作者：陈娟
出版社：重庆大学出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
商务英语基础写作(下)试读：
前言
我国英语专业从原来的英语文学专业扩展出新的商务英语专业、翻译专业和旅游英语专业，充分反映了这一学科的快速发展与进步，同时也反映了社会对高校人才培养所提出的新要求。《商务英语写作》作为商务英语专业的一门重要课程，早已成为广大教育工作者关心和研究的课题。但一直以来，由于东西部在教育资源和教育水平上存在着较大差别，东部地区的教材成果很难在西部高校发挥应有的作用。
鉴于此，重庆大学出版社集中了部分高校的教师，有针对性地编写了商务英语教材系列，这是很有意义的！
每一种语言的表达方式都有其特定的文化内涵，都反映了同一种文化中人们的共同习得，不同文化间的语言表达的差异性是我们在商务英语写作教学时必须关注的关键所在。
用英语语言进行商务写作应学会像母语人那样，注重实证、实例分析，在思维模式上更多使用演绎式，在句法结构上善于运用连接手段来达到语法形式的完整。
在写作模式上，也应多采用主题式写作模式，使自己写出的段落或文字主题明确；同时列出所能想到的所有细节，并合理安排，使主题得以完整地分析和论述。
因此，在商务英语写作教学中，按照相应的写作模式，学生在不断地写作实践过程中，勤写多练，逐步总结经验，才能使英语写作能力得到提高。
在本教材编写中，我们正是基于以上考虑，将教材分为上下两册。上册用于二年级上学期，下册用于二年级下学期。上册分为五章，第一章：文化差异；第二章：7C原则和中国式原则；第三章：词；第四章：句子；第五章：段落。每章又分为几个单元，上册共有16单元，以实用和方便教学为主要宗旨。下册分为16个单元，侧重不同文体篇章的写作教学。第一到第三单元引导学生启动思维、拓展思路，通过反复思考确定目标读者和写作目的，了解写作过程以及基本技巧；第四、第五单元引导学生使用正确方法达到全文的统一性和连贯性；第六至第十四单元根据不同文体的常用写作方法，每一章旨在训练学生对一种写作方法的掌握；第十五单元旨在展示批判性阅读与批判性写作，帮助学生形成批判性思维，批判性思维训练是本书的特色，每一单元都有针对性地提出批判性思考题供学生思考；第十六单元介绍本科阶段高年级的两种写作形式：毕业论文和英语专业八级写作考试，让同学们尽早了解并积极准备。
本教材的特点之一在于难度适中。本书各单元的方法技巧讲解使用中文，便于学生领悟和学习。本书特点之二在于提供了较多的例句、例段和例文，各部分内容深入浅出，便于学生理解。每一章后面提供选自英美读物的范文供学生赏析、模仿。特点之三在于提供较多练习，针对每一种写作方法的每个技巧，边学边练，可以帮助学生逐步掌握写作技巧。
感谢贵州大学外国语学院前任院长王健芳教授对本书的编写给予的帮助和指导。因编者水平有限，如有不当之处，望读者给予诚挚的批评和指正。编 者Chapter 1English Essay Writing完整作文写作UNIT 1Title of Essay题目与构思1.1 题目与体裁Genre Analysis
英语写作和中文写作一样，首先需要确定写作目的和题目。明确题目对内容和形式的要求，并确定写作范围和重点，从而决定采用某种恰当的体裁和表达方式。不同体裁的文章题目都有它自身特点，抓住表现体裁特点的关键词，就能够确定题目，确定体裁。Task 1
Observe the titles of writing essay in the table then talk about the different contents and styles of the four writing modes you estimate from the titles．My Childhood，A Precious Gift，A生 活中的所见所NarrationCar Accident闻My Father，A Beautiful Park，An 人物、地点、事DescriptionUnforgettable Wedding物How to Cook Beef，Introduction of 说明书、广告、ExpositionHaier报道ArgumentationOn Failure，On Study分析、评论根据题目定体裁
通常情况下，写作之前需要回答下面四个问题。（1）Who谁是我的读者？（确定你的读者）（2）Why为什么要读我写的东西？（确定你的写作目的）（3）What我要写什么给他们看？（组织你的写作内容）（4）How我怎样写才能达到目的？（选择你的写作风格、语气及体裁）
这四个问题的答案能够帮助你确定写作题目和写作体裁。请看下面两个段落如何描述阻力这个概念，第一段是写给同行科学家的论文，第二段是写给普通大众的报告。写作的目的不同使得写作风格和体裁都不同。Example：What is Drag？StructureWordsIn fluid dynamics，drag（sometimes called air resistance or fluid resistance）refers to forces acting opposite to the relative motion of any substance moving in a fluid．This drag：阻力can exist between two fluid resistance：阻力Technical/layers（or surfaces）or a fluid and Scientific Style a solid surface．Unlike other and Tonefriction：摩擦力resistive forces，such as dry velocity：速度friction，which is nearly independent of velocity，drag forces depend on velocity．Drag forces always decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path．We cannot see or hear many of forces around us，but we can certainly detect their presence．Walking or running into a strong wind，for example，requires a great deal of effort and often Nontechnical quickly leaves us feeling tired．drag：阻力Style and ToneWhen a ship sails through the water，it also experiences these opposing forces known as drag．Overcoming drag causes a ship to reduce its energy efficiency，which leads to higher fuel costs．根据题目定重点
