2020年考研英语(一)阅读理解高分特训100篇【命题分析+答题攻略+强化训练】(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


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2020年考研英语(一)阅读理解高分特训100篇【命题分析+答题攻略+强化训练】

2020年考研英语(一)阅读理解高分特训100篇【命题分析+答题攻略+强化训练】试读:

第1章 考研英语(一)阅读理解考试指南

1.1 大纲要求

一、考试性质

英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目,其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力,评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平,以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平,并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

二、考试目标

考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%),还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所读材料,考生应能:(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解文中的概念性含义;(4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;(5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;(6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;(7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;(8)区分论点和论据。

三、考试内容

阅读理解部分由A、B、C三节组成,考查考生理解书面英语的能力。共30小题,每小题2分,共60分。

A节(20小题):主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义,进行有关的判断、推理和引申,根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。要求考生根据所提供的4篇(总长度约为1600词)文章的内容,从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

B节(5小题):主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本部分有3种备选题型。每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。备选题型有:

1) 本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章,其中有5段空白,文章后有6~7段文字。要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

2) 在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中,各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落(7~8个)重新排序,其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

3) 在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6~7段文字或6~7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容,从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。

C节(5小题):主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个画线部分(约150词)译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺。

1.2 A节应试技巧

一、题型综述

阅读理解(A节)为全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试(非英语专业)中的第二部分,该部分要求考生能以每分钟60词的阅读速度读懂不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总量的3%),包括信函、书报和杂志上的文章,以及与本人工作或学习有关的文献、技术说明和产品介绍等。从2002年起,本部分共设4篇文章(总长度约为1600词),每篇约有400~500个单词,其后设置5个选择题,各有4个备选答案,共20小题,每题2分,共40分。

二、选文题材、体裁和出处

考研英语阅读涵盖了经济、科技、文化、医疗保健、人生哲理、社会、教育等领域。所选用的文章大部分来自近一两年的英文报纸和杂志,内容较新,同时生词和术语也比较多。一般可以把文章概括为四类题材,分别是文化教育类、社会生活类、科普科技类和商业经济类。就近十年的真题来看,四类文章都有相当大的比重,考生在备考过程中,对任何一类都不能掉以轻心。

1.文化教育类

一般包括历史、地理、文化、教育和人物等。其体裁通常有评论性的、介绍性的和信息性的三种。在阅读这类题材的文章时,考生应首先分清文章的类型,其次要理解各种各样的观点和意见,最后还要注意文章所描述的细节。

2.社会生活类

这类题材涉及的内容也很广,包括恋爱婚姻、道德伦理、家庭问题、妇女问题、犯罪、吸毒、传统习俗和社会举止等。其体裁通常是议论性的。此类文章往往都先提出一种观点或一个问题,然后就此进行分析评说,在此基础上提出作者的观点和看法。在阅读这类文章时,考生应特别注意文章的主题,即作者反对什么、提倡和支持什么,还是注意作者所援引的例证,如调查结论、名人名言、名作观点或社会舆论等。

3.科普科技类

这一题材以科普性质的短文为多,内容涵盖生物学、医学、电子学和高科技等,其体裁一般包括为议论文和说明文两种。在阅读这类文章时,考生需要留意文章的主题,要掌握文章中关键的数据,如数值和百分比等。考生还必须不受生词的干扰。对每个考生来说,自然科学类的文章中生词是难免的,不影响理解的生词不用去管。即使碰到很重要的生词也不必担心,可以通过上下文和词法知识等得到解决。

4.商业经济类

一般涉及商业法律、现象、活动等。其体裁为评论性、介绍性和信息性居多。在阅读这类文章时,考生应理清各种各样的观点和意见,注重细节。

三、设题规律与答题技巧

一般来讲,每篇阅读设置的选择题是按照文章的顺序逐段出题,即使出现跳段的情况,先后顺序也维持不变。当然也不排除个别例外情况,如文章的主旨很可能作为第一道题目出现,但却需要阅读完全文才能做出选择。了解这个规则的存在,考生可以大致划定每个题目其答案在文章中的位置,减少盲目寻找的时间。

总的来讲,这部分的题目可以分为主旨题、细节题、语义题、态度题和推断题,接下来,本书就每类题目的设题方式和答题技巧一一进行分析。

1.主旨题(约占10%)

这类题考查考生对文章主旨大意的理解、概括和归纳能力。这些题往往以下列词汇为标志:theme, title, subject, topic, main idea, purpose。(1) 提问方式

◆就文章的主题(中心思想)提问

What is mainly discussed in this passage?

