研究生综合英语教师用书(1)(修订版)(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)

作者：黄莺,夏威,雍毅

出版社：复旦大学出版社

格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT

研究生综合英语教师用书(1)(修订版)试读：

前言

我国高等院校的研究生教育在21世纪之初有了较大规模的发展，对研究生英语教学也提出了更高的要求。为了使研究生英语能够更好地适应新世纪高素质人才培养的需要，我们在总结多年教材编写和教学经验的基础上，根据教育部颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》，编写了这一套研究生综合英语教材。本套教材包括《研究生综合英语》四册及配套的教学参考书四册。

本书为《研究生综合英语1》的教学参考书。本系列参考书为教师及学生提供与《研究生综合英语》相关的知识点，包括：预备活动（Warm-up Activities）、背景材料（Additional Information for the Teacher’s Reference）、课文内容概要（Main Idea of the Text）、课文注释（Notes to the Text）、难句释义（Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences）、语言点应用分析（Language Points）、练习答案（Key to Exercises）以及参考译文（Translation of the Text）。本书提供的背景文化介绍包括作者介绍、与文章话题相关的文化知识注释，在阐述背景的同时兼顾了趣味性和知识性的结合；本书的练习答案附上了所有相关英文习语及谚语的参考译文，能使学生加深了解，从而更生动地掌握相关用法。

本系列教材由复旦大学大学英语教学部研究生教研室编写。在编写过程中，得到了复旦大学研究生院领导及培养处负责同志的大力支持，并获得研究生项目经费的资助，在此表示衷心的感谢。

由于编写人员教学任务重，时间紧，同时限于水平，教材中的错误及不妥之处在所难免，敬请读者提出宝贵意见。编者2008年12月

使用说明

本书为《研究生综合英语》第一册修订版的教师用书，供非英语专业硕士研究生教学的英语教师参考使用，内容包括《研究生综合英语》第一册修订版课文的教案、练习答案以及参考译文等。各单元的教案分成课文（Text）和补充阅读（Further Reading）两部分编写。

课文的教案由以下八部分组成：

1.预备活动（Warm-up Activities），主要是小组讨论，旨在引导学生熟悉课文内容并为他们提供用英语进行口头交流的机会。

2.背景材料（Additional Information for the Teacher’s Reference），包括作者介绍、与课文内容相关的英语国家文化、社会生活和风土人情等背景知识。

3.课文大意（Main Idea of the Text），用大约200个左右的单词，概括课文的主题思想。

4.课文注释（Notes to the Text），主要针对课文中所出现的、一般词典无法查到的、难以理解的单词或短语以及外来语进行注解。

5.难句释义（Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences），用简单的英语解释课文中出现的长句、难句。

6.语言点（Language Points），对课文中所出现的、要求学生掌握的生词和习语的用法进行举例说明。

7.练习答案（Key to Exercises），提供教材中部分练习题的参考答案。

8.课文译文（Translation of the Text），为了帮助学生理解课文，主要采取直译的办法，对个别无法直译的句子则采取意译。

补充阅读的教案由六部分组成：

1.补充阅读大意（Main Idea of Further Reading），用100个左右的单词，概括补充阅读材料的主题思想。

2.补充阅读注释（Notes to Further Reading），主要针对补充阅读材料中所出现的、一般词典无法查阅的、难以理解的单词或短语以及外来语进行解释说明，其中包括对作者和背景知识的简单介绍。

3.难句释义（Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences），用简单的英语解释补充阅读材料中出现的长句、难句。

4.惯用语学习（Idiom Studies），提供补充练习中有关惯用语的英汉释义，为补充练习做一些准备。

5.补充练习答案（Key to Additional Work），提供补充练习的全部答案。

6.补充阅读译文（Translation of Further Reading），为了帮助学生理解补充阅读材料，主要采取直译的办法，对个别无法直译的句子则采取意译。

此外，对于教材中每个单元后面的谚语，本书也提供了参考译文，旨在帮助学生理解谚语的意义。

在具体安排教学活动时，教师可根据实际教学情况有选择地使用上述内容。

本书的练习答案由《研究生综合英语》第一册的编写人员提供，课文及补充阅读的翻译者则在译文后注明。

在本书编写过程中，我们得到了复旦大学出版社施胜今同志的热情关怀和大力支持。复旦大学外文学院曾道明、陆效用两位教授及研究生教研室的其他教师对部分译文提出了修改意见，我们在此表示衷心的感谢。

由于编写人员时间紧、任务重，仓促成书，水平有限，错误和不妥之处在所难免，敬请使用本书的教师提出宝贵的意见。编者2008年12月

Unit One

Text　An Image or a Mirage？

Warm-up Activities

The teacher may ask the students the following questions before presenting the text：1. What do you think is the distinction between an image and a mirage？

2.Have you ever heard about the expression“eye contact”？

3.Can you think of some words or expressions which can be used to describe the

virtue of honesty？

Reference：

1.An image is a general impression that a person, firm, product, etc.gives to

the public. A mirage is an optical illusion caused by hot air conditions, especially that of a sheet of water seeming to appear in the desert or on a hot road.It also means figuratively an illusion or hope that cannot be fulfilled.In the text the author defines“mirage”as an illusion, which means“false impression”.So we can roughly say that an image is a true impression whereas a mirage is a false one.

2.Eye contact is a nonverbal communication strategy.In some cultures, when

two people are in conversation, they usually look each other straight in the eye to show their sincerity and honesty. For instance, Southern Europeans look at each other more than Northern Europeans and Americans.An Italian might think that an Englishman is cold and an Englishman might think that an Italian is very friendly.

3.For example：unassuming, diligent, look somebody straight in the eye, shake

hands with somebody forcefully, tell the truth, have a clean-cut image, be willing to help other people, keep one’s promise, never talk with a glib tongue, have a magnetic speaking voice, etc.

Additional Information for the Teacher's Reference

1.Robert L.Shook

Robert L. Shook（1938）is chairman of the Board of American Executive Corporation, American Executive Life Insurance Company, and Shook Associates Corporation.After graduating from Ohio State University, he embarked on a business career and became a successful salesman.Later he began to write.His works are all about how to create and project an image which inspires trust and faith, and how to acquire the traits of charisma, charm, grace and style which are necessary to be a winner.His best books include：How to Be the Complete Professional Salesman（with Herbert M.Shook），Total Commitment（with Ron Bingaman），and Winning Images.

Winning images was first published by Macmillan Publishing Co.，Inc. in 1977.Based on the theory that nothing succeeds like the appearance of success, Robert L.Shook presents in this 21-chapter book the components of the winning image, and in clear, step-by-step instructions shows the reader how to select, and then systematically create, the“right”image for him or her as well as for his or her business.This book offers helpful tips to everyone aiming for the winner’s circle.Whether you are just starting out in a new career, struggling alone, or already established, you’ll learn how to play from a position of strength, with the psychological advantage of knowing that your image is helping you to the fullest.

2.Hollywood

Hollywood is a district within the city of Los Angeles, California, U. S.，whose name is synonymous with the American motion-picture industry.Lying northwest of downtown Los Angeles, it is bounded by Hyperion Avenue and Riverside Drive（east），Beverly Boulevard（south），the foothills of Santa Monica Mountains（north），and Beverly Hills（west）.Since the early 1900s, when movie-making pioneers found in Southern California an ideal blend of mild climate, much sunshine, varied terrain, and a large labour market, the image of Hollywood as the fabricator of tinseled cinematic dreams has become worldwide.An adobe was the first house built（1853）on the site near Los Angeles, which was then a small city in the new state of California.Hollywood was laid out as a real-estate subdivision in 1887 by Horace Wilcox, a prohibitionist from Kansas who envisioned a community based on his sober religious principle.His wife, Daeida, named the area after the home of a friend in Chicago.In 1910，because of an inadequate water supply, Hollywood residents voted to consolidate with Los Angeles.

In 1908 one of the first storytelling movies, The Count of Monte Cristo, was completed in Hollywood after its filming had begun in Chicago. In 1911 a site on Sunset Boulevard was turned into Hollywood's first studio, and soon about 20 companies were producing films in the area.In 1913 Cecil B, de Mille, Jesse Lasky, and Samuel Goldwyn produced the Squaw Man in a barn one block from present-day Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street, and more box-office successes soon followed.Hollywood had become the centre of the United States’motion-picture industry by 1915，as more independent filmmakers relocated there from the East Coast.For more than three decades, from the silent screen through the advent of the talking picture, such men as D.W.Griffith, Goldwyn, Adolph Zukor, William Fox, Louis B.Mayer, Darryl F.Zanuck, and Harry Cohn served as overlords of the great film studies 20th Century-Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount, Pictures, Columbia, Warner Brothers, and others.Among the writers who were fascinated with Hollywood in its“golden age”were the novelists F.Scott Fitzgerald, Aldous Huxley, Evelyn Waugh, and Nathanael West.

After World War II, film studios began to move outside Hollywood；and location filming around the world emptied many of the famous lots and sound stages or turned them over to television show producers. With the advent of television, Hollywood began to alter its functions.By the early 1960s it had become the source of much of American network television entertainment.

Among the features of Hollywood, aside from its working studios, are the Hollywood Bowl（1919；a natural amphitheatre where the summertime“Symphonies Under the Stars”has taken place since 1922），the Pilgrimage Play Amphitheater and Greek Theatre in Griffith Park, Mann's（formerly Grauman's）Chinese Theater（with footprints and handprints of many stars in its concrete forecourt），and the California Art Club. Many stars, past and present, live in neighbouring communities such as Beverly Hills and Bel Air, and the Hollywood Cemetery contains the crypts of such performers of the gilded past as Rudolph Valentino, Douglas Fairbanks, and John Gilbert.Hollywood Boulevard, however, once a chic thoroughfare, became rather tawdry in the late 20th century, with the demise of old studio Hollywood.

3.James Bond

James Bond is a fictional British secret agent with the code name 007（pronounced double O seven）. He is the central character in numerous movies by Charles Broccoli.These include Goldfinger and Tomorrow Never Comes.In the last 30 years these have all been made into movies.There have been 5 actors who have brought the legend to the screen including Sean Connery and most recently Pierce Brosnan.

4.Goldfinger

Goldfinger is one of the 21 James Bond films, named after the villain. Goldfinger is a gold-obsessed master criminal attempting to rob the famous American gold bank Fort Knox.

Main Idea of the Text

This selection is chosen from Chapter 17 of Winning Images by Robert L. Shook, an American writer and businessman.It depicts, as the title suggests, the identification of varied mirages as opposed to a winning image.The author mentions four factors which influence people's judgment of human honesty.Namely, eye contact, a firm handshake, a clean-cut appearance, the ability to speak well in public, and the effect produced on the listener by the sound of a name.These elements are thought to be the constituents of a winning image, and are commonly used by most people as criteria of judging integrity and personality.By citing examples respecting each of these elements, the author argues that all these factors are merely“window dressing”and that the criteria involved are sometimes invalid and misleading.In doing so, he encourages the reader to look further into a person than what he or she sees at face-value.Fundamentally he wants the reader to look deeper as the qualities a person shows may not truly represent his or her actual personality.

Notes to the Text

1.eye contact：In English-speaking countries, it is generally considered to be a

polite behavior to look at each other straight in the eye when two people are in conversation. Eye contact has thus become a nonverbal communication strategy in social interactions.Those who fail to employ this technique are usually regarded as impolite or lack of honesty.

2.immediate family：family members that are most closely related to one another，

i. e.parents, children, brothers and sisters

3.a“dead-fish”handshake：a cold, limp handshake

4.the boy-next-door, All-American type：an idealistic figure who represents

traditional values, such as dependability, honesty and moral virtue

5.street-walker v.s.call girl：A street-walker（also known as street-girl）is a prostitute who looks for customers on the streets while a call girl is one who makes appointments by telephone.Other terms for prostitutes include hooker, whore, harlot, etc.

6.on a one-to-one basis：in a person-to-person conversation

7.a natural selling personality：an innate ability to sell goods

8.a high turnover：a high rate at which workers are hired by a firm to fill the places of those who have left in a particular period of time

9.Pussy Galore：This name is a paronomasia.“Pussy”is a euphemism for the female sexual organ, and“Galore”means“abundant”.

10.Harriett Finkelstein：a fictional name of a woman who is bland and sexless

11.all-time great names：the greatest names ever known

12.a Mercedes：an expensive German car

13.a Ford sedan：an American car

14.Fourth Bank：a bank the author has invented to emphasize his points（same with Third Bank）

15.a hospital-clean restaurant：a restaurant which is as clean as a hospital；a clean and hygienic restaurant

16.Truman Blue：a fictional American name which is used to indicate a person who

is very patriotic

Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences

1……in your quest for a winning image, you must be capable of identifying such mirages.

in search of a winning image, you must be able to recognize such false impressions

2.One of the common misread images stems from what people think about eye contact.

One of the common misunderstood images is due to people's opinion of eye contact；People who use eye contact as a criterion often interpret a person's image wrongly.

3……a dishonest man feels so ashamed that he's not telling the truth that he can't face them directly.

……if a dishonest man does not tell the truth, he will feel ashamed and therefore does not have the courage to face other people directly.

4……so he deliberately includes eye contact in his act.

……so he intentionally looks other people straight in the eye.

5.Evaluating a man's honesty by the way he looks at you makes no more sense than judging his integrity by the way your dog or cat reacts to him.

Judging a man's honesty by the way he looks at you is as illogical as judging his integrity by the way your dog or cat responds to him；It is unreasonable to judge a person's integrity on the basis of your pet's response to him, and it is equally unreasonable to judge his honesty by eye contact.

6.Even though Tiger happened to be right in my case, I personally put very little faith in an animal's instinctual ability to judge people.Although the cat's judgment of my integrity was coincidentally correct, I myself hardly believe that an animal has a natural ability to judge human integrity.

7……don't place too much weight on the next fellow's grip……

……don't attach great importance to a person's handshake next time……

8……he has not been blessed with natural looks that generate trust.

……he is not fortunate enough to be born with the kind of appearance that makes people trust him.

9……the clean-cut image can tip the scales in favor of the wrong man in a close election.

……in an election in which two candidates have almost an equal opportunity to win, the one with a clean-cut appearance may have more voters than the other who might be more competent.

10.To revert to politics.

Let's come back to the topic of political election.

