世界遗产-中国(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：杨大洲

出版社：摄影出版分社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

世界遗产-中国试读：

天然图画　锦绣文章　共有的瑰宝　共有的家园

Natural Gifts　Colorful Creations　Our Gems　Our Home序言PREFACE

Guanfu Museum　Manager　Ma Weidu

观复博物馆　馆长　马未都

人类生存于这个星球之上算是一个侥幸。两万年前，我们还是个濒危物种，熬过了冰河期，人类日益壮大。一万年以来，我们开始生成文明，积攒知识的同时开始积攒财富，中华民族作为人类的一员，以其坚韧与包容繁衍至今。

文明由文化构成，文化可能间断，文明却要继续前行。由茹毛饮血的时代到信息通达便捷的今天，人类的每一步都留下坚实的脚印，清晰地记录成长的轨迹。即便上苍赋予我们的自然景观，也因为人类的存在而价值凸显。人类创造的文化，在历史的长河中由物质生发出精神，由精神再度变为物质，最终合二为一，成为一份宝贵的文化遗产，与大自然景观一道，构成地球上最动人的风景。

所以，我们有责任保护它们。世界遗产是由人类文化整体构成，中国部分乃是中华民族创造力的见证。这份珍贵的名单里，既有时空跨越两千年，绵延万里的文化遗产长城，也有风光旖丽，河谷纵横的自然遗产九寨沟，更有双重身份的遗产泰山、黄山、武夷山等。所有这些，展现了中华民族生存的这块土地，也展现着我们民族积累下的精神面貌。

对于这个星球，我们人类重任在肩，当我们成为万物之灵长，以为能够主宰世界时，责任就变得十分具体。保护世界遗产，在本世纪已迫在眉睫，任重道远。出版这样一本画册，只是一份深情的提示，提示人类自己，我们不仅有过灿烂辉煌的过去，我们还应有美好的明天。

敬为序。

Humans are lucky to have subsisted on this planet.The species almost went extinct some 20,000 years ago,but eventually survived from last Ice Age and began to grow.Over the past ten millennia,civilization has emerged and developed,nurturing the accumulation of not only knowledge but wealth.As an integral piece of humanity,Chinese civilization has experienced a road of perseverance and inclusiveness as it has grown through the ages.

Civilization derives from culture.While culture may discontinue,civilization lives on.From primitive life to the present high-tech age,humans have left behind solid footsteps,each bearing traces of growth.Although Mother Nature blessed us with beautiful landscapes,their values are highlighted because of the survival of mankind.Throughout the river of history,culture,created by humanity,has given birth to spirit,which later transforms into material.Ultimately,the two are integrated and culminate as precious cultural legacies,which,along with natural landscapes,compose the most inviting scenery on Earth.

In view of this,we are duty-bound to protect such legacies.World Heritage consists of various human cultures,and those in China evidence the wisdom and creativity of the Chinese nation.Standouts on the list of China’s World Heritage Sites not only include the long Great Wall that has survived more than two millennia as a cultural heritage icon and Jiuzhaigou Valley as an enchanting natural heritage destination characterized by a plethora of deep ravines,but also a number of locations valued for both cultural and natural attributes such as Mount Taishan,Mount Huangshan,and Mount Wuyi.These legacies showcase the charm of the land that has nourished the Chinese nation while illustrating the spirituality of the Chinese people.

Humans are responsible to the planet we call home.When we became the smartest of all living creatures,capable of controlling the world,our responsibility became more concrete.World Heritage protection has become a pressing mission in this century.This photo book was compiled with the intention of reminding-a reminder to humanity that not only did we have a glorious past,but we also deserve a beautiful future.Ma Weidu中国世界遗产分布示意图 China World Heritage Sites

国家测绘局

GS（2008）2321号自然遗产

Natural Heritage文化遗产及景观

Cultural Heritage & Sight自然与文化双重遗产

Natural & Cultural Heritage首都

Capital城市

City省、自治区、直辖市界

Boundaries Of Provinces,Municpalities And Autonmous Regions特别行政区界

Boundaries Of Special Autonmous Regions

1.本图上中国界线系按照中国地图出版社1989年出版的1：400万《中华人民共和国地形图》绘制。

The boundaries on this map are complied according to the "Topographic Map of People's Republic of China " scale 1:4,000,000 published by China Cartography Publishing House in 1989.