The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as ______.

The selection informs us that ______.

◆就文章标题提问

Which sentence contains a statement of the theme?

The best title for this passage could be ______.

The topic of the passage is ______.

◆就文章写作的主要目的提问

The article was written to explain ______.

The main purpose of this article is to explain ______.

In this passage the author tries to interpret ______.

The passage (or paragraph) mainly deals with ______.(2) 答题技巧

①面对主旨题,为了帮助思考,可以问自己四个问题帮助思考。

◆本篇中的最重要的事物或观点是什么?

◆作者谈的是主题的哪个或哪些方面?

◆作者在这方面想表达什么?

◆反过来想,如果以某个答案做主题,自己会写什么样的内容,作者写的是这些吗?如果与文章内容不符,则为干扰项。

②重点关注容易提出主题的位置。

在段落或者文章中,主旨的提出一般有以下几种形式。

◆开篇点题,即在首句或首段说明文章的主旨

如2008年真题Text 1:

1. While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

2. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

4. Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”…

25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress【答案】D【解析】首先,题目中必须反映出关于压力的性别差异;其次,本文的重点在于分析女性在压力下的表现。

◆在段落或文章的中间部分说明主旨

如2008年Text 3:

1. In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

2. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. …

35.The text intends to tell us that  .

A. the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

B. human height is becoming even more predictable.

C. Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

D. the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.【答案】C【解析】该文主要讨论了美国人的身高变化,而不是整个人类,所以选项B正确;选项D文中未涉及。

◆在段落或文章的结尾总结得出

如2008年Text 2:

4. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

A. The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

B. A new mode of publication is emerging.

C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

D. Publication is rendered easier by online service.【答案】B【解析】文章通篇介绍并评价了由于互联网的应用而出现的一种新的出版形式。文章的重点既不是出版商也不是文章作者,故选项A、C排除;选项D中easier一词属主观臆想。

◆由考生根据内容自己总结得出

如2009年Text 2:

1. It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom— or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore—and another $120 to get the results.

2. More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.

3. Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.

4. Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

5. But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors—numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

6. Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be ______.

A. Fors and Againsts of DNA testing

B. DNA Testing and It’s Problems

C. DNA Testing Outside the Lab

D. Lies Behind DNA Testing【答案】B【解析】这篇文章的中心不那么明显、突出,那就要靠逻辑思维来推断得出。首先在浏览时,划出中心词或词组(形式相同或不相同的),然后根据细节归纳出各段之间的关系。

2.细节题(约占50%)

细节题考查考生对文中所讲述的事实的理解程度和深度。考生应特别注意有关人物、时间、地点以及what, whose, how, why等问题的内容。(1) 提问方式

◆就原因、结果提问

…because ______.

can be attributed to ______.

in that ______.

◆就引用、列举提问

An example of … could be seen in ______.

What does the example of …illustrate?

The case of … demonstrated that ______.

The author gives two examples in Paragraph X and Y to show ______.

The author quotes … in the second paragraph to show ______.

◆就正误提问

Which of the following does the author discuss?

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Which is NOT mentioned in the passage as…?

Which of the following is included in the passage?

Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

The writer mentions all of the following except ______.(2) 答题技巧

正确回答细节类题,需要特别留心和注意文中以下地方:

◆举例子,打比方处

◆转折处

◆因果句

◆特殊标点处

◆段首尾句(3) 干扰项设置

①正反混淆——选项的内容和作者在原文中提到的信息相反。

②偷换概念——选项提到了原文的内容,但是却将原文对应部分中的另一个关键词或短语换成了意思不同的其他词汇。

③无中生有——选项中出现了原文没有提到或推导不出的形容词或名词。

④因果倒置——选项中涉及的两部分之间的因果关系与原文所说的因果关系正好相反,将原文的因换成了果或者将原文的果换成了因。

⑤扩大范围——将原文的特指(只适用于部分的情况)变为泛指(适用于全部的情况)。例如,在选项中出现表示泛指的复数名词作主语时,要注意该名词在原文的范围。如果选项中所说的情况只适用于主语所指的一部分,那么这一选项就是干扰选项。注意,上述干扰选项的特征也适用于判断其他题型的干扰选项。

3.语义题

大纲要求,考生能够“根据上下文判断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义”,这也就使得语义题的出现成为必然。(1) 提问方式

The word/expression... (in line...)most probably means ______.

The author used the word…, to indicate ______.