11……this virtue is only“skin-deep”.

……this merit or advantage does not have a long-lasting effect

12.Just because your dentist has to book you six months in advance doesn't automatically mean that he does the best root-canal work.

The fact that your dentist has to make an appointment with you six months ahead of the actual checkup does not necessarily mean that he is most skilled at dealing with dental diseases.

Language Points

1.in quest for—trying to find；seeking

Examples：

Every weekend he would go to the city library in quest for books and periodicals on cultural heritage for his research project.

The president went on to say that he was going to Europe in quest for a potential investor so as to establish a joint venture.

2.stem from—arise from；have as its origin or cause

Examples：

They all think that the present wave of strikes stems from discontent among the lower-paid workers rather than the poor working conditions.

People living in that area still observe the customs which stemmed from circumstances that have long since changed.

3.integrity n.—quality of being honest and morally upright

Examples：

He's a man of integrity；he won't break his promise.

He was praised by all his colleagues for his fairness and high integrity.

4.count on—rely on with confidence

Examples：

The old couple liked their daughter-in-law very much, for she seemed a strong woman who could be counted on to produce an heir.

Susan's father told her that Sam was an honest man and could be counted on for everything in the future if she married him.

5.infallible adj.—never failing；always effective；incapable of making mistakes or doing wrong

Examples：

As a journalist, Jack Smith has an infallible nose for a story.

Although he was experienced, he was not always infallible in everything he did.

6.squarely adv.—so as to form a right angle；directly centered

Example：

Her hat was set squarely on her head.

They faced each other squarely as if ready for a fist fight.

7.make sense—have an understandable meaning

Examples：

These words are jumbled up and don't make any sense at all.

The letter was so badly written that I couldn't make any sense of it.

8.take to—start to like

Examples：

Jean said that she had taken to the young professor since she attended his lecture the first day at college.

He didn't take to classical music very much until he went to the concert with some of his colleagues a year ago.

9.take a liking to—be fond of

Examples：

The old man has taken a strong liking to fishing even since his retirement from the company three years ago.

Jack said that he had taken a strange liking to the middle-aged woman the moment he saw her on the deck.

10.refrain from—keep oneself from

Examples：

For better health I suggest you should refrain from drinking and eating too much.

Please refrain from smoking during the presentation.

11.rip vt.—divide or make a hole in（sth.）by pulling sharply

Examples：

I tried not to rip the paper as I unwrapped it.

He ripped the letter across and threw the halves into the basket.

12.have to do with—be connected with or related to somebody or something Examples：

This book has to do with English teaching methodology；you should read it over carefully before you write the lesson plan.

All the participants in the discussion knew that what he was talking about had nothing to do with the topic.

13.conversely adv.—if turned the other way around；oppositely

Examples：

You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.

Malaysia and Indonesia rely on open markets for forest and fishery industry. Conversely, some Asian countries are highly protectionist.

14.seedy adj.—shabby-looking；disreputable

Examples：

We were staying in a seedy hotel close to the red light district.

Mrs. Black, a mother of two kids, is a very seedy woman；she does not like everything neat and arranged in an orderly way.

15.aforementioned（also aforesaid）adj.—（esp.in legal documents）mentioned

or referred to earlier

Examples：

The aforementioned person was acting suspiciously.

The aforementioned Mr. Boylett had been based on a real-life member of the staff at Radley.

16.devious adj.—cunning；dishonest

Examples：

The government was very devious by incorporating the two acts together.

He was not a man of good character, and we found that he was as devious as his adversary was ruthless.

17.snap adj.—done suddenly without allowing time for careful consideration or

preparation

Examples：

Don't make any snap decision until you've calmed down.

The opposition is worried that a snap election will be held before they can get organized.

18.be blessed with—be fortunate in having somebody or something Examples：

China is blessed with abundant natural resources, which is one of the advantages to foreign investors.

According to the whether forecast, most parts of the coastal areas in the country would be blessed with timely rains in a couple of days.

19.erroneous adj.—（of a statement, a belief, etc.）incorrect

Examples：

We must learn to conquer erroneous ideas through debate and reasoning.

Some people have the erroneous notion that one can contract AIDS by giving blood.

20.devastating adj.—very destructive

Examples：

A smouldering cigarette can kindle a devastating bushfire.

It is sometimes believed that extramarital affairs do have a devastating effect on marriage.

21.granted adv.—（used to admit the truth of a statement before introducing a contrary argument）yes（but）

Examples：

Granted, it's a splendid car, but have you seen how much it costs！

“We've been very successful this year.”“Granted. But can we do it again next year？”

22.tip the scales—give a slight advantage to somebody or something

Examples：

The injury to their best player tipped the scales in the opposing team's favor. And that could account for their loss of the game.

His work experience in a joint venture tipped the scales in his favor in the job interview and he was finally accepted by the foreign-funded company.

23.in favor of—in sympathy with；in support of

Examples：

Is the government in favor of the death penalty or against it？

He refused a job in government in favor of a university appointment. 24.revert to—go back to

Examples：

The conversation kept reverting to the subject of money.

He's stopped taking drugs now, but he may revert to taking them again. 25.come across—make an impression of the specified type

Examples：

He came across to the voters as being honest, sincere and hard-working.

When sober he can come across as an extremely pleasant and charming young man.

26.eloquent adj.—（of speech or writing）well expressed and effective in

persuading people

Examples：

I heard him make a very eloquent speech at that dinner party.

The defense lawyer made an eloquent plea for his client's acquittal.

27.skin-deep adj.—not deeply felt or lasting

Examples：

His political commitment is only skin-deep.

Ralph crammed for the test and got a good grade, but his knowledge of the lesson is only skin-deep.

28.romp vi.—play nosily and roughly with a lot of running and jumping；succeed

easily（in a test, etc.）

Examples：

They were watching dogs and little children romping happily in the garden.

Being a hard-working student, Jack romped through the examination without the least effort.

29.unassuming adj.—（of a person）quiet and showing no desire for attention or

admiration

Examples：

He is so unassuming that some people fail to realize how great a man he really was.

You would never guess that he holds an important position in his firm he is so unassuming.

30.more often than not—very often；frequently

Examples：

More often than not, he goes to see his divorced father who lives in an apartment in the neighboring town.

More often than not when she is troubled with personal affairs, she will turn to her supervisor for help.

31.flamboyant adj.—showy, very confident and extravagant

Examples：

He wears flamboyant clothes more suited to a rack star than a literary figure. The singer is very popular with the general public, but he is often regarded as

being too flamboyant on stage.

32.unwarranted adj.—lacking a good reason；unnecessary and unjustified

Examples：

Any attempt to discuss the issue of human rights was rejected as an unwarranted interference in the country's internal affairs.

He accused the police of using unwarranted brutality.

33.rapport n.—sympathetic and harmonious relationship

Examples：

The success depends on good rapport between the interviewer and the interviewee.

The two countries have established a good rapport after years of communication.

34.as opposed to—in contrast to

Examples：

The juvenile offender's misbehavior should be well treated, as opposed to being punished.

I am here on business as opposed to a holiday.

Key to Exercises

III. Vocabulary

A.

1.unassuming

2.stemmed from

3.infallible

4.had taken to

5.prospect

6.flabby

7.More often than not

8.devious

9.tipped the scales in her favor

10.rapport

B.

1.instinctual

2.immediate

3.deposit

4.frail

5.seedy

6.magnetic

7.extroverted

8.book

9.unwarranted

10.refined

C.

1.D

2.C

3.B

4.A

5.A

6.C

7.C

8.B

9.D

10.B

IV. Cloze

1.which

2.run

3.concerned

4.familiar

5.such

6.even

7.what

8.Consequently

9.knowing

10.By

11.one

12.how

13.Once

14.obtainable

15.yourself

16.mind

17.from

18.never

19.pays

20.considered

V. Translation

A.

从更大的范围上来说，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。他的竞争对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定。这种判断是错误的，可能会产生灾难性的后果。就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会增加他在势均力敌的选举中的优势。

我们常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人所做的公众演讲就对他的能力做出判断。然而一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。我认识许多才能杰出的人物，他们只是没有培养自己在公众场合下演讲的能力，但在一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。能充分地表达自己的见解，这种能力固然十分重要，但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人，往往会产生错误的印象，因为很多情况下这种优点仅仅是“表面现象”。不难想象，一位外表整洁清秀、讲话娓娓动听的政治家会轻而易举地战胜一位谦逊但更为合格的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅是因为他的形象令人可信。

B.

If you want a winning image with others, your first concern must be a winning self-image.The individual who has a losing self-image will never be able to project a winning image to others.He may be able to fool some people for a while, but his poor self-image will eventually make it impossible for him to relate favorably to others.Throughout the ages, great philosophers have stated，“You are what you think you are.”It is imperative for you to have good image of yourself if you want to create the same impression on others.

No matter who you are, everything worthwhile will depend on your own self-image.Your happiness will be based on it.You will live only one life, and in order to enjoy it, you must have a winning self-image.Since we can all choose how we want to think ourselves, we should try to have positive, winning thoughts.In your own attempt to build a winning image you must begin with the self—otherwise, the image you strive for will be supported by nothing but a sand foundation.

Any athlete will tell you that you must know you're a winner in order to be one. To many, this kind of message will sound like double-talk, but it contains an essential truth.Although you can apply this same message to anything in life, I will use athletics as the basis for illustrating my thoughts about self-images because sports involve physical exertion by which desired results can be achieved.

Translation of the Text形象还是表象？罗伯特·L·舒克

成功的形象和表象之间有明显的区别。表象是一种虚假的现象，要想寻求成功的形象，你必须能够识别这类表象。

有一种形象常被误识，其根源在于人们对目光接触的看法。“他直视你的眼睛，一定是个老实人。”这类话你不知听过多少遍了。显然，许多人一定认为，不老实的人说假话会感到惭愧，甚至不敢面对别人。可是，假如一个老实人因为怕羞而不敢直视你呢？再说，骗人的老手知道，人们通常判断一个人是否诚实，主要看这个人如何打量他们，所以他会故意把目光接触纳入其行为。既然你不能指望靠目光接触来做出绝对可靠的判断，那么你最好别用这个办法评价别人是否诚实。不过，既然大多数人的确都用这个标准判断他人，你一定要经常直视他们的眼睛。

根据对方是否注视你的眼睛来评判他是否诚实，与根据你的狗或猫对来客的反映来判断这位客人的人品一样，是毫无道理的。可是，你不止一次听到狗的主人说：“真有意思！——索尔是不大喜欢陌生人的。他判断人品很在行。他对你友好，这让我知道你身上有优点。”有一次，我来到一个可能成为我客户的人的家中，他的猫“虎仔”对我如此欢喜，在我对产品进行推销的整个过程中，它竟然一直趴在我肩上。我讲完之后，女主人说道：“舒克先生，虎仔对我们自家人才会这样。一定是因为你为人忠厚，它才对你那么友好。”

其实，当时我没把那只猫推开，是因为担心它会撕破我的衣服或抓出我的眼珠。但我却回答说：“是呀，夫人，虎仔显然具有某种本能能对人进行准确的判断。它的确善于判断人品。”虽然，对于我的情况来说，虎仔碰巧判断正确，但我个人并不相信动物具有判断人类的本能。依我看，动物对人所做出的反映更多是与人的体味和身体动作有关。

有些人根据他人的握手方式来判断对方。得体而有力度的握手表现一个人的个性，而“死鱼”般软绵绵的握手方式则不是好迹象。我也不喜欢握手时那种软弱无力毫无生气的样子，但却谨慎小心，不把它作为判断人的标准。再说，骗人的老手在与人握手时很容易装出热情有力的样子。虽说握手时你应该用力，这样就立刻留给对方一个良好的印象，但下次有人紧握你的手时，你别太当真，因为这并不能告诉你关于他的具体情况。

某些整洁清秀的外表会塑造诚实的形象。譬如，金发碧眼的年轻人，面带稚笑、一脸典型的邻家男孩的表情，这种地道的美国人的特征几乎总能激起别人的信赖。单凭外表盲目相信别人，从逻辑上讲毫无道理。然而，大多数人的确就这样草率判断别人。相反，皮肤油黑、毛发油腻、留着小胡须、脏兮兮的男人，不会被认为看上去老实。同样，某个女人的长相可能让人联想到街头妓女，而开价很高的应召女郎看上去可能会显得娴静清新。以上所谈的外表问题自然与着装——如果是女性的话——与化妆品有很大的关系。但不幸的是，不为人所控制的、与生俱来的外貌在大多数人的判断中起着重要的作用。我很同情那些勤奋而又老实的推销员，他们天生的那幅相貌让人不由自主地这样想：“这种人的二手车我可不想买！”另一方面，一个阴险的人也许看上去像那种可信之人。仅仅因为外表，你怎能断定一个看上去像个危险分子的搭车人，比一个整洁清秀的搭车人更危险吗？你怎能肯定这个人就一定是个危险人物呢？问题在于，我们往往毫无道理地草率做出这样的决定。

从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。其竞争对手经常被否决，则是因为上苍没有赐给他取信于人的外表。这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。诚然，许多选民投票选某位候选人完全是出于政治原因，但在势均力敌的选举中，整洁清秀的形象可能会有利于不该当选之人，从而使他占据上风。

我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，他却未必胜任其所竞选的职位。我认识许多才能杰出的人物，他们只是尚未培养出在公开场合演讲的才能，但在与别人一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。充分表达己见的能力固然重要，但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人，往往产生错误的印象，因为很多情况下这种优点仅仅只是“表面现象”而已。不难想象，一位外表整洁清秀、讲话娓娓动听的政客会轻而易举战胜一位不张扬却更为合格的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅是因为其形象令人信服。

经过多年面试和聘用销售人员之后，我得出这样的结论：油嘴滑舌的人未必是顶级的生财人。“天生”就会做生意的人固然有一定的优势，但很多时候，具有良好的工作习惯、正当动机和奉献精神的那种推销员却成了公司里最出色的人。通常，如果销售经理聘用一些性格外向而又善于炫耀自己的销售人员，就会造成人员变动率的上升。

