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何兆熊《综合教程（4）》（第2版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】试读：
Unit 1
一、词汇短语
Text I
1．catastrophic [kAtE5strCfik] adj. relating to, or involving great damage or suffering灾难的，与灾难有关的：a catastrophic news一个灾难性消息
2．misfortune [mis5fC:tFun] n. very bad luck, or something that happens to you as a result of bad luck不幸，厄运：Man often accuses nature for his own misfortune.人常因自身的不幸责怪老天。
3．desperately [5despErEtli] adv. extremely or dangerously绝望地，拼命地，极严重地：He was desperately weak, and not too articulate.他非常虚弱，吐字也不清楚。
4．menace [5menEs] n. a） a danger or threat危险，威胁：A man who drives fast is a menace to other people.开快车的人对其他人是个威胁。b） v. to threaten威胁：These measures menace our liberty.这些措施威胁着我们的自由。
5．lull [lQl] n. a） a relatively calm interval暂时的平息：This is just the lull before the storm.这只是暴风雨前的暂时平静。b） vt. to make someone feel calm or safe使安静；缓和，哄骗：lull a person’s fears消除某人的恐惧
6．deceptive [di5septiv] adj. seems to be one thing but is in fact very different; misleading骗人的，造成假象的，靠不住的：Appearances are very often deceptive.外表往往是靠不住的。
7．impostor [im5pCstE] n. someone who pretends to be someone else in order to trick people冒充者，骗子：He was an imposter who masqueraded as a teacher.他是位冒牌老师。
8．far-reaching [5fB:5ri:tFiN] adj. having a great influence or effect影响深远的：far-reaching reforms有深远意义的改革
9．address [E5dres] v. to make a formal speech to a large group of people演说：I beg leave to address the Council.我请求允许向议会发表演说。
10．petty [5peti] adj. small and unimportant琐碎的，次要的：He graduated from petty theft to bank robbery.他从小偷小摸发展到抢劫银行。
11．conviction [kEn5vikFn] n. a very strong belief or opinion确信，坚定的信仰：I say so with the full conviction.我确有信心这样说。
12．apparently [E5pArEntli] adv. distinctly, evidently, obviously, plainly显然；似乎：Apparently, you have done a lot of work.很明显你们已经作了很多工作。
13．overwhelming [ovE5welmiN] adj. very great in amount势不可挡的，压倒的；巨大的：overwhelming joy压倒一切的欢乐；an overwhelming disaster不可抗拒的灾害
14．liquidate [5likwideit] v. a） to kill someone or destroy something清除：Hitler tried to liquidate the Jews in Germany.希特勒试图全部消灭德国的犹太人。b） to close a business or company and sell the things that belong to it, in order to pay its debts清算，偿付：liquidate assets清理资产
15．sponge [spQNdV] n. a） a piece of a soft natural or artificial substance full of small holes, which can suck up liquid and is used for washing海绵 b） to wash something with a sponge用海绵擦