According to the passage, what is ______?

From the passage, we can infer that the phrase..., means ______.

By..., the writer probably means ______.

The word “it” (in line…) most probably refers to ______.(2) 答题技巧

解答语义题,理论上要求考生不仅要把握词与词,句与句之间的语义关系,而且还要考虑段与段之间的语义关系,只有透彻理解整篇文章,才能够正确判断词语的意思。不过,回答这类题还是有一些技巧可循的,如下:

①系动词(to)be或mean, be defined as, refer to, be known as等提供生词的确切含义。如:

Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.

解析:通过“be known as”我们可猜出psychoactive意为“对神经有显著作用的”。

②副词短语similarly, this is, that is, that is to say, in other words等引出的句子有时重述前面生词的含义。如:

Mary felt perturbed, that is, she was greatly disturbed by her sister’s actions.

解析:在that is后面重述中,perturbed与disturbed同义,即“不安的,扰乱的”。

③有时没有同位语,也没有给出定义的to be,但是生词后面的句子表达了该词的意思。

如:While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.

④句中出现的标点符号,如分号(;),破折号(—),逗号(,),冒号(:),引号(“ ”)和括号(())等,也是猜的重要线索,如:

We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a .cigarette for the nerve.

解析:pervasive意为“遍布的,普遍的”。冒号后列举了旧种情况,用以说明其普遍性。

⑤生词后的定语从句,或是上下文中所举的例子也可解释说明生词意义。引导举例常用的短语有for example, for instance, such as, like, as等。如:

The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer- causing genes (基因 ), are inactive in normal cells.

解析:oncogene意为“致癌基因”。定语从句解释了该词的含义。

⑥一些副词和短语,如however, on the other hand, instead, rather than, unlike, yet和but等能提供相反信息,由此确定生词的意义,如:

Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.

The word “liability” most probably means ______.

A. disadvantage

B. instability

C. misfortune

D. burden

解析:本段中作者先是论述beauty可能给人类带来的好处,然后作者用了转折词but,表明最后一句与前面所表的内容正相反,因此liability在这里是“不利之处”的意义,因而A项为正确答案。(3) 干扰项设置

①与所考词汇形似,但意思不符。

②如果考的是熟词,含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。

4.态度题(1) 提问方式

The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ______.

The author’s attitude towards the issue of “…” is ______.

The passage shows that the author is ______ the present situation.

The author’s attitude towards … might best be summarized as one of ______.(2) 答题技巧

①精确理解选项中词语的含义

②不搀杂自己的观点

③在文中寻找具有感情色彩的词

◆褒义类:amused(愉快的),supporting(支持的),admiring(赞赏的),optimistic(乐观的),praising(赞扬的),humorous(幽默的),enthusiastic(热情的),pleasant(愉快的),sober(冷静的),approving(满意的),positive(肯定的);

◆中性类:subjective(主观的),exaggerated(夸大的),skeptical(怀疑的),sympathetic(同情的),indifferent(冷漠的),neutral(中立的),impersonal(客观的),objective(客观的),subjective(主观的),impassive(冷漠的),ambivalent(矛盾的),apathetic(无动于衷的),impartial(公平的);

◆贬义类:critical(批判的),doubtful(怀疑的),mocking(嘲笑的),cynical(冷嘲热讽的),sarcastic(讽刺的),ironic(讽刺的),disgusted(厌恶的),depressed(沮丧的),disappointed(失望的),sentimental(伤感的),negative(消极的,否定的),suspicious(怀疑的),tolerant(容忍的),biased(有偏见的)等。

④抓论述的主线及举例的方式(3) 干扰项设置

有下列词的选项一般为干扰项:indifferent(冷漠的),subjective(主观的),biased(有偏见的),puzzling(令人感到迷惑的)。

5.推断题

考研大纲规定考生应能够“根据材料进行判断、推理和引申”,所谓推理、引申指的是文中有这层意思但却没有明说。推断题又可以细分为两类,分别是推理题和结论题。(1) 推理题

推理题主要考察我们理清上下逻辑关系的能力,一般包括数字推理、知识推断和逻辑推理。

①提问方式

It can be inferred from the text/the 2nd paragraph/the first sentence that ______.

The author implies that ______.

The text/The first paragraph/The last sentence suggests that ______.

Which of the following statements about…, can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph?

We may conclude from the text/the third paragraph/the example that ______.

What is probably the main reason that ______?

What does the passage imply about ______?

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

The passage is probably taken from a book about ______.