确定写作的重点也要从题目入手，根据题目的中心词可以判断写作的重点内容。一般来说，主谓句的题目，中心词往往是谓语动词。如“The manager disagrees with…”，文章重点就是中心词“disagree”。如果是动宾词组的题目，中心词往往是动词。如“How to apply for a business position”，中心词“apply”就是重点，文章要重点写“methods of applying for a business position”。如果题目是偏正词组，定语或者状语就是中心词，即文章重点。如“unforgettable interview”，就要重点写明这个采访是如何令人难忘的。Task 2
Find out and underline the key words of the following titles，discuss the most important content of each essay．A Book I loveThe Teacher I admireHow to Spend Spring FestivalCampus life in My MindA Wonderful Day1.2 构思Ideation
基于对写作目的以及读者的确定，写作的下一步需要构思，构思的主要任务是寻找主题，收集整理素材并组织文章内容，为杂乱的思想提供一个框架。使用恰当的构思技巧有助于我们收集整理资料，找出灵感。比如：采访式提问、头脑风暴、绘图构思、自由写作等，目的都是为写作找出足够的思想内容。采访式提问
写作之前，就自己的主题用who，what，why，when，where and how进行自我提问，这几个问题是记者采访时常用的问题。通过回答这一系列问题，能拓展思路，提炼思想，丰富信息，发掘细节。同时，提问还能够帮你发现新方法和新视角。
写不同体裁的文章时都可以用提问来拓展思路：
记叙文：What happened？Who was involved？Why did it happen？When did it happen？Where did it happen？How did it happen？
描写文：What does it look like？What are its characteristics？Why does it look good？How is it made？
说明文：What is it？Why is it called…？When and where is it called…？How to use it？
议论文：What is the topic？What is something I will agree or disagree？Why do I agree or disagree？How（In what way）will I agree or disagree？Task 3
Suppose you will write an essay“Cheating on Exams”，try to ask yourself some questions of 5W to help you generate ideas．Write down the answers to the 5W questions and make a rough outline．头脑风暴
首先，把你能想到的跟题目相关的思想内容按照出现的先后次序写下来，不要在意语法用词以及内容好坏，把出现在你脑海的所有想法记下来。例如，下面就是一位同学列出的关于“Competition”这个题目的思想内容。CompetitionToo much competition in our lifeCan be found in every aspect of lifeIn schools—for good academic recordIn companies—for promotion and profitsIn sports field—to win the championIn markets—to occupy more percentage of salesBrings better goods and servicesCruel，but important for your personal developmentStimulate you to work harderHelp to improve your abilityYou become psychologically strongThe fittest surviveGreat pressureBring prosperity to the societyProvide equality and opportunityHas chance to display his abilityBring your ability into full playUnfair competition—big obstacle to social developmentChallengeDevelop positive attitudesImprove your capabilities
接下来由于所列出的想法并不一定对你的写作都有用，所以应该对所有想法进行归类：
1．Competition and youCruel，but important for your personal developmentStimulate you to work harderHelp to improve your abilityYou become psychologically strongThe fittest surviveGreat pressureProvide equality and opportunityHas chance to display your abilityBring your ability into full playChallenge and opportunitiesDevelop positive attitudesImprove your capabilitiesUnderstand it in a constructive wayCompetition is double-edged sword．
2．Competition and societyBrings more better goods and servicesBring prosperity to the societyUnfair competition—big obstacle to social development
