作者：张小萍、丛后罗 主编
出版社：化学工业出版社
格式: AZW3, DOCX, EPUB, MOBI, PDF, TXT
橡胶工艺技术概论(英汉双语)试读：
前言
随着教学改革的不断深入，各高校相继开设了高分子材料及相关专业的双语教学课程，目的在于培养学生的国际化视野，增强国际交流。在教学过程中，首先面临的问题就是教材的选择。目前，关于高分子材料与工程、材料科学与工程的专业英语书籍很多，但是适合中高职院校及企业人员学习参考的橡胶专业双语教材较少。在此背景下，编者完成了本书的编写。本书中的课文全部选用英文原版经典课文，语言标准、专业性强，在内容上力求反映橡胶工艺技术的知识内容体系及最新发展，使学习者真正领会英文原版课文中专业知识的精髓。同时，本书保留了原课文中的英制单位，读者也可自行换算。
本书分为6个部分，共44课。PART 1为橡胶发展简史，介绍了天然橡胶、合成橡胶的发展简史；PART 2为生胶原材料，介绍了生胶的结构、性能及应用；PART 3为橡胶配合，介绍了配合基本原理及生胶的配合体系（硫化体系、填充补强体系、软化增塑体系及防护体系）；PART 4为橡胶加工工艺，介绍了混炼、挤出、压延和成型基本知识；PART 5为橡胶硫化，介绍了硫黄硫化、非硫黄硫化、动态硫化等基本知识；PART 6为胶料物理机械性能测试，介绍了硫化特性、拉伸性能、耐介质性等胶料常规性重要物性测试基本知识。全书从生胶结构与性能、配合与加工到物理机械性能检测，形成了一套较完整的橡胶加工工艺基本知识体系，便于学生循序渐进地学习。在每篇课文中，对专业性较强及较难理解的单词和短语给出了中文注释，课后给出了专业及重点词汇的音标注释、难点句子的中文注释，帮助学生对专业词汇及课文内容的学习理解。课后的练习题和阅读材料，有助于知识拓展和能力提升。
本书编写分工情况为：PART 1，PART 3，PART 4，PART 6由徐州工业职业技术学院张小萍编写；PART 2 由徐州工业职业技术学院丛后罗、姚亮编写；PART 5由丛后罗编写。全书由张小萍、丛后罗担任主编，徐州工业职业技术学院刘琼琼、赵桂英担任主审。在编写过程中还得到了徐州工业职业技术学院材料工程学院的各位老师的帮助，在此深表谢意。
由于编者学术水平、英语水平有限，以及资料的收集、内容的取舍等方面的限制，书中不足之处在所难免，恳请各位读者不吝指正，我们将不断完善和改进。编者2018年10月Lesson 1 History of Natural RubberNew WordsNotes
[1] Vulcanization heating an intimate mixture of rubber and sulfur to crosslink the rubber polymer network greatly improved rubber strength and elasticity and eliminated its deficiencies at temperature extremes. 硫化加热使橡胶和硫黄的均匀混合物交联形成橡胶聚合物网络，极大地改善了橡胶强度和弹性，并消除了橡胶在极端温度下的缺陷。
[2] Brazil became the primary source of rubber, but as rubber use grew questions arose as to this country’s ability to insure adequate supply from its wild rubber trees. 巴西成为橡胶的主要生产国，但随着橡胶用途的增加，这个国家没有能力保证橡胶的充足供应。
[3] Dunlop’s patenting of the pneumatic tire in England in 1888 ushered in the age of the bicycle as a prelude to the era of automobiles. 1888年，邓禄普在英格兰申请了充气轮胎专利，引领了自行车时代，成为汽车时代的前奏。Exercises
1. Translate the following two paragraphs into Chinese.
Natural rubber can be defined as the coagulated, dried rubber prepared from latex extracted from the tree species Hevea brasiliensis. More than 200 species of plants produce natural rubbers but only one source, Hevea brasiliensis, is commercial today. Reasons for its preeminence are its high yield, longevity, and low resin content.
One natural rubber, guayule (银叶橡胶菊) from the tree species Parthenium argentatum, was of commercial importance early in this century. Despite promotion in World War Ⅱ as a substitute for natural rubber it has been unsuccessful commercially. Yields are not high and it does have high resin content. Its main attraction was that it could be grown in the Southwest region of the USA.
2. Put the following words and phrases into English.
弹性 性能 刚(韧)性 柔性的 混炼
成型 硫化 交联 胶乳 防水的What Exactly Does the Word “Rubber” Mean?
