作者：北京新东方研发中心 张卉 编著
出版社：浙江教育出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
SAT写作教程试读：
前言
/Preface我们所经历的SAT时代是一个变迁的时代。说起“时代”这个词似乎太过庞大，但是对于兢兢业业地奋斗在新东方课堂上的每一位老师而言却毫不夸张，因为这里面承载着厚重的分量和感情。2015年因为SAT考试机制的问题和市场考试的非法手段，新东方经历了老SAT的没落期，却始终不渝地坚持维护着公平、公正的培训和考试原则。2016年因为College Board的改革，新东方翻开了SAT崭新的一页，迎接着无数的机遇和挑战。
两年前的一天，北京新东方研发中心找到我，说需要一批爱琢磨又能静下心的人，组建一个有意思的研究团队。听到这几句话，我几乎没有犹豫就决定加入了研发中心SAT项目组，开始了新SAT写作的研发工作。不同于办公室冰冷的电脑隔断，那时候每天都坐在新东方总部三层的图书室里上班，阳光透过落地窗照在书架上，窗外的绿树草地，蓝天白云似乎把我带回了考生时代每天啃著作、写论文的时期。当时一下课无论多劳累，我都会迫不及待地跑回这里：一片充满着学术氛围的净土，一个充满着头脑风暴的乐园。
研发组的几个组员也都是很踏实、有趣的人，有测试学专业的老师，统计着各种数据和图表；有批判思维强的老师，对方案进行思辨、提出质疑；有经验资深的老师，不断推敲设计框架内容和课堂效果的配合；还有外教老师，给大家提供美式本地化的建议和独特视角。大多数时间，大家都在埋头认真研读参考书籍，细心地标注和做笔记，屋子里静到只剩下翻书的沙沙声。有时候大家会针对费解的学术问题争执到面红耳赤，有时候某人欣喜地提出一个创新点，所有人又兴奋不已地开始讨论。
好的工作氛围保证了高的工作效率。在2015年1月，基于2014年发布的新SAT改革说明，我和组员们从基础知识点拆分的角度入手，设计完成了新SAT教材1.0版本，这距离官方发布新SAT改革说明仅有半年的时间。2月份官方放出了两套样题及范文，写作组设计的知识框架体系基本全部吻合了范文需求。而我也有幸在2月份成为新东方第一个新SAT写作老师登上讲台。但是追求卓越，永无止境，有了更多的上课心得后，我们又全力投入到了新一轮的教材版本研究和升级中。此次设计不仅仅基于知识点的拆分角度，同时还从更循序渐进的素质提升、更深入浅出的训练体系、更高度吻合样题的素材选择以及合理的难度系数测试角度，考虑了整体框架的搭建，最终在2015年5月诞生了新的写作教材体系内容，比如RICE原则，批注训练规划，修辞解析方法，句段篇练习进阶方法等。新的体系也迅速得到了广大一线教师们的认可，并普及到了新东方课堂教学中，当外界还对新SAT恐慌而不知所措的时候，北京新东方早已悄无声息地完成了成熟稳定的过渡，而这一切都凝聚着研发成员的心血。
接下来再谈谈写作基本分析法RICE原则，这一原则是经过多轮教学测试后沉淀下来的一个核心分析法。新SAT写作是可参考性较少的一门学科，最开始的时候，大家对于写作教学的思考主要集中在综述和改写练习、AP写作及批注练习方法两方面。后期在教学实践中，我们发现AP写作的理论和国外课堂的理论对教学虽有助力，但是跟评分标准贴合的并不十分紧密，而且利用单纯的割裂式教学并不能最有针对性地提分。之后我收集了大量的考生习作并参考研读了大概50本国内外学科教材、书籍和文献，结合国内外考生和老师的意见，与研发组员一起制订了一个能够有效提分的办法，即现在的RICE原则。
首先，RICE原则是对主体段写法的一个概括，包括四个主要步骤：识别特征（Recognition）、重点信息（Information）、特征作用（Contribution）和特征效果（Effect）。
RICE＝Recognition+Information+Contribution+Effect
RICE原则可以说是主体段的主要组织细胞，是能够让考生快速掌握读、析、写的方法。从主体段段落内部结构角度来说，R对应着主体段的主题句（Topic Sentence），I对应着主体段的展开句和核心信息（Developing Sentence＋Detail），C和E构成主体段的核心信息（Detail）。因为这一原则紧密贴合评分标准，又简化了考生的思路，所以使用这一原则可以快速有效地让考生写出高分的篇章。
