作者：刘荣跃
出版社：上海远东出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
西方医学奠基人：希波克拉底经典试读：
译 序
刘荣跃本书是被誉为医学之父的古希腊医生希波克拉底（ Hippocrates,约公元前460-377）所著。关于其生平可信的材料甚少，同时代或近乎同时代的柏拉图及米诺的作品中有过一些描述。500年后希腊医生索拉努斯根据传说及想象写过希波克拉底传，但仅知他出身科斯的世医家庭，身材矮小，医术超群。他广泛游历希腊及小亚细亚，行医授徒，长期在科斯的医科学校任教。现存有60篇著作署以希波克拉底之名，总称《希波克拉底文集》。但经研究，这些作品非一人一时之作，创作年代前后相差至少100年，且长短、风格、观点、读者对象各异；但均用爱奥尼亚方言（当时希腊学术界使用的语言）写成，内容涉及解剖、临床、妇儿疾病、预后、饮食、药物疗法、医学道德、哲学等。杰出的有《流行病学》、《圣病》、《论预后》、《格言》、《论外科》、《誓言》等。出自其手的《誓言》，是举世闻名的医学道德准则，一直被医务人员视为行为指南，至今仍在许多医学院校的毕业典礼上宣读。
从广泛性和实用性的角度考虑，本书编译出《格言》、《论外科》、《论预后》和《誓言》4部分。格言共分7个部分，约300条。内容均为有关医学保健的精辟论断，对于医务保健工作进行了高度的概括。对广大医务工作者尤其是年轻的医务工作者而言，的确有不少值得借鉴参考的地方，可以用它作为自己从事医学事业的行为准则和指南。另一方面，该书也适合广大的一般读者，因它并非一部专业性强的学术著作，而是一部能为大家接受的、通俗易懂的读物，其中不乏人生的哲理。《论外科》共有25条，考虑到有些内容实用性不大，特作了少量删减。《论预后》也共有25条，全部译出，因为它既适合专业人员又适合广大读者，有很好的参考价值，能让我们懂得许多健康常识。了解各种症状，知道将可能会出现什么病情，即可积极主动地提早预防，往往会起到较好的作用。无论对任何事都应防患于未然，这是十分有意义的。关于《誓言》，如上所述，它提出了举世闻名的医学道德准则，不仅是医学界而且是整个人类的宝贵篇章，其中充分体现出尊师重教、舍己为人、救死扶伤、高尚正直等优良美德，是人类可贵的精神财富。
希波克拉底的语言非常精练，言简意赅，逻辑性强，干净利落。译文力求体现出这一特点，在此不予赘述，读者自可从中去体会。
本书虽然是医学之父的经典文集，但作为今天的读者，我们也要注意不能盲目地全盘加以吸收，而正确的态度应是“借鉴参考，为我所用”——这也许是我们对待古人文献的一个普遍原则。这是因为人类社会在飞速发展，几百年几千年以前的社会与当今的社会毕竟大相径庭。现今的医学与希波克拉底那时的相比不知先进了多少倍，我们应该清楚地看到这一点。所以要用历史的眼光看待本书，从中吸取有用的东西——因它自有其特有的历史意义和价值，这是任何其它著作都不可取代的。对一般读者而言，可以增加一些医学常识，加强自我保健；对专业人员而言，除此之外可对当时的医学状况作一个了解和考察，从而对医学的起源和发展获得进一步的知识，这不无益处。我们也要看到，有些普遍的原理、原则和知识总是亘古至今都不会改变的，比如《誓言》体现出的主要精神；又比如“生命短暂，医术长久；危象稍纵即逝；经验危险，诊断不易。医生不仅必须自身处事正确，而且务必让病人及服务人员等外在因素通力合作。” 这样的精辟论断，永远具有指导意义，绝不会过时。
如今，人人深知健康的重要，全民的保健意识大大提高，而这本书正好十分有助于大家提高自身的保健知识。人们最常祝愿的一句话恐怕就是“祝您身体健康！”了。改革开放以后，我国发生了翻天覆地的变化，人民生活有了很大改善，温保问题得到解决，家家都在奔小康。大家更注重生活的质量，于是对健康有了更高的意识和要求。一方面注重饮食，另一方面注重锻炼，这是极为可喜的现象。的确，一个人身体不好便会一事无成，你再有事业心成就感都无用，因为你肩负不起艰巨的任务。我对此深有体会。多年前虽然我年轻好多岁，可身体却远比现在差，致使学习和工作受到严重影响。我深深意识到了健康身体的重要，于是加强保健和锻炼，尤其是坚持冬泳，使体质大大加强，得以承担起自己热爱的艰巨而颇有意义的翻译事业。可以肯定地说，如果没有健康的身体，我是不可能取得今天这些成绩的。所以在此衷心祝愿大家注重保健和锻炼，因为首先要有健康的身体才行，你才会生活快乐，事业有成。而把这本书奉献给读者，也正体现了我的这一心愿。
说来，我与这本书还是有缘的，因我曾就读于世界名山峨眉山下的“四川省中药学校”。受文革影响，16岁的我便当上了一名知青。两年后恢复大中专考试制度，我即考入该校。那时我一边完成专业课学习，一边就开始自学英语，从此无论在何种情况下，无论遇到任何困难均未停止。后来我就参考自学考试，在刊物上发表译作；又后来我有幸认识了其他老师，使我的事业出现了关键性转折，于是经过努力有了一本本译著出版——而此书便是我的第12部译著。这看似一个简短的过程，然而其中的甘苦实在一言难尽，包含了许多令人难忘的故事，唯有体验过类似经历的人才深有所悟。由于自己取得一点成绩，我与出版社的联系越来越紧密，新的译著又将源源不断问世。我为此感到喜悦和自豪！这是人生的收获，这是传播文化的一项很有意义的工作。在此感谢给我以帮助和支持的老师、编辑、同仁和读者，并真诚希望对本书和其它译著提出宝贵意见，以便使之不断完善。同时也希望我编译的这第3本英汉对照读物能给广大英语学习者提供有益的东西。随着我国不断走向世界，这类读物越来越需要，我将为此作出更多的努力。这是我们这一代译者的荣幸和责任。欢迎读者对其中的错误和遗漏不吝指正，谢谢！