3．Competition can be found in every aspect of lifeToo much competition in our lifeCan be found in every aspect of lifeIn schools—for good academic recordIn companies—for promotion and profitsIn sports field—to win the championIn markets—to occupy more percentage of sales
毫无疑问，在“competition”对个人影响这个方面的想法更多，就需要把写作的主要内容具体到“competition and you”。接着就根据这个主题把前面的想法进行分类，这几类要点就是你的文章的主要内容。此时再用到前面所说的采访式提问，围绕主题“competition and you”提问：
What is your life like with so much competition？
How is it related to personal development？
Why is it so？
How should you respond？
根据这几个问题的答案，可以把所有的想法分为三类：Competition and You1. Competition can be found in every aspect of our life．2. Competition is cruel but important in one's personal development．3. Develop positive attitude towards competition．
然后把相应每一类别的想法要点放在一起，去掉重复出现的和无用的观点。这样把所有观点组织在一起，可以看到哪些是要点哪些是细节论据，就成为一个提纲草稿。Competition and You1．Competition can be found in every aspect of our life．1）Sports ground—sportsmen—to win the champion．2）In the business world—businessmen—gain more profits．3）In schools—students—for good academic record．2．Competition is cruel but important in one's personal development．1）Stimulate you to work harder．2）You become psychologically strong．3）Provide equality and opportunity．4）Bring your ability into full play．5）Has chance to display your ability．（repetitive）6）Improve your capabilities．（repetitive）3．Develop positive attitude towards competition．1）Understand it in a constructive way．2）Challenge and opportunities．3）Competition is double-edged sword．（does not fit in the point）
学生在进行brain storming时，要尽量用英语写。因为英语作文和汉语作文在思维方式上有很大的区别。不要先写中文，再翻译成英语，这样既浪费时间，又容易出现中式英语的错误。Task 4
Choose one of the following topics and use brain storming to generate ideas that you might include in a 300-word essay．To finish the task，the reminders below might be helpful．● Write down your thoughts quickly without stopping to think twice．● Analyze your ideas with the journalist questions．● Identify your main points．● Plan your writing．1. Pollution2. The most exciting sport you know about3. The rewards of a part-time job绘图构思
此外，还可以用绘图的方式来构思，即用视觉形式组织思路。这种形式很形象，因此能够激发联想。可以把主题写在一个圆圈里，然后从这个圆圈勾勒出几个放射形分支作为分论点，分论点又可以有更多的细节。这样逐层展开，可以不断充实文章内容。例如：Advertising。
首先从中间开始，在四周的圆圈里写出你看到这个主题后第一时间想到的东西。
其次，从分支中找出一个分论点作为具体化的文章主题。通常要选一个你自己比较感兴趣的或者比较了解的。假设你决定选“Pros and cons of advertising”。然后，再继续为这个论点划出更多分支圆圈，层层细化，写出具体分论点。
进一步分析所有论点，把它们分别归类，这些类别就是你要写的文章主要论点。最后可以列出这些要点并把每个要点下面的分论点归类，写出大概纲要。去掉那些多余重复和无用的论点。1．Advantages of advertising1）a quick access to the product needed2）the best price by comparing and contrasting the prices and specifications of the commodity advertised by different suppliers2．Disadvantages of advertising1）the cost will definitely be passed on to the customers2）the Generation Youth would probably lose their individuality例文一AnalysisExample Advantages and Disadvantages of AdvertisingThesis Nowadays，no matter where you get around in a statementcity or even in the countryside，it is pretty easy for you Supporting to find one or two signs introducing a product．This has ideas：been increasingly popular in our daily lives．Whether Advantagesthe influence of advertising is good or bad could be 1）examined as follows．