作者：圣才电子书
出版社：圣才电子书
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聊城大学外国语学院809翻译与写作历年考研真题及详解试读：
2007年聊城大学外国语学院406翻译与写作考研真题及详解
Part Ⅰ Translation (100 points)Section A: English to Chinese (50 marks, 25 each)
1. Opera is expensive. But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we give up society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound message that can be sent from one human to another.【参考译文】
欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈的享受。然而只要我们不放弃社会的选择权，昂贵的东西就不一定只有富人才能享受。如果愿意，我们完全可以使歌剧或其他昂贵的文化形式面向那些个体负担不起的普通大众。但问题是我们为什么要这么做？没有人会否认人类需要吃、住、防卫、健康以及接受教育。但是，即使是在史前时期的洞穴里，人们伸出手来不仅是为了吃饭、喝水或打仗，也有可能是要去画画。对文化的向往，以及通过想象和作品来表达、探索世界是人类的基本愿望。在欧洲，这种愿望在我们的音乐、艺术、文学杰作以及戏剧作品中得到了体现。这些杰作是试金石，通过它们可以看出人们的思想和想象力可能达到的高度，它们所包含的最为深刻的思想可以广泛传播。
2. In Paris, all the wine parties or buffet receptions held on various occasions provide optimum opportunities to make friends with all varieties of people. When encountering a stranger on such an occasion, an Asian would invariably hand over his name card to the newly-met stranger with full reverence, with both of his hands, even before he starts to converse with the stranger. Such an act seems to have become an indispensable ritual (formality/etiquette). By contrast, an average Frenchman seldom takes the initiative to (offers to/volunteers to) present his name card. Instead, he would simply walk away after an exchange of routine greetings or even some aimless (random/casual) chat. Only when both sides become deeply engrossed (engaged/involved) in their conversation and have the intention to make further acquaintance with each other would they offer to give their name cards. It would seem somehow bizarre if a French person offers his name card without saying anything to the stranger in the first place.【参考译文】
在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往在开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句或是随意聊一番也就各自走开。只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。如果一个法国人和一个陌生人第一次见面不讲话就递名片，倒有些奇怪。
Section B: Chinese to English (50 marks, 25 each)
1. 浪漫主义运动刚刚兴起的时候，人们争论的一个共同话题就是：人究竟是为了爱情还是为了金钱而结婚。年轻人一般比较看重爱情，而父母们则更看重金钱。在那个时期的小说中，这一难题得到了巧妙地解决、读到小说最后一页时，读者发现表面上一文不名的女主人公实际上是大笔财产的继承人。但在现实生活中，年轻人要是指望这样一种结局，多半会失望。【参考译文】
On the rise of the romantic movement, a subject on which people argue strongly was: people got married out of love or of money? Young people generally valued love more, while parents attached more importance on money. In the novels of the period, the dilemma was felicitously solved by the discovery, on the last page, that the apparently penniless heroine was really a great heiress. But in real life, if young people are counting on such an ending, they will probably get disappointed.
2. 要知道读书时必须要“体会字里行间的意思”，才能学到更多的东西。我想劝告你在读书过程中做同样重要的一件事。我要劝告你“在字里行间评注”。如果你不这样做，就不可能最有效地进行阅读。有两种拥有书的方式。第一是付钱买下，建立财产权，就像你购买衣服和家具。但这种购买行为仅仅是拥有的前奏曲。只有当你使其成为你的一部分，才有全部拥有权，而使它成为自己的一部分的最好方式是阅读时进行字里行间的评注。举个例子可以使这一观点一目了然。你买一块牛排，把他从肉铺的冰柜里转放进你自己的冰柜里。从最重要的意义上讲，你只有食用它，使它融入你的血液里。才真正拥有了这块牛排。我认为书也是这样，只有吸收进你的血液里才会对你有好处。【参考译文】
If you want to learn more, you need to “understand the meaning between the lines”. Thus I advise you to do another equally important thing during your reading: try to make a comment on some important lines. If you fail to do so, you cannot go through it effectively. There are two ways to own books. The first one is you purchase this book and then have the ownership of it, which resembles your buying of clothes and furniture. However, this act of purchase is only a start for “truly owning it” and only if you remark on lines when reading can you really own the book for it has become a part of your knowledge. Let’s take an example to put it clearly: After you have bought a piece of steak, you put it from the shop freezer to yours. In the most important sense, only if you eat and digest it into your body can you truly own this steak. So is the case with your reading. You benefit from it only you can really digest the book.Part Ⅱ Writing (50 points)
As to how to learn about life, some people prefer listening to other’s advice while some people stress the importance of personal experience. Which way do you think has more advantages? Please write a composition of about 400 words expressing your opinions.