第1部分 饮食与健康
1.Life is short, and Art long; the crisis fleeting; experienceperilous, and decision difficult.The physician must not only beprepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient,the attendants, and externals cooperate.[1]
1.生命短暂，医术长久；危象稍纵即逝；经验危险，诊断不易。医生不仅必须自身处事正确，而且务必让病人及服务人员等外在因素通力合作。
2.In disorders of the bowels and vomitings, occurringspontaneously, if the matters purged be such as ought to be purged,they do good, and are well borne; but if not, the contrary.And soartificial evacuations, if they consist of such matters as should beevacuated, do good, and are well borne; but if not, the contrary.One,then, ought to look to the country, the season, the age, and thediseases in which they are proper or not.
2.当自然出现腹泻和呕吐时，若排除之物应予排除则有益身体，[2]令人好受；反之则不然。所以人为的排除，若排除之物应予排除则有益身体，令人好受；反之则不然。因此人们应注意其适合或不适合于存在的地区、季节、年龄和疾病。
3.In the athletae, embonpoint, if carried to its utmost limit, isdangerous, for they cannot remain in the same state nor be stationary;and since, then, they can neither remain stationary nor improve, itonly remains for them to get worse; for these reasons the embonpointshould be reduced without delay, that the body may again have acommencement of reparation.Neither should the evacuations, in theircase, be carried to an extreme, for this also is dangerous, but onlyto such a point as the person's constitution can endure.In likemanner, medicinal evacuations, if carried to an extreme, aredangerous; and again, a restorative course, if in the extreme, isdangerous.
3.健壮者若变得过于肥胖则危险，因肥胖之躯不会固定不变；既不可能固定不变或有所改善，则只会每况愈下；为此应及时减肥，不可拖延，以便使身体恢复健康。在此种情况下，减肥措施也不应走极端，因这同样危险；而只宜以人的体质能承受为限。同样，药物减肥[3]若走极端亦危险；又同样，恢复的疗程若走极端亦不安全。
4.A slender restricted diet is always dangerous in chronicdiseases, and also in acute diseases, where it is not requisite.Andagain, a diet brought to the extreme point of attenuation isdangerous; and repletion, when in the extreme, is also dangerous.