informative We will start by talking about the merits（n．优点）2）have a of advertising．Firstly， advertising is informative，best price by which provides the customers with a quick access（n．comparing 进入，接近）to the product needed．Take me as an and example．I am a new resident of Guangzhou，a contrastingmetropolitan（adj．大都市的）city located in the south of China．At the very beginning when moving to this Disadvantagecity，I did not have a clue about where to purchase all sof the necessities for my newly-bought flat．Thanks to 1）The cost the ads on TV and in newspapers，amazingly almost all will be of the items ranging from furniture to household passed on to appliances were settled within a week．Secondly，the customersconsumers can expect to have a best price by 2）Youth comparing and contrasting the prices and would lose specifications（n．规格）of the commodities their advertised by different suppliers．individuality However，advertising involves some defects（n．Conclusion瑕疵）and I would like to list two of them herein．Critical thinking
Advertising is having a big influence on our daily lives．Some people believe the negative effects of advertising outweigh the positive effects．What's your opinion？
另外，也可以根据不同主题采用不同的图式来帮助构思。例如“The Major Events of My Family”，可以采用一条时间轴，标注出重要日期及重要事件，帮助你理顺要点，为写作打下基础：Task 5
The following cluster diagram shows four categories that may make good topic sentences．Think what information might support these topic sentences．Then cluster some supporting ideas in the balloons provided．Feel free to add more balloons if necessary．Use the information you have generated in the above task to write a 300-word essay．College life自由写作
自由写作（free-writing）是另一种开拓思路的构思方法，用于发掘你对某个事物所了解的背景信息。想好题目后，一旦开始写，就不停地写下去，把头脑中闪现的所有念头都记录下来。在写的过程中，不要管拼写、标点、语法的正误，也不要回头阅读和修改写下的文字，任凭思绪随着联想拓展前进。自由写作可以引领释放思路。因为我们可能都有这样的经历：面对题目忽然头脑一片空白，毫无头绪，这时让笔在纸上不停地滑过或者让手指不停地敲击键盘，手的动作慢慢会缓解大脑的紧张，解除对写作的压力。自由写作最好有个时间限制，以五到十分钟为宜。自由写作时偏离了题目也不要紧，因为这不是正式的写作，而是为了放松，只有在大脑放松了之后，才会找到文思泉涌的感觉。结束自由写作之后，回过头来读一读所写的内容，找一找哪些观点值得你在文章中展开。例文二ExampleIdeas My Dieting ExperienceCount Counting calories—I really hate that，it's so difficult to know how many calories（卡路里）are in what I'm calories；Protein diet；eating．Jane told me about a protein（蛋白质）Gain weight diet（节食）；but she said it's hard to follow and gives her a stomachache（胃疼）．I always gain the weight back；Feel bad andb ack as soon as I go off a diet—easy to get off，hard to keep off．Dieting makes me feel tired and hungry．I difficult；Hard to know it's important for my health but it's so difficult．controlW hen my stomach is empty I really feel like I can't control myself from eating．I can't think of anything but myself；Substitute food when I'm hungry．My friend told me I can substitute（替代）healthy food for the unhealthy food healthy foodthat makes me gain weight．Task 6
Choose one of the following topics and do free writing for 10 minutes．
Mobile Phone—A Friend I Cannot Do Without
The First Time I did…1.3 主题的确立Thesis Statement