2.台湾资料暂缺。Information of Taiwan is not included.长城 The Great Wall

地理坐标：东经116°05`00"，北纬40°25`00"

文化遗产 世界文化遗产遴选标准：（i）（ii）（iii）（iv）（vi）

列入《世界遗产名录》时间：1987年

世界遗产委员会评价：公元前220年，一统天下的秦始皇将修建于早些时候的一些断续的防御工事连接成一个完整的防御系统，用以抵抗来自北方的侵略。在明代（1368-1644），统治者又继续加以修筑，使长城成为世界上最长的军事设施。同时，长城在文化艺术上的价值，足以与其在历史和战略上的重要性相媲美。

Location:N40 25 00 E116 05 00 Criteria:（i）（ii）（iii）（iv）（vi） Date of Inscription:1987

The World Heritage Commitee Description:In 220 B.C.,under Qin Shi Huang,sections of earlier fortifications were joined together to form a united defence system against invasions from the north.Construction continued up to the Ming dynasty（1368–1644）,when the Great Wall became the world's largest military structure.Its historic and strategic importance is matched only by its architectural significance.

公元前221年，秦始皇灭六国诸侯，统一天下，建立了中国历史上第一个封建集权国家。为巩固国家安全，防御北方强大的游牧民族匈奴的侵扰，将春秋战国时期各诸侯国修建的防御工事——边墙，连接并修筑成一个西起临洮、东止今朝鲜民主主义人民共和国平壤市西北清川江入海口，“蜿蜒一万余里”的完整的防御系统——秦长城，史称“万里长城”；汉朝时又将长城向西部延伸，直抵新疆罗布泊，成为历史上最长的长城。亦有资料载：汉长城西起大宛贰师城（今吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国奥什市），东至黑龙江北岸，全长近1万公里；明代时为了防御蒙古人与女真人，再次加筑长城，东起辽宁鸭绿江边，西至甘肃嘉峪关，全长7000多公里。经过辽宁、河北、北京、天津、山西、内蒙古、陕西、宁夏、甘肃共9个省、市、自治区。

绵延万里的长城并不只是一道城墙，而是由城墙、敌楼、关城、墩堡、营城、卫所、镇城、烽火台等多种防御工事所组成的一个完整的防御工程体系。 此外，长城所蕴藏的文化内涵十分丰富，除了规划、布局和建筑艺术之外，还有雕饰、绘画、诗词歌赋、民间文学、戏曲说唱等，其中边塞诗词更是古典文学中的一个重要流派。李白的“长风几万里，吹度玉门关”，王昌龄的“秦时明月汉时关，万里长征人未还”，王维的“劝君更进一杯酒，西出阳关无故人”等名句，千载传诵不绝。

长城与约旦佩特拉古城、巴西基督像、秘鲁马丘比丘印加遗址、墨西哥奇琴伊察玛雅城邦遗址、意大利古罗马斗兽场、印度泰姬陵同列为世界新七大奇迹。美国前总统尼克松曾在参观长城后说：“只有一个伟大的民族，才能造得出这样一座伟大的长城。”

In 221 B.C,Ying Zheng put an end to the long rivalry among the seven independent principalities during the Warring States Period and established the first centralized,unified feudal empire in Chinese history – the Qin Dynasty（221-207 B.C）.He was thus called Qin Shi Huang,or“First Emperor of Qin.”To reinforce the security of the state,especially prevent from the invasion of Hun,a powerful nomadic ethnic minority in the north,the emperor ordered to link up the border walls constructed by different principalities during the Warring States Period.The reconstructed wall,starting in Lintao in the west and ending where today’s Chongchon River of Pyongyang,DPRK,enters the sea in the east,stretches more than 5,000 kilometers as an integral defense work.