4.无论漫性病还是急性病，过分节食总是危险，实无必要。饮食过分不足危险，而过分饱胀亦同样如此。
5.In a restricted diet, patients who transgress are thereby morehurt (than in any other?); for every such transgression, whatever itmay be, is followed by greater consequences than in a diet somewhatmore generous.On this account, a very slender, regulated, andrestricted diet is dangerous to persons in health, because they beartransgressions of it more difficultly.For this reason, a slenderand restricted diet is generally more dangerous than one a little moreliberal.
5.就限制饮食而言，病人若运用不当则更为有害（比任何他人？）；因所有这类运用不当之行为，造成的后果都比较为随意的饮食带来的影响严重。所以，经常性地过分限制饮食对于健康者危险，因他们更难于承受此种不当之举。因此，过分限制饮食通常比略为随意地限制更加危险。
6.For extreme diseases, extreme methods of cure, as torestriction, are most suitable.
6.对于重病，就克制治疗而言，最宜采取极端之疗法。
7.When the disease is very acute, it is attended with extremelysevere symptoms in its first stage; and therefore an extremelyattenuating diet must be used.When this is not the case, but it isallowable to give a more generous diet, we may depart as far fromthe severity of regimen as the disease, by its mildness, is removedfrom the extreme.
7.疾病处于剧烈之时，初期则伴随严重症状；因此必须尽量减少食物。但若非如此，饮食则可更加随意，不必受严格的食物疗法限制，直至疾病脱离危险。
8.When the disease is at its height, it will then be necessary touse the most slender diet.
8.当疾病处于最高峰之际，则必须对病人给予最少量之食。
9.We must form a particular judgment of the patient, whether hewill support the diet until the acme of the disease, and whether hewill sink previously and not support the diet, or the disease willgive way previously, and become less acute.
9.对病人必须作出准确判断，看他是否能承受规定饮食直至病情严重，是否过早消瘦难以承受规定饮食，或是否疾病更先退出得以缓解。
10.In those cases, then, which attain their acme speedily, arestricted diet should be enjoined at first; but in those caseswhich reach their acme later, we must retrench at that period or alittle before it; but previously we must allow a more generous diet tosupport the patient.
10.若病症很快达到高峰，最初则切忌节食；但若病症以后达到高峰，则必须在此时或再早一点节食；不过必须事先允许病人饮食更加随意使其身体获得供养。
11.We must retrench during paroxysms, for to exhibit food wouldbe injurious.And in all diseases having periodical paroxysms, we mustrestrict during the paroxysms.
11.疾病发作时必须减少食量，否则有害无益。凡周期发作之疾病，发作时必须节食。
12.The exacerbations and remissions will be indicated by thediseases, the seasons of the year, the reciprocation of the periods,whether they occur every day, every alternate day, or after a longerperiod, and by the supervening symptoms; as, for example, in pleuriticcases, expectoration, if it occur at the commencement, shortens theattack, but if it appear later, it prolongs the same; and in thesame manner the urine, and alvine discharges, and sweats, according asthey appear along with favorable or unfavorable symptoms, indicatediseases of a short or long duration.
12.根据疾病本身、季节变化、周期交替——无论是每天、每隔一天或更长时间——以及根据意外出现的症状，即可看出疾病是恶化还是解除。以胸膜炎病症为例，若咯淡出现于初期，则疾病不会长久；但若出现于后期，则疾病将会拖延。同样，根据大小便、出汗的现象及与之相伴的有利或不利症状，即可知患病时间之长短。
13.Old persons endure fasting most easily; next, adults; youngpersons not nearly so well; and most especially infants, and of themsuch as are of a particularly lively spirit.
13.老年人最易节食，成年人次之，青年人则相差甚远；而尤其是婴儿——相对于他们而言，婴儿特别富有活力。
14.Growing bodies have the most innate heat; they therefore requirethe most food, for otherwise their bodies are wasted.In old personsthe heat is feeble, and therefore they require little fuel, as itwere, to the flame, for it would be extinguished by much.On thisaccount, also, fevers in old persons are not equally acute, becausetheir bodies are cold.