In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET.【参考范文】The Best Way to Learn About Life
As we all know, there are various ways for people to learn about life. Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of families and friends. Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience. In my opinion, I prefer the latter viewpoint.
Both learning about life through personal experience and with the advice of others can help you in their own ways. If you don’t have a lot of knowledge about something, the advice of people you trust can be very valuable. They can tell you about their own experiences, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a situation. Then you can consider your own desires and needs and decide what you should do. And before long you’ll have more experience of your own. When you’re thinking about what you want to do with your life, friends and relatives are a great resource. They can give you information about things like jobs, school, volunteering, and traveling to other parts of the world. Because they’ve done a lot of learning in their lives, you can use it to decide what you want to do with yours. And you needn’t pay much for what you are supposed to learn in study and work.
All the above are advantages of learning about life by listening to the advice of other people. In some cases, however, there’s no real substitute for personal experience. For example, I really don’t like to make presentations in class. I know I’ll make mistakes, even if I’m thoroughly prepared and know all about my topic. Nothing but experience can help me deal with the nervousness I feel. I know that the feedback I get from the teacher and from the other students will help me learn from those mistakes. At least I’m confident that the next class presentation I make will be much better than the former one. Frankly speaking, sometimes you would not take sincere advice from your friends, for you are so young that you have are prone to be arrogant about things. So even people speak to you much about their opinions, you just let it go and totally are ignorant of it. On the contrary, your personal experience would be a “precious teacher”, for if you go wrong, you would pay for it, and it could not have been better if you take right actions. I personally think an unforgettable experience would serve as the best advice you get on your own.
In the end, I think that the best way to learn about life is by experiencing it firsthand. No one else can teach you how to get along with other people, how to realistically judge your own abilities, or how to understand who you are. You can only learn these things by dealing with situations every day. Don’t forget the old saying “Experience is the best teacher”.【解析】
文章以“最好的向生活学习的方式”为题，分为三部分展开叙述。第一段点明了主题，清晰表达自己的观点：认为自身经验更能给自己生活启示。第二部分首先阐述了听取他人意见的优势，继而认为和亲自获取的经验相比，其具有一定的局限性，最后表述自身经验无法比拟的优势。最后一段重申主题，照应开头：经验是最好的老师。
2008年聊城大学外国语学院804翻译与写作考研真题及详解
Part Ⅰ Translation (100 points)Section A: English to Chinese (50 marks, 25 each)