It can be inferred from the text that ______.

We can infer from the last paragraph that ______.

It can be concluded that ______.

②解题技巧

推理过程可以分三步走,首先要找到原文中所有的相关信息,然后对这些信息,尤其是关键部分信息进行仔细的分析,理清逻辑关系,最后在此基础上进行综合推理。在推理的过程中,要敏感于文中的用词和语气的褒贬,积极揣测作者的意图。(2) 结论题

要求考生对整篇文章或文章段落及文章的整体概念,事态发展趋势,某人的行为、爱好、前途等做出总结、猜测和推断。

①提问形式

From the passage, we can draw the conclusion that ______.

What was probably the conclusion for ______?

What can be concluded from the passage?

It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

②解题技巧

解答这类以conclude及conclusion引导的题目时,考生一定要了解全文,把握主题,把握作者的观点、态度及写作意图,然后通过主题与细节的关系进行合理的归纳。(3) 题型特点

该题型最大的两个特点:

◆文章中往往没有答题的依据;

◆一旦文中有依据,往往四个选项表面上都对,很难判断谁是谁非。

①正确项特点:

◆不是文中明确说明的内容,因为即使符合原文,没有引申或归纳总结的内容就不是正确选项;

◆如果四个选项全能凭常识判断,其中含义深刻的是正确选项,有时唯一不是常识项的是正确选项。

②干扰项的特点:

◆只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当成间接推理;

◆看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果,把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的;

◆根据常识判断是正确的,然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点,因此,考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理,因为命题者考查的是考生理解作者意图的能力;

◆虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据,但推理过头,概括过度;

◆有部分选项的内容纯属编造,无中生有。

四、高效答题攻略

用哪种方式答题效率最高因人而异,本书在这里介绍一种比较行之有效的方法——三遍阅读法:第一遍阅读是为了有一个思考的方向。考生应抱着了解“文章在讲什么”的目的,快速通读全文,特别留意重点位置,如段首段尾的句子和频繁出现的词语或词组,这些句子或词能够帮助考生把握文章的大概内容。第二遍阅读是为了答题。考生可以先审题,根据问题有针对性的再次阅读全文,定位出题点,并找到答案。对出题点的定位不仅建立在理解全文的基础上,一些数字,如年份、时间,一些特定名词,如人名、地名以及一些生僻单词都是易于出题的点,关注这些信息可能帮助考生快速定位出题点。第三遍阅读是为了检查。考生应争取为每个答案在文中再次找到合理的依据。

对于阅读速度有限但分析能力强的考生,可以省去第一遍阅读,直接审题,五个题目往往覆盖了文章的主要内容,考生通过审题可以分析得出“文章在讲什么”,“需要在文章中找到哪些信息”,接着有的放矢地阅读文章。

1.3 B节应试技巧

一、题型综述

阅读理解part B部分2005年开始实行,有三种备选题型:选择搭配题、段落排序题、标题/信息匹配题,每次考试从这三种题型中选择一种进行考查。本部分共5题,每题2分,总分值10分。

1) 选择搭配题:本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章,其中有5段空白,文章后有6-7段文字,要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

2) 排序题:在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中,各段落的原有顺序已经被打乱,要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7~8个)重新排序。其中有2-3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。

3) 标题/信息匹配题:一篇长度为500词的文章的前或后有6~7个概括句或小标题,这些文字或标题是对文章中某一部分概括,或对文章中某一部分的阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容,从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5个标题或5段文字填入文章的空白处。

具体考察情况如下表:

2005年    加拿大建立国家药品管理结构     选择搭配题

2006年    美国博彩业的兴旺  选择搭配题

2007年    父母帮助孩子顺利进入成年期     标题匹配题

2008年    如何写作初稿     选择搭配题

2009年    19至20世纪的文化人类学理论 选   择搭配题

2010年    欧洲食品杂货批发转型    排序题

2011年    人文学科的教育面临困境     排序题

2012年    计算机和文化机器  选择搭配题

2013年    社会科学重点应在应对全球挑战  选择搭配题

2014年    考古遗址的发现      排序题

2015年    阅读方式与阅读文本的关系    选择搭配题

2016年    工作中个人形象提升的五点建议  标题匹配题

2017年    英国作家查尔斯•狄更斯   排序题

二、选择搭配题

1.考查要点

①考查学生的宏观阅读能力,考生应具备扎实的语法基本功,从而能够分析、理解长难句,并能从整体上把握文章的逻辑发展结构。

②考查段落内部的结构,即段落一致性。一般来讲,段落的结构具有一致性,每个段落都有主题句(或隐含主题)、扩展句和结论句。主题句支配整个段落的发展,扩展句通过陈述原因、罗列事实、情节和步骤等形式为主题句服务。结论句申明段落发展的结果。