姓名的听觉效果对听者产生的效应也是一个重要的因素。有时，我们听到一个相对于“难听”而言的“动听”名字，就匆忙形成毫无根据的看法，这实在是惭愧。好莱坞制片厂很久以前就意识到这一点，于是便更改影星的真实姓名时。我最喜欢的一句台词，就是电影《金手指》中詹姆斯·邦德对女主角Pussy Galore说的话。初次遇见她时，他不禁惊叹道：“我一定是在做梦吧！”假如女主角的名字叫做Harriet Finkelstein，观众恐怕将永远欣赏不到银幕上最叫座的那样一个盛名。然而，不管一个人的名字多么了不起，以此为标准去评价一个人的个性，和以握手方式评定一个人的价值一样，同样不合逻辑。

漂亮性感的红发女郎未必就是床笫之欢的最佳搭档，高大健壮的男人也未必如此。然而，我们往往认为这种男人个个都是战场上的英雄，总比那些瘦小的男人更加勇猛。同样，认为外地律师或顾问比本地的更专业，理由也欠妥。仅仅因为你看牙医得提前半年预约，未必表明他最擅长口腔业务。开梅赛德斯车的保险代理人提供给你的服务未必比开福特车的更为周到。在与你的律师通话前，先打总机，再找接待员，然后找私人秘书，并不能说明这个律师打官司的能力。我还希望你们不要因为第三银行新建的总部办公大楼比第四银行的高出几层，就把全部存款从第四银行转入第三银行。认为清洁卫生的餐馆提供美味佳肴也同样没有道理。确实，所有这些因素都是漂亮的门面装饰，不能完全忽视。不过，在你最终抉择生意伙伴之前，必须要考虑到比之更为重要的其他因素。

许多形象只不过是表面现象，我们却习惯上把它们当作真实情况去接受。下次，有人对你说：杜鲁门·布鲁是个了不起的家伙，因为他笑容可掬，与人交谈直视对方眼睛，和人握手很有力度，而且对宠物极有感情。这时你可别上当受骗噢！（雍毅译）

Further Reading　Success Breeds Success

Main idea of Further Reading

This selection, chosen from Chapter 8 of Winning Images, demonstrates techniques of creating a success image. The author believes that success is the prerequisite for more successes.That is, the more successful one is, the more successes he will achieve.Based on this principle and his personal experiences, the author presents a number of techniques which are applicable to the building of a success image.He suggests that the reader should：1）do outstanding work；2）always appear busy；3）have a successful-looking appearance；4）demand a high price for his service, and 5）advertise his business in a national magazine.

Notes to Further Reading

1.your previous track record：your past performance, achievements, or failure 2.in this chapter：It refers to chapter 8 of the book Winning Images by Robert L.Shook.

3.closed practice：medical practice limited to certain patients

4.the“top-dog”：the most important person in a company

5.eight-by-ten photographs：photographs which are eight inches high and ten inches wide

6.“gun-shy”：reluctant to take advantage of the apparently beneficial situation

7.Wow：（interjection）used as a sudden remark expressing surprise or admiration

8.far-out ideas：uncommon or abstruse ideas

Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences

1……nothing succeeds like success.（saying）success often leads to further successes

2……that are beyond your budget.

that are beyond your financial capacity；that you cannot afford

3……I just received a clean bill of health……

I just received the dentist's report which said my teeth were in good condition

4……did not give me this same assurance……

did not assure me in the same way as my recent experience did

5……he has two strikes against him……

he is in an very unfavorable condition

6.I can do some schedule-juggling……

I can manage to rearrange my schedule

7……because mine is very tight……

because my calendar is marked tightly；because I have too many appointments

8……who practically run a financial report on you……

who actually asked you to report to them your financial status

9……symbols that enhance your image……

symbols that make you appear more impressive and successful

10……there is much to be said in favor of equating quality with the price tag of

merchandise……

there is much truth in the opinion that the quality of a product is equal to its price offered

11……to advertise in a national magazine, but on a regional basis……

to advertise in a national magazine which is regionally distributed

Idiom Studies

1.as free as a bird

very free　像鸟一样自由自在的

2.as brave as a lion

very brave　像狮子般勇敢的

3.as cunning as a fox

very cunning　像狐狸一样狡猾的

4.as brown as a berry

having skin tanned by the sun　棕色的

5.as blind as a bat

unable to see well　有眼无珠的

6.as good as gold

very good（小孩）很乖的

7.as strong as an ox

very strong　很强壮的

8.as fit/fine as a fiddle

very fit or in very good physical condition　身体极好的

9.as quick as a flash

very quick（ly）快如闪电般的

10.as sure as fate

very sure　千真万确的

11.as straight as an arrow

very straight　笔直的

12.as cold as ice

very cold　冰冷的

13.as pale as a ghost

very pale　面孔像死人一样苍白的

14.as sound/clear as a bell

in perfect condition/clearly and easily heard　十分健全的/极为清晰的

15.as fat as a pig

very fat　肥得像猪的

16.as sour as vinegar

very sour　很酸的

17.as smooth/soft as velvet

very smooth　如丝绸般光滑/柔软的

18.as clean as a whistle

very clean, without any dirt, marks etc　十分光滑的，十分洁净的

19.as obstinate/stubborn as a mule

very obstinate/stubborn　固执的

20.as sweet as honey

very sweet　很甜蜜的

Key to Additional Work

I. Idiom Studies

1.free

2.brave

3.cunning

4.brown

5.blind

6.good

7.strong

8.fit（fine）

9.quick

10.sure

11.straight

12.cold

13.pale

14.sound（clear）15.fat

16.sour

17.smooth（soft）18.clean

19.obstinate（stubborn）20.sweet

II. Vocabulary Expansion

1.C

2.B

3.D

4.A

5.C

6.B

7.A

8.A

9.B

10.C

Translation of Further Reading成功孕育成功罗伯特·L·舒克

常言道，一事成功事事顺。人们喜欢与成功人士打交道。原因何在？因为成功之人定有其成功的原因，其中最明显的原因是他擅长所做之事。如果可以选择的话，人们总想与佼佼者打交道。

自然，树立成功者形象的最佳途径是工作出色。你的表现以及由此给你带来的声誉，会令公众了解你何等优秀。人们根据你以往的业绩或者仅凭观察你的行动便会了解这一点。某人是否为职业网球选手，只要看他在球场上打球便很清楚。同样，你对本职工作是否在行，人们看你做事就会了解。要想树立成功者的形象，还有许多其他的形象树立技巧都可以供我们借鉴，这就是本章将要讨论的问题。

我们暂且不谈靠炫耀来树立形象的方法，诸如开豪华轿车、购买无力支付的房屋、超预算入乡村俱乐部等。下面要谈的一些成功形象树立技巧微妙而又低调。

人们喜欢与获胜的成功人士打交道，我想大家对此都会赞同。成功人士越成功，其事业就越发达，因为成功的确能孕育成功。最近我去看牙医的经历就是一个很好的例证。那天，我做完半年一次的口腔检查后，正准备离开诊所，接待员问我6月23日是否有空再来做一次全面检查。我很惊讶地答道：“为什么下个月还要来呢？我刚收到一份一切正常的检查报告，半年以后再来检查，我看也没有必要吧。”她却笑着说道：“舒克先生，我指的不是下个月。我们的预约已全部排满到明年的6月份。”我马上答道：“这样的话，最好把我登记上，如果不把日子确定下来，我可能等的时间会更长！”得知牙医的日程已提前13个月预先排满，我感触很深。他门诊兴隆使我深信自己遇到的一定是全市最棒的牙医。

几年以前另一次看牙医的经历，就没能让我同样深信不疑。我打电话预约时，他告诉我说次日上午9点可以见我。由于我没法安排那个时间，他同意约在11点和我见面。我翻看了日程安排表后，发现那个时间也没法安排。最后，他同意在10点见我。通电话时，我的即刻反映是那可怜的家伙当天9点到11点之间根本就没有病号。当时我想，如果一个牙医第二天没有预约满病人，他的生意一定不怎么兴隆。虽然我确实如约而去，但却担心他究竟能做什么事情，因为他似乎不是患者所需要的医生。你瞧，他留下了很差的形象。这样糟糕的形象一旦形成，他在建立病人对他应有的信心方面，就处于不利的地位。

假如你的业务新开张，或者经营多年仍未达到满意的程度，我极力推荐你严格遵守“成功孕育成功”这个原则。你首先要学会的是“看上去似乎很忙”。千万别让客户知道你的预约寥寥无几；相反，要留给他们一个“预约得水泄不通”的印象。

每当某个客户无法在某个时间与我会面时，我总会说些诸如此类的话：“很抱歉！弗莱德，我们不能在星期二上午8点见面，不过我可以在星期五下午两点一刻或下周二上午9点半与你见面。”接下来的两个月中，我可能连一次预约都没有。然而，当我拿出备忘录翻来翻去时，客户就会觉得我日程繁忙。能在我提议的那些日子里与我见面，他一定觉得很幸运。

然而，有时客户也会说：“很抱歉，鲍勃，我的日程已在那几天排满了。不过，星期四两点我们可以见面。”假如我不想告诉他说我不能赴约，但又没法和他另约时间，我会这样说，“好吧，为了和你见面，我肯定会把日程安排作些调整。请你务必在日历上做个记号，因为我的日历已记得密密麻麻！”虽然话不见得要这样说，但我的意思很清楚：我很成功，所以我特别忙。

成功孕育成功这一技巧有许多典范。拿职业人士来说，他允许你做他的客户或病号算是对你的恩典。拥有所谓“限额患者”的那些医生总是告诉公众说，他们能处理的病号名额已满。因此，其他所有病号都必须等候。然而，并不是只有他们才限制服务对象的名额。我听说过许多搞室内装潢的人，如果你不是他们的老客户，他们只是偶尔看你的面子，才让你得到他们的服务并付给他们费用。我还认识几个华尔街股票经纪人，他们实际上先要了解你的财政情况，才同意你入股投资。这些人很善于发挥成功孕育成功的形象作用。

让人觉得你很忙，这对于较小的企业来说，尤其重要。这类企业总是先把客户仔细盘问一番，才允许客户与他们的“顶头上司”交谈，这种做法让我觉得可笑。你得先向接电话的小姐再三说明自己的身份和来历之后，她才会把你的电话转给老板的私人秘书。然后，秘书又是同样一番盘问。等你最终与有关人士通话时，你几乎和公司所有的人都通了一次话。不过，这种策略的确营造了一种重要的气氛。许多人认为，欲达终极受话人，则必须先过接线员和秘书的关，关口越多，终极受话人的地位一定越重要。虽说真正的大行政官亲自接电话是合情合理的，但小商人如果亲自接电话就会让人觉得是小本经营。事实上，真正的小商人很少有接待员或秘书为他们遮拦。“成功孕育成功原则”还包括另一个成功形象树立的技巧，那就是要有一幅看上去很成功的外表。假如你的衬衣领口已磨损、你的鞋子没有擦亮、你的衣服翻领已过时、或是领带不干净，一看便知，要么你一事无成才穿不起体面衣裳，要么你就是个邋遢鬼。具有任何一种形象，你肯定都是个败家。

依据“成功孕育成功原则”，我建议你用一些能增强形象的标志，来装饰办公室的墙壁。毕业文凭、学历证书之类的东西，可以有效地向客户说明你的真才实学。你获得的各类奖章和奖状可以起到同样的作用。我有一位朋友是个著名的律师，他把自己和不同的董事会成员围坐桌旁开会所拍的照片，放大到长宽分别为8和10英寸，经过一番精美装裱后，用来装饰自己的事务所。因为他为许多主要委托方的董事会服务，人们早晚会从这些照片中的某一张中，认出某个商界名流；或者，人们早晚会问那些照片有何象征意义。这样一个具有引导性的问题，会使他“夸夸其谈”自己就职的那些公司的情况（谁说不许律师做广告！）。他的那些相片令人难忘。我不由得想到，能被别人认出来，他一定引以为豪。假如他是这些公司董事会的一名成员，一定也很出色。

在美术界，许多人的作品开价很高，其中最主要的原因无疑是成功孕育成功的形象在起作用。比如因“贵”而驰名的画家，其作品比旗鼓相当或技高一筹的许多无名之辈更叫卖，其秘诀同样在于他具有树立成功形象的能力，而并非泼墨作画的本领。某画家也许只需一小时便创作出一幅现代作品，虽然看似出自学童之笔，价格却是你年薪的三倍。这样的作品你见得多了吧？最令人叫绝的是，人们竟然把它买下来，然后再以高价卖掉，从中获取利润。

认为所付劳务费越高，质量就越好，此乃人之常情。大多数人以为：“我以那样的价格买下来非常合算。”记得有位粉刷匠，曾给我们开过粉刷墙壁的预算费，这个价格不及那位据说是全城最棒的粉刷承包商所收费用的一半。我妻子并没有跃然接受他的服务，而是不由自主地“提心吊胆”起来。她不想用这个人，于是问我：“收费这么低，他能干什么呀？”虽然我打算提供最好的涂料，可她还是坚持说：“他干的活可能只维持三分之一的时日，从长计议，我们还是出最高的价钱为好。”我承认，认为商品质量等于其明码标价有一定的道理。鉴于此，尽可能把你的劳务费定高，这一点很重要，这样才不会把人家吓跑。

医生、律师、企业顾问、会计、牙医或者任何必须收取应得劳务费的人员，应该仔细分析他们所决定采用的收费额度。如前所述，收费过低会造成负面形象。这种做法会影响业务，因为你的生意会越做越小。提高价格，让别人觉得你“贵重”，这将表明你“很了不起”！

既然“成功孕育成功原则”是一个宣传你如何优秀的手段，就可以用它来宣传你公司的有关业务。对于地方企业来说，树立形象有个代价虽然很大但却行之有效的办法，即面向地方，在国家级杂志上刊登广告。大多数人没有意识到，有些国家级出版物，如《华尔街金融报》、《商业周刊》、《财富》、《时代》、《新闻周刊》等，较之面向国家某一特定地区发行的杂志，对广告的收费更低。一般读者看到这类广告时就会下结论说：“哇，我没想到哥伦比亚·威吉特公司在做这么大的生意。既然他们能在《时代》杂志刊登整版的广告，想必生意很兴隆！”对于业务范围只限于地方的企业来说，这种广告非常值得去做。不过，做这种广告时，你千万不要付出代价去涉足一个大得让你难以服务的市场。

我的一位朋友在总结“成功孕育成功”原则时，向我吐露的一番话大概最精辟不过：“知道吗，鲍勃，我在成功之前，我经常讲现在所说的这些大道理，可就是没人愿意听。实际上，他们经常取笑我的想法太离奇。如今他们都听我的。以前常对我的话几乎置之不理的那些人，现在总是赞同我。”

你在工作中出类拔萃固然重要，然而，如果你运用“成功孕育成功”原则，定会获得预期的形象。人们之所以愿意与成功者打交道，那是因为他们相信，凡是取得成功的人一定能擅长其所做之事；否则他们不会取得目前的地位。要想成为佼佼者，你必须要向公众展示你的真才实学。（雍毅译）

Translation of Proverbs

1.A fair face may hide a foul heart.

