

59. A. don’t

B. won’t

C. aren’t

D. wasn’t

60. A. stand for

B. search for

C. account for

D. mistake for【答案与解析】

51.B  句意:这种三维成像技术提高了对疾病的检测能力,但会生成数百张图像,增加放射科医生的工作量,从而导致遗漏阳性的扫描。in turn意为“反过来”,符合题意,故正确答案为B项。

52.A  preliminary初期的。considerate体贴的。deliberate故意的;深思熟虑的。ordinary普通的。根据上下文的语义,此处意在表达“初期数据”,故正确答案为A项。

53.C  此处不缺谓语动词,故应选择非谓语动词,可排除D项。逻辑主语为radiologist,此处为主动关系,可排除A项。B项为不定式,不合句意,故正确答案为C项。

54.D  句意:该项目受到了NIH的资助。investigate调查。originate起源。found建立。fund资助。故正确答案为D项。

55.D  句意:在这38个漏掉的癌症病例中……。此处强调“在……范围之内”,in符合题意。amid强调“在……过程中”,不合题意,故正确答案为D项。

56.C  句意:……但却被当成非癌图像而搁置一旁。disseminate传播;散播。degenerate堕落;衰败;恶化。dismiss解雇;驳回;摒弃;不理会。deceive欺骗;诓骗。故正确答案为C项。

57.B  根据上下文,在38个漏诊的案例中,15个是阐释错误,23个归因于观察失误。此处为因果关系,故可排除A、D项。由于这里是“前果后因”,因此要选择表示“由于”之意的词组。be attributed to归因于。result in导致。故正确答案为B项。

58.D  句意:CAD在38个先前遗漏的癌症案例中发现了32个(84%的敏感性),假阳性概率为每节1.6个。mortality死亡数,死亡率。incidence发生率;影响程度。image图像。rate比率。故正确答案为D项。

59.C  此处为省略句,完整的表达应为“It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that are not cancers”。故正确答案为C项。

60.D  句意:放射科医生能辨认出电脑可能误诊为疑似病例的正常解剖。stand for代表。search for寻找。account for证明;由于。mistake for把……错认。前后形成对照,故正确答案为D项。Part Ⅳ  Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

When Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s “a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.

This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried—made obsolete—faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.

That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail, “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life—and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”

My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world,” Wagner said, “and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready’. They learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many electives—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented” colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media Lab and the ‘D-school’ Stanford where students learn to innovate.”

61. In his book, Wagner argues that _____.

A. the education world is hostile to our kids

B. the business world is hostile to those seeking jobs

C. the business world is too demanding on the education world

D. the education world should teach what the marketplace demands

62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?

A. Sustaining the middle class.

B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.

C. Shifting from “college ready” to “innovation ready”.

D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.

63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?

A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.

B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.

C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.

D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.

64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?

A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.

B. Jobs changed slowly in the author’s generation.

C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.

D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first jobs.

65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

A. To orient future education.

B. To exemplify the necessary shift in education.

C. To draw a conclusion about the shift in education.

D. To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.【答案与解析】

61.D  细节题。由题干中可定位到文章第一段第二句。此句提到Wagner认为教育应该教给孩子市场最需要的技能。故正确答案为D项。

62.C  指代题。由题干可定位到文章第三段第一句。此处that指代的是上一段的末尾,即由“college ready”向“innovation ready”的转变。故正确答案为C项。

63.D  细节题。由题干可定位到文章第三段第二句。该句提到学术知识远没有创造性解决问题的能力和在生活中创造新可能性重要。故正确答案为D项。

64.D  推理题。文章第四段提到作者这一代很容易——他们必须“找到”一份工作。但他们的孩子比以往任何时候都需要“发明”一份工作。由此可知,作者这一代比起下一代找工作要容易得多。故正确答案为D项。

65.B  意图题。文章最后一段提到芬兰奥林工程学院,M.I.T.媒体实验室和斯坦福大学设计学院的教学模式,即举例说明现有的教学模式改革。故正确答案为B项。【参考译文】

当哈佛教育专家托尼·瓦格纳描在描述他当下的工作时,他说他是“两个敌对阵营,教育界阵营和商界阵营,的翻译者”,前一阵营教育孩子,后一阵营为他们提供工作岗位。瓦格纳在其著作《培养革新者:打造改变世界的人》(Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World)一书中的论点是,我们的K-12和大学教育并非始终如一地在“增加价值并教授市场上最看中的技能”。

是上一代中产阶级赖以生存的东西。如果一个时代中此类东西越来越少,这可是件危险的事。现在,只有高薪、高技能的工作。如今,每一个中产阶级的工作都比以往任何时候来得更快,去得也更快。也就是说,它要么需要更多的技能,要么可以被世界上更多的人完成,或者正在以前所未有的速度被埋没、被淘汰。瓦格纳认为,这就是为什么今天教育的目标不应该是让每个孩子都“准备好上大学”,而是“准备好创新”——准备好为他们所做的一切增加价值。

这是一项艰巨的任务。我联系上了瓦格纳,并要求他对此进行详细的说明。他通过电子邮件说道,“现在,因为每一台连接互联网的设备上都可以获得知识,所以你知道的远远没有你能用你所知道的做什么重要。”创新能力——创造性地解决问题或为生活带来新的可能性——和批判性思维、沟通与协作等技能远比学术知识重要。正如一位高管所说,“我们可以教新员工知识。我们也不得不这么做,因为知识一直在改变。但我们不能教他们如何思考——如何提出正确的问题——如何主动采取行动。”

我这一代很容易。我们得“找到”一份工作。但我们的孩子比以往任何时候都需要“发明”一份工作。当然,幸运儿们会找到他们的第一份工作,但是,考虑到今天的变化速度,如果他们想要在工作上取得进步,他们自己要比他们的父母更经常地对那份工作进行再创造、再设计和再构思。“芬兰是世界上最具创新性的经济体之一,”瓦格纳说,“它是唯一一个让学生离开高中就准备好革新的国家”。他们学习理念和创造力而非事实,而且有许多选修课——所有的课程在校时间短,作业少,几乎没有考试。有越来越多像这样的“再创造”的大学,比如奥林工程学院(Olin College of Engineering),M.I.T.媒体实验室和斯坦福大学设计学院(the ‘D-school’ Stanford)。”

Passage Two

Yet these global trends hide starkly different national and regional stories. Vittorio Colao, the boss of Vodafone, which operates or partially owns networks in 31 countries, argues that the farther south you go, the more people use their phones, even past the equator: where life is less organized, people need a tool, for example to rejig appointments. “Culture influences the lifestyle, and the lifestyle influences the way we communicate,” he says, “If you don’t leave your phone on in a meeting in Italy, you are likely to miss the next one.”

Other mundane factors also affect how phones are used. For instance, in countries where many people have holiday homes they are more likely to give out a mobile number, which then becomes the default where they can be reached, thus undermining the use of fixed-line phones. Technologies are always “both constructive and constructed by historical, social, and cultural contexts”, writes Mizuko Ire, an anthropologist at the University of California in Irvine, who has co-edited a book on Japan’s mobile-phone subculture.

Indeed, Japan is a good example of how such subcultures come about. In the 1990s Americans and Scandinavians were early adopters of mobile phones. But in the next decade Japan was widely seen as the model for the mobile future, given its early embrace of the mobile

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