1. Half a mile from home, at the farther edge of the woods, where the land was highest, a great pine-tree stood, the last of its generation. Whether it was lest for a boundary mark, or what reason, no one could say; the woodchoppers who had felled its mates were dead and gone long ago, and a whole forest of sturdy trees, pines and oaks and maples, had grown again. But the stately head of this old pine towered above them all and made a landmark for sea and shore miles and miles away. Sylvia had always believed that whoever climbed to the top of it could see the ocean; and the little girl had often laid her hand on the great rough trunk and looked up wistfully at those dark boughs that the wind always stirred, no matter how hot and still the air might be below.【参考译文】
离她家半英里以外，在树林最外缘地势最高的地方，矗立着一棵高大的松树。这是长大的那批松树中的最后孑遗。究竟它是作为界标留下的还是为了别的原因，没有人说得清楚。砍倒它同伴的那些伐木者不是死了，便是已经远走他乡。在树桩地上，又长出了一片新的树林，其中有松树，也有橡树和枫树。但是这棵仪态万千的大松树的树冠高高的凌驾在所有的树峰之上，成了方圆几百里内海上和岸边的一处路标。西尔维亚一直相信只要爬到它的顶部，就能看见大海。她经常把手按在巨大、粗糙的树干上，若有所思地仰望高处那些黑黝黝的枝叶。不管树底下有多热，空气纹丝不动，高处的枝叶总是被风吹得颤悠颤悠的。
2. There are few words which are used more loosely than the word “civilization.” What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization—and in its soil grow continually freedom, comfort and culture. When civilization reigns in any country, a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people. The traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.【参考译文】
比“文明”这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？它意指一个建立在平民百姓舆论基础上的社会。它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争冲突、暴动暴政为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的独立法庭所代替。这就是文明，在文明的土壤里，自由、舒适和文化不断发展壮大。如果文明在任何一个国家里占了支配地位，那么便可给人民群众提供一种更加宽松的较为平静的生活，过去的传统则受人珍重，英明伟人或勇士们留给我们的遗产则成为咱们大家共同享用的丰富的财产。
Section B: Chinese to English (50 marks, 25 each)
1. 现代英格兰早期的社会环境大多是压制女性声音的。父权文化与父权制度将她们塑造成贞洁、顺从、虔诚、爱家的化身。17世纪早期，詹姆士国王在《自由君主制与国教》法案中确认了父权意识、政权集权主义及性别等级制度。而在意识形态当中，上帝的绝对权威或最高父权则体现在绝对的君主政权及家庭中父亲和丈夫的身上。因此，女性的臣服，一开始是对于她的父亲而言，然后是对她的丈夫表示顺从，体现了英国人民对其君主的臣服，以及所有基督教徒对于上帝的臣服。另外，这一时期还充斥着压制性的或过分反对女性的说教、小册子和戏剧演出，带着贬损的口气一一列举了女性的生理及心理弱点、她们的邪恶精神、反叛性、凶悍和天生比男性低下的品性。
注：父权：patriarchy《自由君主制与国教》：The Trew Law of Free Monarchic and the Basilikon Doron
反对女性：misogyny【参考译文】
The social environment of early modern England mostly suppressed women’s voices. Patriarchal culture and its system shape women into the embodiment of chastity, obedience, devotion and love for family. In the early 17th century, King James affirmed patriarchal consciousness, totalitarianism and gender hierarchy in The Trew Law of Free Monarchic and the Basilikon Doron. In ideology, God’s absolute authority or supreme patriarchy is embodied in absolute monarchy and father and husband in the family. Therefore, women’s obedience, first to her father, then to her husband, which reflects the British people’s obedience to their monarch, and that of all Christians to God. In addition, this period was suffused by oppressive or excessive anti-women sermons, pamphlets and theatrical performances, with a derogatory tone, enumerating the physical and psychological weaknesses of women, their evil spirit, rebelliousness, character of being fierce and inherently inferior to men.