俊面藏坏心。（人面兽心。）

2.Beauty and folly are often companions.

美蠢结伴行。

3.You may know the fox by its tail.

狐狸的尾巴藏不住。

4.No fine cloth can hide the clown.

漂亮衣服遮不住丑。

Unit Two

Text　Is Love an Art？

Warm-up Activities

1.Give your own definition of love.

Reference：

There once existed a man who truly demonstrated all the aspects of that indefinable feeling called“love”. With hopes that you will understand, here is his story……

A feud led to war in his land, where he had been raised. He knew every blade of grass, every person, tree and soul.Here he was happy.Here he could be himself and free.For this he loved the land.Thus, he went to war to fight for something he held so dear to him.

There at war he met a friend, another man of his age. He liked this man very much.He could talk to him, trust him, believe in him, share in his hopes and dreams, and he was happy for him.For this, he loved his friend.

After war the man returned home to his family. His mother hugged him and held him tight, so happy that he had returned safely.His mother, his father, brothers and sisters shared in his triumphs.These were the people who had taught him life lessons, who were there for him when he was in need.They had a relationship so tight and wonderful that it was bonded by more than blood alone.And for this, he loved them.

Then the man met a woman（or man depending on preference）and he felt important, accepted, wanted, cared about, understood, cherished and everything else that is wonderful and good in the world. And all those things he felt from the woman, he felt for the woman as well.She was every other love combined.And for this, he loved her.

And love can only be defined as all these things combined.

2.Can you suggest ways to win a young woman or a young man's love？

Reference：

At some point in our lives, we all play the dating game. The question is：how do we win it？Should we exaggerate our positive qualities or stick to the truth？Which pick-up lines are winners and which ones bomb？Will a blind date lead to long-lasting love？Here are some“rules”to live by in the dating world.Choose the ones you think will work for you：

●　Make them suspect you’re interested, but don’t let them know for sure.Men

like the chase, so give it to them！

●　You could be married tomorrow if you lowered your standards far enough.

●　Better to wait for the real thing than to waste your time on something that

won't last.

●　If you find a guy who claims he wants to take care of you, get away fast！

You'll just end up taking care of him.

●　You’ll find Mr.Right when you know you are Ms.Right when you feel

secure and okay with yourself.

●　Refuse to play games.I fell in love with my fiancé when he simply walked

up to me and presented himself—no dumb lines, no fake smile, just“Hi, how are you doing？”

●　Stay away from men who talk only about money.That’s usually a sign of

insecurity.

●　When you need to get away from a guy, start talking about something really

boring, like computers. That will usually scare him off.Don't put up with criticism, especially when it comes to food.Every woman should be free to eat what she wants when she wants.

●　Don’t be too picky.I know women who have shunned men because they didn’t look right（head is too big），smell right（too much cologne）or even breathe right（too loud）.Unfortunately, women who like this end up ignoring or dumping perfectly good men without even giving them a chance.

●　On a first date, keep it brief.You want to have something to talk about the next time.

●　Pay more attention to whether he’s a good person and will be good to you than to what he looks like.

●　Never date more than one guy at a time, even if they know about each other.It’s exhausting and confusing.You’ll end up wanting to be rid of all of them, even if under other circumstances one or more of them might have had potential.

Additional Information for the Teacher's Reference

1.Erich Fromm

Erich Fromm（1900 1980）was born in Frankfurt, Germany. He received his Ph.D from Heidelberg in 1922 and began a career as a psychotherapist.In 1934，he moved to the U.S.and settled in New York City, and eventually became a naturalized U.S.citizen.In the 1940s he began to write.Some of his well-known books are Escape from Freedom（1941），The Sane Society（1955），The Art of Loving（1956），Life without Illusions（1962）and The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness（1973）.A psychiatrist primarily concerned with the condition of the human spirit, Fromm has had enormous influence on scholars and practitioners in psychology, sociology, history, economics, anthropology, and theology.

2.What is Love？

In English we say the one word“love”where in Greek there are four words.

Our word“love”actually covers four kinds of love, namely，1）agape, that is, spiritual love or the love of God；2）storge, that is, family love；3）philia, that is, the love between friends which we usually call brotherly；and 4）eros, that is, love experienced between a man and a woman when sexual feelings stir between them.

It is the fourth kind of love that someone is experiencing when they tell you they have fallen in love. It's a great experience.It comes in that wonderful rainbow like section of the spectrum of human emotion.

It's strange, in a sense, that eros is in many ways the most transient of the forms of love and yet it gets the most attention. Some people even seem to make it the one zone in life that you're always supposed to be attempting to land in or trying to stay in.

3.Valentine's Day（February 14）

There are varying opinions as to the origin of Valentine's Day. Some experts state that it originated from St.Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity.He died on February 14，269 A.D.，the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries.Legend also says that St.Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it“From Your Valentine”.Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at a temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius, but Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him.In 496 A.D.Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honor St.Valentine.

Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers.The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers.There was often a social gathering or a ball.

In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800's and now the date is very commercial.The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14.The spirit of goodwill continues to be important, whether between lovers or friends.Valentines are sent out with sentimental verses and children exchange valentine cards at school.

4.The Victorian Age（1837 1901）

The Victorian Age refers to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, which lasted from 1837 to 1901. Queen Victoria herself lived from 1819 to 1901.Only 18 when she came to the throne, Victoria oversaw England at the height of its overseas power.The British Empire was established and reached its greatest expanse under her reign.Perhaps most important during the Victorian Age was the shift away from a way of life based on ownership of land to a modern urban economy based on trade and manufacturing.

Although we have a lingering impression of the Victorian Age as a repressive and repressed society, it was one of the most vital periods of English history, lively and full of controversy. Belief in technology was at its height, and the superstitions of magic had been swept away, reserved for gothic horror novels.Medical science was improving by leaps and bounds.

This era continued the romantic ideals associated with love and nature. However, love was mostly not a spontaneous personal experience which then might lead to marriage.Marriage was contracted by convention instead of as a result of romantic love.Women usually married men chosen and approved of by their parents, and men chose women who were appropriate social matches.Love was supposed to develop between the two after marriage.

Main Idea of the Text

In the text, Fromm states that people have the wrong attitude towards love. Most people's first faulty assumption is that they see the problem of love primarily as that of being loved, rather than that of loving, of one's capacity to love.The second wrong assumption is that they see the problem of love as the problem of an object, not the problem of a faculty.The third error lies in the confusion between the initial experience of“falling”in love, and the permanent state of being in love.Based on this analysis, Fromm maintains that love is an art just as living is an art；and, if we want to learn how to love we must proceed in the same way we have to proceed if we want to learn any other art.He describes two crucial steps in the learning of an art：mastery of the theory and mastery of the practice.Essential to both of these steps, the mastery of the art must be a matter of the greatest concern—nothing may be more important than it.When that art is the art of loving, nothing may be valued more than love itself.

Notes to the Text

1.a nice package of qualities：Just as people look for an attractive combination of qualities when shopping for a particular product, they use the same strategy when“shopping”for a mate, i.e.they look for the right mixture of features which, all wrapped-up in one person, like a neat package, make that person desirable, a coveted commodity.

2.the initial experience of“falling”in love, and the permanent state of being in

love, or as we might better say, of“standing”in love：“falling”in love is an instantaneous experience when two persons are suddenly attracted to each other at first sight；“standing”in love, however, is the long-lasting love two people hold continuously for each other over a lifetime.

Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences

1.This peculiar attitude is based on several premises which either singly or combined tend to uphold it.

This peculiar attitude is based on several assumptions about love, which, whether

taken one or all, seem to back it up.

2.The problem of love is the problem of an object, not the problem of a faculty.

The problem of love is how to find the right person to love, not the ability to love a person.

3……love was supposed to develop once the marriage had been concluded.

it was assumed that once you got married, love would develop accordingly

4……today the fashion demands more domesticity and coyness.

today women who are shy and care more about the home than their profession are more attractive to men

5.At any rate, the sense of falling in love develops usually only with regard to such human commodities as are within reach of one's own possibilities for exchange.

In any case, a person usually falls in love only with those partners from whom one is likely to get what one wants based on what one is able to offer.

6.There is hardly any activity, any enterprise, which is started with such tremendous hopes and expectations, and yet, which fails so regularly, as love.

Few experiences or undertakings, other than love, begin with so many high hopes and plans for the future yet end so often in failure.

7……the mastery of art must be a matter of ultimate concern……

in order to truly love, people must make learning how to master the art of love one of the most important things in their life

8.Could it be that only those things are considered worthy of being learned with

which one can earn money or prestige, and that love, which“only”profits the soul, but is profitless in the modern sense, is a luxury we have no right to spend much energy on？

Does this mean that when something can bring us money or fame, we'll do our best to learn it, but since love can only comfort us spiritually, we don't feel we can afford to waste our energy learning how to do it？

Language Points

1.be starved for sth.—be hungry for sth.；suffer greatly because one is not

getting enough of sth.

Examples：

In Burma, political change is urgent as young people are not only starved for intellectual freedom, but starved for the belief in a meaningful future as well.

With the management team starved for information and business needs changing rapidly, it was clear that existing methods of providing resources to management were not meeting the need.

2.in pursuit of sb./sth.—pursuing sb.or sth.

Examples：

On Monday Spring Hill College announced that the men and women's head soccer coach, Wulf Koch, would be leaving in pursuit of other coaching opportunities.

People travelling about the country in pursuit of work end up so disappointed that they eventually think that life is hopeless.

3.spontaneous adj.—natural, not forced；resulting from natural feeling，

temperament or disposition

Examples：

He was drawn to her because she always responded so naturally to and with such spontaneous affection for children—it was as if she was a born mother.

The final of the opera was quite overwhelming and well-dressed patrons erupted into spontaneous applause, some throwing roses to the stage.

4.prevail v.—exist or happen generally；be widespread

Examples：

To our great surprise, the use of the horse for ploughing still prevails among the poorer farmers.

This case shows that justice has prevailed；the guilty man has been punished.

5.all the more—to a greater extent

Examples：

I am convinced that, in one sense, aging is simply becoming more of what we have chosen to be. Some become all the more bitter or cranky or cynical or fearful.

His achievement is all the more impressive given that the score was written over a period of only five weeks after the original music and lyrics were deemed unacceptable.

6.antagonism n.—hostility；opposition

Examples：

Antagonism is not in the nature of any religion, but under the pressure of ideological fanaticism it can indeed arise.

Our club strongly believes that football should not be misused to stir up ethnic antagonism but should instead help build our national unity.

7.infatuation n.—a state or period of being filled with a strong unreasonable

feeling of love for sb.

Examples：

People in love refuse to believe that infatuation is ruled by irrational feelings, and see all romantic love as ruled by principle.

His infatuation with TV news hasn't faded although most of his childhood pursuits have changed as he has grown up.

8.hold true—certainly apply to or have an effect on（sth.）

Examples：

As there are fewer teenagers, the petty theft rate may go down. The same holds true for traffic accidents.

The principle is most often used in optics but is also true for other forms of electromagnetic radiation and holds true for all waves.

Key to Exercises

III. Vocabulary

A.

1.sought after

2.domesticity

3.holds true for

4.premise

5.inoffensive

6.shut off

7.consists in

8.trashy

9.mutual

10.boredom

B.

1.modest

2.blend

3.overt

4.initiate

5.aggressive

6.aware

7.available

8.prevalent

9.tough

10.antagonism

C.

1.C

2.B

3.D

4.A

5.A

6.D

7.B

8.A

9.C

10.C

IV. Cloze

1.setters

2.part

3.lasting

4.but

5.socially

6.followed

7.broken

8.into

9.recover

10.when

11.on

12.what

13.where

14.consumable

15.back

16.if

17.use

18.for

19.as

20.pay

V. Translation

A.

学习一门技艺的过程可以很方便地分为两个部分：一是掌握理论；二是精于实践。如果我想学医，就必须首先了解有关人体和各种疾病的事实。但即使我掌握了所有这些理论知识，我在医术上仍然是无法胜任的。只有经过大量的实践，直到最后我的理论知识的成果和实践的成果融为一体，形成了直觉（这是掌握任何一门技艺的本质），我才能成为这门技艺的一位大师。但是除了学习理论和进行实践外，精通任何艺术还必须有第三种因素，即对这门技艺的掌握必须是头等大事；世上再没有比这门技艺更重要的事了。这一点适用于音乐、药学、木工，也同样适用于爱。在我们的文化中，人们尽管在爱的方面明显地屡遭失败，却仍很少去学习这门技艺，其原因也许就在这里：虽然内心深处都渴望爱，却认为其他任何事情都比爱更重要，如成功、声望、金钱、权力；我们几乎把所有的精力都用来学习怎样去实现这些目标，而几乎不花费任何精力来学习爱的艺术。

这会不会是因为人们认为只有那些能用来赢得金钱和声望的东西才值得学习，而爱“仅仅”有益于心灵，却不能带来现代意义上的收益，所以就成了我们没有权利为之耗费过多精力的一种奢侈品呢？

B.

Intimacy, passion, and commitment are the warm, hot, and cold vertices of Sternberg's love triangle. Alone and in combination they give rise to eight possible kinds of love relationships.The first is non-love—absence of all three components.This describes the large majority of our personal relationships, which are simply causal interactions.

The second kind of love is liking.“If you just have intimacy”，Sternberg explains，“that's liking. You can talk to the person, tell about your life.And if that's all there's to it, that's what we mean by liking.”This refers to the feelings experienced in true friendships.Liking includes such feelings as closeness and warmth but not the intense feelings of passion or commitment.

If you just have passion, it's called infatuated love—“love at first sight”，which can arise almost instantaneously and dissipate just as quickly. It involves a high degree of physiological arousal but not intimacy or commitment.It's the 10th—grader who falls madly in love with the beautiful girl in his biology class but never gets up the courage to talk to her or get to know her.