之后我们不断地从一线教学中获得反馈和评估，对教材进行改版和提升。这也许就是研发的精神和我来研发中心的初衷：学无止境，创新不止，精益求精。在教学岗位这几年耕耘，我非常希望考生能够用更高效的方式来掌握方法和原则，所以这本书的体系设置是在不断优化之后建立的，但是我更希望这本书仅仅是一块敲门砖，考生得到的不仅仅是写作的技巧，更可以在它的引导下不断提升英语的学习习惯和英语的综合素质。编者
使用说明
/How to Use This BookSAT作为美国具有权威性的考试之一，是全世界高中生申请美国大学的敲门砖。随着时代的发展，这项考试也在不断地进行自身调整和完善，以适应广大考生的需求。2005年SAT考试首次加入作文部分，考试形式为命题式作文，总分也由1600分调整为2400分。2016年SAT考试再度改革，将作文部分改为选考，考试形式为分析型作文，总分由2400分调整为1600分＋（选考作文：8分/8分/8分）。
针对最新的考试需求，为了让考生能在较短的时间内快速高效地掌握最新的考试信息和技能，提高考试的认知力及竞争力，我们精心编写了一本关于新SAT理论知识和技能培训的教材型参考书籍。本书的具体特点如下：
x1.行业领先性
本书早在2015年新SAT改革说明发布之际就已开始筹备，由经验丰富的一线教师和外教团队历时两年共同研发完成，书中的理论体系和练习设计在行业内具有领先的地位。
2.知识系统化
本书的知识体系从教学和自学的角度出发，具有翔实丰富的讲解和剖析，能够深入浅出地引导考生全面快速地掌握基础知识并加以运用。
3.素材权威性
本书的例题和习题的素材都由外教团队精心选择，经过兰斯指数评定难度系数。尤其是写作部分的素材，无论从形式还是难度上，均是贴合真题的高标准全真模拟题。
4.练习梯度化
本书的练习旨在边讲边练，讲练结合。例题与习题相结合，力争做到每个习题都有示范性的例题。练习的难度由句子到段落再到篇章，呈阶梯状的递进式练习，便于考生逐层巩固所学的理论知识，强化对学习过程的记忆。
关于本书与备考结合的详细说明：
本书共有四章。
第一章标题为新SAT作文考试体系，主要包含了考试细则的解析及范文的评析，旨在让考生掌握作文考试的高分标准和注意事项。
第二章标题为阅读与写作，主要介绍了写作题目的出题方式、阅读材料的选材类型和阅读方法，提供了改写和批注方法的详细讲解和练习，旨在让考生掌握作文部分阅读材料的理解方式，并在作文评分的阅读单项和写作单项中取得高分。
第三章标题为篇章写作。内容包括分析型写作的篇章结构、开头段、结尾段、分析方法和修辞策略等方面的讲解和练习，旨在让考生掌握分析型写作的行文结构、段落展开、重点分析等基础技巧，并在作文评分的分析单项和写作单项中取得高分。
第四章标题为新SAT实战范文及模拟题。此部分共有十道SAT实战作文出处和高分范文，以及十道全真模拟作文题及范文，旨在让考生根据高分范文形式和结构快速掌握贴近范文的写法。第一章新SAT作文考试体系第一节 新SAT作文考试简介一、考试目标
从2016年3月份开始，2015版SAT已经带着崭新的面貌登陆全球。作为这次考试改革中最为彻底的写作（essay）部分，其考试形式和考试要求发生了翻天覆地的变化。回首SAT经历的岁月，从2005年第一次改革前没有作文部分、满分1600分，到改革后加入作文部分、满分2400分，再到2016年将作文部分变为选考、总分数为满分1600分+选考作文得分（8分+8分+8分），其中变化最大的就是主观题作文部分。1. SAT改革小谈
SAT考试自创始起就遵从客观严谨的原则，希望能够做到出题的公平、公正，为各大学招生提供准确的成绩参考。然而，一项考试总是有它的生命周期的，经过长时间的运行，出题规律趋于匮乏、死板，注定需要通过改革来调整弊端。作文作为主观题，其可准备性更高，考生往往通过在考前死记硬背一些事例也可以考出不错的分数。因此SAT考试改革的一项重要内容就是降低作文部分的可准备性，使考试成绩更加客观、准确。
2015版的SAT作文要求考生基于富有挑战性的、受众群广泛的材料文本写成的一篇具有说服力的、清晰的分析性作文。成绩考核将从阅读、写作、分析三个维度来综合评估学生的写作能力。这样的模式相对客观，在一定程度上避免了写作的可准备性。2. SAT作文和大学能力
在SAT考试的设计流程中，有一项需要考量的重要标准叫作“大学和职业准备成熟度（The College and Career Readiness Plan， 即CCRP）”。
