作者：李睿,杨二龙,李吉
出版社：石油工业出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
海洋油气工程专业英语：富媒体试读：
前言
为适应中国海洋石油工业的发展需要，各石油高校相继设立了海洋油气工程专业。该专业以海洋特殊环境条件、特殊工作平台为背景，培养掌握海洋石油装备、勘探、钻井、完井、生产、集输工艺、环境、安全管理理论与技术，专业面较宽，外语突出的复合型人才。海洋油气工程专业英语课程是连接专业知识和英语应用技能的桥梁，其目的和任务是在认识和了解海洋油气工程相关专业知识的基础上，全面训练和提高专业英语的阅读和翻译能力，为从事相关工作打下必要基础。因此，2012年4月在西南石油大学召开的全国海洋油气工程专业教学与教材规划研讨会将本教材列为行业规划教材，2013年11月石油工业出版社召开了本教材的编写研讨会，根据专业需要确定了编写内容和编写分工。
根据海洋油气工程的专业特点，本着理论与实际相结合、覆盖面广的原则，本书英文选材尽量考虑海洋油气工程专业工作的需要，并针对目前海洋油气勘探开发的现状，系统地覆盖了海洋油气工程的各个主要方面，并对重点词汇短语以及难理解的知识点进行单独讲解，最终，在本书最后部分列出专业词汇表，以便查阅。
本书由西安石油大学李睿、东北石油大学杨二龙和李吉编著。特别邀请中国石油集团海洋工程有限公司技术处副处长、井控管理中心主任张贺恩担任本书主审。具体编写分工为：第一章、第四章至第六章、第八章由李睿编写；第三章由杨二龙编写，第二章、第七章由李吉编写；所有章节注释（Notes）由李睿撰写。全书由李睿统稿，张贺恩审核。
本书在编写过程中得到了编者所在院校及中集来福士海洋工程研究院、海油发展工程技术公司等单位的大力支持；西安石油大学石油行业翻译小组学生做了大量的文献调研和资料整理工作，且参考、引用了较多方面的资料，做到精选内容、系统整理，特此向有关单位和个人致以诚挚的谢意。
由于编者水平有限，本书缺点和不足之处在所难免，恳请读者斧正。编著者2017年12月
富媒体资源目录
本教材的视频由李睿提供，音频由北京同光晖科技有限责任公司制作。若教学需要，可向责任编辑索取，邮箱为826630050@qq.com。1 Overview
People use oil and gas more than any other source of energy. From oil, refineries make or extract gasoline, diesel fuel, and lubricants. Petrochemical plants make plastics and fertilizers. Natural gas heats our homes and fires steam generators to make electricity. Without oil and gas, everyone's life would be very different.
The petroleum industry produces oil and gas from special layers of rocks called reservoirs. Like a multilayered cake, additional beds of rock lie above and below these reservoirs. And, like the frosting on a cake, a relatively thin layer of ground sometimes covers the rock layers. On the other hand, the“frosting”may not be dry land; it may be water instead. Since oceans and seas cover about three-fourths of the earth, it is no surprise that water also covers rock layers.
Operating in oceans or seas—offshore—presents special problems to oil producers that they do not have to face on land sites. This book examines many of the special conditions the marine environment imposes on finding, producing, and transporting oil and gas.1.1 Historical perspectives
Offshore oil and gas operations began in the late 19th century. Edwin Drake drilled the first oilwell in the world in 1859. He did it on a piece of land near Titusville, Pennsylvania. In 1897, another enthusiast drilled the first offshore well in the world. He drilled it off the coast of ①Southern California, immediately south of Santa Barbara.
In the late 1800s, a group of people founded the town of Summerland, California. The founders picked the site because of its pleasant, sunny climate. Coincidentally, it also had numerous springs. These springs did not, however, produce water: crude oil and natural gas bubbled out of them.