Empty love is commitment without intimacy or passion, the kind of love sometimes seen in a 30-year-old marriage that has become stagnant.The couple used to be intimate, but they don’t talk to each other any more.They used to be passionate, but that fire has died out.All that remains is the commitment to stay with the other person.In societies in which marriages are arranged, Sternberg points out, empty love may precede the other kinds of love.

Translation of the Text爱是一门艺术吗？埃里克·弗罗姆

爱一门艺术呢，还是一种快感呢？如果是一门艺术，它就需要知识和努力；而要体验快感则全凭造化，唯幸运儿才能“坠入爱河”。如今多数人无疑相信后一种观点，但这本小书却是基于前一种假定的。

这并不是说人们认为爱不重要。人们渴望着爱，他们看不计其数的描写幸福和不幸爱情故事的电影，他们听数以百计的毫无价值的爱情歌曲——然而几乎没有人认为关于爱还有什么需要学习的东西。

这种奇特的态度基于几个前提，这些前提往往单独地或相互结合地支持着这种态度。多数人认为所谓爱主要是“被爱”的问题，而不是“爱人”的问题，不是自己有没有爱的能力的问题。所以，他们认为问题在于如何被爱，如何变得可爱。他们通过几种途径来达到这一目的。其中尤为男士们所喜用的是取得成功，在自己的社会地位允许的范围内获得最大的权力和财富。而尤为女士们所喜用的是尽力塑造体形，注重衣着等，从而使自己更有吸引力。另外一些使自己更有吸引力的方式，则为男女所共同采用，如使自己举止得体，谈吐幽默，以及乐于助人、谦虚随和等。很多让自己变得可爱的方式和使自己事业有成的途径相同，如“赢得朋友，影响他人”等。其实，在我们的文化中，大多数所谓的可爱，实质上是既要讨人喜欢，又要具有性的魅力。

导致“爱不需要学习”这种看法的第二个前提是：人们想当然地认为，爱的问题在于“对象”，而不在于“能力”。他们认为“爱”是简单的，而找到爱或被爱的合适对象却很困难。造成这种态度有几个原因，它们的根源在于现代社会的发展。其中一个原因是：在20世纪，对“爱的对象”的选择发生了重大变化。在维多利亚时代，如同在很多传统文化中一样，一般说来，爱情并不是一种最终可能会导致婚姻的自然产生的个人体验。恰恰相反，婚姻是按传统习俗订好的，或通过双方家庭或通过一个媒人，也可能不需要这类中间人的帮助；婚姻是在考虑社会需要的基础上决定的，一旦结了婚，爱情就自然发展起来。在过去几代人中，浪漫爱情的观念已在西方世界变得极为普遍。在美国，虽然传统性质的考虑并未完全消除，但很大程度上人们却在寻求“浪漫爱情”，寻求导致婚姻的那种个人的爱情体验。这种自由恋爱的新概念一定大大增加了“对象”相对于“功能”的重要性。

同这一因素密切相关的是当代文化特有的另一个特点。我们的整个文化是以购买欲和互惠交换的理念为基础的。现代人的幸福在于看着商店橱窗时的兴奋，在于用现金或分期付款购的方式购买所有他们买得起的东西。于是，他（或她）也以同样的方式去看人。对男人来说，有魅力的女孩子是他要追求的对象，而有魅力的男人对于女人也同样如此。“有魅力”通常意味着在个性市场上那些人们喜欢并追求的一组优秀的品质。特别使人有魅力的东西，无论是精神上还是物质上，都是由时代的风尚所决定的。在20年代，一个抽烟、喝酒、泼辣、性感的女孩是有魅力的；今天的风尚更多地要求贤惠和娇羞。19世纪末和本世纪初，男人必须雄心勃勃、敢作敢为才能称得上有魅力，而如今男人则必须善于交际、宽容大度。无论如何，通常只有在这些人性化的商品在自身有可能进行交换的情况下，才会培养起爱上某人的感觉。我一心要做一笔交易；对象不但应有合意的社会价值，同时考虑到我本人公开和隐蔽的资产和潜在能力，对象也应该需要我。这样，当两个人考虑到自身交换价值的局限，认为自己已经在市场上找到了最好的对象时，他们就开始恋爱了。像购买不动产一样，能发展的潜力在这种交易中常常起着相当大的作用。在一个市场导向占主导地位，物质上的成功具有突出价值的文化中，人的爱情关系遵循商品和劳动力市场支配交换的同一模式，也就不足为奇了。

导致爱无需学习这一看法的第三个错误，在于将“爱上”一个人的初始体验和“爱”一个人（或不妨说是“处于”爱一个人）的永久性状态混为一谈。如果两个素昧平生的人（我们都是素昧平生的）突然让他们之间的那堵墙倒塌，感觉越来越亲密，最后感觉像一个人一样，这种像一个人一样的时刻是一生中最令人愉快、最令人激动的经历之一。对于那些与世隔绝、孤独而没有爱的人来说，它更是美妙和神奇的。这种突然亲近的奇迹，如果与性的吸引和性的完美结合起来，或者为性的吸引和性的完美所引发，常常会变得很容易。但这种爱情自身的性质决定了它是不会长久的。两个人相互熟识了，他们的亲近关系也就越来越失去了其神奇性，直到最后他们的敌对、他们的失望，他们的相互厌烦把所剩不多的最初的激情也扼杀掉了。然而，开始时他们对此却一无所知：事实上，他们把彼此间的极度迷恋，相互为对方“疯狂”的状态当成了强烈爱情的明证，而实际上这也许只是证明了他们以前是多么的孤独。

没有比爱更容易的事了——这种态度一直是有关爱的流行看法，尽管大量的证据说明事实恰恰相反。几乎没有什么活动、什么事业像爱情那样带着如此巨大的希望与期待开始，而又如此经常以失败告终。如果从事任何一件其他的活动出现这种情况，人们会渴望知道失败的原因，渴望学会怎样才能做得更好——或者他们会放弃这种活动。既然在爱的问题上不可能选择放弃，看来只有一种合适的方式来克服爱的失败了——这就是研究失败的原因，并进而探讨爱的意义。

第一步要做的是要意识到，正如生活是一门艺术一样，“爱”也是一门艺术；如果我们想要学会如何去爱，我们就必须像学习其他任何一门艺术，如音乐、绘画、木工或者药学、工程那样，采取同样的方式。

学习任何一门艺术的必要步骤是什么呢？

学习一门艺术的过程可以很方便地分为两个部分：一是掌握理论；二是精于实践。如果我想学医，就必须首先了解有关人体和各种疾病的事实。但即使我掌握了所有这些理论知识，我在医术上仍然是无法胜任的。只有经过大量的实践，直到最后我的理论知识的成果和实践的成果融为一体，形成了直觉（这是掌握任何一门技艺的本质），我才能成为这门技艺的一位大师。但是除了学习理论和进行实践外，精通任何技艺还必须有第三种因素，即对这门技艺的掌握必须是头等大事；世上再没有比这门技艺更重要的事了。这一点适用于音乐、药学、木工，也同样适用于爱。在我们的文化中，人们尽管在爱的方面明显地屡遭失败，却仍很少去学习这门技艺，其原因也许就在这里：虽然内心深处都渴望爱，却认为其他任何事情都比爱更重要，如成功、声望、金钱、权力；我们几乎把所有的精力都用来学习怎样去实现这些目标，而几乎不花费任何精力来学习爱的艺术。

这会不会是因为人们认为只有那些能用来赢得金钱和声望的东西才值得学习，而爱“仅仅”有益于心灵，却不能带来现代意义上的收益，所以就成了我们没有权利为之耗费过多精力的一种奢侈品呢？（何静译）

Further Reading　The Future of Love：Kiss Romance Goodbye，

Main Idea of Further Reading

In our society, we expect passionate love to lead to a happy, lifelong marriage. This idea—that emotional and physical intimacy is a part of marriage—is a relatively new and unique practice in human history.As Graham points out, prior to the 20th century, marriage was often a matter of economic and social necessity, unrelated to love.

Notes to Further Reading

1.Beauty and the Beast：a beautiful woman with an uncomely male companion.

They are the hero and heroine of a fairy tale in which Beauty is forced to marry a Beast and later she falls in love with him. Afterwards the Beast turns into a handsome prince.

2.Cinderella and Prince Charming：Cinderella is the heroine of a fairy tale in which Cinderella is cruelly treated by her stepmother and two stepsisters and eventually is saved from a miserable life by a handsome prince.

3.Fred and Ginger：Fred（Fred Astaire 1899 1987）was born in Omaha, Nebraska.He was an American film and Broadway stage dancer, choreographer, singer and actor.His stage and subsequent film career spanned a total of seventy-six years, during which he made thirty-one musical films.He is particularly associated with Ginger（Ginger Rogers 1911 1995），with whom he made ten films.Ginger Rogers was an American film and stage actress and singer.In a film career spanning fifty years she made a total of seventy-three films, and is now celebrated for her role as Fred Astaire’s romantic interest and dancing partner in a series of ten Hollywood musical films that revolutionized the genre.

4.Barbie and Ken：Barbie is a best-selling fashion doll launched in 1959.The doll

is produced by Mattel Inc. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for nearly fifty years.Ken is a fictional character who has been Barbie's boyfriend since 1961.

5.twosomes：couples

6.Romeo and Juliet：the hero and heroine of Shakespeare's play, which depicts a

romantic tragedy between Romeo and Juliet.

7.Tristan and Iseult：The legend of Tristan and Iseult is an influential romance and

tragedy, retold in many variations. It is a tragic story of the adulterous love between the Cornish knight Tristan（Tristram）and the Irish princess Iseult（Isolde, Yseut）.

8.Launcelot and Guinevere：In the Arthurian legend, Sir Lancelot（Lancelot du Lac, also Launcelot）is one of the Knights of the Round Table. He is the greatest and most trusted of King Arthur's knights.Lancelot's love affair with King Arthur's wife Guinevere eventually destroys the unity of Arthur's court.

9.Heathcliff and Cathy：two protagonists of Emily Bronte's novel, Wuthering

Heights, which tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys both themselves and many around them.

10.George and Martha：George and Martha is an animated children's television

show made in 1999. The program revolves around the lives of two hippos：George and Martha.The show is based on a series of books written and illustrated by James Marshall.George and Martha are best friends who have adventures everyday, doing most everything together.These things include roller skating, swimming in the pool, eating ice cream, and going to comedy clubs.The series teaches us what friendship is all about in a humorous way.George and Martha have a countless number of fights but always seem to work things out.

11.Ozzie and Harriet：“The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet”was a long-running American radio and television series, airing from 1952 to 1966 after a ten-year run on radio.

12.Myths to Live By：a text by Joseph Campbell in which he explores various mythologies from around the world and how these myths affect our daily lives.The text is a collection of essays（originally given as lectures）from 1958 to 1971.The deep power of myth on the inner, spiritual lives of human beings throughout the ages（including our own age）is the common theme running throughout all of the essays in the collection.

13.Joseph Campbell：a famous American scholar who worked in Comparative Mythology.

14.Generation Xers：the people of Generation X.Generation X is a term used to describe generations in many countries around the world.The exact demographic boundaries of Generation X are not well defined, depending on who is using the term, where and when.Those born in the U.S.between 1964 and 1979 received the“X”for lack of a defining social identity.As young adults, Generation X drew media attention in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gaining a stereotypical reputation as apathetic, cynical, disaffected, streetwise loners and slackers.As Generation Xers have now become American parents, however, their media persona is gradually becoming more that of protective security moms and dads in a post 9/11 world.In addition, Generation X is noted as one of the most entrepreneurial and tech-friendly generations in American history, as they’ve driven a majority of the Internet’s growth and ingenuity from day one.Amazon, Google, Yahoo, MySpace, Dell, and countless other billion-dollar tech companies were founded by American Generation Xers.

15.either the bride or the groom—or both—are tying the knot for at least the third time：This sentence is referring to the large amount of divorce in America and stating that with each new marriage it is likely that the bride or the groom may in fact be getting married for the third time.

Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences

1.But it also seems true that the longing for a profound, all-consuming erotic connection（……）is in our very wiring：It’s probably human nature to be immensely fascinated by sex appeal of others.

2.Their love is simply too powerful and anarchic, too shattering and exquisite, to be bound by anything so conventional as marriage or a long-term domestic arrangement：It’s hard to bring their overwhelmingly strong love under control with the aid of marriage.

3.Even our biochemistry seems to militate against long-term sexual relationships：We may stay away from long-term sexual relationships for some physical reasons.

4……there should be term limits on love……：Love may not last long or love always has an end.