2005版的SAT作文考试是命题式作文（On Demanding Writing），主要考查的是学生分析解决问题和思辨思考的能力。在大学的学习和未来的工作中，学生都有可能遇到一些争议性的问题，无论是成文还是答辩，在应对问题时能做到思辨客观、旁征博引、有理有据都是必要的。这种考试模式相对比较发散，自由发挥的空间较大。
2015版的SAT作文考试是分析性作文（Analysis Response），主要考查的是学生阅读材料和分析材料的能力。在大学的学习和未来的工作中，学生需要阅读海量的书籍和资料，如何在短时间内获取重要信息、充分理解作者的观点，并分析出作者的意图是判断一个学生学术水平高低的关键。这种考试模式虽然相对固定，但却更为客观。二、考试描述
新SAT作文考试具有如下几大主要特征：1. 报名
分版本的报名系统
报名系统显示，从2016年3月份的新SAT开始，考生可以开始选择是否参加Essay考试，并在报名系统上做出相应选择。不含Essay的SAT（报名系统显示SAT）考试注册费用为46美元，而含有Essay的SAT（报名系统显示SAT with Essay）考试注册费用为60美元，国际考生还需按照个人情况缴纳其他费用。下图为新SAT考试报名界面：2. 选考
选考是真的可以不考吗？
听到新SAT写作选考的消息后，很多考生可能暗自庆幸可以减轻考试负担了。但是，选考是否就意味着作文部分变得无足轻重了呢？事实上，虽然是选考科目，但基本各大高校都是必须递交作文成绩的。
让我们看一组数据：
在College Board公布的293所学校里，有220所学校对于SAT写作成绩持中立态度，既不要求也不推荐；有49所学校推荐（Recommend）考生提交新SAT写作成绩，有24所学校要求（Require）学生提交新SAT写作成绩。这意味着，如果你的目标是名单中推荐提交SAT写作成绩的49所学校或要求提交SAT写作成绩的24所学校之一，那么就不要偷懒了，从备考初期就要扎实准备。从名单中还可以发现，推荐或要求新SAT写作成绩的学校都是美国的名校，因此以名校为目标的同学们更是不能偷工减料了！作文是最能够体现学生综合能力的一项考试，所以作文成绩就变成了拉开考生差距的一个重要的衡量指标。
以下是部分要求提交新SAT写作成绩的学校名单：3. 考试规则新SAT考试规则4. 考查形式（基于三个考查维度的分析性写作）
新SAT作文为分析性写作。考生需要阅读既定的议论文体裁的阅读材料，然后分析原文作者是如何阐释观点并展开论述的，并对议论文中的论证技巧进行点评。在整篇分析中，考生必须客观地评析原文，不需要有自己的观点。
评分时考官会从阅读、分析、写作三个方面分别给学生打分，这无疑增加了写作难度，因为写得好未必分析得好，分析得好又未必能表达清楚，所以每一个环节都不能出错。
这种写作把阅读能力和写作能力结合了起来，在考查形式上相对更客观，也奠定了考生将来在大学期间阅读理解文献资料并撰写论文的基础能力，同时也能在一定程度上杜绝提前准备和考场编造的现象。5. 评分方法
新SAT写作评分体系设定由两位考官进行打分，每位考官需要针对考生作文中的三项基础能力（阅读、分析、写作）分别进行评分，评分区间分别是1~4分，然后将两位考官的打分相加为2~8分的得分区间。
这种考查方式非常综合全面，最后递交成绩时，考官可以分别看到考生三个维度的能力得分，对学生的表现也会有更深入的了解。6. 阅读材料的特点
阅读材料的文体形式均为议论文（Argument），每次考试时所涉及的题材都不相同，但考试说明（Prompt）保持一致。
官方对于阅读材料的介绍如下：
"All passages are taken from high-quality, previously published sources. While the specific style and content of the passages inevitably vary to some extent given the College Board's commitment to using authentic texts with this task, the passages take the general form of what might be called arguments written for a broad audience.