During the Han Dynasty（206 B.C.-220 A.D.）,the wall was further extended westward to reach Luobupo in Xinjiang,registering a record length in its history.Some documents even reveal that the Han Great Wall linked the Ershi Fortress in Dawan（today’s Osh City,Kyrgyzstan）in the west and the north bank of the Heilongjiang River in the east,measuring nearly 10,000 kilometers in length.

During the Ming Dynasty（1368-1644）,to defend the invading Mongolian and Nuchen troops,the wall was reinforced again,stretching more than 7,000 kilometers from the Yalu River in Liaoning Province in the east to the Jiayu Pass in Gansu Province in the west,passing Liaoning,Hebei,Beijing,Tianjin,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Ningxia,and Gansu.

As a complete defending system,the Great Wall consists of a diversity of defense works,such as city walls,watchtowers,passes,outer enclosures,battlements,barracks,garrison cities,and beacon towers.Apart from this,the Great Wall embodies rich cultural connotations,including architecture and the arts of engraving,painting,poetry,and folk opera.Of particular note are poems on frontier fortresses,which formed an important genre of Chinese classical literature.Famous verses that have been circulated for more than 1,000 years include“The wind,that has come a thousand miles,beats at the Jade Pass battlements,”attributed to Tang-Dynasty poet Li Bai;“The moon goes back to the time of Qin,the wall to the time of Han,and the road our troops are traveling goes back three hundred miles,”attributed to Wang Changling; and“Come,drink one more cup of wine,west of the pass you will meet no more old friends,”attributed to Wang Wei.

The Great Wall has been designated as one of the Seven Wonders of the World,the others being the ancient city of Petra in Jordan,the statue of Christ the Redeemer in Brazil,Machu Picchu in Peru,the Maya civilization site at Chichen Itza in Mexico,the Colosseum of the Roman Empire in Italy,and Taj Mahal in India.During his visit to the Great Wall,former US President Nixon praised the amazing structure and the people who built it by saying“this is a great wall and that it had to be built by a great people.”

北京怀柔明长城

The Ming Great Wall,Huairou,Beijing

中国曾在秦、汉和明代三次大规模修筑长城，此段长城是现保存比较完好的一段明长城。依山势而建，众多敌楼恰到好处地建在各个制高点上，工程浩繁，设计奇特，结构新颖，堪称万里长城的精华。

China extensively constructed the Great Wall during the Qin（221-207 B.C.）,Han（206 B.C.-220 A.D.）,and Ming（1368-1644）Dynasties.This well-preserved section of the Wall,built during the Ming Dynasty,features an array of watchtowers proportionally arranged on all the critical elevated points,a peculiar design,and novel structures.It is one of the most wondrous sections of the Great Wall.

司马台长城

The Great Wall at Simatai

位于北京市密云县东北部，始建于明洪武（1368－1398）初年，城墙为砖石结构，于因陡峻而无法修筑之处采取“山险墙”和“劈山墙”的建筑手法，曲折蜿蜒，雄浑险峻。

Meandering in the northeastern part of Miyun County,Beijing,this section of the Great Wall was first erected in the first year of the Ming（1368-1398）Dynasty.At precipitous places,the wall was built on the verge of the mountain cliff.The entire section exhibits a magnificent manner.

内蒙古大青山秦长城

The Qin Great Wall,Daqingshan,Inner Mongolia

由秦大将蒙恬建于公元前215年以后。长城修筑于山峦北坡，以大型花岗岩石块垒筑而成，残高近4米，基本保存了秦长城的原貌，具有很高的历史价值。

Constructed around 215 B.C.by Qin General MengTian with huge granite stones,the wall basically remains its original appearance,four meters in height,of great historical value.