16．slate [sleit] n. a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces页岩；石板：I love the slate bridge.我很喜欢石板桥。
17．flinch [5fliNtF] vi. unwilling to do something or avoid doing something退缩，畏缩：He did not flinch from his duty.他不逃避自己的职责。
18．persevere [pE:si5viE] vi. to continue trying to do something in a very determined way in spite of difficulties坚持不懈，锲而不舍：Persevere and you’ll succeed.只要你坚持不懈，你自会成功。
19．stern [stE:n] adj. serious and strict严厉的，严格的，严峻的：His voice grew stern.他的声音变得很严厉。
20．station [5steiFn] n. social rank or position地位；身分：He was exalted to the most eminent station.他被提升到最显赫的地位。
Text II
1．dynasty [5dainEsti] n. a period of time when a particular family ruled a country王朝；世家：It is the most powerful democratically elected dynasty in history.这是历史上民主选举的最有势力的王朝。
2．succession [sEk5seFn] n. a） a following of one thing after another in time连续：She has been awarded first prize four years in succession.她已连续四年获得一等奖。b） the sequence in which one person after another succeeds to a title, throne, dignity, or estate继位，继承：There was a dispute about the rightful succession to the throne.对于王位的合法继承权有过一场争论。
3．campaign [kAm5pein] n. a） several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal; a race between candidates for elective office 运动；活动；战役：presidential campaign总统竞选 b） vi. go on a campaign; go off to war 参加竞选；参加活动；作战：We are campaigning for equal rights for women.我们正在开展妇女拥有平等权利的运动。
4．bent [bent] n. special natural skill or interest in a particular area 爱好：musical/artistic/literary bent音乐/艺术/文学爱好
5．make-believe [5meikbili:v] n. when you imagine or pretend that something is real or true假装；幻想：indulge in make-believe沉溺于幻想中
6．venerate [5venEreit] v. regard with respect尊敬，崇拜：In most countries old people are venerated.在大多数国家中，老人均受到尊重。
7．decry [di5krai] v. condemn谴责：He decried the lack of support for the arts in this country.他谴责在这个国家里对艺术缺乏支持。
8．appease [E5pi:z] v. to make someone less angry or stop them from attacking you by giving them what they want使平息，使满足：I want to appease the hostility between him and me.我希望能够平息我跟他之间的敌意。
9．justify [5dVQstifai] v. prove to be just, right, or valid证明…是正当、正确或有效的；为…辩解：Wealth must justify itself in happiness.财富必须在快乐中证明自身。
二、课文精解
Text I
1．Winston Churchill：温斯顿·丘吉尔，政治家、画家、演说家、作家、记者，1953年诺贝尔文学奖得主（获奖作品《不需要的战争》），曾于1940-1945年及1951-1955年期间两度任英国首相，被认为是20世纪最重要的政治领袖之一，带领英国获得第二次世界大战的胜利。据传为历史上掌握英语单词词汇量最多的人之一（十二万多）。被美国杂志《展示》列为近百年来世界最有说服力的八大演说家之一。2002年，BBC举行了一个名为“最伟大的100名英国人”的调查，结果丘吉尔获选为有史以来最伟大的英国人。
