生理学:双语:英、汉(txt+pdf+epub+mobi电子书下载)


发布时间:2021-03-30 21:51:08

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作者:高剑峰

出版社:中国中医药出版社

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生理学:双语:英、汉

生理学:双语:英、汉试读:

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随着近年教学改革及国际交流的不断深入开展,生理学双语教学越来越受到重视。为了适应新的形势和教学要求,我们有针对性地编写《生理学》(双语)教材作为“十三五”期间的创新教材。《生理学》(双语)教材以器官系统为单位对人体生理学进行了系统的阐述。本教材共分十二章,第一章主要介绍生理学的基本概念与基本知识,第二章介绍细胞的基本功能,第三章介绍血液,其余章节分别介绍心血管系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、能量代谢与体温、泌尿系统、内分泌系统、生殖、神经系统和感觉器官。为方便教学和学习使用,本教材在每章均对一些重点和难点内容配以表格总结和图示。

本教材的特点是:①编排新颖,本书以全英正文为基础、配合以脚注的形式对重点和难点内容进行中文翻译。希望通过这种创新的教材编排形式,在不影响专业知识掌握的基础上,更好地培养学生专业英语的阅读和理解能力。②语言简洁,重点突出。为了克服学生有限的英语阅读能力对专业知识理解的限制,我们力求英文表达简洁明朗,专业内容介绍重点突出。规避了很多全英文教材甚至双语教材语言晦涩、内容繁杂的特点,确保学生不会因此失去进一步学习的兴趣和信心。本教材适合中医学、针灸推拿学、中西医临床医学、护理学及其他医药相关专业学生使用,也可为广大医学工作者参考利用。

本教材的编写得到了全国18所中医药院校的资深教师的大力支持和帮助,参加编写人员共21人,都是目前正在生理学教学第一线工作的教授、副教授和讲师。在编写过程中,编者对各自负责编写的章节内容都做了认真考虑,参考了国内外著名生理学教材的最新版本。为了确保语言表达的准确性,特邀请广西中医药大学基础医学院生理学教研室的外籍教师M.Azizul Haq进行语言上的把关,在此一并表示衷心的感谢!由于编写时间仓促及编者水平有限,书中不免存在一些不当之处,敬请各位读者不吝指出,以备再版时更正。《生理学》(双语)编委会2018年5月Chapter1INTRODUCTIONSection 1Content of physiology

The goal of physiology is to elucidate the physical, chemical and environmental factors that are involved in the origin, development, maintenance and progression of normal life.Each type of life, from the simple virus to the largest tree or the complicated human being, has its own sets of physical traits and functional characteristics.Therefore, the vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology, and many more subdivisions.1 Research object and task of physiology

Human physiology is the branch of science that deals with the specific characteristics or phenomena and mechanisms of normal human life’s functions as a single entity.It concerns with complex processes that depend on the interplay of many widely separate organs in the body. The tasks of human physiology include revealing the functional mechanisms, functional relationships, functional regulation, functional origin and functional evolution of various organ tissues to their more complex adult forms, their adaptive change to the external environment,and their mutual coordination and reunification at the the integral level.Thus, the intention of physiology is how each part of the body works together at various levels of organization as an integral organism.

Physiology is a very important basic medical course.Without the knowledge of physiology, doctors cannot determine the occurrence and development of disease.Similarly, clinical practices constantly propose new research directions and issues for the study of physiology.Physiology and clinical medicine are mutual promotion and common development.In recent years, with the development of modern science and technology, especially molecular biology techniquesare widely used in medical research, physiological research has been greatly improved and developed to sophisticated level.Many theories, such as cell cycle regulation, cell apoptosis, receptor physiology, ion channels, and transcription factors theories are proposed.Thus, Our understanding of physiological activities is gradually deepening.2 Research methods