敦煌西汉长城

The Western Han Wall,Dunhuang

因地制宜，就地取材，以红柳、芦苇、罗布麻等植物的枝条与黄土、砂砾石层层夯筑而成，分段修筑，相连为墙。长城内低洼地则铺盖细沙，被称为“天田”，以观察脚印之用。

According to local terrains and materials,the wall was laid up with a mixture of willow branches,reeds,hemps,loess and gravels.The lowland south of the wall,paved with fine sands,was also known as“Heavenly Field,”so designed for observing footprints.

山西大同明长城

The Ming Wall,Datong,Shanxi

明朝为巩固北方边防而不断修建长城，并根据当地的地理条件采用不同材料修筑，大致分为版筑夯土、土坯垒砌、砖、石、砖石混砌等。此段长城修建于明朝中后叶，夯土筑墙，关门与敌楼以夯土为芯，外以城砖包裹。

To reinforce its northern frontier defence,the Ming Dynasty constantly built the wall,and varying materials were applied according to local geographical conditions,such as earth,mud bricks,stones,rocks,and a mix of bricks and stones.This section was constructed in the mid and late Ming period,its wall built with earth and its gateways and watchtowers with earth wrapped with bricks.

金山岭长城敌楼

Watchtower at the Jinshanling Great Wall

戚继光于明代中期首创空心跨墙敌楼，上层垛口可瞭望射击，下层券洞可驻兵和储备武器粮草，极大地加强了长城的防御功能。

General Qi Jiguang,of the mid-Ming,created a hollow-in wall-bestriding watchtower,of which the battlement on the upper story functioned for observation and shooting while the arched cave below was used for stationing troops and reserving arm and provisions.Such a design greatly enhanced the defensive function of the Great Wall.

甘肃嘉峪关

Jiayu Pass,Gansu

始建于明洪武五年（1372），是明长城西端的终点，西连荒漠，南望祁连，地势险要，被称为“河西第一隘口”，为明长城中建造规模最为壮观、保存最为完好的一座古代军事城堡。

First built in 1372,the fifth year of the reign of Ming Emperor Hongwu,Jiayu Pass is the western end of the Ming Great Wall,bordering desert in the west and facing the Qilian Mountains in the south.Reputed to be the“Number One Pass of the Hexi Corridor”for its strategic geographical location,it is the most majestic,best-preserved military fortress of the Ming Great Wall.

明“箭扣”长城

Jiankou（Arrow Nock）Great Wall of the Ming

位于北京怀柔区，因其蜿蜒起伏于山间如满弓扣箭而得名，易守难攻，充分展示了长城雄奇险峻的风貌。

Located in Beijing’s Huairou District,this section is so named because of its shape like a spreading arrow,which is easy to defense but difficult to attack.

垛口墙与障墙

Battlement and Barrier Wall

在城墙外侧一面设垛口墙，垛口墙的上部设有瞭望口，下部有射洞和礌石孔，以观看敌情和射击、滚放礌石之用，其重要的城墙上还建有层层障墙，以抵抗万一登上城墙的敌人。

Outside the city wall is a battlement,which contains crenels on the upper part for observing enemy situation and shooting holes on the lower for battling.On strategic sections are also barrier walls for resisting the“in case”situation when enemies climbed the wall.

榆林镇北台

Zhenbei Tower,Yulin

明代长城中最大的烽火台，建于明万历三十五年（1607），依山据险，居高临下，控南北咽喉，锁长城要口，是极为重要的关隘和军事瞭望台。

The largest beacon tower of the Ming Wall,it was erected in 1607,the 35th year of the reign of Ming Emperor Wanli,at a strategic position on mountain,historically serving as an important pass and military watchtower.

敌楼券门

Arch Door of Watchtower

券门上的浮雕装饰，展现了长城在建筑上除讲求实用性外还不乏对美的追求。

The relief decorations on the arch door exhibit the Great Wall’s aesthetical value apart from its practical functions.

敌楼内景

Interior of a Watchtower

建筑为砖砌拱券结构，一般为两层，内部空间宽大，用以驻军及武器粮草的储备。

Watchtowers are mostly brick arch structured,in two stories,with an interior space large enough for stationing troops and reserving arm and provisions.