主题（thesis）是文章的灵魂，主题鲜明，读者才能清晰地领略作者的意图。一篇文章只有一个主题，因此写作之前要仔细思考，提炼出准确、鲜明和新颖的主题。不能匆忙开始写作，却离题万里。
首先要区别话题（topic）、标题（title）与主题（thesis）这三个概念，它们的区别可以从范围与体现形式两个方面分析。例如：TopicTitleThesis statementOur Company Our company president our company President is should be fired for three presidentIncompetent for His reasons．Position
标题为“Our Company President is Incompetent for His Position”的文章，其话题是“our company president”，文章的主题是“Our company president should be fired for three reasons”．
由此可知，从范围上讲，话题比标题宽，标题又比主题宽。想要写作成功，就需要在一个宽泛的话题中寻找到一个具体而独特的视角，上例中就从“our company president”这个话题中选择了“our company president is incompetent for his position”这个视角来表明作者的态度和写作意图。视角通常会体现在标题中，但视角不是文章的主题，主题是作者要表达的中心思想或者文章要得出的结论。上例的主题是一句明确的观点“Our company president should be fired for three reasons”，比标题更为具体而明确。从表达形式上来说，主题通常是以完整的陈述句来体现，标题多以短语形式出现，如“An Interesting Book”“Lady Hermit Who are Down But Not Out”，句子类标题大多是问句“Why I Teach”或者祈使句，如“Daydream a Little”。确定了主题，才能确定作者想要表达的主要内容，也就是确定了文章的中心思想，这个中心思想通常在文章的起始段出现。
好的主题一般具备两个特点，首先它能表明文章的话题内容，其次还表明作者对于文章话题的态度和观点。
例如：“Owning a pet has several important benefits”，在这个主题中，话题是“owning a pet”；作者要写的中心论点是“Owning a pet has several important benefits”。
通常，在开始写作之前，你所知道的写作任务都只是一个话题，也可能是一个标题。那么在阅读之后就要收窄话题，寻找合适视角，设计一个能表达主题的标题。但是标题不是主题。
例如第9页“brain storming”中的“Competition”是一个话题，通过写出脑海里所有关于这个话题的观点并分类，得出三个具体的视角：1．Competition and you；2．Competition and society；3．Competition can be found in every aspect of life。根据这三个视角分别可以设计三个标题，同时也有三个主题，写作时选择其中一个你能提供支撑材料的主题。Task 7
In the box that follows are several general topics，follow the example to provide a specific version of each general topic and a thesis statement about each specific topic．General TopicSpecific TopicThesisA honeymoon is perhaps the worst way to MarriageHoneymoonbegin a marriage．My old sister helped me overcome FamilyOld sistershyness． Television Children SportsTask 8
Sometimes a topic must go through several stages of limiting before it is narrow enough to write about．Below are four lists reflecting several stages that writers go through in moving from a general topic to a narrow thesis statement．Number the stages in each list from 1 to 5，with 1 marking the broadest stage and 5 marking the thesis．
List 1
_____ Teachers
_____ Education
_____ Math teacher
_____ My high school math teacher was incompetent
_____ High school math teacher
List 2
_____ Bicycles
_____ Dangers of bike riding
_____ Recreation
_____ Recreational vehicles
_____ Bike riding in the city is a dangerous activity
List 3
_____ Retail companies
_____ Supermarkets
_____ Dealing with customers
_____ Working in a supermarket
_____ I've learned how to handle unpleasant supermarket customers
List 4
_____ Camping
_____ First camping trip
_____ Summer vacation
_____ My first camping trip was disastrous experience
_____ Vacations
确定好主题之后，写好表达主题的中心思想句对写作的成功非常重要。很多人在写中心思想句时不注意，导致整篇文章写作失败。第一个问题是中心思想句只是个宣告话题的简单句，不够完整；第二个问题是中心思想句太宽泛；第三个问题是中心思想句内容太狭窄；第四个问题是一个中心思想句里包含两个主题。
1．中心思想句不是宣告话题的简单句● I want to talk about the smoking in classroom．● The“baby boom”generation is the concern of this essay．