That is, the passages examine ideas, debates, trends, and the like in the arts, the sciences, and civic, cultural, and political life that have wide interest, relevance, and accessibility to a general readership. Passages tend not to be simple pro/con debates on issues but instead strive to convey nuanced views on complex subjects. They are notable, too, for their use of evidence, logical reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements. Text complexity of the passages is carefully monitored to ensure that the reading challenge is appropriate and comparable across administrations but not an insuperable barrier to students responding to the source text under timed conditions. Prior knowledge of the passages' topics is not expected or required."
所有的阅读材料都是选自高质量、已发表的出版物。根据官方（College Board）使用真实材料的原则，尽管阅读材料的具体风格和内容会有所差异，但都是一种文体，即议论文（面对广泛读者群）。
这些阅读材料主要是针对艺术、科技、社会、文化和政治等方面的观点、争论、倾向及爱好进行的探讨。阅读材料不是简单的关于支持或反对某个事件的争论，而是致力于传达关于复杂话题的综合性观点。这些文章有着独特的论据、逻辑推理、风格和论证手法。阅读材料的文本复杂程度适中，学生在短时间内可以阅读完毕。不要求学生提前掌握阅读材料的话题。7. 考试说明（Prompt）
SAT写作的考试说明每次都保持不变。我们来了解一下其基本要求：● As you read the passage below, consider how [the author] uses当阅读下文时，思考文章作者是如何使用● evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.事实或事例等论据来支持自己的观点● reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.论证来展开观点并联系观点和论据● stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.选词、诉诸情感等风格或议论要素来增强所要表达的观点
[Source Text Will Appear Here]
[阅读材料出现在此处]Write an essay in which you explain how [the author] builds an argument to persuade [his/her] audience that [author's claim]. In your essay, analyze how [the author] uses one or more of the features listed above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of [his/her] argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant aspects of the passage.写一篇分析性作文来解释作者是如何通过论述来劝服读者相信自己的观点的。你的作文需要分析上面列举的（或你自己选择的）一种或一种以上作者用来增强逻辑性和说服力的特征。确保你的分析围绕阅读材料的相关方面展开。Your essay should not explain whether you agree with [the author's] claims, but rather explain how the author builds an argument to persuade [his/her] audience.你的作文不应解释自己是否赞同作者的观点，而应该解释作者是如何展开论述从而成功说服读者的。三、真题样题四、考场作文样纸
1）考试要求使用美国标准2号铅笔，相当于中国的HB或2B木质铅笔。
2）考试纸总共5页，包括一张空白的草稿纸和4张有横线的作文纸。草稿纸只用于写思路，写在上面的作文会被视为无效。在有横线的作文纸上书写时，如果写到四周边缘的外部，则边界外的部分视为无效。
3）标准作文纸每页共有27行，一般一行写10个词左右。第二节 新SAT作文评分标准解读
新SAT写作评分体系设定由两位考官进行打分，每位考官需要对考生作文的三项基础能力分别进行评分，阅读、分析和写作的评分区间均为1~4分。各个分段的评分规则如下：阅读
阅读理解是分析文章的“基石”。“读透”一篇文章的考生可以说在作文部分就基本成功了一半。根据上面表格中的评分标准，我们可以对阅读部分的评分做如下解读：分析
分析能力是文章的“精髓”。对于考生而言，把文章“分析到位”是一道难题。这也是三项能力中最能拉开分差的考点。根据上面表格中的评分标准，我们可以对分析部分的评分做如下解读：写作
写作部分是文章的“门面”。文章词句“雕琢”的好坏是考生基础写作功底的展现。根据上面表格中的评分标准，我们可以对写作部分的评分做如下解读：第三节 官方样题及范文解析
2015年1月官方放出了两套PSAT的写作样题、各分段的范文及考官解析。因为PSAT基本是SAT的风向标，所以这些题目是最具有参考价值的。2015年6月可汗学院发布了四套写作模拟题，其中两套和PSAT公布的样题重合。2015年8月《新SAT官方指南》出炉，其中包括了两套SAT写作样题、各分段的范文和考官解析，与可汗学院发布的另外两套模拟题重合。2016年OG（官方指南）发布，同时也提供了另外两套样题和官方解析。一、官方写作样题及各分段范文解析
下面我们看一下这几套官方样题及各分段的范文。1. 官方写作样题1（附各分段范文及详细解析）
(OG Practice Test #4)
As you read the passage below, consider how Paul Bogard uses
● evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.
● reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.
● stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.
Adapted from Paul Bogard, "Let There Be Dark." ©2012 by Los Angeles Times. Originally published December 21, 2012.