2．Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master’s kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs. （Para.1）：at your Head Master’s kind invitation意为“收你们校长的好心邀请”。Cheer为动词，意为“使…高兴，为…加油”，例如：We should cheer the development of China innovation, not cry about it.我们应该为中国的创新发展欢呼，而不是埋怨。
3．very terrible catastrophic events in the worlds—ups and downs, misfortunes （Para.1）：catastrophic为形容词，意为“大灾难的，灾难的，与灾难有关的或卷入灾难的”，例如：A catastrophic illness swept across the whole country.一场灾难性的疾病席卷了全国。Ups and downs意为“高低起伏，浮沉，兴衰，好运坏运的交替变更时期”。
4．We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us … （Para.1）：那时，我们面临着敌人无法衡量的威胁，同时，他们的空军始终攻打着我们。Unmeasured为形容词，意为“不可估量的”，例如：The natural disasters in recent years have brought unmeasured lost to our country.近些年来，自然灾害已经给我们国家造成了不可估量的损失。Menace为名词，意为“威胁”，例如：Our world is faced with the menace of nuclear war.我们的世界正在面临着核战争的威胁。Beat upon意为“打，反复拍打”，例如：The waves beat upon the coast from time to time.海浪不时拍打着海岸。
5．… and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up! （Para.1）：lull为名词，意为“暂停，间歇”，例如：I hope this is not the lull before the storm.希望这不是暴风雨前暂时的平静。Turn up意为“露面，来到”，例如：We invited her to dinner, but she didn’t even bother to turn up.我们邀请她吃完饭，但是她却没有出现。
6．… and the job put through and finished … （Para.2）：put through意为“使穿过，通过，做成”，例如：put through a business deal完成一桩交易；put the string through the hole of the handle of the brush将绳子穿过刷子把上的孔。
7．…just throwing our minds back to our meeting here… （Para.3）：throw one’s mind back to意为“使某人想起…”，例如：His story threw my mind back to another one.他的故事使我想起另一个故事。
8．Kipling （Para.3）：吉卜林，英国小说家、诗人。主要作品有诗集《营房谣》《七海》，小说集《生命的阻力》和动物故事《丛林之书》等。1907年作品《老虎！老虎！》获诺贝尔文学奖 。
9．Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are… （Para.4）：make out意为“勉强看出，认出，理解”，例如：In the darkness, I could not make out his expression.黑暗中，我看不清他的表情。
10．…never give in except to convictions of honor and good sense. （Para.4）：永远不要放弃，除非你确信放弃是光荣而明智的。Conviction为名词，意为“坚信，信念”，例如：It’s my conviction that complacency is the root of our troubles.我相信，自满情绪是我们一切问题的根源。
11．But instead our country stood in the gap. （Para.5）：但是，相反，我们的国家挺身而出。Stand in the gap意为“挺身而出，独挡难局”，例如：At the critical moment of world economic recession, a powerful government is needed to stand in the gap.在世界经济萧条的关键时刻，需要一个强有力的政府挺身而出。
12．There was no flinching and no thought of giving in… （Para.5）：没有萎缩或者放弃的思想。Flinch意为“（因惊奇或疼痛或不愉快或困难的事而）退缩”，例如：The guests were frightened to flinch when the dog was barking at them in front of the fence door.狗在篱笆门前向客人们狂吠，他们吓得向后缩去。