Experiments are the main research methods of physiology.Modern physiology is a subject which uses a large number of new methods to comprehensively and thoroughly reveal the laws and nature of life activities.Physiological experiments are the studies of the body, organs,tissues or cells.In human studies, the experiment must not endanger human health, so it is mainly observational studies, also known as non-invasive tests, such as temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG)measurements or blood, urine test and so on.Intervention studies are mostly animal experiments; animal experiments can be divided into two types of acute and chronic experiments.Acute experiment permits to observe some functions of organism (for instance, heart contraction) and register it during a short time.The acute experiment facilitates study of many functions of organism, though it suffers from grave shortcomings exerting the negative influence on the experimental animals’ vital functions.The chronic experiments permit to study the functions of experimental animals during a long period of time, even for many months or years.2.1 Acute experiment

Acute experiment is divided into two kinds of in vivo experimentsand in vitro experiments.In vivo, experiment is to observe how the organ works when the organ is still in the natural state of the body, and how various factors will affect the organ.The advantage of the experiments in vivo is that the experimental conditions are easy to control, and the observation is more objective, such as the cardiac contraction and compensatory intermittent experiments.

In vitro, experiments are those experiments that remove the organs (such as heart, kid-ney), tissues or cells (such as myocardium,smooth muscles, nerve stem cells) by surgery,and place them in a suitable artificial environment for observation, then analyze the principle of their activities.The advantage of the experiments in vitro is that the effects of many unrelated factors are excluded, the experimental factors are simple and the results are easy to analyze.2.2 Chronic experiments

Chronic experiments are usually carried out under sterile conditions, and exposure, destruction, removal or transplantation of certain organs by surgery, and.then observe the functional activity of the organ after surgery.For example, if the nerve is cut, it is the method of denervationand the physiologist has an opportunity to study the changes in organs’ activity when it is not controlled by the nervous system.An advantage of such an approach is the preservation of the natural relationship between the organs, thus experimental conditions are close to the normal state, and the experiment can be repeated many times.3 Three levels of physiological studies

Physiology is an experimental science, the contents of which are based on observation and analysis of the human or animal.The human body consists of a variety of cells, tissues,organs and functional systems, which constitute a unified whole.In order to investigate the processes of life activities, regularities and principles, physiology research is divided into three levels: the integral level, organ and system level, cell and molecular level.3.1 The integral level

In this level it studies people or animals as a whole object.It studies the function of the whole body, the interaction of our bodies with the external world, and the influence of the environmental and social factors on human body.For example, the temperature regulation.Those body’s various physiological parameters are determined by a large number of human investigations and measurements.3.2 The organ and system level

In this level it tries to understand the rules and principles of activity of an organ or a functional system, as well as their status and role in the overall activities.The main subject is the mechanics of activities of organs and systems.Such as food is digested and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as their neuro-regulation and humoral-regulation.3.3 The cell and molecular level

The individual cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of the human body.The individual human body consists of great numbers of these cells working together as a total organism.The basic functional medium of the human body is the chemical molecules.The various functional activities of the body are ultimately embodied in the physical changes and chemical reactions in the cell.Such as the secretion of glandular cells, the biological activity of nerve cells and muscle cell contraction.The research results in the cell and molecular level are important to reveal the nature of life.The structure and interaction of the molecules of the body are one of the most exciting areas in biology today.With the development of molecular biology, the nature of human activities has entered the molecular level.Physiology research area also reaches out to a variety of molecules that makes up cells, especially the physical and chemical properties and functions of biological macromolecules (nucleic acids and proteins),such as the contraction of muscle cells is formed by changing the arrangement of special protein molecules, physiological characteristics and cardiac cycle activity of cardiac myocytes are determined by their electrophysiological characteristics.

Three levels of research are artificially differentiated from the research content, which is an integral part of human understanding of life phenomena.The integral functional activity is the result of harmonization under the overall conditions.Activities of cells and organs are not independently carried out, but interrelated and harmonized.Each experiment result must be comprehensive and objectively evaluated to arrive in line with the objective and practical conclusions.Section 2The shared basic characteristics of all life’s activities

An object that consists of biological macromolecules such as proteins is called an organism.It includes simple organisms (single cell organisms), higher organisms and the human body.Each organism can carry out a variety of life activities with different characteristics, but the most basic life activities are metabolism, excitability, adaptability and reproduction.1 Metabolism