Since Summerland could use gas to light its homes and businesses, and since oil could provide income, the city's residents took an interest in efficiently producing the springs. One citizen, H．L.Williams, was knowledgeable about extracting oil from the earth. So, just as Drake had done earlier in Pennsylvania, Williams drilled wells in the vicinity of the springs. The wells allowed him to extract more oil than if he had simply dammed up the springs. These early wells were successful and, as a result, he and others drilled many more in the area.
After drilling a large number of wells, these early oilmen noticed that those nearest the ocean were the best producers. Eventually, they drilled several wells on the beach itself. But, at this point, the Pacific Ocean stymied them. Experience convinced them, however, that more oil lay in the rock formations below the ocean. The question was how to drill for it.
Williams came up with the idea of building a wharf or a pier and erecting the drilling rig on it. The idea worked. His first offshore well, drilled from a wharf made of wooden pilings and timbers, extended about 300 feet （90 meters） into the ocean. On the end of the wharf, Williams erected a drilling rig and used it to drill the first offshore well in the world. Williams's crew set a steel pipe, called a casing, from the drilling platform down through the sandy bottom, and used cable tools to pound their way down 455 feet to two oil sands. As expected, it was a good producer and before long the entrepreneurs built several more wharves （Fig. 1.1）. The longest stretched over 1，200 feet （nearly 400 meters） into the Pacific.Fig. 1.1 Piers and derricks at Summerland, California, 1901
The term offshore usually conjures up visions of vast expanses of water well beyond the pounding surf. However, the next important bit of offshore history happened in a more contained locale. In the area around Lake Caddo in East Texas over the years following 1900, wildcatters searching for oil continually stumbled on pockets of associated natural gas—to the chagrin of most. Gas cost much more to transport and required large discoveries and dense populations to create a market. Only one out of three of these conditions appealed to an East Texas wildcatter. In 1907, J．B.McCann, a scout for Gulf Oil Corporation, mulled over maps of the Lake Caddo area and thought about the gassy province that lay below. Late one night, he used a novel tool to prove his theories. He rowed across the lake, carefully touching lighted matches to the vapors bubbling from the waters. Besides successfully avoiding self-immolation, he convinced himself, and eventually W．L.Mellon in Gulf headquarters at Pittsburg, that a large oil and gas field crossed under the lake.
Gulf acquired the concession to drill 8，000 acres of lake bottom and brought new techniques to the area and to the industry. Starting in 1910, they towed up the Mississippi and Red Rivers a floating pile driver, a fleet of supply boats, and barges of derricks, boilers, and generators. In the lake, they drove pilings by using the abundant cypress trees felled along the shoreline. Atop they built platforms for their derricks （Fig.1.2） and pipe racks. Each drilling/production ②platform had its own derrick and gas-driven generator. Each pumped production down a 3-inch diameter steel flowline laid along the lake bottom to separation and gathering stations atop other platforms.Fig. 1.2 Drilling from wooden pile platforms in Lake Caddo, Texas
Over the next four decades Gulf drilled 278 wells and produced 13 million barrels of oil from under Lake Caddo, creating in the process a commercially successful prototype for water-based operations, the platform on piles.1.1.1 Concrete progress
American notions aside, not all progress and innovation took place in the United States. Production in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, in the mid-1920s might have replicated Caddo Lake but for one thing, the dreaded teredo. These intrusive shipworms had pestered mariners since ancient times. In less than eight months these pesky parasites could chew through the wooden pilings that supported a Lake Maracaibo drilling platform, not allowing enough time to make a profit. Creosoted pine from the United States proved a technically effective ③antidote， but the expense made it an uneconomic solution.