Text II
1．duke （Para.1）：公爵，在英国，公爵是仅次于国王或亲王的最高级贵族，与作为一国之主的欧洲大陆的“大公爵”（即大公，Archduke）有所不同。英国公爵爵位出现很晚。
4．Marlborough （Para.1）：马尔堡，英格兰一地名。
5．Louis XIV（Para.1）：路易十四，以雄才大略，文治武功，使法兰西王国成为当时欧洲最强大的国家，使法语成为整整两个世纪里整个欧洲外交和上流社会的通用语言，使自己成为法国史上最伟大、也是世界史上执政最长久的君主之一，与康熙同时代的西方大帝，时人尊称“太阳王”。
6．War of the Spanish Succession （Para.1）：西班牙王位继承战争，是由路易十四为扩大法国权力范围发起的战争。直接原因西班牙哈布斯堡王朝绝嗣，法国的波旁王室与奥地利的哈布斯堡王室争夺西班牙王位。
7．Spain’s struggle in Cuba （Para.1）：西班牙在古巴的斗争。19世纪初，西班牙失去了对大部分美国殖民地的控制权，在1898年的战争中，古巴也落到了美国手中。
8．the North-West Frontier campaign in India （Para.1）：印度西北边境战役，1896年在印度的基德拉尔爆发的内战，在1897年被印度远征军镇压。
9．the Sudan campaign （Para.1）：苏丹战役。苏丹于1821年被埃及征服，1882年英国占据埃及后，为防止法国占据尼罗河上游地区，英国将苏丹政权从埃及手中接替过来。
10．Admiralty （Para.3）：海军部，海事法庭。
11．Chamberlain （Para.6）：亚瑟·内维尔·张伯伦，英国政治家，1937年到1940年任英国首相。他由于在第二次世界大战前夕对希特勒纳粹德国实行绥靖政策而倍受谴责。
12．Dunkirk （Para.7）：敦刻尔克，法国东北部靠近比利时边境的港口城市，敦刻尔克以二战中1940年发生在这里的敦刻尔克战役和英法军队大撤退而闻名。
13．D-day （para.11）：（第二次世界大战中）盟国在西欧登陆日。
三、全文翻译
TEXT I
永不屈服！永不，永不，永不！
温斯顿·丘吉尔
去年我应贵校校长诚挚的邀请来此，与大家一起欢唱我们自己的歌，为自己打气，也为了鼓舞我的朋友们。一转眼，将近一年就过去了。在过去的十个月里，世界上发生了非常可怕的灾难性的事件——社会动荡、灾祸频频——但今天下午，在这十月的下午，难道在座的各位不为过去的一切以及我们的祖国和家园的巨大进步而心怀感激吗?为什么这样说呢?上次当我来到这里时，我们几乎是孤军奋战、濒临绝境，那样的状况已持续了五、六个月。当时我们的装备极度匮乏，现在情况已有所改变，但那时候我们的装备真的很差劲。我们忍受着敌人不可估量的威胁，他们的空袭仍在继续，你们对此也深有体会。在经历了漫长而又毫无特别转机的等待之后，我想大家已开始感到不耐烦了！
但是，我们必须学会同样擅长对付短暂而猛烈的挑战以及漫长又艰难的磨炼。常言道，英国人通常都笑到最后。他们不希望从一个危机转向另一个危机；他们并不总是期望每天在战争中都有一些好机会；但是，当他们非常缓慢地决定哪些事情无法逃避，哪些工作必须完成，那么，即使需要数月——即使需要数年——他们也会全力以赴。
回想10个月前我们在这里的集会，再想想现在，另一个我认为我们需要汲取的教训就是，外表往往具有很强的欺骗性，正如吉卜林所说，我们必须“…在遇到胜利和灾难之时，同样对待这两个骗人的家伙。”
光从外表看不出事物的发展方向。有时单凭想象来理解事物只会使情况越来越糟糕；但缺乏想象力又会一事无成。富有想象力的人所看到的危险要比可能存在的多；当然更多的危险是会发生的；然后他们就要祈祷能拥有额外的勇气以推动这种深远的想象。但对于每个人，我们在这段时期所经历的——我在这里讲到——的确，我们在这十个月里所得到的教训就是：永不屈服，永不屈服，永不，永不，永不，永不——事无巨细，绝对不要低头，我们只让步给对荣耀和理智的信念。永远不要在武力面前低头，永远不要向外表上势不可挡的敌人低头。一年前我们孤立无援，很多国家认为，我们看上去被打垮了，我们好像是完蛋了。好像我们所有的传统，我们的歌曲，我们的校史甚至我们国家的这一段历史都已销声匿迹，灰飞烟灭。
今天，境况大不一样了。其他国家认为英国已经完全被打垮，但恰恰相反，我们的国家在绝境中挺身而起。我们毫不畏惧，从不屈服；对其他国家来说，这简直就是一个奇迹，尽管我们对此深信不疑，在今天的这种境地，我们可以确信，只有坚持不懈才能取得胜利。
上一次你们唱了一段校歌，为对我表示敬意，你们专为我创作了这一段，歌中洋溢着对我的赞美，而今天这首歌又在我的耳边响起。但有一个词我想改动一下——我去年就想改了，但没有冒昧地去做这件事。这句就是：“在更黑暗的时期里我们也要赞美。”
我已得到校长的同意，将“更黑暗”改成了“更艰苦”，也就是“在更艰苦的岁月里我们也要赞美。”
我们不要说“更黑暗”的时期，我们要说“更艰苦”的岁月。现在不是黑暗时期，现在是伟大的时期——是让我们国家有史以来最伟大的时期。应该感谢上苍，赐此良机，让我们克尽职守，贡献自己的一份力量，让这份记忆永留青史。
TEXT II
温斯顿·丘吉尔
约翰·金格
丘吉尔出身于军人世家。在1702年，因为早在西班牙王位继承战时，他的祖先约翰•丘吉尔战胜了法国皇帝路易十四，所以被封为马尔巴罗的首位公爵。丘吉尔于1874年出生在布莱尼姆宫，这是国家为马尔巴罗公爵建的官邸。丘吉尔年轻时学习成绩并不突出——在经历两次失败后，他进了桑德赫斯特军事学院——接着他以骑兵军官身份进入军队。他热衷于服兵役（也许更热衷于团部马球比赛），在1895年和1898年间，他设法经历了三次战争：在1895年西班牙在古巴的斗争，1897年印度西北边境运动和1898年苏丹战争，在苏丹战争中，他在乌姆杜尔曼参加了后来往往称为英国最后一次的骑兵冲锋的作战任务。在古巴，他是一个战地记者，在印度和苏丹，他既是战地记者又是一个在职军官。因此，他的性格透露出他的两个方面：对文学的嗜好和对公共事务的兴趣。