Rubber seems to be a fairly straightforward word. The word derives from a South American Indian word, meaning “weeping wood”. The dictionary definition of rubber is, a material that when stretched returns quickly to its “approximate original shape”. This definition fits the vulcanized material quite well. ASTM Standard D1566-98 has a detailed definition of rubber implying the vulcanized material. Unfortunately the rubber industry tends to be somewhat casual in the use of the term rubber. When a rubber product is made, the primary raw material is a polymer. This polymer often has some elasticity, but not always. It is then mixed with chemicals to make a rubber “compound” which is subsequently vulcanized. This compound is simply a physical mixture of chemicals and indeed a number of ingredients. The industry often calls both the polymer and the uncured compound, “rubber”. Unvulcanized silicone, for example, (both polymer and uncured compound) does not fit the dictionary definition too well, since it can have the consistency of butter. The word “rubber” used in the book for the primary raw polymer will be raw gum elastomer.
Some people use the term rubber, to mean NR only, but there have been instances when a customer asked for rubber (expecting the vendor to choose the right type, neoprene, natural, etc.), the vendor however assumed the customer was specifically asking for natural rubber, which in that case turned out to be the worst choice. Naturally, the vulcanized material is also called rubber, as indeed it should be. The word “elastomer” and “rubber” are often used by the industry to mean exactly the same thing, which is a waste of such an interesting word (elastomer), which maybe, could have been reserved exclusively to describe the raw polymer. ASTM Standard D1566-98 defines “elastomer” as “a term often used for rubber and polymers that have properties similar to those of rubber”．Words and ExpressionsLesson 2 History of Synthetic RubberNew WordsNotes
[1] The ready availability of high quality plantation rubber facilitated the advances in production methods and product quality which catalyzed the development of better automobiles and their expanding reliance on rubber products. 高品质种植橡胶的随时可用，促进了生产方法和产品质量的进步，催化了更好的汽车工业的发展并扩大了其对橡胶产品的依赖。
[2] The governments of Germany and Russia, the military nations most susceptible to loss of natural rubber through naval blockade, instituted programs to develop synthetic alternatives. This was given additional impetus in the mid-1920s by a forced rise in rubber prices due to British restrictions on plantation production. 德国和俄罗斯这两个最容易因海军封锁而丧失天然橡胶的军事国家制定了开发(天然橡胶)合成替代品的计划。在20世纪20年代中期，由于英国对种植园生产的限制，橡胶价格受到强制上涨，给予(合成橡胶的生产)额外的推动力。
[3] Copolymerization of 1，3-butadiene with other monomers was pursued to obtain more easily processed and rubber-like products. In Germany this led within a few years to Buna S, a copolymer of butadiene and styrene, and Buna N, a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile. 将1，3-丁二烯与其他单体共聚，以获得更容易加工的、更类似于橡胶的产品。在德国，丁二烯与苯乙烯的共聚物丁腈橡胶S、丁二烯与丙烯腈的共聚物丁腈橡胶N在几年之内得到了开发。
[4] By the time war broke out in 1939, both Germany and Russia could satisfy their rubber needs with reasonably satisfactory synthetic products. 到1939年战争爆发时，德国和俄罗斯都可以用相当令人满意的合成橡胶产品来满足他们的橡胶需求。
[5] By the end of the Second World War, compounding art and science had fully bridged the gap between elastomer and rubber product. 到第二次世界大战结束时，配合艺术和科学已经完全弥合了弹性体和橡胶产品之间的差距。Exercises
1. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
Synthetic elastomers were first produced in Germany in the early 1930s with a world consumption of 2500 long tons. After World War Ⅱ in 1946, the world consumption of synthetic rubber had grown to 912400 long tons in comparison to 555000 long tons of natural rubber.
2. Put the following words and phrases into English.
合成的 合成橡胶 结构单元 单体 聚合
共聚物 拉伸强度 炭黑 配合 耐油橡胶Rubber Appreciation
Rubber is a fascinating, marvelous material with a unique combination of properties. The compounder originates recipe to optimize one, several, or all of the rubber’s inherent capabilities to provide a compound that will be molded or formed into the desired useful marketable produce.
A rubber band is an example that utilizes the stretch nature of rubber. A tire tread needs to be primarily flexible and abrasive resistant. A special inner-liner of the tire has amazing resistance to air permeation while rubber boots need to be waterproof. These are only a few examples of the usefulness of rubber; the list is almost endless.
The compounder has to know what materials are available for his purpose. And regardless of how many years of experience he/she can rely on, there is never any end to the accumulation of new knowledge. Moreover, attention has already given to the recipe ingredients to achieve ease and safety of processing behavior of the compound during mixing, extrusion and calendaring in the factory prior to the forming, molding and curing of the product. Premature scorch, set-up or curing during processing, must be avoided.