14.成长之躯有其充分的内在热量，因此需充足食物，否则会消瘦。而老人之躯少有热量，所以犹如炉火只需少许“燃料”，因燃料过多会使其熄灭。因而老人发热也不会一样剧烈，因其身躯热量不多。
15.In winter and spring the bowels are naturally the hottest, andthe sleep most prolonged; at these seasons, then, the mostsustenance is to be administered; for as the belly has then mostinnate heat, it stands in need of most food.The well-known facts withregard to young persons and the athletae prove this.
15.冬春两季体内热量自然最多，睡眠时间最长；此时应有充足之食物，因胃部既热量充分，亦最需食物提供养料。年轻人和运动员不乏众所周知的事实，可以证明。
16.A humid regimen is befitting in all febrile diseases, andparticularly in children, and others accustomed to live on such adiet.
16.所有热病患者以吃稀食为宜，尤其是孩子和习惯此种饮食者。
17.We must consider, also, in which cases food is to be givenonce or twice a day, and in greater or smaller quantities, and atintervals.Something must be conceded to habit, to season, to country,and to age.
17.我们还必须针对各种病情，考虑每天给病人的食物是一次还是两次，是多还是少，间隔的时间是长还是短。同时也必须因习惯、季节、国家和年龄的不同而区别对待。
18.Invalids bear food worst during summer and autumn, most easilyin winter, and next in spring.
18.夏秋两季病人饮食最差，冬季最好，春季次之。
19.Neither give nor enjoin anything to persons during periodicalparoxysms, but abstract from the accustomed allowance before thecrisis.
19.当疾病周期性发作时，给病人的食物既不增添也不禁止，而是在危险期前对其平常食物作适当减少。
20.When things are at the crisis, or when they have just passed it,neither move the bowels, nor make any innovation in the treatment,either as regards purgatives or any other such stimulants, but letthings alone.
20.当病情处于或刚过危险期时，既不设法让病人排泄又不采取任何创新治疗——无论使用泻药还是任何其它类似刺激药物——而应随其自然。
21.Those things which require to be evacuated should beevacuated, wherever they most tend, by the proper outlets.
21.凡需排泄之物均应通过正当渠道予以排除，无论其最有何倾向。
22.We must purge and move such humors as are concocted, not such asare unconcocted, unless they are struggling to get out, which ismostly not the case.
22.我们必须排除和去掉已消化而非未消化的体液，除非它们本身正极力脱离躯体——在多数情况下并非如此。
23.The evacuations are to be judged of not by their quantity, butwhether they be such as they should be, and how they are borne.
23.鉴定排泄物勿根据其数量，而应看其是否为应排泄之物，以及病人有何感受。
24.Use purgative medicines sparingly in acute diseases, and atthe commencement, and not without proper circumspection.
24.对急性病最初宜少用泻药，并且要慎重。
25.If the matters which are purged be such as should be purged, theevacuation is beneficial, and easily borne; but, not withstanding,if otherwise, with difficulty.
25.若排除之物应予排除，则有益健康，令人易受；否则令人难受。
[1]危象，指病情的急转点，转折期。
[2]注意原文非常简洁，这是格言的一大特点。
[3]格言体现出把握好“度”的人生哲理——我们在生活的方方面面不也应如此？凡事都应力求“适度”，而要把握好这个度确非易事。
第2部分 病症与人体
1.In whatever disease sleep is laborious, it is a deadly symptom;but if sleep does good, it is not deadly.
1.凡让人难以入眠之疾病，实为一严重症状；但如睡眠不错，则病症无甚要紧。
2.When sleep puts an end to delirium, it is a good symptom.
2.若睡眠不再让患者精神狂乱，则为一好兆头。
3.Both sleep and insomnolency, when immoderate, are bad.
3.不恰当的睡眠与失眠均有害健康。
4.Neither repletion, nor fasting, nor anything else, is good whenmore than natural.