At my family's cabin on a Minnesota lake, I knew woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. But now, when 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way, I worry we are rapidly losing night's natural darkness before realizing its worth. This winter solstice, as we cheer the days' gradual movement back toward light, let us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.
All life evolved to the steady rhythm of bright days and dark nights. Today, though, when we feel the closeness of nightfall, we reach quickly for a light switch. And too little darkness, meaning too much artificial light at night, spells trouble for all.
Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen, and the American Medical Association has voiced its unanimous support for "light pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels." Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep. Sleep disorders have been linked to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and depression, and recent research suggests one main cause of "short sleep" is "long light." Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets, notebooks and smartphones to bed, there isn't a place for this much artificial light in our lives.
The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples are well known — the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs — and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world's flora. Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. Simply put, without darkness, Earth's ecology would collapse...
In today's crowded, louder, more fast-paced world, night's darkness can provide solitude, quiet and stillness, qualities increasingly in short supply. Every religious tradition has considered darkness invaluable for a soulful life, and the chance to witness the universe has inspired artists, philosophers and everyday stargazers since time began. In a world awash with electric light...how would Van Gogh have given the world his "Starry Night"? Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandchildren?
Yet all over the world, our nights are growing brighter. In the United States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an average of about 6% every year. Computer images of the United States at night, based on NASA photographs, show that what was a very dark country as recently as the 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light. Much of this light is wasted energy, which means wasted dollars. Those of us over 35 are perhaps among the last generation to have known truly dark nights. Even the northern lake where I was lucky to spend my summers has seen its darkness diminish.
It doesn't have to be this way. Light pollution is readily within our ability to solve, using new lighting technologies and shielding existing lights. Already, many cities and towns across North America and Europe are changing to LED streetlights, which offer dramatic possibilities for controlling wasted light. Other communities are finding success with simply turning off portions of their public lighting after midnight. Even Paris, the famed "city of light," which already turns off its monument lighting after 1 a.m., will this summer start to require its shops, offices and public buildings to turn off lights after 2 a.m. Though primarily designed to save energy, such reductions in light will also go far in addressing light pollution. But we will never truly address the problem of light pollution until we become aware of the irreplaceable value and beauty of the darkness we are losing.
Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved. In your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features in the directions that precede the passage (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage.
Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogard's claims, but rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience.
这是一篇关于环保题材的阅读材料，节选自《洛杉矶时报》，文章总共700词。作者选择了我们比较熟悉的光污染话题进行了论述，全文的难度系数并不高。考生作文1（Scores：4/4/4）
In response to our world's growing reliance on artificial light, writer Paul Bogard argues that natural darkness should be preserved in his article "Let there be dark". He effectively builds his argument by using a personal anecdote, allusions to art and history, and rhetorical questions.
Bogard starts his article off by recounting a personal story — a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was "woods so dark that [his] hands disappeared before [his] eyes." In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter about night darkness, the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess. He builds his argument for the preservation of natural darkness by reminiscing for his readers a first-hand encounter that proves the "irreplaceable value of darkness." This anecdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to find credence with the author's claims.
Bogard's argument is also furthered by his use of allusion to art — Van Gogh's "Starry Night" — and modern history — Paris' reputation as "The City of Light". By first referencing "Starry Night", a painting generally considered to be undoubtedly beautiful, Bogard establishes that the natural magnificence of stars in a dark sky is definite. A world absent of excess artificial light could potentially hold the key to a grand, glorious night sky like Van Gogh's according to the writer. This urges the readers to weigh the disadvantages of our world consumed by unnatural, vapid lighting. Furthermore, Bogard's alludes to Paris as "the famed ‘city of light'". He then goes on to state how Paris has taken steps to exercise more sustainable lighting practices. By doing this, Bogard creates a dichotomy between Paris' traditionally alluded-to name and the reality of what Paris is becoming — no longer "the city of light", but more so "the city of light...before 2 AM". This furthers his line of argumentation because it shows how steps can be and are being taken to preserve natural darkness. It shows that even a city that is literally famous for being constantly lit can practically address light pollution in a manner that preserves the beauty of both the city itself and the universe as a whole.