③考查段落内部的论点和论据逻辑关系,即段落连贯性。段落中各句子之间的结构、衔接必须条理清楚、合乎逻辑,转折、过渡应自然、流畅。这一点一般是通过某些关键词(组)的重复使用以及对等结构的使用、代词的呼应、人称和数的一致或表示转折意义的词或词组等这样一些技巧来实现。

2.解题步骤:

①重视首段,把握开篇。

首段是全文信息的开始,用浏览式阅读法阅读全文要点词句,包括首尾段、首尾句及独立成段的句子和文章中带有转折词的句子等,目的是掌握文章要点和主旨,了解文章各个段落之间的逻辑关系。

②跳读全文,掌握大意。

利用跳读(skipping)方法,掌握文章的全貌与选项的意思。跳读的目的是掌握文章的大意,需要通过抓住文章中每个句子的主干成分,即表达重点信息的主语、谓语、宾语等,而其他起着修饰限定和补充说明的成分则跳过不读,不要拘泥于单词、句子的理解。

③阅读选项,抓住关键。

浏览七个选项,正确理解每个句子或每个选项的意思。对于谈论相似主题的句子,需要区别内容的相同和不同处,并牢记体现不同处的关键词语,圈出关键信息。

④瞻前顾后,灵活选择。“瞻前顾后”即先读应填写句子的前一句话,兼顾后一句,理解这两句话的意思,同时把句中的关键词或重复出现的词划出来,然后从选项中挑选有重复词出现的句子或段落试填,或利用可以说明两个或两个以上句子之间关系的连词进行选择。因为连词串起文章的主体框架,并且在文章中分别起着不同的语法作用,是阅读中需要重点寻找的词。

⑤复读全文,微调答案。

把搭配好的文章通读一次,检查段与段、句与句之间的内容与结构是否一致、连贯。需要改变答案时一定要慎重。

3.答题技巧

①根据就近原则寻找信息线索。

②利用选项中的关键词快速定位其在文章中可能出现的位置。如:选项中出现时间时,要注意与原文中时间的前后对应关系。

③运用语法知识判断句子位置。

◆这里最常用的是选项中出现代词时,该选项往往不能放在首句,要注意指代成立的条件:

·it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子;

·they或them指代前面的复数名词;

·one指代前面的单数可数名词;

·that指代前面的不可数名词或句子;

·this指代前面的单数名词或句子。

◆含有between…and…, either…or, not only…but also等的句子很可能放在句首。

◆复数名词作主语时,那么该段将是总分结构,其中提到的名词可能是线索。

◆放在段尾的句子有时会出现提示词:

·因果连词:therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence

·总结性连词:in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word

·转折性连词:but, nevertheless

④意思过于绝对、过于宽泛或过于片面的选项往往是干扰项。

⑤警惕选项中与文章内容无关或离题的词,帮助排除。如果两个选项很接近,其中一个是答案的几率很大。

⑥选项对比原文时,与原文重复或同义、但表达方式改变较大的往往就是选项。

⑦本着先易后难的原则,先补充上有把握的空白,然后联系上下文和这些已填补的空白分析剩下较难的题。

4.知识补充

掌握选择搭配题常考的逻辑关系词可以帮助考生在阅读中把握文章宏观结构和逻辑线索。

①并列和递进

and, indeed, also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too等,这些词表明前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性。

②转折或让步

but, yet, however, although, though, while, whereas, despite, by contrast, on the contrary等,这些词表明前后句子的名词同指,但句意对立,往往出现以下情况:

·褒贬对立

·句式结构对立

·前肯后否、前否后肯

③例证关系

for example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely等,这类此表明前后句子的关系为前例子后结论,或前结论后例子。如for example, for instance,这些词的出现表明前面应该为概念性句子,后面为一个例子。

④定义关系

有定义或释义作用的句子往往是文章或段落主题句,所以应出现在段首或段尾。

这些句子有:

·判断句:A is B;

·名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容);

·名词+同位语;

·名词+be called+名词;

·by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant+名词(定义内容)。

经常伴随定义性句子的过渡词有:namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather

5.真题分析

Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) (2008年真题)

试读结束[说明:试读内容隐藏了图片]

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