4.凡超出自然范围，无论过饱、禁食或任何别的情况，均对人体不利。
5.Spontaneous lassitude indicates disease.
5.自发的疲乏预示身患疾病。
6.Persons who have a painful affection in any part of the body, andare in a great measure sensible of the pain, are disordered inintellect.
6.凡身体任何部位有疼痛之感，并且此种感觉非常明显者，其心智亦会随之失调。
7.Those bodies which have been slowly emaciated should be slowlyrecruited; and those which have been quickly emaciated should bequickly recruited.
7.缓慢衰弱之躯应缓慢恢复；迅速衰弱之躯应迅速恢复。
8.When a person after a disease takes food, but does not improve instrength, it indicates that the body uses more food than is proper;but if this happen when he does not take food, it is to beunderstood evacuation is required.
8.若病人于病后进食而体力不见增长，则表明其身体消耗过多食物；但若此时他并不进食，则可视为需让其排泄。
9.When one wishes to purge, he should put the body into a fluentstate.
9.当人欲排泄时，应让身体保持通畅。
10.Bodies not properly cleansed, the more you nourish the moreyou injure.
10.身体需保持洁净，否则愈给予滋养愈造成伤害。
11.It is easier to fill up with drink than with food.
11.饮酒比进食容易。
12.What remains in diseases after the crisis is apt to producerelapses.
12.疾病在危险期后仍易于复发。
13.Persons in whom a crisis takes place pass the night precedingthe paroxysm uncomfortably, but the succeeding night generally morecomfortably.
13.凡遭遇危险的病人，在疾病发作的前一夜多不安宁，而于疾病发作的后一夜多较为平静。
14.In fluxes of the bowels, a change of the dejections does good,unless the change be of a bad character.
14.大便若过于稀薄，则宜加以改变，除非变化的性质不佳。
15.When the throat is diseased, or tubercles (phymata) form onthe body, attention must paid to the secretions; for if they bebilious, the disease affects the general system; but if theyresemble those of a healthy person, it is safe to give nourishingfood.
15.当咽喉患病，或身体上生出小瘤（皮肤肿块）时，则必须注意分泌液体；因若它们系胆汁质，则疾病会侵袭整个人体；但若与健康者的类似，则进营养食物并无危险。
16.When in a state of hunger, one ought not to undertake labor.
16.人饥饿时不应工作。
17.When more food than is proper has been taken, it occasionsdisease; this is shown by the treatment.
17.饮食过量则致病，正如治疗中所见。
18.From food which proves nourishing to the body either immediatelyor shortly, the dejections also are immediate.
18.凡对身体可立即提供营养之食物，排泄亦及时。
19.In acute diseases it is not quite safe to prognosticate eitherdeath or recovery.
19.病重之时预言病人死亡或康复均不可靠。
20.Those who have watery discharges from their bowels when younghave dry when they are old; and those who have dry discharges whenthey are young will have watery when they are old.
20.年轻时大便稀薄者年老时则干燥；年轻时大便干燥者年老时则干燥。
21.Drinking strong wine cures hunger.
21.饮烈酒除饥饿。
22.Diseases which arise from repletion are cured by depletion;and those that arise from depletion are cured by repletion; and ingeneral, diseases are cured by their contraries.
22.血脂偏高引起的疾病用降低血脂之法治疗；血脂偏低引起的疾病用增高血脂之法治疗——疾病通常用其反面治之。
23.Acute disease come to a crisis in fourteen days.
23.重病两周内进入危象。
24.The fourth day is indicative of the seventh; the eighth is thecommencement of the second week; and hence, the eleventh being thefourth of the second week, is also indicative; and again, theseventeenth is indicative, as being the fourth from the fourteenth,and the seventh from the eleventh.
24.第4天预示第7天之症状；第8天是第2周的开端；所以第11天为第2周的第4天，亦有所预示；又，第17天亦有所预示，因它为第[1]14天以后的第4天，第17天以后的第7天。
25.The summer quartans are, for the most part, of short duration;but the autumnal are protracted, especially those occurring near theapproach of winter.
25.夏季的“四日热”多不长久；但秋季的却久拖不止，尤其此病发生于临近冬季之时。
26.It is better that a fever succeed to a convulsion, than aconvulsion to a fever.