他想写下自己一生的经历。他的《马尔巴罗传》是最伟大的英国传记之一。《第二次世界大战回忆录》则让他赢得了诺贝尔文学奖。然后，他的精力并不是全花在写作上，而是投身于政治生活。他的父亲伦道夫勋爵才华横溢，在政治上却郁郁不得志。所以，丘吉尔早年就决定在他父亲失败的地方获得成功。他的动机是双重的，他的父亲曾轻视过他。在1893年8月写给丘吉尔的祖母——马尔巴罗公爵的遗孀（马尔巴罗女公爵）的信中，他说这个孩子缺乏“聪明、知识和任何一种从事固定工作的能力。他在炫耀、夸大和伪装上却天赋过人。”他的否定肯定是伤人的，但丘吉尔的反应就是尊重父亲的往事。他为争取恢复父亲在议会中的荣誉而奋斗（父亲的荣誉曾被保守党削弱）。伦道夫勋爵去世30年后，温斯顿写道：“我所有的同事关系都终结了。我剩下来的只有追赶他的目标和维护他的记忆。”
1901年，26岁的丘吉尔进入议会。1904年，他离开保守党加入自由党，有点出乎意料的是：自由党大有前途，他很快就身居高位。他于1910年成为内政大臣，1911年成为第一任海军大臣。因而在1914年第一次世界大战爆发时，他就作为皇家海军的政治领袖登上世界舞台。
作为一个对海军的历史性战略作用的狂热崇拜者，他很快让皇家海军干涉1914年的佛兰德斯战役。之后，在比利时和法国的僵局让他感到沮丧，他发起了盟军唯一的重大努力，派遣海军从西线包抄德军，后来又派遣一支大部队前往地中海。1915年在加利波利，这个英法部队努力想打破阻碍通往黑海的防御。然而这次大规模的英雄式的失败迫使丘吉尔辞职，他的政治生活也黯然失色。
这种影响持续了近25年。尽管1917年他在西线指挥了一段时间步兵军队后恢复原职，但他无法重建他在战争之前赢得的“国家未来的政治家”的声誉。一段时间后，他已经完全脱离了议会。自由党支持工党于1924年组成的第一届政府，沮丧中，他选择了重投保守党。保守党首相任命丘吉尔为财政大臣，但是当他推动英国重新采用金本位制时，英国经济损失惨重，他对准予成立印度有限自治政府的举措所做的反对进一步削弱了他的政治地位。1931年他辞去官职，似乎是到了他政治生涯中的最低潮。
1933年和1939年在野的几年里，他赞成抵抗纳粹的政策，他确信，在1940年英国和希特勒最后对抗的时刻到来之际，他将作为这个国家惟一可以信赖的人挺身而出。他曾谴责保守党领袖鲍德文和张伯伦战前的绥靖政策。当张伯伦失去议会的信任后，丘吉尔出任首相。
留给他的是暗淡的景象。随着法国的彻底战败，英国真正是，用他的话说，“孤立无援”。它没有实质性的盟友，1940年的大部分时间都处在德国入侵的威胁下，遭受着德国连续不断的空袭轰炸。不过，他仍然拒绝希特勒的和平条款，他所组织的成功的空中防御促使了不列颠之战的胜利。在英国军队成功地逃脱了敦刻尔克的耻辱后，他同时向中东派遣大部分英国剩余军队，以反抗希特勒的意大利盟友，墨索里尼。
这是历史上最大胆的战略决策之一。深信希特勒不能入侵英国，因为皇家海军和皇家空军的保护仍然完整无缺，他派遣军队到一个偏远的战区开辟反对纳粹联盟的第二条战线。在1940年至1941年打击墨索里尼所取得的胜利都羞辱和激怒了希特勒。这支军队在希腊干预希特勒入侵巴尔干地区，从而破坏了纳粹独裁者击败俄罗斯以征服欧洲的计划。
上台伊始，有着半个美国血统的丘吉尔就把最终胜利的希望寄托在美国的干预上。他与美国总统罗斯福建立了很好的私人关系，他希望这将升华成为一个赢得战争的同盟。罗斯福不愿让美国超出“远离战争”的关系范围，这点并没有削弱丘吉尔的乐观。他总是希望事情会以他希望的方式发生。希特勒的同盟日本1941年12月7日突袭了珍珠港的美国太平洋舰队，这让他的愿望得以实现。当晚，他告诉自己：“这样看来，我们终究还是赢了。”
美国加入二战标志着丘吉尔的政治才能达到最高点。英国进入战争时，在人口、工业和金融上，都低于其最后的盟友——苏联和美国，1940年的失败进一步消弱了它的实力，当时它清算了自己的国际投资来资助早期战争的消耗。1942年间，作为希特勒的唯一的敌人，英国赢得的声望使得丘吉尔能在反纳粹联盟中维持与罗斯福和斯大林同等的领导地位。
可以理解1944年诺曼底登陆成功后丘吉尔的喜悦心情。在1945年2月的最后一次三巨头会议上他沮丧地意识到，届时主导联盟的，是美苏而不是英美关系。不久，他在国内遭受了失去大选和首相职位的羞辱。1951年，他重新掌权，直到1955年4月，因明显的健康问题和权力下滑才不得不辞职。
如果他没有重新掌权，他的名声可能会更好一些。在和平时期，他不是一个卓有成效的首相。作为英国最伟大的战争领袖，他声名显赫，地位不容挑战。要感谢他的不仅是他自己的国家，还有世界上所有独立自由的人民。1940年至1941年在战斗中的英国国土上，他在一系列伟大的演说中向他们作出了持续的含义丰富的呐喊。
四、练习答案
Text I
Text Comprehension
I. Decide which of the following best states the speaker’s purpose.
B.
II. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.
1．T. Refer to the last sentence of the first paragraph.
2．T. Refer to the second paragraph.