In an instance of serendipity, the Venezuelan government had contracted with Raymond Concrete Pile Company to build a seawall on the lakefront near the oil fields, thereby underwriting an entire infrastructure necessary to make concrete platform pilings. Lago Petroleum tried using these concrete pilings in place of the wooden pilings. Soon they were fitting the pilings with steel heads to allow faster installation and tying them together with steel and wire rope for structural integrity. In the next thirty years industry erected nine hundred concrete platforms in Lake Maracaibo. By the 1950s, they used hollow cylindrical concrete piles with 5-inch walls and 54-inch diameters and lengths of 200 feet that were prestressed with steel cable.1.1.2 Free at last
At the same time Lago was developing Lake Maracaibo, the Texas Company, later Texaco, was searching for a better idea for their properties in the Louisiana swamps. Platforms on driven wooden pilings worked, but the expense left room for improvement. The idea of using a barge sunk in place as a drilling platform intrigued the Texas Company. In their own prudent way they first visited the U．S. Patent Office and discovered that Louis Giliasso, a merchant marine captain who had worked in the Lake Maracaibo fields, had already claimed the idea（Fig. 1.3）. After a Byzantine search, they found him in 1933, improbably running a saloon in Panama. Soon after, the Texas Company sank two standard barges, side-by-side, in a swampy section of Lake Pelto, Louisiana. With only a few feet of water to deal with, they had enough freeboard to weld a platform on top and install a derrick.Fig. 1.3 The submersible Giliasso from the original U．S. patent application
In a magnanimous moment, they named the first submersible the Giliasso after its inventor. They sank another barge nearby with a boiler for power supply and proceeded to drill a well to 5，700 feet. ④Like most of their competitors by the 1930s, they used a rotary drill. Undaunted by finding no hydrocarbon and having to abandon the well, they pulled casing, refloated the barges, and quickly moved around the lake, drilling another five wells over a year's time. A triumph in innovation and efficiency, the Giliasso reduced lost time from completion of one well to drilling the next well from seventeen days to two. Mobile offshore drilling had begun.1.1.3 The scope of offshore operations
Today, offshore activities take place in the waters of more than half the nations on earth. And no longer do primitive, shore-bound wooden wharves confine offshore operators. Instead, they drill wells from modern steel or concrete structures. These structures are, in many cases, movable. What is more, they can float while being moved, and often while drilling. Further, offshore rigs have drilled in waters over 7，500 feet （over 2，200 meters） deep and as far as 200 miles （over 300 kilometers） from shore. Offshore drilling and production have progressed far beyond those early efforts at Summerland.
Offshore work today involves a wide range of technologies. These technologies are similar in many cases to those used to find, produce, and transport oil and gas on land. Offshore activities include, however, additional technologies that relate to a marine environment. Unlike oil operations on land, offshore operations involve meteorology, naval architecture, mooring and anchoring techniques, and buoyancy, stability, and trim.
Drilling and producing oil and gas wells are important phases of offshore operations, but the scope goes further. Offshore operations also include exploring—looking for likely places where oil and gas may exist in the rock formations that lie beneath the surface of the oceans, seas, gulfs, and bays. In addition, offshore operations include transporting oil and gas—moving them from their points of production offshore to refineries and plants on land.New words and phrases
gas 天然气
refinery 炼油，精炼厂
extract 提取
gasoline 汽油
diesel 柴油
lubricant 润滑油，润滑剂
petrochemical plant 石油化工厂
natural gas 天然气
generator 发电机
petroleum 石油
produce 生产
reservoir 油藏
offshore 海上，海洋
marine 海洋的；船舶的；航海的
transport 输送；运输
operation 作业，操作
drill 钻，钻孔；演习，演练
spring 泉；弹簧；春季
crude oil 原油
wharf/pier/jetty/dock 码头
erect 安装
drilling rig 钻机；钻探装置
timber 木材，原木
casing 套管
drilling platform 钻井平台
cable 电缆
entrepreneur 企业家
derrick 井架
bit 钻头
wildcatter 勘探者（wildcat well：初探井）
associated 伴生的；相关的
cost 成本；花费；费用；付出
vapor 蒸气
headquarter 总部，指挥部
oil and gas field 油气田
tow 拖航
pile driver 打桩机
supply boat 供应船，补给船
barge 驳船
boiler 锅炉
atop 在……之上
production platform 生产平台，采油平台
pump 泵
flowline 出油管