Finally, Bogard makes subtle yet efficient use of rhetorical questioning to persuade his audience that natural darkness preservation is essential. He asks the readers to consider "what the vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandchildren?" in a way that brutally plays to each of our emotions. By asking this question, Bogard draws out heartfelt ponderance from his readers about the affecting power of an untainted night sky. This rhetorical question tugs at the readers' heartstrings; while the reader may have seen an unobscured night skyline before, the possibility that their child or grandchild will never get the chance sways them to see as Bogard sees. This strategy is definitively an appeal to pathos, forcing the audience to directly face an emotionally-charged inquiry that will surely spur some kind of response. By doing this, Bogard develops his argument, adding gutthral power to the idea that the issue of maintaining natural darkness is relevant and multifaceted.
Writing as a reaction to his disappointment that artificial light has largely permeated the presence of natural darkness, Paul Bogard argues that we must preserve true, unaffected darkness. He builds this claim by making use of a personal anecdote, allusions, and rhetorical questioning.范文点评
阅读方面
①主旨层面：准确地识别了阅读材料主旨句，并用简洁凝练的语言概括了全文。
Eg. Natural darkness should be preserved; we must preserve true, unaffected darkness.
②证据层面：从阅读材料中找寻到了丰富的证据来说明作者如何支持主旨，比如，提及作者用个人轶事开篇的好处，以及作者对历史典故和反问句的使用。
Eg. Bogard's argument is also furthered by his use of allusion to art—Van Gogh's "Starry Night"—and modern history—Paris' reputation as "The City of Light".
③信息摘录：并未直接引用大段的阅读原文，而是用自己简洁精确的转述语言全面解读Bogard的这篇文章，同时也能直接引用原文的主要细节和词句。
Eg. A world absent of excess artificial light could potentially hold the key to a grand, glorious night sky like Van Gogh's according to the writer.
④关联部分：能够清晰有条理地说明Bogard如何使用细节来支持主旨。
Eg. He builds his argument for the preservation of natural darkness by reminiscing for his readers a first-hand encounter that proves the "irreplaceable value of darkness."
分析方面
①识别层面：识别出了Bogard使用个人轶事、艺术和历史引喻、反问的修辞手段等方法来展开他的议论。
②分析层面：分析了Bogard为何采用这几种手法，并描述了作者采用这些手法对读者产生的整体效果。作文使用有说服力的逻辑链，从修辞手法的功能性和读者效果性两个方面全面分析了Bogard采用这几种手法的作用。分析时引用了大量效果描述词，并从多种角度深度解析了重要细节点。
Eg. In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter...the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess... This anecdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to find credence with the author's claims.
写作方面
①结构层面：这篇作文有清晰明确的主旨句。篇章的主体段紧密围绕着Bogard原文的三个主体部分展开，每一段的段落内部的行文逻辑清晰严谨。开头段和结尾段的写作技巧纯熟，并很好地概括了Bogard的主旨及其全篇的分析结构。
Eg. He effectively builds his argument by using a personal anecdote, allusions to art and history, and rhetorical questions.
②词句层面：全篇用词准确，措辞得当。文章句式变换多样，且使用了很多高级的复杂句。
Eg. the natural magnificence of stars in a dark sky is definite; our world consumed by unnatural, vapid lighting; the affecting power of an untainted night sky
By doing this, Bogard creates a dichotomy between Paris' traditionally alluded-to name and the reality of what Paris is becoming — no longer "the city of light", but more so "the city of light…before 2 AM."
上面这篇满分范文是官方发表的一篇高质量文章，值得同学们用来初步学习和了解SAT写作。下面让我们来看一组没有获得满分的文章，其中按顺序包括了从低分段的“211”文章到接近满分段的“434”文章，这些文章不仅存在着行文和构思的问题，还存在着不同程度的语法、词法和句式问题。大家可以先了解这些分段的文章，再对比满分范文，便于自己更好地掌握自身的分数情况。考生作文2（Scores：2/1/1）（语法问题严重）
In "Let there be dark," Paul Bogard talks about the importance of darkness.Daess is essential to humans. Bogard states, "Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep. Sleep disorders have been linked to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and depression and recent research suggests one main cause of 'short sleep' is 'long light.' Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets, notebooks and smartphones to bed, there isn't a place for this much artificial light in our lives." (Bogard 2). Here, Bogard talks about the importance of darkness to humans. Humans need darkness to sleep in order to be healthy.
Animals also need darkness. Bogard states, "The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples are well known — the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs — and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world's flora. Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. Simply put, without darkness, Earth's ecology would collapse..." (Bogard 2). Here Bogard explains that animals, too, need darkness to survive.范文点评
这篇作文过度直接引用了阅读材料的内容，分析方面也只停留在了摘录层面，语言技巧薄弱。
试读结束[说明：试读内容隐藏了图片]