2. 毫无疑问，成人甚至接受过高等教育的成人，其阅读速度和阅读效率也大不相同。有些人读得很慢，而有些人则一目十行，然后回过头来再读一遍。阅读水平差的人尤其缺乏按照读物类型和阅读目的来调整其阅读方法的能力。优秀的读者能以很快的速度读完一部小说或类似的消遣性读物。他能够一页一页地浏览，不时地在这儿或那儿挑几个单词，只求掌握全文大意，而用不着从头至尾细读。在阅读难度更大的材料时，为了吃透全文的意思，他会放慢阅读速度。但即使这样他也会变换阅读速度，把注意力集中在关键词和关键段落上，或许还会来回多读几遍，而对其他部分则一带而过。阅读效率差的人不管读什么往往都会保持同一速度。【参考译文】
There is no doubt that adults, and even highly educated adults, vary greatly in the speed and efficiency of their reading. Some proceed very slowly throughout and others dash along too quickly and then have to regress. Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and to their intension of reading it. A good reader can move at great speed through the text of a novel or similar light reading matter. He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it. In reading more difficult material, with the intention of taking in a whole of it, he will proceed more slowly, but even then he will vary his pace, concentrating on the key words and passages, perhaps re-reading them several times and pass more quickly over the remainder. A less efficient reader tends to maintain the same speed whatever material he reads.Part Ⅱ Writing (50 points)
Nowadays more and more western festivals are celebrated in China. What is disturbingly interesting is that some people are more enthusiastic for celebrating such alien festivals as Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Saint Valentine’s Day than for some Chinese festivals. Make your judgment in this phenomenon and write an entitled composition of no less than 400 words.【参考范文】On the Phenomenon of Celebrating the Western Festivals
Nowadays, with the development of cultural exchange between the east and the west, more and more traditional festivals are celebrated by us such as Christmas, Thanksgiving Day and Saint Valentine’s Day. Whether we Chinese should celebrate the western festivals or not has been a subject of heated discussion and argument among people of all ranks recent years. Personally, I think perhaps we can celebrate those western festivals for they all belong to human’s cultural treasure, more significantly, however, we should attach more attention to and advocate our traditional festivals.
As we all know, western festivals are gaining increasing popularity in China, especially among college students. And there is a reason, I assume, involved in embracing this phenomenon. China needs to take in various foreign cultures so as to blend into the modern world. And celebrating alien festivals is a good opportunity for Chinese to know more about other cultures. In this era of globalization, we are expected to take an open attitude towards alien good things. This not only can broaden our eyes but also cultivate a sense of global affection. However, what we should keep in mind is that there is a limit in everything. Christmas possesses strong religious sense and colors. It is a sensible manner to properly appreciate those alien festivals.
On the other hand, our traditional festivals have great value in themselves. Our traditional festivals are our cultural treasures. No matter how attractive foreign festivals are to us, we should vigorously promote our national festivals and traditions. The formation of traditional festivals is a process in which a nation or a country’s history and culture have accumulated for a long time. The diversity of Chinese traditional festivals is an important part of the long history and culture of the Chinese nation. The traditional Chinese festivals developed from the ancient ancestors’ lives clearly recorded the rich and colorful social life of the Chinese nation. More importantly, in every traditional festival, people also integrate common life ideals, human desires and aesthetic pursuits into the connotation and various rituals of the festival. Therefore, the festival is the ultimate expression of life ideals and aspirations of the Chinese nation. It can be said that our tradition—the spiritual and cultural tradition, is inherited by the annual festival that has been passed down from generation to generation. Hence there is every reason for us to advocate traditional festivals. Not only should the government take measures to reserve traditional festivals but every citizen has the obligation and commitment to carry them forward.
To sum up, there is no need to over concern the trend of celebrating alien festivals among the young in society. On the contrary, we need to lay much emphasis on the protection and thriving of our traditional culture for it is really what we, Chinese people, should do.【解析】