separation 分离
barrel 桶（缩写：bbl）
process 处理；程序
shipworm/teredo 船蛆，船蛀
expense 开支，开销；支出，花费
concrete 混凝土；具体的
seawall 海堤，防波堤
infrastructure 基础设施
wire rope 大绳，钢丝绳
integrity 完整性
cylindrical 圆柱形
prestress 预应力
swamp 沼泽
install 安装
submerge 浸没，淹没
hydrocarbon 烃；碳氢化合物；油气
completion 完井；完成
meteorology 气象学
naval architecture 造船学；船舶工程
mooring 系泊
anchoring 锚泊；抛锚
buoyancy 浮力；浮性
stability 稳性；稳定性
trim 纵倾；修剪
phase 相；阶段Notes
①immediately south of Santa Barbara：紧临圣巴巴拉南边。
句中immediately是副词，译为紧临、紧靠。
②production platform：采油平台。
采油平台又称为生产平台，是从事海上油、气等生产性开采、处理、储藏、监控、测量等的平台。有的是单个平台，具有多种功能；也有由若干不同用途的平台以引桥连接组成平台群，成为海上集合式石油生产基地。采油平台可分为固定式和浮动式两大类。
③technically effective antidote：有效的技术解决方案。
④rotary drill：旋转钻井。
传统钻井方法分两种，一种是旋转钻井，一种是顿钻。旋转钻井是靠动力带动钻头旋转，在旋转的过程中对井底岩石进行破碎，同时循环钻井液以清洁井底的钻井方法。顿钻是交替升起和降落钻具在硬岩石中钻井的方法。1.2 Oil and gas
People often call crude oil petroleum. Petroleum comes from the Latin word for rock, petra, and the old Greek word for oil, oleum; petroleum literally means“rock oil”. Petroleum is a good name for crude oil because it really does come from rock. The rocks in which oil companies find petroleum have special characteristics. Explorationists—those who look for oil and gas—sometimes have a hard time finding the special rocks. Usually, many other rock layers cover and bury them below the earth's surface. Like petroleum, natural gas also comes from special rocks buried far below the earth's surface. Frequently, gas occurs with oil.1.2.1 Characteristics of oil and gas
Oil and gas are hydrocarbons. That is, oil and gas contain only two elements: hydrogen and carbon. Other substances, such as sulfur, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and salt, may also exist with gas and oil.1.2.2 Chemical makeup
Even though only hydrogen and carbon make up hydrocarbons, a hydrocarbon's chemical structure is not necessarily simple. Hydrogen and carbon have a great attraction for each other and can arrange themselves in simple or very complex ways.
Natural gas tends to be less complex than crude oil. As it comes 4out of a well, it is mainly methane （CH）, which is the simplest hydrocarbon. Natural gas frequently contains heavier hydrocarbons 2638410such as ethane （CH）, propane （CH）, and butane （CH）. In addition to hydrocarbon compounds, natural gas may contain other gases, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor.
Crude oils can be complex. They often contain not only simple hydrocarbons, such as methane, but also complicated liquid and sometimes solid hydrocarbons. The complex structure of oil can keep even advanced chemists occupied with studying it.1.2.3 Properties
Methane （natural gas） is odorless, colorless, less dense than air, and flammable. Because natural gas is naturally odorless and so flammable, gas companies add a chemical to make it smell bad before selling it. This odorant allows you to smell leaking gas and thus avoid accidents.
Crude oil varies widely in appearance. Its color can range from pitch black to pale straw. In weight, or density, it ranges from very dense—denser than water—to very light, perhaps only three-fourths as dense as water. Its viscosity, or resistance to flow, ranges from solid, which does not flow at all, to very thin liquid—almost like water. Crude oil's odor can range from very pungent to almost odorless. And, of course, it is flammable, which is partly why it is so valuable.1.2.4 Oil and gas reservoirs
Hydrocarbons and their associated impurities occur in rock formations that are usually buried thousands of feet or meters below the surface. Scientists and engineers often call rock formations that hold hydrocarbons“reservoirs”．
Oil does not flow in underground rivers or pool up in subterranean lakes, contrary to what some people think. And, as you′ve learned, gasoline and other refined hydrocarbons do not naturally occur in pockets under the ground, just waiting to be drilled for. Instead, crude oil and natural gas occur in buried rocks and, once produced from a well, companies have to refine the crude oil and process the natural gas into useful products. Further, not every rock can hold hydrocarbons. To serve as an oil and gas reservoir, rocks have to meet several criteria.①1.2.5 Characteristics of reservoir rocks
Nothing looks more solid than a rock. Yet, choose the right rock—say, a piece of sandstone or limestone—and look at it under a microscope. You see many tiny openings or voids. Geologists call these tiny openings“pores”. A rock with pores is“porous”and a porous ②rock has“porosity”. Reservoir rocks must be porous, because hydrocarbons can occur only in pores.