Idiom studies

1.eat one's heart out

endure envy, longing, frustration, etc. in silence

默默地强忍妒忌、渴求、挫折等

2.heap coals of fire on one's head

make somebody feel remorse for treating one badly by treating him well in return

对某人以德报怨而使之愧悔

3.poison A's mind against B

make A dislike B by telling A bad and usually untrue things about B

对A说B的坏话（通常指不实之词）

4.rack one's brains

try very hard to think of something or recall something

苦思某事；努力回忆某事

5.burn one's fingers

suffer（often financially）as a result of foolish behavior or meddling

由于愚蠢的举动或管闲事而大吃苦头

6.keep a straight face

stop oneself from smiling or laughing

绷着脸；忍住不笑

7.risk one's neck

risk one's life；risk great misfortune

拼着性命；可能遭遇不幸

8.make one's flesh creep

make somebody feel nervous or frightened

使某人感到紧张或害怕

9.have the guts to do something

have courage and determination to do something

有胆量做某事

10.take the law into one's own hands

disregard the law and take independent action to correct something believed to be wrong

无视法律而私刑惩治

Key to Additional Work

I. Idiom Studies

1.take the law into your own hands 2.heaped coals of fire on his head

3.had the guts

4.made my flesh creep

5.poison his mind

6.burn your fingers

7.ate her heart out

8.racked my brains

9.risk my neck

10.keep a straight face

II. Vocabulary Expansion

1.C

2.A

3.B

4.A

5.C

6.D

7.A

8.B

9.C

10.B

Translation of Further Reading爱的未来：吻别浪漫，直面真实芭芭拉·格拉汉姆

弗洛伊德和他精神分析学的徒子徒孙们认为：追寻理想化的爱情，也就是完美无缺、独一无二的灵魂伴侣，其实是那些尚未发育完整的自我在痴人说梦罢了。在这点上他们无疑是对的。不过，我们的身体所渴求的是那种深刻而又极其强烈的肉体交融（以及随之而来得到升华的感情意识），这种说法似乎也没什么问题。通过爱来充实生命的渴望对于我们的心理构造来说就像是食物和水对于我们的身体细胞一样。

想想那些打造我们思想意识的故事和传说吧：美女与野兽，白雪公主和她的英俊王子，灰姑娘和白马王子，弗雷德和金吉儿，芭比和肯。（请注意，除了最后两对以外，所有这些爱侣们据说都“从此幸福地生活在一起”——即使我们从来没有获悉他们婚礼之后和生儿育女之后的生活细节，也不知道他们在韶华逝去，历经磨难之后的点点滴滴。）不过，吸引我们集体想象力的不光是这些幸运的童话故事人物，那些我们从小耳熟能详的痴男怨女们，如罗密欧和朱丽叶，特里斯坦和伊索尔德，兰斯洛和桂涅芙，希斯克利夫和凯茜，其实更具有吸引力。只是，他们的爱情故事太激情澎湃又太离经叛道，太具毁灭性且太非同寻常，实在是难以用婚姻或者长期的家庭关系这样的传统方式来加以约束。

如果近来的离婚和再婚数据真的能说明什么的话，那就是我们其实和那些殉情男女们一样愚蠢。虽然我们并非像他们那样，在爱火仍然炽热燃烧到最旺盛的时候以饮下毒酒的方式了结一段感情，我们还是希望我们的婚姻和感情就像童话故事那样源远流长。而当爱情婚姻走到尽头，我们不是检讨自己的期望是否有问题，而是换个搭档继续上演幻想中的童话故事，希望这次我们终于走对了路。个中原因其实显而易见：尽管很多人在谈论家庭价值，但对完美浪漫爱情的幻想仍然在不断轰炸我们。你只要打开收音机、电视或者翻开任何一本杂志，看看那些香水和内衣广告就能窥见一斑。纽约市的一位心理治疗师弗洛伦斯·富可说：“我们的文化完全是在开倒车。随便走到哪里，都会有魔力非凡且完美无缺的爱情憧憬出现在你面前。似乎我们的文化想把我们困在幻想中无法自拔，然后尽一切可能去鼓吹及扩散这种幻想。”她还补充说，在所有这些有关浪漫爱情的不切实际的幻想包围之下，想要经营一段真正的感情真是难上加难。

在我们的文化中最非同寻常的恐怕是对于浪漫爱情和婚姻应该同为一体这一概念的狂热信仰。从乔治和玛莎开始，直至奥兹和哈莉特再到今天，我们一直在不知疲倦地将这种狂热信仰形式化、合理化、合法化、有理化、政治化以及神圣化。这也许和我们的清教徒本源有关，也和我们将事物过度单纯化的倾向有关。无论如何，在婚姻的保护伞下想要满足我们所有自相矛盾的欲望而进行的努力都必须放在历史的大背景下才能准确地理解。

北加州的一位心理学家兼作家约翰·维尔伍德近来在他的著作《爱情和觉醒》里提到“鱼水交融的亲密关系在人类历史上其实是一种新观念，在20世纪以前的理想婚姻关系中从未出现过。历史上大多数夫妇一辈子都生活在一起，却从不交流个人的内心世界和两人之间的关系。从前，婚姻制度是家庭和社会制订的，个人从来就没有在这方面发展出任何的思想觉悟。”

总而言之，过去的婚姻就是为家庭、社团和宗教团体的经济和社会需求服务，与爱情几乎无关，更不要说满足肉欲了。

约瑟夫·坎贝尔在《传世神话》一书中解释了古印第安的智者是如何看待婚姻和激情之间的关系。他们认为爱分为五个级别，“崇拜者能通过爱来增进对崇拜对象的认识和尊崇。”第一个级别与崇拜者和神灵的关系有关。接下来的三个级别按照重要性排列是：友谊、父母与子女的关系、婚姻。第五个也就是最高级别是激情燃烧却又不为社会伦常所容的爱。坎贝尔补充道“很明显，在婚姻之中，人们还是理智至上。在这样的社会环境下，欲罢不能的激情炽爱只能是超乎社会伦常之外的那种，就像毁灭一切的暴风雨一样会打破人们本分恭顺、恪守德行的生活秩序。”

难怪我们现在问题重重。我们给自己那脆弱的婚姻关系所施加的压力是前所未有的，即使从生物化学的角度来看，我们的身体似乎并不喜欢长期的两性关系。路加斯大学的人类学家海伦·费舍尔博士写过一本书《爱的解析》，她认为人类一夫一妻的婚姻制度最初是基于“古老的长期一夫一妻制和秘密通奸模式”发展而来的，最开始目标只是维持四年而已——足够把一个嗷嗷待哺的孩子养育到初学走路。费舍尔认为，所谓的“七年之痒”也许就是古老的“四年婚姻周期循环”残留下来的影响。

费舍尔和其他研究者越来越倾向于这样一种观点：我们所说的爱情就是由各种荷尔蒙和酶所主导的一系列复杂的生物化学反应。费舍尔说“人们始终不渝地相信浪漫爱情如幻如谜，可是它也是一种化学反应。”她解释说人类拥有三种完全不同的交配情感，每一种都会引发大脑里释放不同的化学物质。肉欲是由男性和女性体内睾丸激素水平改变而引发，和我们最基本的性欲驱动力有关。迷恋则由多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素以及苯乙胺水平变化引起，这三种激素也称“爱情化学物质”，它们纯粹天然，能让人上瘾，就像安非他明那样能使我们精神愉悦，想要彻夜不眠分享彼此的秘密。一旦迷恋上，这些相关激素水平便扶摇直上，到达顶峰——通常会持续一两年——然后大脑里的这种化学反应逐渐减弱，一种新的反应体系取而代之，由后叶催产素、后叶加压素也许还有内啡肽参与的化学反应有利于人们产生更加稳定、更加安静也更能互相促进的亲密关系。其实，不论生物化学反应与爱情的缘起缘灭到底有没有关系，这种学说也能解释为什么有些人——那些对于情感化学物质的释放更加敏感的人——能够维持一段长期的情感关系，而另一些人由于缺乏多巴胺和苯乙胺的规律刺激，成天郁郁寡欢，可能要不断变换亲密关系的对象才能沉醉于愉悦之中。

然而，即使生物化学反应告诉我们爱情其实是有期限的，我们的心始终顽固不化，大多数人不论结局是好是坏，都始终不渝地渴望一段感情能够长久。《为婚姻奋战》一书作者霍华德·马克曼认为X时代这群人很多都来自离婚家庭，他们比其他社会群体更加坚定地想拥有一段与自己父母完全不同的婚姻关系，避免重蹈上一代的覆辙。还有，曾经反对婚姻制度视其为异性恋及父权社会产物的同性恋者如今也开始重塑婚姻体制，使其更加灵活，减少对个体的压抑。美国国家健康数据中心称，如今大约七对夫妇中就有一对，要么是新郎要么是新娘，要么两人都是至少第三次步入婚姻殿堂了，比1970年的数据翻了一倍。究其原因十分复杂，与20世纪70年代离婚率飙升有关，也与我们不断延长的寿命有关。即便如此，我们仍然在努力让爱复归正常：我们明白了激情不过是昙花一现，离婚或者单身所招来的社会非议也差不多消失殆尽。这正表明我们的内心仍然极其强烈地渴望关怀和理解。

从心理学家、心理医生、神职人员以及其他在这个问题上能提供指导的专家们浩浩荡荡的庞大队伍来看，拯救（或者说彻底改造，这要视说话人而定）爱情和婚姻已经成为价值千万美元的产业。五花八门的专家建议不绝于耳：埃伦·费因和谢丽·施耐德合著的《规则》一书极其畅销，告诉90年代的女性50年代的小招数，教她们如何抓住并且留住男人。哈维尔·亨德里克斯写的《得到你想要的爱》以及其他类似书籍倡导“清醒地去爱”这一原则。还有林林总总，不胜枚举。可是，抛开视角不谈，有一个事实非常清楚：我们最私密的想法和行为从来就不曾如此彻底地剖析检审过，也不曾作为医学话题探讨过。如今，一而再再而三地疯狂坠入爱河之人被称作患上“浪漫上瘾症”。医生们参照酗酒和其他化学品依赖症状，认为他们这一病态是“进行性且致命的”。

并非所有人都认为努力重塑爱情是件好事。已故哲学家克里斯托弗·拉什在他最后一本书（新近出版）《妇女与公共生活》中写道：“对私密的性生活进行科学研究推动了情感生活的理性化，而非自由化”。他的女儿伊丽莎白·拉什·奎恩在叙拉古大学研究历史，也是这本书的编辑。她赞同父亲的观点并认为：弗洛伊德以来，激情之爱的神秘面纱不断被揭开，造就了一种无性、无激情并且实用至上的爱情模式。此外她和她父亲一样相信举国上下对于浪漫爱情的不安和压抑情绪其实是阴谋实施社会控制的治疗模式所引发的——这种模式由一系列机制组成，试图将公民贬低为具备专门技术的消费者。她说：“将激情从我们的体验中剥夺殆尽，于是我们的生活便支离破碎了。”

无可否认，很难想象让一位患上相思病的12世纪法国游吟诗人接受如今为“浪漫上瘾症”患者制订的12步疗法。不过我们无法忽视这一事实：过去我们的社会想要将那两个自古以来就同床异梦的家伙——浪漫激情和现实婚姻强扭在一起的努力已经失败了，败得很惨。虽然现在还不知道如今对于情感所给予的这些关注是不是垂死的婚姻制度所做的最后挣扎，抑或是一种全新的两性关系已初露曙光，毫无疑问我们需要一场翻天覆地的变革。（夏菁译）

Translation of Proverbs

1.Love is blind.

爱情是盲目的；情人眼里出西施。

2.Love rules his kingdom without a sword.

爱无需武力就可以征服任何人。

3.When poverty enters the door, love flies out at the window.

贫困来，爱情去；贫困走进门来，爱情飞出窗外。

4.Love is a sweet tyranny, because the lover endures his torments willingly.

爱情是甜蜜的暴虐，因为恋人愿意忍受折磨。

Unit Three

Text　The Ant and the Grasshopper

Warm-up Activities

1.The teacher may divide students into five or six groups and ask them to introduce

any fable that they have heard of to their group members.

2.Introduce to the students the fable The Ant and the Grasshopper and invite

comments on the ant and grasshopper in the fable. To which party does your sympathy go？

In a field one summer's day a Grasshopper was hopping about, chirping and singing to its heart's content. An Ant passed by, bearing along with great toil an ear of corn he was taking to the nest.

“Why not come and chat with me”，said the Grasshopper，“instead of toiling and moiling in that way？”“Jam helping to lay up food for the winter”，said the Ant，“and recommend you to do the same”.

“Why bother about winter？”said the Grasshopper，“we have got plenty of food at present.”But the Ant went on its way and continued its toil.

When the winter came the Grasshopper had no food and found itself dying of hunger, while it saw the ants distributing, every day, corn from the stores they had collected in the summer.

Then the Grasshopper knew：It is best to prepare for the days of necessity.

Additional Information for the Teacher's Reference

1.Somerset Maugham

Somerset Maugham was a famous English novelist, short-story writer, playwright and critic.He was born in Paris and educated at King’s School, Canterbury, and at Heidelberg.In World War I, he served as a secret agent.He qualified in 1897 as a doctor from St.Thomas medical school but abandoned medicine after the success of his first novels and plays.His players are no longerpopular, and his fame rests on his many short stories and four of his novels：Of Human Bondage（1915），The Moon and Sixpence（1919），Cakes and Ale（1930）and The Razor’s Edge（1944）.These reveal a cynical but sometimes compassionate view of humanity.

2.La Fontaine

La Fontaine was a French writer, remembered especially for his Fables（1668 1694），moral tales drawn from AESOP and oriental sources which he used to comment satirically on contemporary society.

3.Monte Carlo

Monte Carlo is a town in the independent principality of Monaco, on the Mediterranean coast known as the French Riviera. It is an international resort with a gambling casino, a yacht harbor and an annual automobile rally and the Monaco Grand Prix car race.

Main Idea of the Text

In this short story, Somerset Maugham, by describing two brothers'attitudes toward life, examines the nature and inconsistent qualities of human beings.

George was a hard-working and respectable man with a decent job as a lawyer.He was also a faithful husband and loving father to four daughters.He believed that the industry should be rewarded and giddiness punished.His brother Tom, however, was an unscrupulous and good-for-nothing scoundrel.He philandered with the prettiest girls, danced, ate in the most expensive restaurants, and dressed beautifully.He borrowed money from relatives and friends.At the beginning, he fooled George by making empty promises repeatedly.Later on he even went to such an extreme that he blackmailed his brother.

Loading money to his brother, George appeared to be in Tom's favor at the first sight. On a second thought, readers can find that George helped his brother only for his own sake.For instance, he gave Tom some money in order that Tom might quit his job as a bartender.By doing so, he saved his face and the good reputation of his family.But unfortunately Tom took advantage of his weakness of vanity over and over again.

The story offers a new interpretation of the fable of La Fontaine The Ant and the Grasshopper whose classical teaching is that in an imperfect world industry is rewarded and giddiness punished, and reveals the dual personality of ordinary people.

Notes to the Text

1.a black sheep：a person who does something bad, especially something which brings embarrassment and loss of respect to the family

2.saving your presence：with an apology for saying this in your presence

3.He always looked as if he had stepped out of a band-box.：He always looked clean and fresh.

4.Providence：God

5.Maryfair：a fashionable area in London, east of Hyde Park

6.sovereign：a former British gold coin worth￡1

Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences

1.The Ant and the Grasshopper, which is devised to bring home to the young the useful lesson that in an imperfect world industry is rewarded and giddiness punished.

The fable The Ant and the Grasshopper is designed to instruct the young people with a practical moral teaching that in an imperfect society hard work is appreciated and it will pay off while being too fond of excitement and pleasure is discouraged and it will be punished.