The historical account of compounding will provide a basis for what is to follow in the text and hopefully cultivate a sense of appreciation among the readers for the art and science of putting together recipe for product performance.Words and ExpressionsLesson 3 Natural Rubber (NR)New WordsNotes
[1] The strain-induced crystallization gives natural rubber products high tensile strength and resistance to cutting, tearing, and abrasion. 拉伸诱导结晶可以提高天然橡胶的拉伸强度、抗剪强度、抗撕裂性能和耐磨性。
[2] Rubber is unique in the extent to which it can be distorted, and the rapidity and degree to which it recovers to its original shape and dimensions. 橡胶可以发生形变，并且能够迅速恢复形状和尺寸的特性是独一无二的。
[3] The commercial utility of natural rubber has in fact grown from the ease with which its useful properties can be changed or improved by compounding techniques. 实际上随着配合技术的提高，天然橡胶的性能得到了改善，进而扩大天然橡胶的商业应用。Exercises
1. Translate the first and second paragraphs of the text into Chinese.
2. Put the following words into English.
天然橡胶 环氧化天然橡胶 结晶 耐磨性 脱水
胶乳 弹性 永久变形 拉伸诱导结晶Properties of NR
Vulcanized products made from NR have high mechanical strength and can be compounded to have excellent elasticity (ability to snap back to their original shape). NR has very good abrasion resistance which, with its low relative cost, makes it a significant choice for slurry pump liners and impellers as well as for tank linings. It has very good dynamic mechanical properties and is therefore used in tires, rubber springs and vibration mounts. It is one of the few elastomers that have high strength. As NR rubber gum vulcanizate has a very high elasticity, thus most of the kinetic energy of an impacting particle is converted into deformation of the vulcanizate which then releases the energy by returning to its original undeformed state.
It also has very good low temperature resistance, down into the region of －57℃ at which its stiffness shows a considerable increase. Its high temperature heat aging resistance limit for continuous use is in the region of 75℃. Inherent weather resistance provided by the raw elastomer is poor. Significant components of weather, from the rubber technologists point of view, are UV light and ozone. Addition of carbon black to a compound gives resistance to UV, antiozonants and waxes, and helps with ozone resistance. Ozone attack is of most concern for thin products and those that are subjected to stretching in service.Words and ExpressionsLesson 4 Polyisoprene Rubber (IR)New WordsNotes
[1] The isoprene monomer, the structural unit of the natural rubber polymer, can polymerize in four isomeric forms: trans-1，4-addition, cis-1，4-addition, 1，2-addition, leaving a pendant vinyl group, and 3，4-addition. 异戊二烯单体聚合得到的结构单元，即天然橡胶的结构单元，有四种不同的异构体：反-1，4-结构、顺-1，4-结构，带有乙烯基侧链的1，2结-构和3，4-结构。
[2] Polyisoprene is therefore easier to process, gives a less variable (although generally slower) cure, is more compatible in blends with EPDM and solution SBR, and provides less green strength (pre-cure) than natural rubber. 因此，聚异戊二烯橡胶更容易加工，表现出重现性很好的硫化特性(尽管比天然橡胶稍慢)，还能与EPDM和溶聚SBR良好地相容，也比天然橡胶的格林强度低。
[3] The synthetic elastomer can be produced with the very low level of branching, high molecular weight, and relatively narrower molecular weight distribution that contributes to lower heat buildup compared to natural rubber. 这种合成的弹性体具有较小的支化程度，较高的分子量和更窄的分子量分布，这些结构特点使得生热会比天然橡胶低。Exercises
1. Translate the first and second paragraphs of the text into Chinese.
2. Put the following words into English.
聚异戊二烯橡胶 有规立构的 溶液 合成的 催化剂
纯度 分子量分布Application of IR
Polyisoprene elastomers (IR) are synthetic, predominantly stereoregular polymers that closely resemble natural rubber in molecular structure as well as in properties. Polyisoprene elastomers are currently being used in a variety of applications requiring good resilience, low water swell, high gum tensile strength, good tack and high hot tensile strength. The largest end use for polyisoprene by far is in tires. Black-loaded polyisoprene finds uses in tires, motor mounts, pipe gaskets, shock absorber bushings, and many other molded and mechanical goods. Gum polyisoprene compounds are used in rubber bands, cut thread, baby bottle nipples, and extruded hoses, and other such items. Mineral-filled polyisoprene finds applications in footwear, sponges, and sporting goods. Other important uses include medical applications and adhesives and sealants. Of all the applications, medical applications have seen the fastest growth.Words and ExpressionsLesson 5 Styrene ButadieneRubber (SBR)New Words
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