3．F. Refer to Paragraphs 4. Imaginative people sometimes are pessimistic, as they see things far worse than they are and foresee more dangers than there will be.
4．F. Refer to Paragraph 5. At the beginning of the German continual, intense air raids, many nations thought that Britain was finished. But to their surprise, Britain stood the ordeal and this miracle changed the view of those nations.
5．T. Refer to paragraph 7.
III. Answer the following questions.
1．Because he understands that the war is long and tough: it is not to end in months but in years. He tells the people there that however long the war lasts, the final victory belongs to Britain. But at the same time he makes it clear that not every day is an opportunity to take action: they have yet to wait and persevere.
2．Refer to Para 3. Because he thinks that both Triumph and Disaster are deceptive in that people can make things out far worse than they really are when they have a disaster and they can lose their vigilance when they are in triumph.
3．For one thing when Britain came under the heavy air attacks by Germany, many other nations thought that Britain was finished. As the country stood the ordeal to their great surprise, those nations changed their view. For another, people now start to see the hope of the final victory as long as they persevere to the end, as opposed to their pessimistic mood in the past as evidenced by the term “darker days” in a school song and by the author’s suppression of his desire to change it.
4．Because the author has a strong conviction of victory. The two terms have different implications. When used in the text to refer to the days of war, “darker days” emphasizes the dark/negative side of the event and shows the user’s pessimism. “Sterner days”, though identical in its reference, suggests the bright side and shows the user’s optimism.
5．Refer to Para 8. Yes, I do. By paying a visit to Harrow School and making a speech there, Churchill not only encouraged the audience of his speech but the British people in general to continue to fight rather than surrender to their enemy.
IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences.
1．Britain has been in too long a period of stillness without taking any particular action against the enemy!
2．We are sure to experience both Triumph and Disaster, and we must treat them as the same thing taking different appearances because they are essentially interchangeable.