2.I apologize for telling something which everyone is politely, but inexactly supposed to know……

To be polite, I suppose that everyone has known the fable；but I doubt whether it is accurate, so I'm sorry for telling the story again.

3.I do not ascribe it to perversity on my part, but rather to the inconsequence of childhood, which is deficient in moral sense, that I could never reconcile myself to the lesson.

When I was a child I could never accept the moral lesson of the fable, which I attribute to my immature moral consciousness rather than to my unreasonable feeling or behavior.

4.In this summary（and I have discovered since, entirely human）fashion I sought to express my disapproval of prudence and common-sense.

In this concise way（since then I found it a completely human way）I tried to show my disapproval of the ant's carefulness and practical good sense and judgment.

5.For twenty-five years I’ve said that Tom would end in the gutter.And we shall see how he likes that.

For twenty-five years I’ve said that Tom would end in poverty and let’s see how he feels when he lives in poverty.

6.Tom had been a sore trial to his for twenty years.

For twenty years Tom had been troublesome and annoying as a test of his family's patience.

7.I suppose every family has a black sheep.

I take it as a fact that every family has a person who brings embarrassment and loss of respect to the family.

8.I never saw anyone wear an expression of such deep gloom.

He was the first one that I ever saw who appeared to be so gloomy.

9.He would listen to no expostulations.

He wouldn't listen to any earnest and kindly reasoning against what he was doing at all.

10.He made a steady income from his friends and he made friends easily.

He borrowed money regularly from his friends and he was so charming that he won friendship easily.

11.He did not waste his charm on him.

He got what he wanted from his brother with his attractiveness.

12.George was a serious man and insensible to such enticements.

George was so sincere that he was easily fooled by his brother's tricks.

13.Once or twice he fell to Tom's promises of amendment and gave him considerable sums in order that he might make a fresh start.

For several times George believed Tom's promises to change himself and gave him a considerable amount of money so that he could live a new life.

Language Points

1.devise（a plan, system or machine）vt.—design

Examples：

She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.

Scientists have devised a test that shows who is most likely to get the disease.

2.bring home sth.—make explicit sth.in an emphatic way

Examples：

The point is brought home in yesterday's detailed statistics.

The episode has brought home to me the pointlessness of this war.

3.giddiness n.—the state of being rarely serious or living for the pleasure of the moment.

Examples：

It is generally agreed that in an imperfect world giddiness is to be punished.

He was tired of hard work and felt a desire for a life of complete giddiness.

4.industry n.—the fact of working very hard

Examples：

The clerk was rewarded for his industry.

She has demonstrated a great deal of industry in finishing the project on time.

5.laborious adj.—taking a lot of time and energy

Examples：

After the lengthy and laborious negotiation, the two parties finally reached an agreement.

Collecting the raw materials proved to be a long and laborious task.

6.ascribe sth.to sb.（sth.）—consider sth.to be caused by, written by, or

belonging to sb.（sth.）

Examples：

There seems no particular reason to ascribe economic rationality to one group and not the other.

While the outbreak of the disease directed media attention to pollution in the North Sea, ascribing the guilt to pollution was premature.

7.perversity n.—the quality or state of being unreasonable in one's behavior

Examples：

Undoubtedly, it would be wrong to continue out of perversity.

I am a reasonable man, but, forced to revenge, I am not without a certain sense of perversity.

8.on someone's part—made or done by sb.

Examples：

There's no need for any further instruction on my part.

There are instances of excessive force on the part of security police.

9.reconcile oneself to sth.—accept sth.although it makes one unhappy to do so

Examples：

These men reconcile themselves to circumstance, make their own compromises with destiny until happier times.

Brilliant or not, I must reconcile myself to the idea that I would never reach the top.

10.chuck vt.—throw sth.away in a careless way

Examples：

She took off her shoes and chucked them on the floor.

Somebody in the passing crowd chucked a bottle onto the field.

11.waste sth.on sb.—use sth.extravagantly, needlessly or without an adequate

result

Examples：

He didn't waste his charm on his fiancée who grew fond of him.

I can't believe you wasted your money on that junk！

12.qualm n.—feeling of doubt, esp.about whether what one is doing is right

Examples：

I have no qualms about recommending the same approach to other doctors.

The manager has no qualms about dropping players who do not perform well.

13.make a point of doing sth.—do sth.because one considers it important or

necessary

Examples：

She made a point of spending as much time as possible away from her home. He makes a point of letting others know he takes care of his children.

14.gutter n.—a condition of life in which someone is poor and has no self-respect

Examples：

Instead of ending up in jail or in the gutter, he was remarkably successful. He was an alcoholic who has only recently gotten his life out of the gutter.

15.prudence n.—sensibility and carefulness

Examples：

A lack of prudence in the business world may lead to financial problems. But what passion was there in a life lived with prudence？

16.expostulation—earnest and kindly reasoning against something one intends to do

or has done Examples：

My expostulations had no results.

His brother wouldn't listen to any expostulations.

17.convict vt.—find（sb.）guilty of a crime, esp.in a court of law

Examples：

We convicted him of his errors.

These criminals have been convicted of sin.

18.infamous adj.—well known for wicked behavior

Examples：

An infamous plot was cracked.

He was mistakenly considered as an infamous traitor.

Key to Exercises

III. Vocabulary

A.

1.hilarious 2.provide for 3.dissolute

4.society

5.vindictive

6.saving your presence

7.levied……on

8.unfailing

9.brought home to

10.wash my hands of

B.

1.prudence 2.thrift 3.forgiven 4.gloom

5.infamous

6.assuredly

7.blameless

8.convicted

9.sympathy

10.enticement

C.

1.B

2.A

3.C

4.B

5.A

6.D

7.D

8.C

9.D

10.B

IV. Cloze

1.had enjoyed

2.displease

3.in

4.application

5.practical

6.solution

7.led

8.blank

9.alert

10.down

11.retired

12.on

13.adapted

14.had pictured

15.having dwelt

16.do

17.above

18.matter

19.used

20.delight

Translation

A

我认为家家户户都有败类。20年来汤姆一直是个令家人头疼的家伙。他的人生起步颇为体面：开始做生意，后来结婚而且有两个孩子。拉姆齐一家人非常受人尊敬，完全有理由相信汤姆会有一个成功而风光的人生。但有一天，事先没有任何征兆的，他声称自己讨厌工作，而且也不适合婚姻生活。他要享受人生。他不听任何人的规劝，就离开了妻子，离开了办公室。他有点钱，在欧洲不同国家的首都快快活活地过了两年。有关他的种种行为的传闻不时传到了亲戚们的耳朵里，他们都深感震惊。毫无疑问，他生活得很开心。亲戚们无可奈何地摇着头说，等他把钱花完了看他怎么办。他们很快发现：他靠借债过日子。他富有魅力，而且厚颜无耻。他向我借钱时，我从未遇到过比他更难以拒绝的人。他从朋友那里获得稳定的收入，而且特别善于交友。他经常说把钱花在生活必需品上毫无意义，而有趣的花钱方式是用它来享受奢华。为此他依赖哥哥乔治来满足自己的享受，而他的魅力在乔治身上没有白费。乔治是个一本正经的人，对汤姆的花言巧语丝毫没有察觉，同时他也是个正派的人，有一两次轻信了汤姆要改过自新的诺言，给了他一笔数目可观的钱让他重新开始生活。汤姆用这笔钱买了一辆汽车和一些漂亮的珠宝饰物。但当事实使乔治明白他的弟弟决不会安定下来，因而不想再管他时，汤姆开始敲诈乔治，良心上丝毫没有感到不安。当一位受人尊重的律师发现自己的弟弟在自己喜爱的餐馆的柜台后面调制鸡尾酒，或看见他坐在出租马车的驭座上等候在自己常去的俱乐部外面时，终究感到有点不光彩。汤姆说，做餐馆酒吧服务员或赶出租马车完全是个体面的职业，但如果乔治愿意给他几百英镑的话，他不会介意为了家族的荣誉放弃这种职业。乔治如数照付了。

B

The lives of most men are determined by their environment. They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will.They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and despise the sprightly flivver that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.I respect them；they are good citizens, good husbands, and good fathers, and of course somebody has to pay the taxes；but I do not find them exciting.I am fascinated by the men, few enough in all conscience, who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.It may be that we have no such thing as free will, but at all events we have the illusion of it.At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and, the choice once made, it is difficult to see that the whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.

Translation of the Text乔治兄弟威廉·毛姆

当我还是个小男孩的时候，就有人教我背诵拉封丹的寓言故事，并细心地给我讲解每一个故事的寓意。记得有一则名为“蚂蚁和草蜢”的寓言，它向孩子们揭示了一个有益的启示：在不完美的社会里存在着奖勤罚懒的规则。

在这则绝妙的寓言中（很抱歉，我插一句，客气地说，应该人人都听说过，但不够精确。），小蚂蚁劳累了整整一个夏天，储备冬粮，而草蜢则坐在草叶上对着太阳放声歌唱。冬天到了，小蚂蚁粮食充足而草蜢则粮仓空空。他到蚂蚁家去乞讨食物，蚂蚁给了他一个经典式的回答：“你整个夏天都在忙什么？”“恕我直言，我在唱歌，我在唱歌，我整日整夜在唱歌。”“原来你在唱歌。那么你就接着唱吧，接着跳吧。”

其中的寓意我一直难以接受。我认为不是因为自己过于执拗，而是因为儿时不合逻辑的思维，那时尚未形成健全的道德观。我非常同情那只草蜢，甚至有一段时间我一见到蚂蚁就非踩上一脚不可，以这种简明的方式来表明自己看不惯蚂蚁这种审慎、理性的做法（自那以后我发现自己这样做也是完全合乎人性的）。

前几天，当我看到乔治独自在餐馆用餐，我禁不住想起了这则寓言。我从未见到过任何人有如此阴郁的表情。他怔怔地望着前面，看上去似乎全世界的重担都落到了他一个人的肩膀上。我为他感到难过。我怀疑是他不争气的兄弟又给他惹了麻烦。我走过去，向他伸出了手。“你好吗？”我问。“就是心里不太高兴。”他答道。“又是汤姆惹的吗？”

他叹了口气。“是的，又是他。”“干嘛还要管他？你已经做得仁至义尽。你该知道他已经是无可救药的了。”

我认为家家户户都有败类。20年来汤姆一直是个令家人头疼的家伙。他的人生起步颇为体面：开始做生意，后来结婚而且有两个孩子。拉姆齐一家人非常受人尊敬，完全有理由相信汤姆会有一个成功而风光的人生。但有一天，事先没有任何征兆的，他声称自己讨厌工作，而且也不适合婚姻生活。他要享受人生。他不听任何人的规劝，就离开了妻子，离开了办公室。他有点钱，在欧洲不同国家的首都快快活活地过了两年。有关他的种种行为的传闻不时传到了亲戚的耳朵里，他们都深感震惊。毫无疑问，他生活得很开心。亲戚们无可奈何地摇着头说，等他把钱花完了看他怎么办。他们很快发现：他靠借债过日子。他富有魅力，而且厚颜无耻。他向我借钱时，我从未遇到过比他更难以拒绝的人。他从朋友那里获得稳定的收入，而且特别善于交友。他经常说把钱花在生活必需品上毫无意义，而有趣的花钱方式是用它来享受奢华。为此他依赖哥哥乔治来满足自己的享受，而他的魅力在乔治身上没有白费。乔治是个一本正经的人，对汤姆的花言巧语丝毫没有察觉，同时他也是个正派的人，有一两次轻信了汤姆要改过自新的诺言，给了他一笔数目可观的钱让他重新开始生活。汤姆用这笔钱买了一辆汽车和一些漂亮的珠宝饰物。但当事实使乔治明白他的弟弟决不会安定下来，因而不想再管他时，汤姆开始敲诈乔治，良心上丝毫没有感到不安。当一位受人尊重的律师发现自己的弟弟在自己喜爱的餐馆的柜台后面调制鸡尾酒，或看见他坐在出租马车的驭座上等候在自己常去的俱乐部外面时，终究感到有点不光彩。汤姆说，做餐馆酒吧服务员或赶出租马车完全是个体面的职业，但如果乔治愿意给他几百英镑的话，他不会介意为了家族的荣誉放弃这种职业。乔治如数照付了。

有一次汤姆差点坐牢。这让乔治非常不安。他后来还介入了整个让人丢尽脸面的事情。汤姆的确太过分了。他粗野、鲁莽、自私，但他从前从未干过任何骗人的事，也就是乔治所指的非法的事。如果汤姆被起诉，他肯定会被判刑的。可是乔治总不能让唯一的弟弟去坐牢。被汤姆欺骗的那个人叫克朗萧，他是个报复心极强的人。他坚决要和汤姆对簿公堂；他说汤姆是个恶棍，理应受到法律制裁。结果乔治花费了相当的精力和500英镑才平息了此事。但当他听到汤姆和克朗萧两人把支票兑换成现金后马上到蒙特卡洛去了，我从未见他如此暴跳如雷过。他们两人还在蒙特卡洛高高兴兴过了一个月。

20年来，汤姆时常吃喝嫖赌、出入豪华宾馆、打扮入时。他经常衣冠楚楚。尽管他已经40又6，但你决不会把他看成是35岁以上的人。和他相处令你非常开心，尽管你知道他一文不值，但还是会禁不住愿意和他交往。他兴高采烈，快乐无比，魅力十足。他经常向我要钱购买生活必需品，但我总是慷慨解囊。每当他向我借50英镑时，我总是感觉欠了他的债。无人汤姆不认识，无人不认识汤姆。你也许不欣赏他，但你无法不喜欢他。

可怜的乔治，他比这个鲜廉寡耻的弟弟仅年长一岁，看起来却像60岁。25年来他每年的休假从未超过两个星期。他每天早晨9点半到办公室，直到6点才离开。他正直、勤奋、值得人们尊敬。他有个贤妻。他从未背叛过她，甚至连不忠的念头也从未有过。他有四个女儿，他是个最称职不过的父亲。他总是尽量省下三分之一的收入，打算在55岁退休后住到乡村里的一栋小房子里。他可以在那里种花养草，打打高尔夫球。他的一生无可挑剔。他很高兴自己一天天变老，因为汤姆也在变老，他搓搓手说道：“不错，汤姆年轻英俊时过得很快活。但他只比我小一岁。再有四年他就50了。那时候他就会知道生活不容易。到50岁时，我将有三万英镑的积蓄。25年来我一直认为他最终会穷困潦倒。等着瞧吧，汤姆将怎样忍受这样的日子。等着瞧吧，是努力工作有好报还是游手好闲有好报。”

可怜的乔治，我很同情他。当我在他旁边坐下之后，我仍不知道汤姆到底干了什么不光彩的事。乔治显然很心烦。“你知道现在发生什么事了吗？”

我做好了最坏的准备。我猜想汤姆可能最终已落入警察之手。乔治几乎说不下去了。“你不会否认吧，我这一辈子勤勤恳恳、为人正派、令人尊重，光明正大。我勤奋劳动，俭朴生活了一辈子，期望退休时能靠从金边股票中获得一笔小小的收入。我尽心尽职了一生，对此上帝感到很满意。”“是这样。”“你不能否认吧，汤姆是个无所事事、一无是处、生活放荡和不知廉耻的恶棍。如果真有公理的话，他应该呆在劳教所里。”“是这样。”

乔治的脸涨得通红。“几星期以前他和一位大得几乎可以当他母亲的女人订了婚，现在这个女人死了，她的一切都留给了他。50万英镑，一艘游艇，在伦敦的一栋房宅和乡下一栋别墅。”

乔治捏紧的拳头重重地砸在桌子上。“这不公平。我敢说，这不公平，他妈的，这太不公平了。”

我再也忍不住了。看着乔治愤怒的表情，我禁不住哈哈大笑，我在椅子里笑得前仰后合，几乎掉到地板上。乔治永远不会原谅我。不过，汤姆经常邀我到他在梅费尔漂亮的豪宅里去就餐。尽管他时而会向我借点钱，那也仅仅是出于习惯，从来没超过一英镑。（赵蓉译）

Further Reading　The Verger

Main Idea of Further Reading

In further reading, the author mainly tells a story of the verger Albert Edward Foreman who performed his duty very well but was forced to learn to read and write.