26.宁愿惊厥后发烧，而不愿发烧后惊厥。
27.We should not trust ameliorations in diseases when they arenot regular, nor be much afraid of bad symptoms which occur in anirregular form; for such are commonly inconstant, and do not usuallycontinue, nor have any duration.
27.当疾病处于无规律状态时不应指望其改善；此时对不良症状亦勿过于担忧，因它们通常变化无常，不会持久。
28.In fevers which are not altogether slight, it is a bad symptomfor the body to remain without any diminution of bulk, or to be wastedbeyond measure; for the one state indicates a protracted disease,and the other weakness of body.
28.当发烧严重时，若身体不见消瘦或消瘦过度，均为一不良症状；因一种症状预示疾病久拖不愈，另一种症状预示身体十分虚弱。
29.If it appear that evacuations are required, they should bemade at the commencement of diseases; at the acme it is better to bequiet.
29.若看来需要排泄，则应在疾病开始之时；疾病处于高峰时最好保持平静。
30.Toward the commencement and end of diseases all the symptoms areweaker, and toward the acme they are stronger.
30.疾病在初始期和结束期所有症状均不明显，唯在高峰期突出。
31.When a person who is recovering from a disease has a goodappetite, but his body does not improve in condition, it is a badsymptom.
31.恢复健康的病人若食欲不错，但身体却不见改善，此为一不良症状。
32.For the most part, all persons in ill health, who have a goodappetite at the commencement, but do not improve, have a badappetite again toward the end; whereas, those who have a very badappetite at the commencement, and afterward acquire a good appetite,get better off.
32.所有病人若最初食欲良好但身体却不见好转，最后多食欲不佳；而最初食欲不佳后来却改善者，多得以康复。
33.In every disease it is a good sign when the patient'sintellect is sound, and he is disposed to take whatever food isoffered to him; but the contrary is bad.
33.无论何种疾病，凡病人心智正常即为一好兆头，对于食物他会毫不挑剔；反之则为一不良预兆。
34.In diseases, there is less danger when the disease is one towhich the patient's constitution, habit, age, and the season areallied, than when it is one to which they are not allied.
34.疾病与病人体质、习惯、年龄和季节相关时，比与其不相关时较少危险。
35.In all diseases it is better that the umbilical andhypogastric regions preserve their fullness; and it is a bad sign whenthey are very slender and emaciated; in the latter case it isdangerous to administer purgatives.
35.无论何种疾病，均以肚脐和下腹部保持丰满为宜；若十分瘦弱则为一不良征兆，此时施泻药则危险。
36.Persons in good health quickly lose their strength by takingpurgative medicines, or using bad food.
36.健康者服泻药或饮食不当会迅速丧失体力。
37.Purgative medicines agree ill with persons in good health.
37.泻药对健康者不宜。
38.An article of food or drink which is slightly worse, but morepalatable, is to be preferred to such as are better but lesspalatable.
38.人们宁愿要更味美可口但质量较差的食物，而不愿要质量较好但味道更差的食物。
39.Old have fewer complaints than young; but those chronic diseaseswhich do befall them generally never leave them.[2]
39.老人的疾病不如年轻人的多，可他们一旦患上慢性病则常难以消除。
40.Catarrhs and coryza in very old people are not concocted.
40.卡他与卡他性鼻炎对于耄耋老人而言不可混为一谈。
41.Persons who have had frequent and severe attacks of swooning,without any manifest cause, die suddenly.
41.经常出现严重昏晕而无明显原因者，会猝然死亡。
42.It is impossible to remove a strong attack of apoplexy, andnot easy to remove a weak attack.
42.消除严重中风不可能，消除轻微中风亦不容易。
43.Of persons who have been suspended by the neck, and are in astate of insensibility, but not quite dead, those do not recover whohave foam at the mouth.
43.失去知觉但尚未死亡的上吊者，若口吐泡沫则难以复活。
44.Persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier thanthose who are slender.
44.天生肥胖者比身材苗条者早死。
45.Epilepsy in young persons is most frequently removed bychanges of air, of country, and of modes of life.