A reservoir rock is also permeable-that is, its pores are connected. If hydrocarbons are in the pores of a rock, they must be able to move out of them. Unless hydrocarbons can move from pore to pore, they remain locked in place, unable to flow into a well. A suitable reservoir rock must therefore be porous, permeable, and contain enough hydrocarbons to make it economically feasible for the operating company to drill for and produce them.1.2.6 Origin and accumulation of oil and gas
To understand how hydrocarbons get into buried rocks, visualize an ancient sea teeming with vast numbers of living organisms. Some are fishes and other large swimming beasts; others, however, are so small that you cannot see them without a strong magnifying glass or a microscope. Although they are small, they are very abundant. Millions and millions of them live and die daily. It is these tiny and plentiful organisms that many scientists believe gave rise to oil and gas.
When these tiny organisms died millions of years ago, their remains settled to the bottom. Though very small, as thousands of ③years went by, enormous quantities of this organic sedimentaccumulated in thick deposits on the seafloor. The organic material mixed with the mud and sand on the bottom. Ultimately, many layers of sediments built up until they became hundreds or thousands of feet （meters） thick. The tremendous weight of the overlying sediments created great pressure and heat on the deep layers. The heat and pressure changed the deep layers into rock. At the same time, heat, pressure, and other forces changed the dead organic material in the layers into hydrocarbons: crude oil and natural gas.④
Meanwhile, geological action created cracks, or faults， in the earth's crust. Earth movement folded layers of rock upward and downward. Molten rock thrusted upward, altering the shape of the surrounding beds. Disturbances in the earth shoved great blocks of land upward, dropped them downward, and moved them sideways. Wind and water eroded formations, earthquakes buried them, and new sediments fell onto them. Land blocked a bay's access to open water, and the resulting inland sea evaporated. Great rivers carried tons of sediment; then dried up and became buried by other rocks. In short, geological forces slowly but constantly altered the very shape of the earth. These alterations in the layers of rock are important because, under the right circumstances, they can trap and store hydrocarbons.
Even while the earth changed, the weight of overlying rocks continued to push downward, forcing hydrocarbons out of their source ⑤rocks. Seeping through subsurface cracks and fissures, oozing through small connections between rock grains, the hydrocarbons moved upward. They moved until a subsurface barrier stopped them or until they reached the earth's surface, as they did at Oil Creek. Most of the hydrocarbons, however, did not reach the surface. Instead, they became trapped and stored in a layer of subsurface rock. Today, the oil industry seeks petroleum that was formed and trapped millions of years ago.New words and phrase
characteristics 特征，性质
explorationist 勘探家
hydrogen 氢
substances 物质，成分
sulfur 硫，硫磺
nitrogen 氮
salt 盐
methane 甲烷
ethane 乙烷
propane 丙烷
butane 丁烷
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
helium 氦
hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢
solid 固体；结实的，可靠的
odorless 无味的
flammable 易燃的，可燃的
leak 泄漏
pitch 纵摇；沥青
viscosity 黏度，黏性
sandstone 砂岩
limestone 石灰岩；石灰的
geologist 地质师，地质学家
pore 孔隙
porous 多孔的
porosity 孔隙度；孔隙性；多孔性
organism 有机物；生物体
settle 沉淀；解决；定居
sediment 沉淀，沉积物
accumulate 积聚
seafloor 海底，海床
mud 钻井液，同drilling fluid
overlying 上覆的
geological action 地质作用
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