城砖

Wall Bricks

长城城砖上的铭文可分为模印、刻画、书写三种形式，多为制砖匠人所留，可作为记载日期及官方检验城砖质量的凭据。

Inscriptions on the Great Wall bricks,categorized in the forms of mould imprinting,engraving,and calligraphy,are mostly attributed to brick artisans,evidencing the date of production and official examination of the bricks.明清皇宫：北京故宫、沈阳故宫 Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang

文化遗产 世界文化遗产遴选标准：（i）（ii）（iii）（iv）

列入《世界遗产名录》时间：1987年北京故宫，2004年沈阳故宫。

世界遗产委员会评价：位于北京的紫禁城，作为中国五个世纪（1416-1911）的最高权力中心，以其颇具特色的园林景观和容纳了各种家具及工艺品的近万个房间所组成的庞大建筑群，成为明清时期中国文明无价的历史见证。

沈阳故宫兴建于公元1625－1783年间，由114座建筑组成，是中国最后一个王朝的权力中心扩大并迁都前的基础之所在以及其重要的历史资料馆。清迁都北京后，经过增修，又成为了皇帝巡幸东北时的行宫。这座杰出的建筑为清代历史以及满族和其他北方部落的文化传统的传承提供了重要的见证。

Criteria:（i）（ii）（iii）（iv） Date of Inscription:1987,2004

The World Heritage Commitee Description:Seat of supreme power for over five centuries（1416-1911）,the Forbidden City in Beijing,with its landscaped gardens and many buildings（whose nearly 10,000 rooms contain furniture and works of art）,constitutes a priceless testimony to Chinese civilization during the Ming and Qing dynasties.The Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang consists of 114 buildings constructed between 1625 and 1783.It contains an important library and testifies to the foundation of the last dynasty that ruled China,before it expanded its power to the centre of the country and moved the capital to Beijing.This palace then became auxiliary to the Imperial Palace in Beijing.This remarkable architectural edifice offers important historical testimony to the history of the Qing Dynasty and to the cultural traditions of the Manchu and other tribes in the north of China.

北京故宫位于北京市中心，旧称紫禁城，是明、清两朝的皇宫。为明代第三位皇帝朱棣于永乐四年（1406）兴建，至明永乐十八年（1420）基本完成。 故宫南北长961米，东西宽753米，四面环有高10米的城墙和宽52米的护城河，城墙四面各设城门一座。建筑面积16.7万平方米，占地面积78万平方米，是世界上现存规模最大、最完整的古代木结构建筑群。故宫城内殿宇楼台，画栋雕梁，红墙黄瓦，金碧辉煌，相传共有房9999间半，象征皇权至高无上。实际有大小院落90多座，房屋8728间。故宫建筑整体上划分为南部的“前朝”和北部的“后寝”。“前朝”由太和殿、中和殿、保和殿组成；“后寝”由乾清宫、坤宁宫、交泰殿组成。明清两朝共有24位皇帝先后在这里居住与执政，历时500余年。

北京故宫与法国凡尔赛宫、英国白金汉宫、美国白宫、俄罗斯克里姆林宫被誉为世界五大宫。1925年10月10日故宫博物院正式成立，对外开放。

沈阳故宫位于辽宁省沈阳市，史称盛京皇宫，始建于1625年，是后金至清迁都北京前的皇宫，占地约6万平方米。与北京故宫相比，沈阳故宫建筑风格具有独特的满、蒙、藏特色。东路大政殿、十王亭建筑群布局仿照八旗行军帐殿的布局；中路的特点则是“宫高殿低”，居住部分位于高台之上，俯瞰理政的正殿区域，这来源于满族人喜居于台岗之上的生活习惯；西路以及中路的东西二宫则是完全的汉式建筑。

The Imperial Palace in the heart of Beijing,also known as Forbidden City,was the power center of the Ming（1368-1644）and Qing（1644-1911）Dynasties.On order of Zhu Di,the third emperor of the Ming,the construction of the palace began in 1406 and was completed in 1420,the 18th year of his reign.