The metabolism of the body means simply all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, which make it possible for the cells to continue living.Metabolism is the life phenomenon of material metabolism and energy metabolism with the external environment.It includes all the material and energy changes that occur in the body.All the changes fall into two categories: catabolic and anabolic reactions.Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of the components of the body, the larger molecules into smaller molecules, during which energy is released from the activity of the body.Anabolic reactions are processes that simple molecules in the body to synthesize macromolecular substances.Anabolism and catabolism are two mutually opposing and unified processes of material metabolism.All kinds of life activities are completed in the material exchange and energy conversion with the external environment constantly.Once the metabolism stops, life will end.2 Excitability

The environment in which the body is located is constantly changing.Changes in the external or internal environment can induce changes in the activity of a living organism, in other words, environmental stimuli can elicit response of the tissues of the body.A change in the living environment that can be felt is called stimulation.Such as electricity, temperature,pressure, chemical stimulation and so on.The change of internal metabolic process or external activity caused by stimulation is called response.The response can be classified into two types: excitatory response or excitation, and inhibitory response or inhibition.Excitation signifies an increase in activity, such as secretion of gland, nerve impulses of neurons.Since these different changes are all preceded by bioelectric changes, that is, action potential(AP),action potential appears simultaneously with the conduction of excitation along the nerve fiber,and always precedes the contraction of a muscle, thereby the action potential is usually considered to be an objective indicator of excitement.Nerve, muscle and glandular cells are excitable cells.Inhibition, on the contrary, is a decrease in activity, such as the decrease in blood pressure.The property of living organisms that permits them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.This is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.

Metabolism is the basis of excitability.Once the metabolism stops, excitement will disappear, the body will not make any response to the stimulus.Therefore, excitability is the basis of the interdependence between stimuli and reactions, and is a necessary condition for the survival of the body.The excitability of different tissues was different, such as nerve cell excitability is higher than muscle cell’s.Even the same kind of cells, in different conditions, its excitability will also change accordingly.3 Adaptability

The term adaptation denotes a characteristic that favors survival in specific environments.The precise anatomical and physiological changes that bring about increased capacity to withstand change during adaptation are highly varied.They involve the changes in the number,size, or sensitivity of one or more of the cell types that mediate the basic response.Adaptability is the gradual development and improvement of the process of biological evolution to be fitter with better survival power.Human beings are not only able to adapt themselves to the environment they live in, but also take the initiative to use the achievements of science and technology to transform the natural environment in order to achieve the purpose of active adaptation to the environment.4 Reproduction

Reproduction means generating new beings to take the place of those that are dying.It helps maintain the automaticity and continuity of life.This perhaps sounds like a permissive usage of the term homeostasis, but it does illustrate that, in the final analysis, essentially all body structures are organized such that they help maintain the automaticity and continuity of life.If the reproductive function is lost, the germline cannot be extended, the species will be eliminated, so the reproduction is also one of the characteristics of life activities.Section 3Internal environment and homeostasis1 Body fluid and internal environment

Body fluidis the fluid in the body which composed of water as the universal solvent for ions and other biological substances essential to living organisms, for instance, CSF(Cerebrospinal fluid) (Figure1-1).Approximately 60 percent of the adult human body is fluid.Water is present within and around the cells of the body, and within all the blood vessels.Two-thirds of this fluid are inside the cells and is called intracellular fluid.The remaining one-third of the fluid present in blood and in the spaces surrounding cells is called extracellular fluid.Three quarters of this extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid, and the other is plasma.This extracellular fluid is in constant motion throughout the body.It is transported rapidly in the circulating blood and then mixed between the blood and the tissue fluids by diffusion through the capillary walls.

The extracellular fluids are the ions and nutrients needed by the cells for maintenance of cellular life.Therefore, all cells live in essentially the same environment--the extracellular fluid.For this reason the extracellular fluid is called the internal environmentof the body.Cells are capable of living, growing, and performing their special functions because several conditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits.Thus stability of the internal environment is the primary condition for a free and independent existence.Figure 1-1 Figure of body fluid distribution

Compartmentalization is achieved by barriers between the

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