As a verger, Albert had his routine life challenged when the new vicar came. Reluctant to accept the vicar's humiliation, Albert had to resign his job.On the way home, he happened to walk along a street where no tobaccos were sold.So he decided to set up in business to be a tobacconist and newsagent.In the course of ten years, he made money hand over fist.His business proved to be a great success.

Notes to Further Reading

1.knowin''ow：knowing how.This is the way Cockneys（east Londoners）speak a particular dialect of English.In this dialect, most sounds represented by“h”are not pronounced.The same is true of the following words, such as“'appy”，“'as”，and“'and”.

2.Gold Flakes：a brand name of cigarettes

3.render unto Caesar what was Caesar's：This is a quotation from the Christian Bible.It means meeting one's proper obligations as a citizen.And here, it means to relive one's old experience or revive one's old dream.

4.gilt-edged securities：shares, esp.those offered for sale to the public by the government, that are considered safe, paying a small rate of interest but unlikely to fail

Paraphrases of Difficult Sentences

1.I've lived a good many years without knowin''ow to read and write, and without wishing to praise myself, self-praise is no recommendation, I don’t mind sayin’I’ve done my duty in that state of life in which It’s pleased a merciful providence to place me, and if I could learn now I don’t know as I’d want to.

Although I'm illiterate, I've lived for many years happily. I have no intention to praise myself as self-praise should be discouraged.I’ve performed my duty very well, even God is pleased to have me put in such a position.I may not want to learn to read and write even if I am able to start to learn.

2.In the course of ten years he had acquired no less than ten shops and he was making money hand over fist.

During the ten years, he had taken and stocked no less than ten shops and was making profit very fast.

3.He did not fancy the notion of going back to domestic service.

He didn't like the idea of going back to do house-keeping work.

4.He went around to all of them himself every Monday, collected the week's takings and took them to the bank.

He visited his shops one by one, collecting all the money made and then deposited it in the bank.

5.Mr.Foreman gave him a disarming smile.

Mr Foreman gave an honest and friendly smile to the manager of the bank.

6.I'm too old a dog to learn new tricks.

I'm too old to learn to read and write.

7.But when Albert Edward with his usual politeness had closed the church door

behind the vicar and the two churchwardens he could not sustain the air of unruffled dignity with which he had borne the blow inflicted upon him.

When Albert Edward closed the church door as the vicar and other two churchwardens left as politely as usual he couldn't keep calm and his dignity any longer although he managed to maintain that air of dignity when he suffered the blow.

8.His wife said it was a dreadful come-down after being a verger of St.

Peter's, but he answered that you had to move with the times, the church wasn't what it was, and henceforward he was going to render unto Caesar what was Caesar's.

His wife said that it was a terrible fall in social position when he resigned from the church of St. Peter's.He responded that you had to change when things changed because the church was headed by a new vicar.Therefore, he was going to relive his old experience of doing business.

Idiom Studies

1.beat about the bush

not telling sth. immediately or quickly, but in a complicated way

拐弯抹角地说

2.spill the beans

tell one's secret to others without one's permission

泄密

3.the last straw that breaks the camel

the last in a series of unpleasant and undesired events that makes one not tolerate a situation any longer（一系列打击，不快事件中）最终使人无法忍受的事；终于导致垮台的因素

4.bark up the wrong tree

direct an inquiry or accusation at the wrong place or person

错怪了人，把事情搞错了

5.bear fruit

produce desired results

产生所期望的结果

6.sour grapes

deprecation as a form of consolation to oneself about what one would like to have, but can not

酸葡萄

7.wither on the vine

disappear gradually rather than being destroyed suddenly

逐步消失；夭折

8.sow one's wild oats

go through a period of irresponsible pleasure-seeking while young（年轻时）放荡，纵情玩乐

9.a thorn in one's flesh

a person or thing that continually annoys or hinders one

经常惹人烦恼的人或物

10.take a leaf out of one's book

copy sb.；act or behave in a similar way to sb.

模仿某人，以某人为榜样

Key to Additional Work

I. Idiom Studies

1.wither on the vine 2.sour grapes

3.beat about the bush

4.a thorn in his flesh

5.sowed their wild oats

6.take a leaf out of my book

7.barking up the wrong tree

8.spilled the beans

9.borne fruit

10.the last straw that broke the camel's back

II. Vocabulary Expansion

1.D

2.C

3.A

4.D

5.A

6.C

7.B

8.C

9.B

10.B

Translation of Further Reading教堂司事福尔曼威廉·毛姆

阿尔伯特·爱德华·福尔曼在耐维尔广场圣彼得教堂当司事已有16年了。在任职期间他一直忠于职守，经常把教堂打扫得干干净净，在每一次婚礼和葬礼上他总是穿着很得体。这时来了一位新任命的牧师。不久，他发现福尔曼是个文盲，感到很惊讶。于是要求他必须马上学文化。“我们不想为难你，福尔曼，”牧师说，“但我和执事都已决定好了。我们给你三个月时间学习，如果那时你依然不会读书、写字，恐怕你得离开这里了。”

阿尔伯特·爱德华从来没有喜欢过新来的牧师。他从一开始就说上面派他主持圣彼德教堂是犯了一个大错。他不是上等会众所需要的那种人。这时候，他直了直腰。他知道自己的价值，绝不允许他人欺凌自己。“对不起，先生。这恐怕不行。我这把年纪，学不了了。我不识字，可照样生活了这么多年。我也不想自吹自擂。自吹自擂决非自荐，我就能这样说，我也尽职尽责了，仁慈的上帝对这样的安排也颇感满意。如果我现在可以开始学文化，我也不知道想不想学。”“如果那样的话，福尔曼先生，恐怕你得走人了。”“行，先生，我很理解。一旦你找到替代我的人选，我会很乐意递交我的辞呈。”

当阿尔伯特以他惯有的礼貌在牧师和执事走后关上大门时，他再也无法保持平静的神态和尊严了。刚才他正是以这种神态承受了这个打击，他的嘴唇颤抖着。他慢慢走回法衣室，把他的衣物挂在该挂的衣帽钩上。回想起那些隆重的葬礼和时尚的婚礼，他叹了口气。他整理好一切，穿上外套，拉上帽子，沿着通道走去。他锁上门。他穿过广场，禁不住一阵阵伤感，他没有走原来回家的路。此时家里正有一杯芳香四溢的浓茶在等着他。他拐个弯，慢慢往前走，心情很沉重。他不知道今后该做什么。他不愿意再回去做家务活了，因为多年以来他在教堂里一直是自己当家作主。不管牧师和执事说些什么，是他掌管着耐维尔·圣彼得教堂。他无法降低自己的身份来接受一份干家务的活。他已省下一笔相当可观的钱，但不做其他事情而靠它生活是不够的，而且生活费似乎年年渐涨。以前，他从未被这样的问题所困扰。圣彼得教堂的司事犹如罗马的大主教是终身制的。他曾经常想到牧师在他死后的第一个礼拜日做晚祷时高兴地提到他们已故的司事——长期以来忠于职守，堪称楷模的阿尔伯特·爱德华·福尔曼司事。他深深叹了口气。

阿尔伯特·爱德华从不吸烟，他是个绝对戒酒的人。但也有例外的时候，也就是说，在就餐时喜欢来一杯啤酒，在疲倦时喜欢点上一支雪茄。抽支烟会令他感到舒服些。这时，他突然想抽一支，因为随身没带烟，他四处张望想找商店买一包“金雪儿”。他没有找到，于是就接着往前走了一段。这是条很长的街道，沿途有各种商店，却没有一家卖香烟的商店。“这就奇怪了，”阿尔伯特·爱德华说。

为了确认此事，他又接着往前走。确实没有一家香烟店，他停住脚步，若有所思地打量着这条街。“我肯定不是走在这条街上唯一想买香烟的人，”他说，“我敢肯定，在这条街上开个香烟店，生意一定不错。”

他突然灵机一动。“好主意，”他说，“真奇怪，有些从未料想到的东西会突然冒出来。”

他转身回到家里，喝了他那杯沏了多时的浓茶。“你整个下午一声不吭，阿尔伯特，”妻子说。“我在想事情。”

他前前后后仔细地考虑了这件事情。第二天，他沿街行走，正巧发现有人要出租一家小店，这家小店似乎完全合他的意。24小时以后他就租了那个小店，一个月后，他永远地离开了耐维尔·圣彼德教堂。阿尔伯特成了店主，出售香烟和报纸。他妻子说，当了圣彼得教堂司事后再干这一行，这种落魄太可怕了。他回答说你得跟上时代的潮流，教堂已经今非昔比，所以他打算该干啥就干啥。阿尔伯特生意做得很好。大约一年后，他想，我既然干得很成功，我不妨开设第二家商店，并招聘一名经理。他又找到一条没人销售香烟的长街，当他找到一家要出租的商店，他就马上租下来，并为它置备了各种各样的香烟。他又成功了。后来他又想既然能够经营两家商店就可以经营六家商店，于是他在伦敦到处查看，凡是没有烟草店的长街只要有商店出租，他一律租下。在10年时间里，他接管了不少于10家门店，挣起钱来轻而易举，他每周一到各店亲自巡视，汇总一周的收入，然后将它存入银行。

一天当他交付了一捆钞票和很重的一袋银币时，收银员说经理想见见他。他被领进办公室，经理和他握了握手。“福尔曼先生，我想和您谈谈您在敝行的存款，你知道你已拥有多少存款了？”“确切的数字记不清了。经理先生，但大概的数目我还是知道的。”“除了您今天早晨存入的，你已经存了三万英镑。这是一笔数目相当可观的存款，我想您完全可以用它来投资。”“我不想冒什么风险，先生，我觉着放在银行里保险。”“你一点不用担心。我们会列出一张绝对可靠的金边股票单子给您。它们给您带来的利息要高于我们所能给予的利息。”

福尔曼那张与众不同的脸上显出了忧虑的神色。“我从未玩过股票，我还是把钱交给你来处理吧，”他说。

经理笑了，“全由我们来办吧。下次您来，只要在转让书上签上您的名字就行了。”“这没问题，”阿尔伯特犹豫不定，“但我怎么知道我签的是什么内容呢？”“我想您是识字的吧？”经理有点不悦地说道。

福尔曼先生坦然地笑了笑。“嗯，先生，问题就在这。我不识字。我想这听起来有点可笑，事实就是这样，我既不会读也不会写。我只会写自己的名字，而且还是在做生意时学会的。”

经理极为惊讶地从椅子上蹦了起来。“我从没听说过这种稀奇事。”“是这样，先生。我一直没有机会学文化。后来等有了机会，我又太老了，我也不想学了，我挺固执的。”

经理盯着他的眼睛，好像他是原始丛林里的妖怪。“你是说你积攒了三万英镑却不会读书写字？天啦，好家伙，如果您会读书写字的话，您现在会在做什么呢？”“我可以告诉您，先生，”福尔曼先生说，颇具贵族气的脸上露出一丝微笑，“我会是耐维尔·圣彼得教堂的司事。”

Translation of Proverbs

1.Life is a battle.

人生就是一场战斗。

2.Life is but an empty dream.

浮生若梦。

3.Life is short and art is long.

人生短暂，艺术无涯。

4.Better a glorious death than a shameful life.

忍辱贪生不如死得光荣。

Unit Four

Text　We’ve Got Mail—Always

Warm-up Activities

1.As people have been writing by means of email correspondence, some popular symbols have emerged increasingly to replace the full expressions.The following is a list of most common and funny smiling faces symbols.Do you know what each of them stands for？

2.In the present day life, e-mail has replaced the traditional love letters as a way of expressing love.Which one do you prefer？State your reasons.

3.Is e-mail a blessing or a curse？State the pros and cons of such high technology as cell phone, mp3 player, the Internet and so on in your daily life.

Additional Information for the Teacher's Reference

1.Andrew Leonard

Andrew Leonard is a senior editor at Salon. com and author of Salon's Free Software Project, an online book-in-progress exploring the history and culture of the free software movement.He is now a contributing editor for Newsweek.

2.America Online

America Online（AOL）is an American global Internet services and media company operated by Time Warner with its headquarter now in New York City. Founded in 1983 as Quantum Computer Services, it has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services.AOL is perhaps best known for its online software suite, also called“AOL”，which allowed millions of customers around the world to access the world's largest“walled garden”online community and eventually reach out to the internet as a whole.At one time AOL's membership was over 30 million members worldwide, most of whom accessed the AOL service through the AOL software suite.

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