The Imperial Palace in Beijing measures 961 meters from south to north and 753 meters from east to west,and is surrounded by a 10-meter-high city wall and a 52-meter-wide moat.On each of the four sides of the city wall is a city gate.Covering a floor space of 167,000 square meters and a land area of 780,000 square meters,the palace is the world’s existing largest and best-preserved ancient wood architectural complex.Within the palace are orderly arrayed resplendent buildings featuring red walls,golden glazed roofs,and painted columns and beams.It is said that there are 9,999 and a half rooms,a figure symbolizing the supreme power of the royal sovereign.In fact,the palace encompasses 90-plus courtyards,totaling 8,728 rooms.The entire compound is divided into the Front Court in the south and the Back Palace in the north.The Front Court is mainly composed of Taihe Dian（Hall of Supreme Harmony）,Zhonghe Dian（Hall of Central Harmony）,and Baohe Dian（Hall of Preserving Harmony）; while the Back Palace primarily consists of Qianqing Gong（Hall of Heavenly Purity）,Jiaotai Dian（Hall of Union）,and Kunning Gong（Hall of Earthly Tranquility）.A total of 24 Ming and Qing emperors administered state affairs and resided here,spanning more than 500 years.

The Forbidden City has been recognized as one of the five greatest palaces in the world,the other four being the Palace of Versailles in France,the Buckingham Palace in the UK,the White thHouse in the US and the Kremlin in Russia.On October 10 ,1925,the Palace Museum was formally established and the Forbidden City has since been open to the public.

The Imperial Palace in Shenyang,capital of Liaoning Province,was constructed in 1625,originally known as the Shengjing Imperial Palace.Covering an area of more than 60,000 square meters,it served as the imperial palace before the Qing Dynasty relocated its capital to Beijing.Compared to the palace in Beijing,the architectures in the Shenyang Imperial Palace display an amalgamation of Han,Manchu and Mongolian styles.In the eastern section,the layout of the impressive Dazheng Dian（Hall of Great Affairs）and a group of pavilions known as Ten Kings Pavilion models after that of nomadic tents of the Eight-Banner Troops.The middle section features higher residences but lower buildings for handling court affairs,and such a design derives from the Manchu custom of living on higher terraces.The East and West Palaces,in the central and western sections,exhibit a typical Han style.

紫禁城

Forbidden City

严格按照《周礼·考工记》中帝都的营造原则规划建造，是现存中轴对称宫殿群中最完整的典型范例。中国古代星象学认为，紫微垣位于中天，是天帝所居之处，而皇帝号称“天子”，故皇宫又称紫禁城。

Built strictly in accordance with the imperial construction principles as prescribed in the historical classic Record of Rites of the Zhou Dynasty,the Forbidden City is the most integral model among palace complexes in axis symmetry.According to ancient Chinese astrologists,the Ziwei（Purple）Enclosure was located in the center of the sky as the residence of the God of Heaven,and since the emperor on Earth was supposedly the son of the God of Heaven,his central and dominant position was highlighted by the use of the word“Purple”in the name of his residence.Therefore,the imperial palace was also known as“Purple Forbidden City;”or“Forbidden City.”

午门

Meridian Gate（Wumen）

紫禁城的正门，为故宫最高的建筑。平面呈凹字形，红墙黄瓦，雄伟壮观，是皇帝颁发诏书及次年历书、下令出征和凯旋时接受战俘之处。殿试后，状元、榜眼和探花可从中门出宫。

The main entrance to the Forbidden City,it is the highest building in the palace complex.The red walls and yellow glaze-tiled roofs give the building a magnificent appearance.It was the venue for the emperor to promulgate rescripts,order a military expedition,and receive prisoners of wars.Winners of the first three places at the highest imperial examinations were honored to exit the palace from the central arch of the gate.

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