3．Never give in unless we are convinced that it is honorable and sensible for us to do so.
4．Other nations thought that Britain was completely conquered.
5．We will win as long as we hold on to the end.
Structural analysis of the text
This text can be divided into three parts. Part I （Paragraph 1） is the opening remarks in which Churchill summarized the great events that had happened in the past ten months and the purpose of his second visit to Harrow School. Part II（Paragraphs 2-5） is the body of the speech in which he analyzed the world situation and how other countries looked at Britain and then called on the British people not to give in. Part III （ Paragraphs 6-8） is the closing remarks in which he told the audience that he wanted to change a word in the additional verse of the school song and explained why he wanted to do it.
Rhetorical features of the text
The following antonyms are used in the speech: ups/downs, short/long, triumph/disaster, great/small, large/petty, dark days/great days. Some of these antonyms （e. g. ups/downs） are used to describe the terrible nature of the war, some of them （e. g. great/small, large/petty） are used to express the determination of the British people to fight on for the final victory, and some of them （e. g. dark days/great days） are used to encourage the audience not to lose hope in the face of difficulties.
Vocabulary
I. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words.
1．gladden my heart
2．situation, circumstance
3．threat
4．splendid, heroic
5．sudden small movement because of pain or fear
II. Fill in the blank（s） in each sentence with a word or phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.
1．put … through
2．addressed himself to
3．was going through
4．Throwing our minds back to
5．yielded to
6．close our account
7．ups and downs
8．misfortunes
III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1．catastrophically
2．deceptive
3．convictions
4．apparently
5．Perseverance
6．desperation
7．unflinchingly
8．courageous
IV. Choose the word that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning.
1．C
2．D
3．A
4．D
5．B
6．A
7．C
8．A
V. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1．threat （danger）
2．happy （successful）
3．position
4．seemingly
5．defeat （failure）
6．retreat （shrink, withdraw）
7．praise （commend, laud）
8．destroy
VI. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence.
1．current
2．shown
3．frequently
4．depressed
5．try harder
6．takes in
Grammar
I. Improve the following sentences.
1．The school teaches shorthand, bookkeeping and the use of business machines.
2．The sentence is difficult to understand not because of the technical vocabulary but because of the faulty syntax.
3．Marian could not decide whether to start college right after high school or to get a job first.
4．The Allies decided to invade Italy and then to launch a massive assault on the Normandy coast.
5．The actor was stunned not only by the noise of booing but also by the sight of flying tomatoes.
6．Smoking cigarettes can be as dangerous as playing Russian roulette.
7．The trip to the city is neither long nor expensive.
8．You must either stay home or go with us.
9．The course consists of several lectures, three written reports, and two impromptu oral presentations.
10．The requirements for a chemistry degree are not as strict as those for a medical degree.
II. Combine the sentences in each of the following groups into one, using parallel construction wherever possible.
1．Heidi Ross was both rich and powerful.
2．Most of the floggings and lynchings occur at harvest time, when fruit hangs heavy and ripe, when the leaves are red and gold, when nuts fall from the trees, when the earth offers its best.
3．I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.
4．Black people in America have been neglected and underestimated for years, but their recent accomplishments in a variety of fields have made “black power” real and black pride possible.
5．New students, second-year students, and senior students will register on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday respectively.
6．The actor taught his students how to read, stand, cry and talk with fans.
7．We cannot be worried about or be terrified of the difficulties in life.
8．The factory workers were ready, able and determined to do a great job.
III. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the choice you think the most appropriate.
1．B
2．D
3．D
4．C
5．C
6．C
7．A
8．B
IV. Combine the sentences in each group into one or two sentences. It may be necessary to change the wording or the order in which the information is presented.
1．Secretaries do not want flowers but the recognition of their abilities to help management to get more done at less cost, thus contributing to profitability. They would, therefore, like to be recognized as professional coworkers.
2．In Medieval times intelligent men frequently became priests. They did so to gain influential positions, for the Church was a democratic institution in which ability could make its way in spite of the number of bishops from royal families.
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