文章以“论庆祝西方节日的现象”为题，分为三部分展开叙述。第一段描述了当今年轻人庆祝西方节日的现象，由此引发热议，最终表明自己的态度，庆祝西方节日体现了文化包容的心态，但是要着重发扬本民族节日。第二部分阐述了可以庆祝西方节日的原因和利处，着重说明了传统节日对中华民族的意义，由此得出个体和政府整个社会都需要弘扬传统节日。最后一段重申主旨，对于年轻人庆祝西方节日不必太过忧怀，要重点继承和发扬本民族文化传统。
2009年聊城大学外国语学院804翻译与写作考研真题及详解
Part Ⅰ Translation (100 points)Section A: English to Chinese (50 marks, 25 each)
1. The reason for outlines. I emphasize the central place of an outline in writing papers, preparing seminars, and planning research. I especially believe that for you, and for me, it is most efficient to write papers from outlines. An outline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data on which it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organized and presented set of data, with attendant objectives, hypotheses and conclusions, rather than an outline of text. An outline itself contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details of the outline (that is, on the data and organization), the supporting text can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text; most of the thought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be relatively efficient to go through several (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write text; writing many versions of the full text of a paper is slow.【参考译文】
为什么要写提纲？我在这里要强调提纲在论文写作，准备报告以及研究计划中的重要作用。我尤其相信按照提纲进行写作对我们大家都是最有效的方法。提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。事实上，提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容，而是按照目的，假说，结论来精心组织数据。提纲本身应该文字简练。如果大家都同意提纲中的细节部分（数据和整理方式），那么正文组织起来就更容易。在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的。写文章时，大部分时间花在写正文上；而大部分思考是用在整理和分析数据上。在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率；写很多遍正文反倒很慢。
2. In so many ways, cyberspace mirrors the real world. People ask for information, play games, and share hobby tips. Others buy and sell products. Still others look for friendship, or even love. Unlike the real world, however, your knowledge about a person is limited to words on a computer screen. Identity and appearance mean very little in cyberspace. Rather, a person’s thoughts—or at least the thoughts they type—are what really count. So even the shyest person can become a chat-room star. Usually, this “faceless” communication doesn’t create problems. Identity doesn’t really matter when you’re in a chat room discussing politics or hobbies. In fact, this emphasis on the ideas themselves makes the Internet a great place for exciting conversation. Where else can so many people come together to chat. But some Internet users want more than just someone to chat with. They’re looking for serious love relationships. Is cyberspace a good place to find love? That answer depends on whom you ask. Some of these relationships actually succeed. Others fail miserably.【参考译文】
网络世界在很多方面都反映了真实世界。人们在网上获取信息，玩游戏及分享爱好心得。有人在网上购买、兜售产品。还有人上网找寻友谊，甚至爱情。然而，不同于现实世界的交往，你只是通过荧屏上的文字去了解一个人。网络世界中个体的身份和外貌并没有太大的意义。相反,一个人的想法——至少他们在荧幕上传递出的想法却是十分重要。所以即使一位最腼腆的人也可以成为聊天室里的热门人物。通常，这种“不见面”的交流不会产生后顾之忧。当你在聊天室讨论政治话题或爱好时，彼此的身份显得并不重要。事实上，只交流想法使网络成为一个精彩有趣的社交平台。还有哪里能让这么多人聚在一起聊天？但是有些网民想要的不仅仅是聊天的对象，他们还想郑重发展恋爱关系。网络世界是寻找爱情的好地方吗?答案取决于你在向谁发问。网恋有些真的成功了，有些则彻底以失败告终。
Section B: Chinese to English (50 marks, 25 each)
1. 中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。”品茶”不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择雅静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、涤烦益思、振奋精神，也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受，使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界。品茶的环境一般由建筑物、园林、摆设、茶具等因素组成。饮茶要求安静、清新、舒适、干净。中国园林世界闻名，山水风景更是不可胜数。利用园林或自然山水间，搭设茶室，让人们小憩，意趣盎然。【参考译文】
Savoring is a key word in Chinese tea culture. Savoring the tea is not only for discerning good tea and bad tea, but also enjoys the meditation and the tea itself. Spare a while from your busy schedule and make a cup of tea, then choose a quiet place, you can sip tea alone to release your fatigue, refresh your mind, lift your mood or reach into the artistic realm and appreciate the beauty of tea. Constructions, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are the necessities for the atmosphere of drinking tea, which requires quietness and cleanness. Since the classic Chinese gardens are famous in the world and beautiful landscapes are numerous, built in or aside these, the teahouses are of great fun and interest.
2. 在古代，最重要的考试是口试，而非笔试。在古罗马或古希腊的学校里，考试内容通常涵盖朗读诗歌或作演讲，在中世纪的欧洲大学里，准备攻读更高学位的学生必须要同该领域中的专业人士讨论问题。这样的传统延续至今，成为考查学生申请博士学位的不可分割的过程之一。一般说来，现代考试的形式是笔试。笔试使用同样的问题来测验所有的学生，直到19世纪才为人所知。笔试的形成，可能和19世纪人口的激增以及现代工业的发展有关。有一种考试有时候
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