45.年轻人患癫痫症，常因空气、地域和生活方式的变化而治愈。
46.Of two pains occurring together, not in the same part of thebody, the stronger weakens the other.
46.若两种疼痛同时发生但不在同一部位，则轻者被重者削弱。
47.Pains and fevers occur rather at the formation of pus thanwhen it is already formed.
47.疼痛与发烧出现于脓形成之时而非之后。
48.In every movement of the body, whenever one begins to endurepain, it will be relieved by rest.
48.身体各部运动时一旦疼痛，休息就可使其缓解。
49.Those who are accustomed to endure habitual labors, althoughthey be weak or old, bear them better than strong and young personswho have not been so accustomed.
49.凡习惯于劳动的人，虽年老体弱，亦比身强力壮但不习惯劳动的年轻人更能担负劳动。
50.Those things which one has been accustomed to for a long time,although worse than things which one is not accustomed to, usuallygive less disturbance; but a change must sometimes be made to thingsone is not accustomed to.
50.人们久已习惯的事物，虽不如其并不习惯的事物更佳，但通常麻烦较少；不过对于不习惯的事物，有时亦必须作些改变。
51.To evacuate, fill up, heat, cool, or otherwise, move the body inany way much and suddenly, is dangerous; and whatever is excessiveis inimical to nature; but whatever is done by little and little issafe, more especially when a transition is made from one thing toanother.
51.人在排泄、进食、升温、降温或做别的什么时，身体运动过猛则危险；凡过分之事总有害生命；而行事缓和则安全，尤其当人从一事过渡到另一事时。
52.When doing everything according to indications, althoughthings may not turn out agreeably to indication, we should notchange to another while the original appearances remain.
52.当凡事依照治疗法去做时，即使结果一时与治疗法不符，但在最初症状仍然存在时不应急于改变。
53.Those persons who have watery discharges from the bowels whenthey are young, come off better than those who have dry; but in oldage they come off worse, for the bowels in aged persons are usuallydried up.
53.年轻人大便稀薄比大便干燥更好；但对于老年人则更糟，因其肠内通常较为干燥。
54.Largeness of person in youth is noble and not unbecoming; but inold age it is inconvenient, and worse than a smaller structure.
54.年轻人身高体大的确不错，可谓恰当；但对于老年人却不适合——较小的身材对他们更为有益。
[1]本条反映疾病的“预后”现象。
[2]此句似乎与事实不符，但“complaints”又不能作常见的“抱怨”解。
第3部分 季节与年龄
1.The changes of the season mostly engender diseases, and in theseasons great changes either of heat or of cold, and the restagreeably to the same rule.
1.季节变化多致病；四季中若冷热大起大落等，均有如此规律。
2.Of natures (temperaments?), some are well- or ill-adapted forsummer, and some for winter.
2.就本性（性格？）而言，有的人适应或不适应夏季，有的人适应或不适应冬季。
3.Of diseases and ages, certain of them are well- or ill-adapted todifferent seasons, places, and kinds of diet.
3.就疾病和年龄而言，有的适应或不适应不同的季节、地区和饮食。
4.In the seasons, when during the same day there is at one timeheat and at another time cold, the diseases of autumn may be expected.
4.在各季节中，当同一天时冷时热时，或许患上秋天的病。
5.South winds induce dullness of hearing, dimness of visions,heaviness of the head, torpor, and languor; when these prevail, suchsymptoms occur in diseases.But if the north wind prevail, coughs,affections of the throat, hardness of the bowels, dysuria attendedwith rigors, and pains of the sides and breast occur.When this windprevails, all such symptoms may be expected in diseases.
5.南风让人听力迟钝，视力模糊，头脑沉重，软弱无力；当南风盛行时，即出现如上病症。但若北风盛行，即会引起如下病症：严重咳嗽，咽喉难受，大便干燥，排尿艰难，两侧和胸部疼痛。
6.When summer is like spring, much sweating may be expected infevers.
6.当夏季犹如冬季，发烧时便会大量出汗。
7.Acute diseases occur in droughts; and if the summer beparticularly such, according to the constitution which it has given tothe year, for the most part such diseases maybe expected.
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