上面这两个句子不能算作中心思想句，因为它们仅仅告知了文章的话题，缺乏作者的论点，不能表达作者的情感与态度，提供的信息不全面也不具想象力。中心思想句应该是针对一个具体话题的中心论点。上面的句子可以修改成中心思想句：● Smoking in classroom should be prohibited．● The“baby boom”generation has changed American society in key
ways．
2．要避免主题过宽● Disease has shaped human history．● Men and women are very different．
这两个主题过于宽泛，内容涉及太广，在一个500字的短文里无法包括所有视角的内容。可以用前面讲过的构思方法收窄主题。● In the mid 1980s，AIDs changed people's attitudes about dating．● Men and women are often treated very differently in the work
place．
3．要避免主题过窄● The speed limit near my home is sixty-five miles per hour．● A person must be at least thirty-five years old to be elected
president of United States．
这两个中心思想句的内容已经不需要别的细节来支撑，它们自身就是细节。也无法对它们进行展开写作。所以，中心思想句的内容要宽窄合适。上面两个句子可以这样修改：● The speed limit near my home should be lowered to forty miles
per hour for several reasons．● The requirement that a U．S．president must be at least thirty-
five years old is unfair and unreasonable．
4．确保中心思想句只讲一个主题● Studying with others has several benefits，but also has
drawbacks and can be difficult to schedule．● Teachers have played an important role in my life，but they are
not as important as my parents．
这两个中心思想句中分别包含不止一个主题。例如“Studying with others has several benefits，but also has drawbacks and can be difficult to schedule．”，这个句子中很明显有两个主题，一个是“studying with others has several benefits”，另一个是“has drawbacks and can be difficult to schedule”。读者阅读时是自然认为这个句子阐释了两个论点，每一个论点都可以单独写一篇短文。每一篇短文的写作目的是和读者交流某一个论点，所以你必须在中心思想句中清楚地写出一个论点，使读者明白文章的中心思想。修改后的中心思想句为：
Studying with others has several benefits．
Teachers have played an important role in my life．Task 9
Write TN in the space next to the two statements that are too narrow to be developed in an essay．Write TB beside the two statements that are too broad to be covered in an essay．Then，in the spaces provided，revise the too-narrow statements and too-broad statements to make them each an effective thesis．_____ 1．The way our society treats elderly people is unbelievable．_________________________ 2．Up to 70 percent of teenage marriages end in divorce．_________________________3．Measures must be taken against being late．_________________________ 4．I failed my biology course．____________________1.4 编写提纲Writing an Outline提纲编写的要求和结构
编写提纲有助于形成完整清晰而富有逻辑性的思路，特别是当你脑子里有很多想法却难以理顺时。很多同学不喜欢编写提纲，觉得这个思考过程太难。当你写短文时也许不需要提纲就能理顺内容要点，但是如果要写长篇的学术论文，编写提纲是不可缺少的步骤。一个普通的提纲要求给出文章的标题和中心思想句，列出文章的大致结构，给出主题段落的要点，每个段落又可以细分，列出该要点下一级的分论点，分论点下可再列出主要论据。
通常，中心思想句必须在提纲最开始出现，即放在文章第一部分“introduction”中。英语短文一般有三个部分：introduction，main body和conclusion。因为“introduction”和“conclusion”既是文章必要部分又没有太多篇幅，我们在本书介绍的提纲里就不再给这两部分用数字或字母标注，有些教材会在这两部分之前用罗马字母标注。
一般来说，一篇短文的提纲在标题之下列出三个主题段落的要点进行阐述即可，主题段落之下的各个层次需用字母或数字表明其级别。在撰写300～500字的短文中，通常有两种标示法：
第一种：
第二种：标记级别都用阿拉伯数字表示提纲类型
常用的提纲有两种，一种是标题式提纲（topic outline），另一种是句子式提纲（sentence outline）。在标题式提纲中，所有要点都用名词短语或者相当于名词的词组，比如分词短语或者不定式短语。而句子式提纲则由完整的句子表示每个要点。标题式提纲简洁明了，全文内容一目了然。句子式提纲明确具体，可以把思路表达得更加清楚，能够在写稿初期给你更多帮助。比较下面两个不同类型的提纲：The Cost of Attending the University in U．S．
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]